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Ben-Artzi TJ, Baziliansky S, Cohen M. The associations of emotion regulation, self-compassion, and perceived lifestyle discrepancy with breast cancer survivors' healthy lifestyle maintenance. J Cancer Surviv 2024:10.1007/s11764-024-01656-6. [PMID: 39180690 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-024-01656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unhealthy lifestyle increases the risk of comorbidities, reduced quality of life, and cancer recurrence among breast cancer survivors. It is important to identify emotional and cognitive factors that may affect the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle over time. This study examined the associations of perceived lifestyle discrepancy, self-compassion, and emotional distress with the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle among breast cancer survivors and the mediating role of emotion regulation patterns (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) in these associations. METHODS A total of 145 female breast cancer survivors aged 31-77 completed self-reports on healthy lifestyle maintenance, perceived lifestyle discrepancy, self-compassion, emotional distress, and emotion regulation patterns. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Mean physical activity and healthy diet maintenance scores were moderate. The structural equation modeling analysis showed good fit indicators (χ2 = 4.21, df = 10, p = .94; χ2/df = 0.42; NFI = .98; TLI = 1.09; CFI = 1.00; RMSEA = .00, 95% CI (.00, .02)). Lower perceived lifestyle discrepancy was directly associated with higher physical activity (β = -.34, p < .01) and healthy diet (β =-.39, p < .01). Cognitive reappraisal was associated with higher physical activity (β = .19, p < .01), and expressive suppression was associated with lower physical activity (β = -.19, p < .01), and both mediated the association between self-compassion and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS The mediated associations reported in this study indicate that psychosocial factors, especially self-compassion, perceived lifestyle discrepancy, and emotional regulation patterns, are relevant to healthy lifestyle maintenance among breast cancer survivors, because solely providing healthy lifestyle recommendations does not motivate individuals to adhere to them. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Short-term structured psychosocial interventions designed to reduce perceived health discrepancy and strengthen self-compassion should be implemented and their effect on lifestyle should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Jean Ben-Artzi
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Carmel Mountain, Haifa, 3103301, Israel.
| | - Svetlana Baziliansky
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Carmel Mountain, Haifa, 3103301, Israel
| | - Miri Cohen
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Carmel Mountain, Haifa, 3103301, Israel
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Sepehri Bonab H, Ebrahimi Sani S, Behzadnia B. The Impact of Virtual Reality Intervention on Emotion Regulation and Executive Functions in Autistic Children. Games Health J 2024. [PMID: 39109573 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2023.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Autistic children may encounter difficulties in managing emotions and executive functions (EFs), which can contribute to mental and health challenges. Recognizing physical activities as a potential strategy for enhancing emotion regulation (ER), this study aims to investigate the efficacy of a virtual reality (VR)-based physical exercise program in improving ER and EFs among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Materials and Methods: Forty boys diagnosed with ASD, aged 7 to 10 years, were randomly assigned to two groups: a VR intervention group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The intervention group participated in a VR program, while the control group solely concentrated on engaging in sedentary and inactive video gaming. EFs were evaluated through the utilization of both the flanker task and the Wisconsin card sorting task, both administered initially at baseline and subsequently after an 8-week interval. In addition, the parents of the children completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist to evaluate their ER skills. Results: According to the results, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of EFs and the ability to regulate emotion (P < 0.05). The intervention group demonstrated a notable improvement in ER skills and exhibited superior executive functioning abilities compared with the control group. Conclusion: It appears that VR exercises can serve as a preliminary trial to enhance EFs and ER in children with autism. In addition, they may prove effective as complementary interventions to traditional educational strategies in preventing future challenges associated with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Sepehri Bonab
- Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Department of Physical Education, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Behzadnia
- Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Iran
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Gürdere C, Sorgenfrei J, Pfeffer I. Cognitive reappraisal and affective response to physical activity: associations with physical activity behavior. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:185. [PMID: 38956656 PMCID: PMC11220955 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive reappraisal (CR), as an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, may play a role in transforming affect in a positive direction during or after exercise, thereby supporting physical activity (PA) adherence. The present study aimed to test the associations among PA, CR frequency, and affective response to PA, and further to examine the role of CR on PA behavior through affective response. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 105 adults, 74 of whom were women, with a mean age of 25.91. Self-report scales were used to measure PA, CR, and affective response to PA. Along with scales, demographic questions on age, sex, and education level were included. Data was collected via an online questionnaire. RESULTS The frequency of CR use was positively associated with affective response, and affective response with PA behavior. Mediation analysis revealed that affective response mediated the relationship between CR and PA. DISCUSSION Results were in the expected direction demonstrating the mediating role of affective response between CR and PA which implies that PA adherence might be facilitated by CR engagement. PA intervention programs should consider implementing CR ability and use frequency improving techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Gürdere
- Department of Psychology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ines Pfeffer
- Department of Pedagogy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany.
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Cheng PYZ, Liu H. A structural model of EFL teachers' physical activity, emotion regulation, and competence for online teaching. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:252. [PMID: 38715133 PMCID: PMC11077802 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a rapid shift to online teaching, placing unprecedented demands on educators' physical and mental well-being. However, the relationship between English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers' physical activity, emotion regulation, and competence for online teaching remains underexplored. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the interplay between EFL teachers' physical activity, emotion regulation strategies, and competence for online teaching. RESULTS Structural equation modeling revealed significant direct and indirect effects, indicating that physical activity positively influences emotion regulation, which, in turn, enhances teachers' competence for online instruction. Furthermore, emotion regulation was found to mediate the relationship between physical activity and online teaching competence. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of promoting physical activity among EFL teachers as a means to enhance their emotion regulation skills and competence for online teaching, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. IMPLICATIONS The study highlights the need for targeted interventions aimed at supporting EFL teachers' well-being and professional development, with implications for educational policies, teacher training programs, and institutional support structures in the digital learning landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang Zi Cheng
- School of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Hai Liu
- School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
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Wang X, Liu T, Jin X, Zhou C. Aerobic exercise promotes emotion regulation: a narrative review. Exp Brain Res 2024:10.1007/s00221-024-06791-1. [PMID: 38400992 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise improves the three stages of emotion regulation: perception, valuation and action. It reduces the perception of negative emotions, encourages individuals to reinterpret emotional situations in a positive or non-emotional manner, and enhances control over emotion expression behaviours. These effects are generated via increased prefrontal cortex activation, the strengthening of functional connections between the amygdala and several other brain regions, and the enhancement of the plasticity of key emotion regulation pathways and nodes, such as the uncinate fasciculus. The effect of aerobic exercise on emotion regulation is influenced by the exercise intensity and duration, and by individuals' exercise experience. Future research may explore the key neural basis of aerobic exercise's promotion of emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuru Wang
- Department of Sport Psychology, School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianze Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhong Jin
- Department of Sport Psychology, School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Department of Sport Psychology, School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, People's Republic of China.
