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Jin H, Evangelou E, Ioannidis JPA, Ralston SH. Polymorphisms in the 5' flank of COL1A1 gene and osteoporosis: meta-analysis of published studies. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:911-21. [PMID: 20798928 PMCID: PMC4696542 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A meta-analysis of studies was conducted involving 24,511 participants with 7,864 fractures in which polymorphisms in the 5' flank of COL1A1 (rs1107946, rs2412298, and rs1800012) were related to osteoporosis phenotypes. Polymorphisms of all three sites were associated with BMD, and rs1800012 was associated with fracture but effect sizes were modest. INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Polymorphisms in the 5' flank of COL1A1 gene have been implicated as genetic markers for susceptibility to osteoporosis, but previous studies have yielded conflicting results. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies including 24,511 participants and 7,864 fractures in which alleles at the -1997G/T (rs1107946), -1663in/delT (rs2412298), and Sp1 binding site polymorphisms (rs1800012) of COL1A1 had been related to bone mineral density (BMD) or fracture. RESULTS For the Sp1 polymorphism, BMD values in TT homozygotes were 0.13 units [95% CI, 0.03 to 0.24] lower at the spine (p = 0.01) and 0.16 units [0.10 to 0.23] lower at the hip (p = 1 x 10⁻⁶) than GG homozygotes. Clinical fractures were 1.31-fold [1.04-1.65] increased in TT homozygotes (p = 0.02) and vertebral fractures were 1.34-fold [1.01-1.77] increased (p = 0.04). We also observed associations between spine BMD and allelic variants at the -1997G/T (p = 0.05) and the -1663indelT (p = 0.009) sites. We found no association between alleles at the -1997G/T or -1663indelT sites and fracture but power was limited. CONCLUSIONS The COL1A1 Sp1 polymorphism is associated with a modest reduction in BMD and an increased risk of fracture, although we cannot fully exclude the possibility that the results may have been influenced by publication bias. Further studies are required to fully evaluate the contribution of the -1997G/T and -1663in/delT sites to these phenotypes and to determine if they interact with the Sp1 polymorphism to regulate susceptibility to osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Jin
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - E. Evangelou
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - J. P. A. Ioannidis
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece. Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Ioannina, Greece. Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Modeling, ICRHPS, and Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - S. H. Ralston
- Rheumatic Disease Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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Melton LJ, Christen D, Riggs BL, Achenbach SJ, Müller R, van Lenthe GH, Amin S, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S. Assessing forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2010; 21:1161-9. [PMID: 19714390 PMCID: PMC2889027 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-1047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A diverse array of bone density, structure, and strength parameters were significantly associated with distal forearm fractures in postmenopausal women, but most of them were also correlated with femoral neck areal bone mineral density (aBMD), which provides an adequate measure of bone fragility at the wrist for routine clinical purposes. INTRODUCTION This study seeks to test the clinical utility of approaches for assessing forearm fracture risk. METHODS Among 100 postmenopausal women with a distal forearm fracture (cases) and 105 with no osteoporotic fracture (controls), we measured aBMD and assessed radius volumetric bone mineral density, geometry, and microstructure; ultradistal radius failure load was evaluated in microfinite element (microFE) models. RESULTS Fracture cases had inferior bone density, geometry, microstructure, and strength. The most significant determinant of fracture in five categories were bone density (femoral neck aBMD; odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD), 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-2.8), geometry (cortical thickness; OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1), microstructure (structure model index (SMI); OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4-0.7), and strength (microFE failure load; OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5); the factor-of-risk (applied load in a forward fall / microFE failure load) was 15% worse in cases (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.6). Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) ranged from 0.62 to 0.68. The predictors of forearm fracture risk that entered a multivariable model were femoral neck aBMD and SMI (combined AUC, 0.71). CONCLUSIONS Detailed bone structure and strength measurements provide insight into forearm fracture pathogenesis, but femoral neck aBMD performs adequately for routine clinical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Melton
