1
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Kanan M, Atif S, Mohammed F, Balahmar Y, Adawi Y, AlSaleem R, Farhan A, Alghoribi M, Mohammed S, Alshanbari R, Fahad M, Kallab R, Mohammed R, Alassaf D, Hazza A. A Systematic Review on the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Cephalexin in Healthy and Diseased Populations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1402. [PMID: 37760698 PMCID: PMC10526061 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cephalexin is a first-generation β-lactam antibiotic used in adults and pediatrics to treat various streptococcal and staphylococcal infections. This review aims to summarize and evaluate all the pharmacokinetic (PK) data on cephalexin by screening out all pertinent studies in human beings following the per oral (PO) route. By employing different online search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Central, and Science Direct, 23 studies were retrieved, among which nine were in healthy subjects, five in diseased ones, and the remaining were drug-drug, drug-food, and bioequivalence-related. These studies were included only based on the presence of plasma concentration-time profiles or PK parameters, i.e., maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), half-life (t1/2) area under the curve from time 0-infinity (AUC0-∞), and clearance (CL/F). A dose-proportional increase in AUC0-∞ and Cmax can be portrayed in different studies conducted in the healthy population. In comparison to cefaclor, Cmax was recorded to be 0.5 folds higher for cephalexin in the case of renal impairment. An increase in AUC0-∞ was seen in cephalexin on administration with probenecid, i.e., 117 µg.h/mL vs. 68.1 µg.h/mL. Moreover, drug-drug interactions with omeprazole, ranitidine, zinc sulfate, and drug-food interactions for cephalexin and other cephalosporins have also been depicted in different studies with significant changes in all PK parameters. This current review has reported all accessible studies containing PK variables in healthy and diseased populations (renal, dental, and osteoarticular infections, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) that may be favorable for health practitioners in optimizing doses among the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kanan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahd Atif
- Al Iman General Hospital, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faisal Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yara Balahmar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ibn Sina College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yasir Adawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 85534, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Revan AlSaleem
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Ahmed Farhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manayer Alghoribi
- Al-Nahda General Hospital, Private Healthcare, Taif 26575, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saud Mohammed
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Raghad Alshanbari
- Department of Pharmacy, Erfan and Bagedo General Hospital, Jeddah 22230, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Malak Fahad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Northern Borders University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rana Kallab
- Department of Pharmacy, Aldawaa Pharmacy, Arar 73551, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Reem Mohammed
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (S.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Dimah Alassaf
- College of Medicine, Princess Noura University, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ashwag Hazza
- Department of Pharmacy, Altaawin Medical Clinics, Alkharj 16443, Saudi Arabia;
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Wang C, Chu C, Ji X, Luo G, Xu C, He H, Yao J, Wu J, Hu J, Jin Y. Biology of Peptide Transporter 2 in Mammals: New Insights into Its Function, Structure and Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182874. [PMID: 36139448 PMCID: PMC9497230 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide transporter 2 (PepT2) in mammals plays essential roles in the reabsorption and conservation of peptide-bound amino acids in the kidney and in maintaining neuropeptide homeostasis in the brain. It is also of significant medical and pharmacological significance in the absorption and disposing of peptide-like drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-lactam antibiotics and antiviral prodrugs. Understanding the structure, function and regulation of PepT2 is of emerging interest in nutrition, medical and pharmacological research. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, substrate preferences and localization of PepT2 in mammals. As PepT2 is expressed in various organs, its function in the liver, kidney, brain, heart, lung and mammary gland has also been addressed. Finally, the regulatory factors that affect the expression and function of PepT2, such as transcriptional activation and posttranslational modification, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guoliang Luo
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chunling Xu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Houhong He
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jianbiao Yao
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jiangning Hu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.)
