1
|
Johnsen LØ, Friis KA, Møller-Madsen MK, Damkier HH. Mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid secretion by the choroid plexus epithelium: Application to various intracranial pathologies. Clin Anat 2024. [PMID: 38894645 DOI: 10.1002/ca.24199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is a small yet highly active epithelial tissue located in the ventricles of the brain. It secretes most of the CSF that envelops the brain and spinal cord. The epithelial cells of the CP have a high fluid secretion rate and differ from many other secretory epithelia in the organization of several key ion transporters. One striking difference is the luminal location of, for example, the vital Na+-K+-ATPase. In recent years, there has been a renewed focus on the role of ion transporters in CP secretion. Several studies have indicated that increased membrane transport activity is implicated in disorders such as hydrocephalus, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and posthemorrhagic sequelae. The importance of the CP membrane transporters in regulating the composition of the CSF has also been a focus in research in recent years, particularly as a regulator of breathing and hemodynamic parameters such as blood pressure. This review focuses on the role of the fundamental ion transporters involved in CSF secretion and its ion composition. It gives a brief overview of the established factors and controversies concerning ion transporters, and finally discusses future perspectives related to the role of these transporters in the CP epithelium.
Collapse
|
2
|
Untiet V. Astrocytic chloride regulates brain function in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2024; 118:102855. [PMID: 38364706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Chloride ions (Cl-) play a pivotal role in synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system, primarily mediated through ionotropic mechanisms. A recent breakthrough emphathizes the significant influence of astrocytic intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) regulation, a field still in its early stages of exploration. Typically, the [Cl-]i in most animal cells is maintained at lower levels than the extracellular chloride [Cl-]o, a critical balance to prevent cell swelling due to osmotic pressure. Various Cl- transporters are expressed differently across cell types, fine-tuning the [Cl-]i, while Cl- gradients are utilised by several families of Cl- channels. Although the passive distribution of ions within cells is governed by basic biophysical principles, astrocytes actively expend energy to sustain [Cl-]i at much higher levels than those achieved passively, and much higher than neuronal [Cl-]i. Beyond the role in volume regulation, astrocytic [Cl-]i is dynamically linked to brain states and influences neuronal signalling in actively behaving animals. As a vital component of brain function, astrocytic [Cl-]i also plays a role in the development of disorders where inhibitory transmission is disrupted. This review synthesises the latest insights into astrocytic [Cl-]i, elucidating its role in modulating brain function and its implications in various pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Untiet
- Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cilek N, Ugurel E, Goksel E, Yalcin O. Signaling mechanisms in red blood cells: A view through the protein phosphorylation and deformability. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e30958. [PMID: 36748950 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular signaling mechanisms in red blood cells (RBCs) involve various protein kinases and phosphatases and enable rapid adaptive responses to hypoxia, metabolic requirements, oxidative stress, or shear stress by regulating the physiological properties of the cell. Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous mechanism for intracellular signal transduction, volume regulation, and cytoskeletal organization in RBCs. Spectrin-based cytoskeleton connects integral membrane proteins, band 3 and glycophorin C to junctional proteins, ankyrin and Protein 4.1. Phosphorylation leads to a conformational change in the protein structure, weakening the interactions between proteins in the cytoskeletal network that confers a more flexible nature for the RBC membrane. The structural organization of the membrane and the cytoskeleton determines RBC deformability that allows cells to change their ability to deform under shear stress to pass through narrow capillaries. The shear stress sensing mechanisms and oxygenation-deoxygenation transitions regulate cell volume and mechanical properties of the membrane through the activation of ion transporters and specific phosphorylation events mediated by signal transduction. In this review, we summarize the roles of Protein kinase C, cAMP-Protein kinase A, cGMP-nitric oxide, RhoGTPase, and MAP/ERK pathways in the modulation of RBC deformability in both healthy and disease states. We emphasize that targeting signaling elements may be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies or channelopathies. We expect the present review will provide additional insights into RBC responses to shear stress and hypoxia via signaling mechanisms and shed light on the current and novel treatment options for pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Cilek