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Zhang L, Guo YF, Liu YZ, Liu YJ, Xiong DH, Liu XG, Wang L, Yang TL, Lei SF, Guo Y, Yan H, Pei YF, Zhang F, Papasian CJ, Recker RR, Deng HW. Pathway-based genome-wide association analysis identified the importance of regulation-of-autophagy pathway for ultradistal radius BMD. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:1572-80. [PMID: 20200951 PMCID: PMC3153999 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wrist fracture is not only one of the most common osteoporotic fractures but also a predictor of future fractures at other sites. Wrist bone mineral density (BMD) is an important determinant of wrist fracture risk, with high heritability. Specific genes underlying wrist BMD variation are largely unknown. Most published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have focused only on a few top-ranking single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/genes and considered each of the identified SNPs/genes independently. To identify biologic pathways important to wrist BMD variation, we used a novel pathway-based analysis approach in our GWAS of wrist ultradistal radius (UD) BMD, examining approximately 500,000 SNPs genome-wide from 984 unrelated whites. A total of 963 biologic pathways/gene sets were analyzed. We identified the regulation-of-autophagy (ROA) pathway that achieved the most significant result (p = .005, q(fdr) = 0.043, p(fwer) = 0.016) for association with UD BMD. The ROA pathway also showed significant association with arm BMD in the Framingham Heart Study sample containing 2187 subjects, which further confirmed our findings in the discovery cohort. Earlier studies indicated that during endochondral ossification, autophagy occurs prior to apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes, and it also has been shown that some genes in the ROA pathway (e.g., INFG) may play important roles in osteoblastogenesis or osteoclastogenesis. Our study supports the potential role of the ROA pathway in human wrist BMD variation and osteoporosis. Further functional evaluation of this pathway to determine the mechanism by which it regulates wrist BMD should be pursued to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of wrist osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Zhang
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Ji GR, Yao M, Sun CY, Zhang L, Han Z. Association of Collagen Type I α1 (COLIA1) Sp1 Polymorphism with Osteoporotic Fracture in Caucasian Post-menopausal Women: a Meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:1725-32. [PMID: 20146870 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to summarize quantitatively the evidence for a relationship between collagen type I α1 (COLIA1) Sp1 polymorphism and osteoporotic fracture risk in Caucasian post-menopausal women. This meta-analysis included 16 studies, which analysed 2294 patients with fractures and 10285 controls. The combined results showed that there was a significant difference in genotype distribution (SS odds ratio [OR] 0.72; Ss OR 1.18; ss OR 1.97) between patients with fractures and controls. When stratifying by the fracture site, it was found that: (i) patients with vertebral fractures had a significantly higher frequency of the Ss genotype and a lower frequency of the SS genotype than controls; and (ii) patients with non-vertebral fractures had a significantly higher frequency of the ss genotype and a lower frequency of the SS genotype than controls. This meta-analysis suggests that the COLIA1 Sp1 polymorphism may be associated with osteoporotic fracture in Caucasian post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-R Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - M Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - C-Y Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Z Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Brochmann EJ, Behnam K, Murray SS. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 activity is regulated by secreted phosphoprotein-24 kd, an extracellular pseudoreceptor, the gene for which maps to a region of the human genome important for bone quality. Metabolism 2009; 58:644-50. [PMID: 19375587 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The material properties of bone are the sum of the complex and interrelated anabolic and catabolic processes that modulate formation and turnover. The 2q33-37 region of the human genome contains quantitative trait loci important in determining the broadband ultrasound attenuation (an index of trabecular microarchitecture, bone elasticity, and susceptibility to fracture) of the calcaneus, but no genes of significance to bone metabolism have been identified in this domain. Secreted phosphoprotein-24 kd (SPP24 or SPP2) is a novel and relatively poorly characterized growth hormone-regulated gene that maps to 2q37. The purpose of this review is to summarize the status of research related to spp24 and how it regulates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) bioactivity in bone. SPP24 codes for an extracellular matrix protein that contains a high-affinity BMP-2-binding transforming growth factor-beta receptor II homology 1 loop similar to those identified in fetuin and the receptor itself. SPP24 is transcribed primarily in the liver and bone. High levels of spp24 (a hydroxyapatite-binding protein) are found in bone, and small amounts are found in fetuin-mineral complexes. Full-length secretory spp24 inhibits ectopic bone formation, and overexpression of spp24 reduces murine bone mass and density. Spp24 is extremely labile to proteolysis, a process that regulates its bioactivity in vivo. For example, an 18.5-kd degradation product of spp24, designated spp18.5, is pro-osteogenic. A synthetic cyclized Cys(1)-to-Cys(19) disulfide-bonded peptide (BMP binding peptide) corresponding to the transforming growth factor-beta receptor II homology 1 domain of spp24 and spp18.5 binds BMP-2 and increases the rate and magnitude of BMP-2-mediated ectopic bone formation. Thus, the mechanism of action of spp18.5 and spp24 may be to regulate the local bioavailability of BMP cytokines. SPP24 is regulated by growth hormone and 3 major families of transcription factors (nuclear factor of activated T cells, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, Cut/Cux/CCAAT displacement protein) that regulate mesenchymal cell proliferation, embryonic patterning, and terminal differentiation. The gene contains at least 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Given its mechanism of action and sequence variability, SPP24 may be an interesting candidate for future studies of the genetic regulation of bone mass, particularly during periods of BMP-mediated endochondral bone growth, development, and fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa J Brochmann
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (11-E), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA 91343, USA