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Garrido-Palomino I, España-Romero V. Fear of falling in women: A psychological training intervention improves climbing performance. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1518-1529. [PMID: 37965818 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2281157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a psychological training intervention based on emotional regulation on anxiety and climbing ability in women climbers with fear of falling. A secondary aim was to compare the outcomes of climbing ability, anxiety, self-confidence and interoceptive awareness (IA) between the psychological group (PG), a training (TG) and a control group. Self-reported climbing ability, anxiety and IA were assessed using Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness questionnaire. Results indicated a significant improvement in climbing ability for both PG and TG. The PG showed a significant reduction in cognitive and somatic anxiety, while the TG only exhibited a reduction in cognitive anxiety. Moreover, the PG demonstrated a greater significant increase in self-confidence compared to the TG. IA improved in five subscales for the PG, whereas the TG changed in only two subscales. In conclusion, a psychological training intervention focusing on emotional regulation might contribute to improvements in IA, reduced anxiety levels, and enhancements in climbing ability and self-confidence among women climbers facing fear of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Garrido-Palomino
- MOVE-IT Research Group and Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Vanesa España-Romero
- MOVE-IT Research Group and Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Yuan X, Li D, Hu Y, Qi M, Kong Y, Zhao C, Huang J, Song Y. Neural and behavioral evidence supporting the relationship between habitual exercise and working memory precision in healthy young adults. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1146465. [PMID: 37090810 PMCID: PMC10116001 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1146465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionWorking memory (WM) is a well-known fundamental ability related to various high-level cognitive functions, such as executive functioning, decision-making, and problem-solving. Although previous studies have posited that chronic exercise may improve cognitive functions, its underlying neural mechanisms and whether habitual exercise is associated with individual WM ability remain unclear.MethodsIn the current study, 36 participants reported their habitual physical activity through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). In addition to assessments of intelligence quotient (IQ), WM storage capacity (K score), and visuomotor coordination capacity, electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded while the participants performed a WM precision task fusing conventional visual and motor retrospective cue (retro-cue) WM tasks.ResultsWe found that greater amounts of and higher frequencies of vigorous-intensity exercise were highly correlated with smaller recall errors in the WM precision task. Contralateral delay activity (CDA), a well-known WM-related event-related potential (ERP) component evoked by the valid retro-cue, predicted individual behavioral recall error. Participants who met the medium or high level of IPAQ criteria (the regular exercise group) showed smaller behavioral recall error and larger CDA than participants who did not meet the criteria (the irregular exercise group). The two groups did not differ in other assessments, such as IQ, WM storage capacity, and visuomotor coordination ability.DiscussionHabitual exercise was specifically correlated with individual differences in WM precision, rather than IQ, WM storage capacity, and visuomotor coordination ability, suggesting potential mechanisms of how modulations of chronic exercise improve cognition through visual and/or motor WM precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Huang,
| | - Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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8
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Mulkey MA, Olson DM, Hardin SR. Patient Safety: Cognitive Assessment at Intensive Care Unit Discharge. Crit Care Nurse 2023. [DOI: 10.4037/ccn2023718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Topic
Assessing functional cognition is a critical need for intensive care unit survivors transitioning to another level of care.
Clinical Relevance
Up to 62% of patients discharged from an intensive care unit have significant cognitive impairment that is not associated with severity of illness, number of comorbidities, or length of hospital stay. For more than 20 years, researchers have published an array of potentially effective interventions, including case management, patient and informal caregiver education, and home health care services.
Purpose
To describe the impact of and potential interventions for cognitive decline at intensive care unit discharge and discharge readiness on 30-day readmission rates.
Content Covered
Assessing the patient’s functional cognition assessment and advocating for appropriate resources are needed to improve patient and clinical outcomes.
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Netz Y, Herschkovitz SF, Levin O, Ziv G. The effect of acute exercise on cognitive and motor inhibition - Does fitness moderate this effect? PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 65:102344. [PMID: 37665827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the extensive evidence on improvements in cognitive inhibition immediately following exercise, and the literature indicating that cognitive and motor inhibitory functions are mediated by overlapping brain networks, the aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the effect of moderate intensity acute aerobic exercise on multi-limb motor inhibition, as compared to cognitive inhibition. METHOD Participants were 36 healthy adults aged 40-60 years old (mean age 46.8 ± 5.7), who were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. One-to-two weeks following baseline assessment, participants were asked to perform a three-limb (3-Limb) inhibition task and a vocal version of the Stroop before and after either acute moderate-intense aerobic exercise (experimental group) or rest (control). RESULTS Similar rates of improvement were observed among both groups from baseline to the pre-test. Conversely, a meaningful, yet non-significant trend was seen among the experimental group in their pretest to posttest improvement in both cognitive and motor tasks. In addition, exploratory analysis revealed significant group differences in favor of the experimental group among highly fit participants on the 3-Limb task. A significant correlation was indicated between the inhibition conditions, i.e., choice in the motor inhibition and color/word (incongruent) in the cognitive inhibition, especially in the improvement observed following the exercise. DISCUSSION Moderate-intensity acute aerobic exercise is a potential stimulator of both multi-limb motor inhibition and cognitive inhibition. It appears that high-fit participants benefit from exercise more than low-fit people. Additionally, performance on behavioral tasks that represent motor and cognitive inhibition is related. This observation suggests that fitness levels and acute exercise contribute to the coupling between cognitive and motor inhibition. Neuroimaging methods would allow examining brain-behavior associations of exercise-induced changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Netz
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel.
| | | | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gal Ziv
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel
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Stress Reduction Effects during Block-Tapping Task of Jaw in Healthy Participants: Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Measurements of Prefrontal Cortex Activity. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121711. [PMID: 36552170 PMCID: PMC9776427 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of simple jaw opening and closing task of chewing movements on the activities of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) from the viewpoint of stress reduction. We measured cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the PFC during a block-tapping task of the jaw in healthy participants. Eleven young healthy individuals with normal dentition (7 males and 4 females, mean age 28.0 ± 3.7 years) volunteered for this study. CBF was measured using a wearable, functional near-infrared spectroscopy device. Measurements were taken using the central incisors and first molars at interocclusal distances of 5 and 10 mm. The participants were asked to bite a hard/soft block. CBF in all conditions showed limited variability or decreasing trend compared to resting state before the task. The main effect was observed for interocclusal distance (p = 0.008), and there were no significant differences for measurement area of the PFC, tooth type, and material type. An interaction was found between tooth type and material type. In conclusion, these results suggest that simple and rhythmical chewing motion has an effect of reducing CBF in the PFC and resting the PFC, which is an especially notable aspect of periodontal sensory information in the molar.
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van der Sluys ME, Marhe R, van der Laan PH, Popma A, Scherder EJA. Brief report: Free-living physical activity levels and cognitive control in multi-problem young adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:994123. [PMID: 36337855 PMCID: PMC9634251 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.994123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate a positive association between physical activity and cognitive control in sedentary but healthy adults, yet not much is known about physical activity levels in multi-problem young adults. We examined the level of self-reported free-living physical activity (i.e., MET minutes per week) in an ecologically valid sample of young adults facing multiple problems, including unemployment, lack of education, frequent substance use, and history of delinquency. We compared cognitive control with an age- and sex-matched control sample. Additionally, the association between physical activity and cognitive control (i.e., response inhibition, error processing, interference effect) in the multi-problem group was examined. Physical activity and cognitive control were measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form and three cognitive control experiments (i.e., Flanker, Go/NoGo, Stroop), respectively. With M = 4428 Metabolic Equivalents (METs), our multi-problem sample (n = 63) showed physical activity levels similar to the age- and sex-matched control sample from the general population (n = 62). The multi-problem young adults also showed impaired cognitive control indexed as decreased response inhibition and decreased Flanker correctness effect compared to their peers. We could not find an association between self-reported physical activity and cognitive control in the multi-problem sample. Due to the small sample size, results should be interpreted with caution. However, future dose-response studies could still use these results to further examine if within-individual increased physical activity may possibly lead to improved cognitive control in (already relatively active) multi-problem young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elise van der Sluys
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reshmi Marhe
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter H van der Laan
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arne Popma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik J A Scherder
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Wu J, Zhu L, Dong X, Sun Z, Cai K, Shi Y, Chen A. Relationship between Physical Activity and Emotional Regulation Strategies in Early Adulthood: Mediating Effects of Cortical Thickness. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091210. [PMID: 36138946 PMCID: PMC9496840 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between physical activity (PA) and emotional regulation strategies among college students to establish the mediating role of cortical thickness. A total of 60 university students (18−20 years old) were enrolled in this study. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-L) was used to estimate PA levels. Based on the International Physical Activity Working Group standards, PA levels were divided into low, medium, and high PA groups; emotional regulation strategies were determined by the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), including the Cognitive Reappraisal Scale (CR) and the Expressive Suppression Scale (ES). Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure cortical thickness. Differences in use of the ES strategy among high, medium, and low PA groups were not marked. However, compared to the low PA group, the CR strategy was frequently used in the high PA group, with a thicker right hemisphere rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rrACC). PA levels were positively correlated with thickness of the rrACC cortex (r = 0.398, p = 0.002 < 0.05) and CR strategy (r = 0.398, p = 0.002 < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the ES strategy (r = −0.348, p = 0.007 < 0.05). The rrACC cortical thickness played a partial mediating role in the relationship between PA and CR strategy, accounting for 33.1% of total effect values. These findings indicate that although the negative correlation between PA and ES was not significant, the positive correlation between PA with CR was significant, and rrACC thickness played a partial mediating role in the relationship between PA and CR, providing new evidence toward comprehensively revealing the relationship between PA, rrACC cortical thickness, and emotion regulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Kelong Cai
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yifan Shi
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Aiguo Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Institute of Sports, Exercise and Brain, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1395-272-5968
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Zhu Y, Sun F, Li C, Huang J, Hu M, Wang K, He S, Wu J. Acute effects of mindfulness-based intervention on athlete cognitive function: An fNIRS investigation. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:90-99. [PMID: 35154333 PMCID: PMC8804186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) as a psychological treatment is adopted in the sports field, but its effect during competition has not been explored. This study investigated the acute effect of a brief MBI on athletes' cognitive function after a 45-min, lab-based soccer protocol. METHODS In a single-blind randomized counter-balanced crossover design, 17 male soccer players completed two main trials-an MBI trial and a control trial. The MBI trial was provided with a brief MBI after 45-min exercise; the control trial was instead assigned a travel-related audio to listen to at that time. In each main trial, cognitive function (i.e., Stroop task for inhibition; Corsi-block tapping task for working memory), salivary cortisol, blood lactate and mental fatigue were measured at baseline (pretest) and after the intervention (posttest). The cerebral oxygenation status was recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy during the cognitive function test. RESULTS The brief MBI improved working memory performance in terms of both reaction time (pre vs. post, P = 0.02, d = 0.71) and accuracy (pre vs. post, P = 0.009, d = 0.58), supported by eliciting increased oxyhemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Whereas a slightly better cognitive performance for MBI trial than control trial at posttest (P = 0.37, d = 0.32) accompanied by a lower oxyhemoglobin concentration. A lower mental fatigue level (P = 0.05, d = 0.6) and lower cortisol concentration (P = 0.04, d = 0.65) were observed in the MBI trial than in the control trial after the intervention at posttest. The decreased cortisol concentration correlated with increased inhibition performance in the MBI trial. CONCLUSION The acute effect of MBI on athletes' mental fatigue and cortisol concentration was detected, and the beneficial effect on working memory was preliminarily supported. In general, MBI is recommended to be adopted at half-time of a soccer game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangle Wang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shan He
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sports and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Schwarz M, Geismar L, Schneider K, Kasper BS, Walther K, Hamer H. Role of occupational therapy in epilepsy patients after left temporal lobe surgery. Br J Occup Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03080226211067430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a relevant risk of psychosocial as well as cognitive impairments in epilepsy patients with resective surgery in the left temporal lobe. Surgery in the speech-dominant hemisphere can be associated with deterioration of speech related functions including verbal memory. There are only limited studies addressing the impact of occupational therapy in postoperative rehabilitation of epilepsy patients.Method: In this study, a mixed-methods design based on the grounded theory concept was administered. Seven patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy and a risk profile for postoperative cognitive decline were investigated over various time points. Neuropsychological assessments occurred before surgery, 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. According to our rehabilitation concept, every patient started occupational therapy 1 month before surgery. Therapy lasted for at least 6 months after surgery. For all patients, extensive qualitative interviews with the occupational therapists and anamnestic data were analyzed.Results: In all patients, postoperative psychosocial difficulties emerged. Language and memory tests showed a decline after 6 months specifically for name retrieval. Occupational therapy was adapted to find individual solutions for the patients problems and to implement effective coping strategies.Conclusion: Cognitive training lead to consistent improvements over time. The results show that occupational therapy can be an efficient tool in the treatment of psychosocial and cognitive impairments after epilepsy surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwarz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Geismar