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Ugurel
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evrim Goksel
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yalcin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang S, Meor Azlan NF, Josiah SS, Zhou J, Zhou X, Jie L, Zhang Y, Dai C, Liang D, Li P, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ding K, Wang Y, Zhang J. The role of SLC12A family of cation-chloride cotransporters and drug discovery methodologies. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1471-1495. [PMID: 38223443 PMCID: PMC10785268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12 (SLC12) of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) comprises potassium chloride cotransporters (KCCs, e.g. KCC1, KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4)-mediated Cl- extrusion, and sodium potassium chloride cotransporters (N[K]CCs, NKCC1, NKCC2, and NCC)-mediated Cl- loading. The CCCs play vital roles in cell volume regulation and ion homeostasis. Gain-of-function or loss-of-function of these ion transporters can cause diseases in many tissues. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of CCCs' control mechanisms in cell volume regulations, with many techniques developed in studying the functions and activities of CCCs. Classic approaches to directly measure CCC activity involve assays that measure the transport of potassium substitutes through the CCCs. These techniques include the ammonium pulse technique, radioactive or nonradioactive rubidium ion uptake-assay, and thallium ion-uptake assay. CCCs' activity can also be indirectly observed by measuring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity with patch-clamp electrophysiology and intracellular chloride concentration with sensitive microelectrodes, radiotracer 36Cl-, and fluorescent dyes. Other techniques include directly looking at kinase regulatory sites phosphorylation, flame photometry, 22Na+ uptake assay, structural biology, molecular modeling, and high-throughput drug screening. This review summarizes the role of CCCs in genetic disorders and cell volume regulation, current methods applied in studying CCCs biology, and compounds developed that directly or indirectly target the CCCs for disease treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Sunday Solomon Josiah
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Lingjun Jie
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Cuilian Dai
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Aurora Discovery Inc., Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266021, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moreno E, Pacheco-Alvarez D, Chávez-Canales M, Elizalde S, Leyva-Ríos K, Gamba G. Structure-function relationships in the sodium chloride cotransporter. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1118706. [PMID: 36998989 PMCID: PMC10043231 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1118706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The thiazide sensitive Na+:Cl− cotransporter (NCC) is the principal via for salt reabsorption in the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in mammals and plays a fundamental role in managing blood pressure. The cotransporter is targeted by thiazide diuretics, a highly prescribed medication that is effective in treating arterial hypertension and edema. NCC was the first member of the electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporter family to be identified at a molecular level. It was cloned from the urinary bladder of the Pseudopleuronectes americanus (winter flounder) 30 years ago. The structural topology, kinetic and pharmacology properties of NCC have been extensively studied, determining that the transmembrane domain (TM) coordinates ion and thiazide binding. Functional and mutational studies have discovered residues involved in the phosphorylation and glycosylation of NCC, particularly on the N-terminal domain, as well as the extracellular loop connected to TM7-8 (EL7-8). In the last decade, single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has permitted the visualization of structures at high atomic resolution for six members of the SLC12 family (NCC, NKCC1, KCC1-KCC4). Cryo-EM insights of NCC confirm an inverted conformation of the TM1-5 and TM6-10 regions, a characteristic also found in the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily, in which TM1 and TM6 clearly coordinate ion binding. The high-resolution structure also displays two glycosylation sites (N-406 and N-426) in EL7-8 that are essential for NCC expression and function. In this review, we briefly describe the studies related to the structure-function relationship of NCC, beginning with the first biochemical/functional studies up to the recent cryo-EM structure obtained, to acquire an overall view enriched with the structural and functional aspects of the cotransporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Moreno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephanie Elizalde
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Leyva-Ríos