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3
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Bah HAF, Dos Anjos ALS, Gomes-Júnior EA, Bandeira MJ, de Carvalho CF, Dos Santos NR, Martinez VO, Adorno EV, Menezes-Filho JA. Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase, Low Blood Lead Levels, Social Factors, and Intellectual Function in an Afro-Brazilian Children Community. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:447-457. [PMID: 33723800 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) enzyme catalyzes the second phase of the heme biosynthesis and is involved in lead toxicokinetics. This research aimed to evaluate its influence on the relationship between blood lead (PbB) levels and intellectual performance in Afro-Brazilian children. PbB, hemoglobin concentration, ALAD activity, and polymorphism were determined in whole blood. Anthropometric, socioeconomic, and family environment stimuli data were collected with appropriate instruments. The non-verbal intelligence of children and their mothers or guardians was assessed using the correspondent Raven's Progressive Matrix versions. The medians (range) of PbB levels and ALAD activity were 1.0 μg/dL (0.1-21.3) and, 71 U/L (31-113), respectively. ALAD G177C was distributed as follows: 97.9% for ALAD1/1 and 2.1% for ALAD1/2 genotypes. The mean of Raven raw score was 19.3 (± 5.6) points and there were no differences according to sex or environmental Pb exposure. No statistically significant association was observed between PbB level and children's IQ. However, ALAD activity presented an inverse significant association with PbB levels, children's percentile IQ, and children's IQ/Age ratio, suggesting a neuroprotective role of ALAD1 genotype in those with low PbB level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homegnon A F Bah
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura S Dos Anjos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Erival A Gomes-Júnior
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus J Bandeira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Chrissie F de Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nathália R Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor O Martinez
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elisângela V Adorno
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José A Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Food Science, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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4
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Kim HY, Veal GJ, Zhou F, Boddy AV. The role of solute carrier (SLC) transporters in actinomycin D pharmacokinetics in paediatric cancer patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 74:1575-1584. [PMID: 30167756 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinomycin D is used for treatment of paediatric cancers; however, a large inter-patient pharmacokinetic (PK) variability and hepatotoxicity are significant limitations to its use and warrant further investigation. Elimination of actinomycin D may be mediated by transporters, as the drug does not seem to undergo significant metabolism. We investigated the role of solute carrier (SLC) transporters in actinomycin D PK. METHODS Fourteen key SLCs were screened through probe substrate uptake inhibition by actinomycin D in HEK293 cells. Uptake of actinomycin D was further studied in candidate SLCs by measuring intracellular actinomycin D using a validated LCMS assay. Pharmacogenetic analysis was conducted for 60 patients (Clinical trial: NCT00900354), who were genotyped for SNPs for OAT4 and PEPT2. RESULTS OAT4, OCT2, OCT3 and PEPT2 showed significantly lower probe substrate uptake (mean ± SD 75.0 ± 3.5% (p < 0.0001), 74.8 ± 11.2% (p = 0.001), 81.2 ± 14.0% (p = 0.0083) and 70.7 ± 5.7% (p = 0.0188)) compared to that of control. Intracellular accumulation of actinomycin D was greater compared to vector control in OAT4-transfected cells by 1.5- and 1.4-fold at 10 min (p = 0.01) and 20 min (p = 0.03), and in PEPT2-transfected cells by 1.5- and 1.7-fold at 10 min (p = 0.047) and 20 min (p = 0.043), respectively. Subsequent clinical study did not find a significant association between OAT4 rs11231809 and PEPT2 rs2257212 genotypes, and actinomycin D PK parameters such as clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vd). CONCLUSION Transport of actinomycin D was mediated by OAT4 and PEPT2 in vitro. There was a lack of clinical significance of OAT4 and PEPT2 genotypes as predictors of actinomycin D disposition in paediatric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Yejin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gareth J Veal
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle, Tyne, UK
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan V Boddy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Muller AE, Punt N, Engelhardt M, Schmitt-Hoffmann AH, Mouton JW. Pharmacokinetics and Target Attainment of Ceftobiprole in Asian and Non-Asian Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 7:781-787. [PMID: 29768717 PMCID: PMC6618770 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ceftobiprole is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the pharmacokinetics (PK) and exposure of ceftobiprole in Asian subjects are similar to those in non-Asian subjects. Three approaches were followed. The first compared the individual PK estimates between the 2 subgroups derived from a population PK model previously built. Next, it was determined whether "Asian subject" was a significant covariate. Finally, a pharmacodynamic analysis was performed by comparing measures of exposure and target attainment. No significant differences were found between PK parameter estimates for Asian and non-Asian subjects, with median values (range) for clearance of 4.82 L/h (2.12-10.47) and 4.97 L/h (0.493-20.6), respectively (P = .736). "Asian subject" was not a significant covariate in the population PK model. There were no significant differences between the measures of exposure. The geometric mean ratio for the fAUC was 1.022 (90%CI, 0.91-1.15), indicating bioequivalence. Taking a target of 60% coverage of the dose interval, more than 90% of the population in both subgroups was adequately exposed. This analysis demonstrated that there are no PK or pharmacodynamic differences between Asian and non-Asian subjects for a ceftobiprole dose of 500 mg every 8 hours as a 2-hour infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Muller
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Punt
- Medimatics, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Engelhardt