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Burkhard S Kasper
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Walther
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hajo Hamer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Ding Q, Huang L, Chen J, Dehghani F, Du J, Li Y, Li Q, Zhang H, Qian Z, Shen W, Yin X, Liang P. Sports Augmented Cognitive Benefits: An fMRI Study of Executive Function with Go/NoGo Task. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:7476717. [PMID: 34917143 PMCID: PMC8670897 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7476717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is believed to have significant cognitive benefits. Although an array of experimental paradigms have been employed to test the cognitive effects on exercising individuals, the mechanism as to how exercise induces cognitive benefits in the brain remains unclear. This study explores the effect of dynamic neural network processing with the classic Go/NoGo task with regular exercisers. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to analyze the brain activation of areas involved in executive function, especially inhibitory control. Nineteen regular joggers and twenty-one subjects as a control group performed the task, and their brain imaging data were analyzed. The results showed that at the attentive visual period, the frontal and parietal areas, including the prefrontal cortex, putamen, thalamus, lingual, fusiform, and caudate, were significantly enhanced in positive activities than the control group. On the other hand, in the following inhibitory control processing period, almost the same areas of the brains of the exercise group have shown stronger negative activation in comparison to the control group. Such dynamic temporal response patterns indicate that sports augment cognitive benefits; i.e., regular jogging increases the brain's visual attention and inhibitory control capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Ding
- Imaging Department, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (The Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University), Changshu, China
| | - Lina Huang
- Imaging Department, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (The Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University), Changshu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Farzaneh Dehghani
- Imaging Department, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (The Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University), Changshu, China
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Center of Addiction and Behavioral Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Juan Du
- The School of Education, Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Yingli Li
- The School of Education, Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Qin Li
- Imaging Department, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (The Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University), Changshu, China
| | - Hongqiang Zhang
- Imaging Department, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (The Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University), Changshu, China
| | - Zhen Qian
- Imaging Department, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (The Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University), Changshu, China
| | - Wenbin Shen
- Imaging Department, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (The Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University), Changshu, China
| | - Xiaowei Yin
- Imaging Department, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (The Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University), Changshu, China
| | - Pei Liang
- Imaging Department, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (The Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University), Changshu, China
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Brain and Cognition Research Center, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Dahlstrand J, Friberg P, Fridolfsson J, Börjesson M, Arvidsson D, Ekblom Ö, Chen Y. The use of coping strategies "shift-persist" mediates associations between physical activity and mental health problems in adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1104. [PMID: 34107916 PMCID: PMC8191033 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-perceived mental health problems among adolescents has had an upward trend. Concurrently, adolescents’ physical activity (PA) has been falling whilst sedentary time (SED) has increased. There is a lack of research using accelerometer measured PA and SED to study their relationships to perceived stress and psychosomatic symptoms, both frequently observed mental health problems among adolescents. Whether coping strategies is one of the mechanisms underlying such relationship is less clear. Methods A total of 2283 13-year olds were enrolled in the baseline examination of the STARS (STudy of Adolescence Resilience and Stress) study in Western Sweden. Light-, moderate-, vigorous-intensity PA (LPA, MPA and VPA) and SED were measured using hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer. A total of 1284 adolescents provided valid accelerometer data (at least 4 days with ≥10 h per day). PA and SED during school-time and leisure-time were analysed separately. Surveys were utilized to monitor perceived stress, psychosomatic symptoms and the use of coping strategies “shift-persist”. Logistic regression and mediation analyses were performed adjusting for gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and puberty development. Results We observed that more time spent in PA was associated with less stress in adolescents. The associations were observed for LPA (Odds ratio for LPA per 60 min: 0.557 (95% CI 0.399–0.776), VPA (Odds ratio for VPA per 15 min: 0.688 (95% CI 0.588–0.806) and MVPA (Odds ratio for MVPA per 15 min: 0.795 (95%CI 0.718–0.879) during leisure time, but not during school time. Similar associations were observed between leisure time PA and psychosomatic symptoms. The associations remained statistically significant even after adjusting for the confounders. Further, our data showed that adolescents who engaged more time in PA during leisure time were more likely to adopt the coping strategies of “shift-persist”. Mediation analysis showed that the use of “shift-persist” mediated the associations between leisure time PA and stress/psychosomatic symptoms. Conclusions Leisure time physical activity, irrespective of intensity, may facilitate successful coping with stress and stress-related mental health problems in adolescents. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11158-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Dahlstrand
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Swedish Institute for Global Health Transformation (SIGHT), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Friberg
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The Swedish Institute for Global Health Transformation (SIGHT), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Fridolfsson
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Faculty of Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of MGA, Sahlgrenska University Hopsital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Arvidsson
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Faculty of Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Örjan Ekblom
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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17
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Qi L, Yin Y, Bu L, Tang Z, Tang L, Dong G. Acute VR competitive cycling exercise enhanced cortical activations and brain functional network efficiency in MA-dependent individuals. Neurosci Lett 2021; 757:135969. [PMID: 34023411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (MA) dependence is associated with elevated rates cognitive impairment in MA users. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of virtual reality (VR) competitive cycling excise on the neurocognitive functions and on negative affectivity of MA-dependent individuals. METHODS Thirty MA-dependent individuals performed a colour-word Stroop task and underwent a profile of mood states (POMS) scale assessment both before and after a 10 min VR competitive cycling exercise. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were recorded during the pre-and post-exercise Stroop tasks and during rest. RESULTS After acute exercise, neural activity, along with improved Stroop performance, was enhanced significantly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Also observed during post-exercise Stroop tasks was a more efficient network architecture in the topological organization of brain networks than during the pre-exercise Stroop tasks. As for resting states before versus after exercisethe, we detected an increased functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the motor cortex after exercise. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an acute bout of VR competitive cycling exercise facilitates executive information processing by enhancing task-related cortical activations and brain functional network efficiency in MA-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Yue Yin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lingguo Bu
- Joint SDU-NTU Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (C-FAIR), Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Zekun Tang
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center of Shandong Province, Zibo, 255311, China
| | - Guijun Dong
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China.