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Phisiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Gerardo Gamba,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Modus operandi of ClC-K2 Cl - Channel in the Collecting Duct Intercalated Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010177. [PMID: 36671562 PMCID: PMC9855527 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal collecting duct is known to play a critical role in many physiological processes, including systemic water-electrolyte homeostasis, acid-base balance, and the salt sensitivity of blood pressure. ClC-K2 (ClC-Kb in humans) is a Cl--permeable channel expressed on the basolateral membrane of several segments of the renal tubule, including the collecting duct intercalated cells. ClC-Kb mutations are causative for Bartters' syndrome type 3 manifested as hypotension, urinary salt wasting, and metabolic alkalosis. However, little is known about the significance of the channel in the collecting duct with respect to the normal physiology and pathology of Bartters' syndrome. In this review, we summarize the available experimental evidence about the signaling determinants of ClC-K2 function and the regulation by systemic and local factors as well as critically discuss the recent advances in understanding the collecting-duct-specific roles of ClC-K2 in adaptations to changes in dietary Cl- intake and maintaining systemic acid-base homeostasis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kladchenko ES, Andreyeva AY, Mindukshev IV, Gambaryan S. Cellular osmoregulation of the ark clam (Anadara kagoshimensis) hemocytes to hyposmotic media. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:434-439. [PMID: 35167189 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many bivalve species are considered to be euryhaline organisms due to effective adaptation to fluctuations of environmental salinity. Cellular mechanisms responsible for tolerance to salinity changes remain unclear for bivalves despite this question being critically important for commercially cultured species frequently introduced into regions differing from natural habitat by salinity regime. In the present work laser diffraction method was used for the analysis of volume changes in hemoglobin-containing ark clam (Anadara kagoshimensis) hemocytes following hyposmotic stimulation. Hemocytes responded to hyposmotic shock (decrease of media osmolarity from 461 to 216 mОsm/L) by a rapid swelling up to 171.5 ± 15.2% of control level. At normal osmotic conditions (osmolarity 461 mOsm/L), hemocyte mean cellular volume (MCV) was 354.0 ± 24.4 fl and maximum MCV of hyposmotically swollen cells prior lysis was 555.5 ± 57.4 fl (at the osmolarity 194 mOsm/L). Ark clam hemocytes demonstrated volume recovery response following hyposmotic swelling. Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) reaction did not depend on hemoglobin confirmation status. Final MCV of swollen hemocytes at the end of experimental period of RVD in oxygenated and deoxygenated suspensions did not significantly differ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S Kladchenko
- Laboratory of Ecological Immunology of Aquatic Organisms, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Y Andreyeva
- Laboratory of Ecological Immunology of Aquatic Organisms, A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor V Mindukshev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gajecki D, Gawryś J, Szahidewicz-Krupska E, Doroszko A. Role of Erythrocytes in Nitric Oxide Metabolism and Paracrine Regulation of Endothelial Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050943. [PMID: 35624807 PMCID: PMC9137828 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies provide new data shedding some light on the complex and pivotal role of red blood cells (RBCs) in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and paracrine regulation of endothelial function. NO is involved in the regulation of vasodilatation, platelet aggregation, inflammation, hypoxic adaptation, and oxidative stress. Even though tremendous knowledge about NO metabolism has been collected, the exact RBCs’ status still requires evaluation. This paper summarizes the actual knowledge regarding the role of erythrocytes as a mobile depot of amino acids necessary for NO biotransformation. Moreover, the complex regulation of RBCs’ translocases is presented with a particular focus on cationic amino acid transporters (CATs) responsible for the NO substrates and derivatives transport. The main part demonstrates the intraerythrocytic metabolism of L-arginine with its regulation by reactive oxygen species and arginase activity. Additionally, the process of nitrite and nitrate turnover was demonstrated to be another stable source of NO, with its reduction by xanthine oxidoreductase or hemoglobin. Additional function of hemoglobin in NO synthesis and its subsequent stabilization in steady intermediates is also discussed. Furthermore, RBCs regulate the vascular tone by releasing ATP, inducing smooth muscle cell relaxation, and decreasing platelet aggregation. Erythrocytes and intraerythrocytic NO metabolism are also responsible for the maintenance of normotension. Hence, RBCs became a promising new therapeutic target in restoring NO homeostasis in cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lim WM, Chin EWM, Tang BL, Chen T, Goh ELK. WNK3 Maintains the GABAergic Inhibitory Tone, Synaptic Excitation and Neuronal Excitability via Regulation of KCC2 Cotransporter in Mature Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:762142. [PMID: 34858138 PMCID: PMC8631424 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.762142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of chloride (Cl−)permeable gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid type A(GABAA) receptors induces synaptic inhibition in mature and excitation in immature neurons. This developmental “switch” in GABA function controlled by its polarity depends on the postnatal decrease in intraneuronal Cl− concentration mediated by KCC2, a member of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs). The serine-threonine kinase WNK3 (With No Lysine [K]), is a potent regulator of all CCCs and is expressed in neurons. Here, we characterized the functions of WNK3 and its role in GABAergic signaling in cultured embryonic day 18 (E18) hippocampal neurons. We observed a decrease in WNK3 expression as neurons mature. Knocking down of WNK3 significantly hyperpolarized EGABA in mature neurons (DIV13–15) but had no effect on immature neurons (DIV6–8). This hyperpolarized EGABA in WNK3-deficient neurons was not due to the total expression of NKCC1 and KCC2, that remained unchanged. However, there was a reduction in phosphorylated KCC2 at the membrane, suggesting an increase in KCC2 chloride export activity. Furthermore, hyperpolarized EGABA observed in WNK3-deficient neurons can be reversed by the KCC2 inhibitor, VU024055, thus indicating that WNK3 acts through KCC2 to influence EGABA. Notably, WNK3 knockdown resulted in morphological changes in mature but not immature neurons. Electrophysiological characterization of WNK3-deficient mature neurons revealed reduced capacitances but increased intrinsic excitability and synaptic excitation. Hence, our study demonstrates that WNK3 maintains the “adult” GABAergic inhibitory tone in neurons and plays a role in the morphological development of neurons and excitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wee Meng Lim
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice W M Chin
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Eyleen L K Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bazard P, Frisina RD, Acosta AA, Dasgupta S, Bauer MA, Zhu X, Ding B. Roles of Key Ion Channels and Transport Proteins in Age-Related Hearing Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6158. [PMID: 34200434 PMCID: PMC8201059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory system is a fascinating sensory organ that overall, converts sound signals to electrical signals of the nervous system. Initially, sound energy is converted to mechanical energy via amplification processes in the middle ear, followed by transduction of mechanical movements of the oval window into electrochemical signals in the cochlear hair cells, and finally, neural signals travel to the central auditory system, via the auditory division of the 8th cranial nerve. The majority of people above 60 years have some form of age-related hearing loss, also known as presbycusis. However, the biological mechanisms of presbycusis are complex and not yet fully delineated. In the present article, we highlight ion channels and transport proteins, which are integral for the proper functioning of the auditory system, facilitating the diffusion of various ions across auditory structures for signal transduction and processing. Like most other physiological systems, hearing abilities decline with age, hence, it is imperative to fully understand inner ear aging changes, so ion channel functions should be further investigated in the aging cochlea. In this review article, we discuss key various ion channels in the auditory system and how their functions change with age. Understanding the roles of ion channels in auditory processing could enhance the development of potential biotherapies for age-related hearing loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Bazard
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (P.B.); (A.A.A.); (S.D.); (M.A.B.); (X.Z.); (B.D.)
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Robert D. Frisina
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (P.B.); (A.A.A.); (S.D.); (M.A.B.); (X.Z.); (B.D.)
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Behavioral & Communication Sciences, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Alejandro A. Acosta
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (P.B.); (A.A.A.); (S.D.); (M.A.B.); (X.Z.); (B.D.)
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sneha Dasgupta
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (P.B.); (A.A.A.); (S.D.); (M.A.B.); (X.Z.); (B.D.)
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mark A. Bauer
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (P.B.); (A.A.A.); (S.D.); (M.A.B.); (X.Z.); (B.D.)
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (P.B.); (A.A.A.); (S.D.); (M.A.B.); (X.Z.); (B.D.)
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (P.B.); (A.A.A.); (S.D.); (M.A.B.); (X.Z.); (B.D.)