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - J W Mouton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Chen X, Keep RF, Liang Y, Zhu HJ, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Hu Y, Smith DE. Influence of peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2) on the distribution of cefadroxil in mouse brain: A microdialysis study. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 131:89-97. [PMID: 28192085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2) is a high-affinity low-capacity transporter belonging to the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter family. Although many aspects of PEPT2 structure-function are known, including its localization in choroid plexus and neurons, its regional activity in brain, especially extracellular fluid (ECF), is uncertain. In this study, the pharmacokinetics and regional brain distribution of cefadroxil, a β-lactam antibiotic and PEPT2 substrate, were investigated in wildtype and Pept2 null mice using in vivo intracerebral microdialysis. Cefadroxil was infused intravenously over 4h at 0.15mg/min/kg, and samples obtained from plasma, brain ECF, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue. A permeability-surface area experiment was also performed in which 0.15mg/min/kg cefadroxil was infused intravenously for 10min, and samples obtained from plasma and brain tissues. Our results showed that PEPT2 ablation significantly increased the brain ECF and CSF levels of cefadroxil (2- to 2.5-fold). In contrast, there were no significant differences between wildtype and Pept2 null mice in the amount of cefadroxil in brain cells. The unbound volume of distribution of cefadroxil in brain was 60% lower in Pept2 null mice indicating an uptake function for PEPT2 in brain cells. Finally, PEPT2 did not affect the influx clearance of cefadroxil, thereby, ruling out differences between the two genotypes in drug entry across the blood-brain barriers. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the impact of PEPT2 on brain ECF as well as the known role of PEPT2 in removing peptide-like drugs, such as cefadroxil, from the CSF to blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Translational PKPD Research Group, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Yongjun Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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7
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Tchernitchko D, Tavernier Q, Lamoril J, Schmitt C, Talbi N, Lyoumi S, Robreau AM, Karim Z, Gouya L, Thervet E, Karras A, Puy H, Pallet N. A Variant of Peptide Transporter 2 Predicts the Severity of Porphyria-Associated Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:1924-1932. [PMID: 28031405 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016080918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CKD occurs in most patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). During AIP, δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) accumulates and promotes tubular cell death and tubulointerstitial damage. The human peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2) expressed by proximal tubular cells mediates the reabsorption of ALA, and variants of PEPT2 have different affinities for ALA. We tested the hypothesis that PEPT2 genotypes affect the severity and prognosis of porphyria-associated kidney disease. We analyzed data from 122 individuals with AIP who were followed from 2003 to 2013 and genotyped for PEPT2 At last follow-up, carriers of the PEPT2*1*1 genotype (higher affinity variant) exhibited worse renal function than carriers of the lower affinity variants PEPT2*1/*2 and PEPT2*2/*2 (mean±SD eGFR: 54.4±19.1, 66.6±23.8, and 78.1±19.9 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively). Change in eGFR (mean±SD) over the 10-year period was -11.0±3.3, -2.4±1.9, and 3.4±2.6 ml/min per 1.73 m2 for PEPT2*1/*1, PEPT2*1*2, and PEPT*2*2*2 carriers, respectively. At the end of follow-up, 68% of PEPT2*1*1 carriers had an eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, compared with 37% of PEPT2*1*2 carriers and 15% of PEPT2*2*2 carriers. Multiple regression models including all confounders indicated that the PEPT2*1*1 genotype independently associated with an eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (odds ratio, 6.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.34 to 46.20) and an annual decrease in eGFR of >1 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (odds ratio, 3.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.37 to 9.91). Thus, a gene variant is predictive of the severity of a chronic complication of AIP. The therapeutic value of PEPT2 inhibitors in preventing porphyria-associated kidney disease warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Tchernitchko
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes, Paris, France.,Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Tavernier
- Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Lamoril
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes, Paris, France.,Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Schmitt
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes, Paris, France.,Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Site Bichat, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Neila Talbi
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes, Paris, France
| | - Said Lyoumi
- Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Site Bichat, Paris, France.,Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Versailles, France; and
| | - Anne-Marie Robreau
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes, Paris, France.,Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Zoubida Karim
- Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Site Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Gouya
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes, Paris, France.,Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Site Bichat, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Eric Thervet
- Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Karras
- Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Puy
- Centre Français des Porphyries, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes, Paris, France.,Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation (CRI), Site Bichat, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Excellence, GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pallet
- Institut National pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Paris, France; .,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Service de Néphrologie and.,Service de Biochimie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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8