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18
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Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Megías-Robles A, Gómez-Leal R, Cabello R, Fernández-Berrocal P. Is It Possible to Be Happy during the COVID-19 Lockdown? A Longitudinal Study of the Role of Emotional Regulation Strategies and Pleasant Activities in Happiness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3211. [PMID: 33808852 PMCID: PMC8003758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to longitudinally analyze the role played by two emotional regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), through the mediating effect of engagement in pleasant activities during lockdown, in changes in affective and cognitive happiness in comparison with pre-pandemic levels. Eighty-eight participants from a community sample were evaluated at two timepoints. At timepoint 1 (before the COVID-19 pandemic), participants were evaluated on emotional regulation and cognitive and affective happiness. At timepoint 2 (during the COVID-19 lockdown), participants were evaluated on cognitive and affective happiness and the frequency with which they engaged in pleasant activities. We found an optimal fit of the proposed model in which cognitive reappraisal was significantly related to engagement in more pleasant activities during the lockdown. In turn, these pleasant activities were related to more affective happiness during the lockdown (compared with pre-pandemic levels), and this affective happiness was associated with greater cognitive happiness. In conclusion, cognitive reappraisal was a protective factor for affective and cognitive happiness through the mediating role of engagement in pleasant activities during lockdown. Limitations and future lines of investigation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gutiérrez-Cobo
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Megías-Robles
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (R.G.-L.); (P.F.-B.)
| | - Raquel Gómez-Leal
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (R.G.-L.); (P.F.-B.)
| | - Rosario Cabello
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Pablo Fernández-Berrocal
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (R.G.-L.); (P.F.-B.)
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19
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Zhang Y, Shi W, Wang H, Liu M, Tang D. The impact of acute exercise on implicit cognitive reappraisal in association with left dorsolateral prefronta activation: A fNIRS study. Behav Brain Res 2021; 406:113233. [PMID: 33737088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite findings showing that acute exercise may help enhance emotion regulation, the neurophysiological mechanisms of these effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined whether acute exercise influences cognitive emotion regulation, and, in particular, an implicit cognitive reappraisal. Twenty sedentary young women were randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 10) or an exercise group (n = 10). Participants underwent an implicit cognitive reappraisal task twice, before and after the 30-min acute exercise or control, alongside functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings (NIRS). The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and left orbital frontal cortex (OFC) were activated during implicit cognitive reappraisal at baseline, but only the left dlPFC activation was linked with behavioral performance. Acute exercise enhanced the activation of these regions, reflective of the partial neural bases of implicit cognitive reappraisal, in the left dlPFC and left OFC, but did not alter the behavioral performance. Results also showed that acute exercise moderated the positive effect of left dlPFC activation on implicit cognitive reappraisal performance; specifically, this effect was stronger in the exercise group. In conclusion, the enhanced activation of the left dlPFC by acute exercise and the increased link between behavioral performance and its neural indices may point to acute exercise as a promoter of implicit cognitive reappraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Wenxia Shi
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Mengrui Liu
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Donghui Tang
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, China.
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20
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Perchtold‐Stefan CM, Fink A, Rominger C, Weiss EM, Papousek I. More habitual physical activity is linked to the use of specific, more adaptive cognitive reappraisal strategies in dealing with stressful events. Stress Health 2020; 36:274-286. [PMID: 31957957 PMCID: PMC7497133 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity may improve stress resilience and well-being. However, specific links to individuals' coping abilities with stressful events are sparse. This study tested whether individuals reporting more physical activity in daily life showed a higher capacity for cognitive reappraisal in dealing with potential stressors. Ninety-eight participants reported their regular physical activity in the Freiburger Questionnaire on Physical Activity and completed a maximum performance test of their inventiveness in generating reappraisals for situations depicting real-life stressors. The latter provides scores for overall cognitive reappraisal capacity (quantity of ideas) and preference for specific cognitive reappraisal strategies (quality of ideas; positive reinterpretation; problem-oriented, de-emphasizing reappraisals). Additionally, participants' anxious and depressive dispositions and general creative abilities were assessed. Results showed no association between time spent on physical activities per week and total quantity of generated reappraisal ideas. However, a higher degree of physical activity was specifically linked to a greater relative preference for the reappraisal strategy of positive reinterpretation. Opposite associations emerged for the strategy of de-emphasizing reappraisals. The findings support the notion of more adaptive cognitive reappraisal use in more physically active individuals and may advance research on interrelationships between physical activity and cognitive and affective functions implicated in stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Fink
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
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21
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Emotion regulation and healthy behaviors of the body energy balance in adults: A review of evidence. ACTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.14718/acp.2020.23.2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no document that analyzes the state of the art of scientific research published between 2013 and 2018 in relation to possible interdependence links between emotional regulation [ER] and healthy behaviors associated with Body Energy Balance [BEB] (physical activity, balanced diet and sleep hygiene). To achieve this purpose, an exploratory systematic review was conducted, whose search criteria were “emotion regulation”, “emotion dysregulation” connected with the Boolean operator “AND” to the keywords “sleep hygiene”, “eating behavior” and “physical activity”. Terms like “alexithymia”, “depression”, “stress”, “negative emotions”, and “rumination” were omitted. The methodological quality of the evidence was assessed with a patented rubric. After applying the analysis criteria, 35 articles were obtained, reporting theexistence of reciprocal associations and interactions between ER and at least one of the three behaviors associated with BEB were analyzed. It is concluded that, despite the importance of these behaviors in the vital maintenance of people and the clear impact that emotional regulation has on them, their research has not been sufficient, and more empirical studies in this regard in Latin America are needed.