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Guo Y, Yang TL, Pan F, Xu XH, Dong SS, Deng HW. Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:223-267. [PMID: 30764094 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarizes the most important and representative molecular genetics studies of gene identification for osteoporosis published up to the end of September 2007. It is intended to constitute a sequential update of our previously published reviews covering the available data up to the end of 2004. Evidence from candidate gene-association studies, genome-wide linkage and association studies, as well as functional genomic studies (including gene-expression microarray and proteomics) on osteogenesis and osteoporosis, are reviewed separately. Studies of transgenic and knockout mice models relevant to osteoporosis are summarized. The major results of all studies are tabulated for comparison and ease of reference. Comments are made on the most notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of genetics of osteoporosis. The format adopted by this review should be ideal for accommodating future new advances and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Feng Pan
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiang-Hong Xu
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- b The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China and Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Melton LJ, Riggs BL, van Lenthe GH, Achenbach SJ, Müller R, Bouxsein ML, Amin S, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S. Contribution of in vivo structural measurements and load/strength ratios to the determination of forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:1442-8. [PMID: 17539738 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone structure, strength and load-strength ratios contribute to forearm fracture risk independently of areal BMD. INTRODUCTION Technological and conceptual advances provide new opportunities for evaluating the contribution of bone density, structure, and strength to the pathogenesis of distal forearm fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS From an age-sratified random sample of Rochester, MN, women, we compared 18 with a distal forearm fracture (cases) to 18 age-matched women with no osteoporotic fracture (controls). High-resolution pQCT was used to assess volumetric BMD (vBMD), geometry, and microstructure at the ultradistal radius, the site of Colles' fractures. Failure loads in the radius were estimated from microfinite element (microFE) models derived from pQCT. Differences between case and control women were assessed, and the risk of fracture associated with each variable was estimated by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Given similar heights, estimated loading in a fall on the outstretched arm was the same in cases and control. However, women with forearm fractures had inferior vBMD, geometry, microstructure, and estimated bone strength. Relative risks for the strongest determinant of fracture in each of the five main variable categories were as follows: BMD (total vBMD: OR per SD change, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.4-12), geometry (cortical thickness: OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.4-11), microstructure (trabecular number: OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.02-5.1), and strength (axial rigidity: OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.4-10); the factor-of-risk (fall load/microFE failure load) was 24 % greater (worse) in cases (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2-7.5). Areas under ROC curves ranged from 0.72 to 0.82 for these parameters. CONCLUSIONS Bone geometry, microstructure, and strength contribute to forearm fractures, as does BMD, and these additional determinants of risk promise greater insights into fracture pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Joseph Melton
- Division of Epidemology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures in subjects at advanced age constitute a tremendous and growing problem. Established lifestyle risk factors can explain only a modest proportion of the liability to osteoporotic fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) is considered the best established risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. The importance of genetic factors in the quality of bone is substantial, but no consensus exists yet on the genes that are involved. However, concomitant diseases, balance disorders and lifestyle habits are more important for fractures in elderly subjects. The abundance of common sequence variations, so-called polymorphisms, in the human genome and their high frequency in the population have made them targets to explain variation in the risk. Some genes have been identified that appear to be involved in the regulation of bone mass and in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Among these are those coding for the two estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta), the androgen receptor (AR) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). In addition, enzymes involved in the biogenesis of estrone and estradiol have attracted attention as well as polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the type I collagen gene, COLIA1, affecting the binding site for the transcription factor Specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Although evidence suggests that the quality of bone is determined to a large extent by genetic factors, research so far has not been able to unequivocally identify genes involved in this matter. Over the last years a large number of studies have pointed to the variability in many genes and their relation with BMD, bone-related symptoms or specific therapies. The findings emphasize the complexity of the genetics of bone mass and bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos H H Thijssen
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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