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Koo SH, Lo YL, Yee JY, Lee EJD. Genetic and/or non-genetic causes for inter-individual and inter-cellular variability in transporter protein expression: implications for understanding drug efficacy and toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1821-37. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Tsai D, Jamal JA, Davis JS, Lipman J, Roberts JA. Interethnic differences in pharmacokinetics of antibacterials. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 54:243-60. [PMID: 25385446 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal antibacterial dosing is imperative for maximising clinical outcome. Many factors can contribute to changes in the pharmacokinetics of antibacterials to the extent where dose adjustment may be needed. In acute illness, substantial changes in important pharmacokinetic parameters such as volume of distribution and clearance can occur for certain antibacterials. The possibility of interethnic pharmacokinetic differences can further complicate attempts to design an appropriate dosing regimen. Factors of ethnicity, such as genetics, body size and fat distribution, contribute to differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs. Despite extensive previous work on the altered pharmacokinetics of antibacterials in some patient groups such as the critically ill, knowledge of interethnic pharmacokinetic differences for antibacterials is limited. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aims to describe any pharmacokinetic differences in antibacterials between different ethnic groups, and discuss their probable mechanisms as well as any clinical implications. METHODS We performed a structured literature review to identify and describe available data of the interethnic differences in the pharmacokinetics of antibacterials. RESULTS We found 50 articles that met our inclusion criteria and only six of these compared antibacterial pharmacokinetics between different ethnicities within the same study. Overall, there was limited evidence available. We found that interethnic pharmacokinetic differences are negligible for carbapenems, most β-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, most fluoroquinolones, linezolid and daptomycin, whereas significant difference is likely for ciprofloxacin, macrolides, clindamycin, tinidazole and some cephalosporins. In general, subjects of Asian ethnicity achieve drug exposures up to two to threefold greater than Caucasian counterparts for these antibacterials. This difference is caused by a comparatively lower volume of distribution and/or drug clearance. CONCLUSION Interethnic pharmacokinetic differences of antibacterials are likely; however, the clinical relevance of these differences is unknown and warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Tsai
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Level 3, Ned Hanlon Building, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
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Smith DE, Clémençon B, Hediger MA. Proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter family SLC15: physiological, pharmacological and pathological implications. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:323-36. [PMID: 23506874 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian members of the proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter family (SLC15) are integral membrane proteins that mediate the cellular uptake of di/tripeptides and peptide-like drugs. The driving force for uphill electrogenic symport is the chemical gradient and membrane potential which favors proton uptake into the cell along with the peptide/mimetic substrate. The peptide transporters are responsible for the absorption and conservation of dietary protein digestion products in the intestine and kidney, respectively, and in maintaining homeostasis of neuropeptides in the brain. They are also responsible for the absorption and disposition of a number of pharmacologically important compounds including some aminocephalosporins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antiviral prodrugs, and others. In this review, we provide updated information on the structure-function of PepT1 (SLC15A1), PepT2 (SLC15A2), PhT1 (SLC15A4) and PhT2 (SLC15A3), and their expression and localization in key tissues. Moreover, mammalian peptide transporters are discussed in regard to pharmacogenomic and regulatory implications on host pharmacology and disease, and as potential targets for drug delivery. Significant emphasis is placed on the evolving role of these peptide transporters as elucidated by studies using genetically modified animals. Whenever possible, the relevance of drug-drug interactions and regulatory mechanisms are evaluated using in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Liu R, Tang AMY, Tan YL, Limenta LMG, Lee EJD. Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Ammonium Chloride Pre-treatments on PEPT2 (SLC15A2) Mediated Renal Clearance of Cephalexin in Healthy Subjects. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:87-93. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sobin C, Gutierrez M, Alterio H. Polymorphisms of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2) genes in children with low-level lead exposure. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30:881-7. [PMID: 19723536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Low-level lead exposure during early childhood has long been associated with altered neurocognitive development and diminished cognitive functions. Over nine thousand U.S. industrial facilities annually emit significant amounts of lead, creating exposure risk particularly for minority children. The mechanisms by which low-level lead exerts neurotoxic effects are poorly understood. Once absorbed, the only intervention is source removal, thus primary prevention is key. Genetic biomarkers could provide an efficient means of identifying children at greatest risk. Common functional variants of genes that alter lead's neurotoxic potential have been identified and include delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD(2)) and peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2*2). These polymorphisms have not been examined previously in Hispanic minority samples, or with regard to lowest level lead exposure. In 116 children of Mexican-American/Hispanic descent residing in zip codes previously designated as "high risk" for lead exposure (mean age=8.1, S.D.=1.9), blood lead level was measured at three time points over a 3-month period and averaged. DNA extraction was completed using buccal swab samples. The frequencies of the ALAD(2) and PEPT2*2 polymorphisms observed in this sample closely approximated those previously reported for Anglo, European and Asian samples. As compared to children heterozygous for the PEPT2*2 polymorphism, and without the PEPT2*2 polymorphism, the geometric mean blood lead level of children homozygous for the PEPT2*2 polymorphism was significantly higher. In contrast to past studies, mean blood lead level of children heterozygous and homozygous for the ALAD2 polymorphism in this sample did not differ from that of children without the ALAD2 polymorphism. Higher blood lead burden in children with the PEPT2*2 mutation may suggest that this common genetic variant is a biomarker of increased vulnerability to the neurotoxic effects of lowest level lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sobin
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Toxicology Project and Laboratory of Neurocognitive Genetics and Developmental Neurocognition, Department of Psychology, University of Texas, El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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