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22
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Association of Exercise with Inhibitory Control and Prefrontal Brain Activity Under Acute Psychosocial Stress. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070439. [PMID: 32664420 PMCID: PMC7408469 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial stress has negative effects on cognition in adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate whether physical exercise can buffer such effects on inhibitory control and associated cortical brain areas. Forty-two male high school students aged 16-20 years and with either low or high exercise levels performed a Stroop task under stress-free conditions and after the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Oxygenation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. For inhibitory control, there was no significant primary effect of condition (F(1,40) = 1.09, p = 303., ηp² = 0.027) and no significant condition × group interaction (F(1,40) = 2.40, p = 0.129, ηp² = 0.057). For DLPFC oxygenation, a significant primary effect of condition was observed (F (1,38) = 6.10, p = 0.018, ηp² = 0.138). However, the condition × group interaction (F (1,38) = 0.05, p = 0.823, ηp² = 0.001) remained not significant. Adolescents' exercise level was not associated with inhibitory control before and after stress. An impact of stress on a neurocognitive level was observed.
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23
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Heissel A, Pietrek A, Schwefel M, Abula K, Wilbertz G, Heinzel S, Rapp M. STEP.De study-a multicentre cluster-randomised effectiveness trial of exercise therapy for patients with depressive symptoms in healthcare services: study protocol. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036287. [PMID: 32295779 PMCID: PMC7200038 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although exercise therapy has widely been shown to be an efficacious treatment modality for depression, evidence for its effectiveness and cost efficiency is lacking. The Sport/Exercise Therapy for Depression study is a multicentre cluster-randomised effectiveness trial that aims to compare the effectiveness and cost efficiency of exercise therapy and psychotherapy as antidepressant treatment. METHODS AND ANALYSIS 480 patients (aged 18-65) with an International Classification of Diseases diagnosis associated with depressive symptoms are recruited. Up to 30 clusters (psychotherapists) are randomly assigned to allocate patients to either an exercise or a psychotherapy treatment as usual in a 2:1 ratio. The primary outcome (depressive symptoms) and the secondary outcomes (work and social adjustment, quality of life) will be assessed at six measurement time points (t0: baseline, t1: 8 weeks after treatment initiation, t2: 16 weeks after treatment initiation, t3/4/5: 2, 6, 12 months after treatment). Linear regression analyses will be used for the primary endpoint data analysis. For the secondary endpoints, mixed linear and logistic regression models with fixed and random factors will be added. For the cost efficiency analysis, expenditures in the 12 months before and after the intervention and the outcome difference will be compared between groups in a multilevel model. Recruitment start date was 1 July 2018 and the planned recruitment end date is 31 December 2020. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Potsdam (No. 17/2018) and the Freie Universität Berlin (No. 206/2018) and registered in the ISRCTN registry. Informed written consent will be obtained from all participants. The study will be reported in accordance with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and the Recommendations for Interventional Trials statements. The results will be published in peer-reviewed academic journals and disseminated to the public. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN28972230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heissel
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Anou Pietrek
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwefel
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Kahar Abula
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Wilbertz
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Heinzel
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rapp
- Social and Preventive Medicine, Department Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
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Improving Cognition via Exercise (ICE): Study Protocol for a Multi-Site, Parallel-Group, Single-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial Examining the Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise to Improve Neurocognition, Daily Functioning, and Biomarkers of Cognitive Change in Individuals with Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4. [PMID: 31938726 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20190020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) display cognitive deficits that have been identified as major determinants of poor functioning and disability, representing a serious public health concern and an important target for interventions. At present, available treatments offer only minimal to moderate benefits to ameliorate cognitive deficits. Thus, there remains an urgent need to identify novel interventions to improve cognition in people with SZ. Emerging evidence from animal and basic human research suggests aerobic exercise training (AE) has beneficial effects on cognition. Preliminary findings suggest that AE is efficacious in improving cognitive functioning in SZ, however the extant studies have been limited by small samples, a dearth of information on biologically-relevant covariates, and limited information on impact on daily functioning. Additionally, while AE-related cognitive benefits have been linked to Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) upregulation, this putative mechanism needs confirmation. The present report describes a study protocol designed to address these limitations-we review and summarize the current literature on treatment of cognitive deficits in SZ, state the rationale for employing AE to target these deficits, and describe the current protocol-a multi-site, single-blind, randomized clinical trial aiming to recruit 200 community-dwelling individuals with SZ. Participants are randomized to one of two 12-week interventions: AE using active-play video games (i.e., Xbox Kinect) and traditional cardiovascular exercise equipment or a stretching-and-toning (ST) control intervention. Participants undergo assessments of aerobic fitness, cognition, and daily functioning, as well as BDNF and other biomarkers of cognitive change, at baseline and after 6-and 12-weeks.
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25
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Neta M, Harp NR, Henley DJ, Beckford SE, Koehler K. One step at a time: Physical activity is linked to positive interpretations of ambiguity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225106. [PMID: 31725769 PMCID: PMC6855442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extensive research has established a clear positive relationship between physical activity (PA), even in small amounts, and psychological well-being, including benefits for emotional and mental health (e.g., decreased depression). However, little research has examined the relationship between PA and decision-making within emotionally ambiguous contexts. The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between reported amount and intensity of PA and interpretations of emotional ambiguity. Methods Adults (n = 611) recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk were assessed on their interpretations of ambiguous and clear (unambiguous) emotional stimuli and reported habitual PA and exercise. Results More positive ratings of ambiguity were associated with greater amount of vigorous activity (p = .002), but not with moderate activity (p = .826) or walking (p = .673). Subsequent analyses demonstrated that this relationship between vigorous PA and positive interpretations of ambiguity was most pronounced when comparing individuals who reported any amount of vigorous PA to those who reported no vigorous activity at all. Conclusions Our findings suggest that higher amounts of vigorous, but not moderate, PA are associated with more positive interpretations of ambiguity, and that even small amounts of PA seem to be sufficient to promote this more positive valence bias when compared to individuals conducting no vigorous PA at all. Future work should examine the longitudinal effects of PA among individuals participating in structured activity programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maital Neta
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. Harp
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel J. Henley
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Advertising and Public Relations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Safiya E. Beckford
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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The Limits of Cognitive Reappraisal: Changing Pain Valence, but not Persistence, during a Resistance Exercise Task. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193739. [PMID: 31590219 PMCID: PMC6801546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Physiological discomfort is commonly cited as a barrier for initiating and persisting with exercise. Although individuals may think of physiological discomfort as determined by physical sensations, it can also be influenced by cognitive and emotional factors. We explored the impacts of interpreting the purpose of pain as a sign of muscle building (helpful) vs. a sign of muscle tearing and possible injury (harmful) and tested the effect of cognitive reappraisals, or shifting interpretations of pain, on exercise persistence and the subjective experience of discomfort during exercise. Seventy-eight participants were randomized to listen to voice recordings that framed exercise-related pain as helpful vs. harmful before participating in a standard muscular endurance test using the YMCA protocol. Although the two experimental groups did not differ in the overall number of resistance training repetitions achieved, participants who were asked to think about the benefits (rather than the negative consequences) of pain reported less negative pain valence during exercise. Thus, the experience of pain was influenced by appraisals of the meaning of pain, but differences in pain valence did not impact exercise persistence. Theoretical implications and applications for affect-based exercise interventions are discussed.
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Burin D, Yamaya N, Ogitsu R, Kawashima R. Virtual training leads to real acute physical, cognitive, and neural benefits on healthy adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:559. [PMID: 31511036 PMCID: PMC6737639 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keeping a certain level of physical activity has beneficial effects on the body itself but also, surprisingly, on cognition: specifically, physical high-intensity intermittent aerobic exercise (HIE) can show improvement on cognitive executive functions. Although, in some cases performing strength or aerobic training is problematic or not feasible. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) can induce the illusory feeling of ownership and agency over a moving virtual body, therefore showing comparable physiological reactions: for example, if an individual is sitting on a chair but his virtual body climbs a hill, the individual's heart rate increases coherently, as if he is actually walking. In this study, we investigate whether this same illusion can show beneficial consequences on the body as well as on executive functions (using the color-word matching Stroop task) and on its neural substrates (using functional near-infrared spectroscopy [fNIRS]). METHODS In a cross-over randomized controlled trial, 30 healthy young adults will experience HIE training in IVR (i.e. the virtual body will perform eight sets of 30 s of running followed by 30 s of slow walking, while the participant is completely still) according to two random-ordered conditions: during the experimental condition, the virtual body is displayed in first-person perspective (1PP), while in the control condition, the virtual body is displayed in third-person perspective (3PP). To confirm that individuals have the illusion of ownership and agency over the virtual body in 1PP (and not in 3PP), we will record the heart rate, in addition to subjective questionnaires. Before and after every IVR sessions (one week apart), we will measure cortical hemodynamic changes in the participants' prefrontal cortex using the fNIRS device during the Stroop task's execution. DISCUSSION From a theoretical perspective, we could prove that the sense of body ownership and agency can modulate physical and cognitive parameters, even in the absence of actual movements; from a clinical perspective, these results could be useful to train cognition and body simultaneously, in a completely safe environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry, UMIN000034255 . Registered on 1 October 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Burin
- Smart Aging International Research Center (SAIRC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Noriki Yamaya
- Smart Aging International Research Center (SAIRC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Rie Ogitsu
- Smart Aging International Research Center (SAIRC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Smart Aging International Research Center (SAIRC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryocho, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
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28
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Zhang Y, Fu R, Sun L, Gong Y, Tang D. How Does Exercise Improve Implicit Emotion Regulation Ability: Preliminary Evidence of Mind-Body Exercise Intervention Combined With Aerobic Jogging and Mindfulness-Based Yoga. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1888. [PMID: 31507480 PMCID: PMC6718717 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The primary aim of the present study is to examine the effect of 8-week mind-body exercise intervention combining aerobic jogging and mindfulness-based yoga on implicit emotion regulation ability. The secondary aim is to explore the specific potential pathways by which the mind-body exercise intervention fosters implicit emotion regulation. This may help us to understand how the key components of exercise intervention contribute to emotional benefits. Methods: Sixty participants were randomly allocated to one of two parallel groups: (1) the intervention group (n = 29) and (2) the waitlist control group (n = 31). Participants were asked to fill out scales measuring mindfulness and instructed to complete an emotion regulation task to assess implicit emotion regulation ability as well as the PWC 170 Test to evaluate aerobic fitness before and after the intervention. Results: The results of the two-way repeated ANOVA revealed that 8 weeks of intervention improved implicit emotion regulation, mindfulness, and aerobic fitness levels. Path analysis showed that only improved aerobic fitness mediated the intervention effect on implicit emotion regulation ability, controlling for change in negative affect. Notably, the relationship between the effects on implicit emotion regulation ability and aerobic fitness was moderated by improved mindfulness. Conclusion: Eight weeks of mind-body exercise intervention improves implicit emotion regulation ability. The aerobic fitness may be an essential pathway which mediates the efficacy on implicit emotion regulation ability. Furthermore, different components, such as aerobic fitness and mindfulness, may interactively contribute to such emotional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - RuoFan Fu
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - YuJing Gong
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Donghui Tang
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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29
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Zhang L, So KF. Exercise, spinogenesis and cognitive functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:323-360. [PMID: 31607360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training improves mental and cognitive functions by enhancing neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Recent studies suggest the facilitation of spinogenesis across different brain regions including hippocampus and cerebral cortex by physical activity. In this article we will summarize major findings for exercise effects on synaptogenesis and spinogenesis, in order to provide mechanisms for exercise intervention of both psychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. We will also revisit major findings for molecular mechanism governing exercise-related spinogenesis, and will discuss the screening for novel factors, or exerkines, whose levels are correlated with endurance training and affect neural plasticity. We believe that further studies focusing on the molecular mechanism of exercise-mediate spinogenesis should benefit the optimization of exercise therapy in clinics and the evaluation of treatment efficiency using specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
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30
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Audiffren M, André N. The exercise-cognition relationship: A virtuous circle. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:339-347. [PMID: 31333886 PMCID: PMC6620209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exercise and health psychology have generated 2 sets of empirical studies guided by separate theory-driven axes. The first axis focuses on the causal relationship between chronic exercise and cognition and, more particularly, high-level cognitive functions such as executive functions (EFs). The second axis examines factors influencing the adherence process to physical activity (PA). Research conducted during the past decade shows that these 2 topics are closely linked, with EFs and effortful control playing a pivotal role in the bidirectional relationship linking PA and mental/brain health. The present article supports the idea that an individual engaged in the regular practice of effortful PA initiates a virtuous circle linking PA and effortful control in a bidirectional way. On the one hand, chronic exercise leads to an improvement of EFs and effortful control. On the other hand, gains in EFs and effortful control effectiveness lead to a reciprocal facilitation of the maintenance of PA over time. Some limitations and perspectives to this effort hypothesis are proposed in the last part of the article.
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31
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Bento-Torres J, Bento-Torres NVO, Stillman CM, Grove GA, Huang H, Uyar F, Watt JC, Wollam ME, Erickson KI. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, intraindividual variability in behavior, and cingulate cortex in younger adults. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:315-324. [PMID: 31333884 PMCID: PMC6620364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and greater amounts of physical activity have been associated with lower intraindividual variability (IIV) in executive function in children and older adults. In the present study, we examined whether CRF, measured as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and daily volume of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) were associated with IIV of reaction time during performance of the incongruent condition of the Stroop task in younger adults. Further, we examined whether the thickness of the cingulate cortex was associated with regulating variability in reaction time performance in the context of CRF or physical activity. METHODS CRF (measured as VO2max), accelerometry-measured MVPA, Stroop performance, and thickness of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) derived from magnetic resonance imaging data were collected in 48 younger adults (age = 24.58 ± 4.95 years, mean ± SD). Multiple regression was used to test associations between IIV during the Stroop task and CRF, MVPA, and rACC thickness. Mediation was tested using maximum likelihood estimation with bootstrapping. RESULTS Consistent with our predictions, higher VO2max was associated with greater rACC thickness for the right hemisphere and greater daily amounts of MVPA were associated with greater rACC thickness for both the left and right hemispheres. Greater thickness of the right rACC was associated with lower IIV for the incongruent condition of the Stroop task. CRF and MVPA were not directly associated with IIV. However, we did find that IIV and both CRF and MVPA were indirectly associated via the thickness of the right rACC. CONCLUSION These results indicate that higher CRF and greater daily volume of MVPA may be associated with lower IIV during the Stroop task via structural integrity of the rACC. Randomized controlled trials of MVPA would provide crucial information about the causal relations between these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Bento-Torres
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Chelsea M. Stillman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - George A. Grove
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Haiqing Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Fatma Uyar
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Watt
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mariegold E. Wollam
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Herold F, Wiegel P, Scholkmann F, Müller NG. Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Neuroimaging in Exercise⁻Cognition Science: A Systematic, Methodology-Focused Review. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E466. [PMID: 30469482 PMCID: PMC6306799 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For cognitive processes to function well, it is essential that the brain is optimally supplied with oxygen and blood. In recent years, evidence has emerged suggesting that cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics can be modified with physical activity. To better understand the relationship between cerebral oxygenation/hemodynamics, physical activity, and cognition, the application of state-of-the art neuroimaging tools is essential. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is such a neuroimaging tool especially suitable to investigate the effects of physical activity/exercises on cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamics due to its capability to quantify changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb) non-invasively in the human brain. However, currently there is no clear standardized procedure regarding the application, data processing, and data analysis of fNIRS, and there is a large heterogeneity regarding how fNIRS is applied in the field of exercise⁻cognition science. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current methodological knowledge about fNIRS application in studies measuring the cortical hemodynamic responses during cognitive testing (i) prior and after different physical activities interventions, and (ii) in cross-sectional studies accounting for the physical fitness level of their participants. Based on the review of the methodology of 35 as relevant considered publications, we outline recommendations for future fNIRS studies in the field of exercise⁻cognition science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wiegel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79117, Germany.
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Notger G Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg 39118, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
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Giles GE, Eddy MD, Brunyé TT, Urry HL, Graber HL, Barbour RL, Mahoney CR, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Endurance Exercise Enhances Emotional Valence and Emotion Regulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:398. [PMID: 30459576 PMCID: PMC6232759 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise consistently benefits both emotion and cognition, particularly cognitive control. We evaluated acute endurance exercise influences on emotion, domain-general cognitive control and the cognitive control of emotion, specifically cognitive reappraisal. Thirty-six endurance runners, defined as running at least 30 miles per week with one weekly run of at least 9 miles (21 female, age 18-30 years) participated. In a repeated measures design, participants walked at 57% age-adjusted maximum heart rate (HRmax; range 51%-63%) and ran at 70% HRmax (range 64%-76%) for 90 min on two separate days. Participants completed measures of emotional state and the Stroop test of domain-general cognitive control before, every 30 min during and 30 min after exercise. Participants also completed a cognitive reappraisal task (CRT) after exercise. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) tracked changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb and dHb) levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Results suggest that even at relatively moderate intensities, endurance athletes benefit emotionally from running both during and after exercise and task-related PFC oxygenation reductions do not appear to hinder prefrontal-dependent cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Marianna D. Eddy
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Heather L. Urry
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Caroline R. Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier, Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), Natick, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Holly A. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Robin B. Kanarek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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Associations Between Short and Long Bouts of Physical Activity with Executive Function in Older Adults. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-018-0080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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