- Global Center for Hearing and Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van Cromvoirt AM, Fenk S, Sadafi A, Melnikova EV, Lagutkin DA, Dey K, Petrushanko IY, Hegemann I, Goede JS, Bogdanova A. Donor Age and Red Cell Age Contribute to the Variance in Lorrca Indices in Healthy Donors for Next Generation Ektacytometry: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:639722. [PMID: 33737886 PMCID: PMC7960761 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.639722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of red blood cells (RBCs) to transport gases, their lifespan as well as their rheological properties invariably depend on the deformability, hydration, and membrane stability of these cells, which can be measured by Laser optical rotational red cell analyser (Lorrca® Maxsis, RR Mechatronics). The osmoscan mode of Lorrca is currently used in diagnosis of rare anemias in clinical laboratories. However, a broad range of normal values for healthy subjects reduces the sensitivity of this method for diagnosis of mild disease phenotype. In this pilot study, we explored the impact of age and gender of 45 healthy donors, as well as RBC age on the Lorrca indices. Whereas gender did not affect the Lorrca indices in our study, the age donors had a profound effect on the O_hyper parameter. To study the impact of RBC age on the osmoscan parameters, we have isolated low (L)-, medium (M)-, or high (H)- density fractions enriched with young, mature, and senescent RBCs, respectively, and evaluated the influence of RBC age-related properties, such as density, morphology, and redox state, on the osmoscan indices. As before, O_hyper was the most sensitive parameter, dropping markedly with an increase in RBC density and age. Senescence was associated with a decrease in deformability (EI_max) and tolerability to low and high osmolatites (Area). L-fraction was enriched with reticulocytes and cells with high projected area and EMA staining, but also contained a small number of cells small in projected area and most likely, terminally senescent. L-fraction was on average slightly less deformable than mature cells. The cells from the L-fraction produced more oxidants and NO than all other fractions. However, RBCs from the L-fraction contained maximal levels of reduced thiols compared to other fractions. Our study suggests that reference values for O_hyper should be age-stratified, and, most probably, corrected for the average RBC age. Further multi-center study is required to validate these suggestions before implementing them into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankie M van Cromvoirt
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Fenk
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ario Sadafi
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.,Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elizaveta V Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Lagutkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kuntal Dey
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Yu Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inga Hegemann
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen S Goede
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hartmann AM, Fu L, Ziegler C, Winklhofer M, Nothwang HG. Structural changes in the extracellular loop 2 of the murine KCC2 potassium chloride cotransporter modulate ion transport. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100793. [PMID: 34019872 PMCID: PMC8191313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
K+-Cl- cotransporters (KCCs) play important roles in physiological processes such as inhibitory neurotransmission and cell-volume regulation. KCCs exhibit significant variations in K+ affinities, yet recent atomic structures demonstrated that K+- and Cl--binding sites are highly conserved, raising the question of whether additional structural elements may contribute to ion coordination. The termini and the large extracellular domain (ECD) of KCCs exhibit only low sequence identity and were already discussed as modulators of transport activity. Here, we used the extracellular loop 2 (EL2) that links transmembrane helices (TMs) 3 and 4, as a mechanism to modulate ECD folding. We compared consequences of point mutations in the K+-binding site on the function of WT KCC2 and in a KCC2 variant, in which EL2 was structurally altered by insertion of a IFYPYDVPDYAGYPYDVPDYAGSYPYDVPDYAAHAAA (3xHA) tag (36 amino acids). In WT KCC2, individual mutations of five residues in the K+-binding site resulted in a 2- to 3-fold decreased transport rate. However, the same mutations in the KCC2 variant with EL2 structurally altered by insertion of a 3xHA tag had no effect on transport activity. Homology models of mouse KCC2 with the 3xHA tag inserted into EL2 using ab initio prediction were generated. The models suggest subtle conformational changes occur in the ECD upon EL2 modification. These data suggest that a conformational change in the ECD, for example, by interaction with EL2, might be an elegant way to modulate the K+ affinity of the different isoforms in the KCC subfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Hartmann
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Lifei Fu
- Biophysics II, Biophysics II-Structural Biology, Faculty of Biology and Pre-Clinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christine Ziegler
- Biophysics II, Biophysics II-Structural Biology, Faculty of Biology and Pre-Clinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences IBU, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Center of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wirth MJ, Ackels T, Kriebel A, Kriebel K, Mey J, Kuenzel T, Wagner H. Expression patterns of chloride transporters in the auditory brainstem of developing chicken. Hear Res 2020; 393:108013. [PMID: 32554128 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
GABAergic transmission changes from depolarization to hyperpolarization in most vertebrate brain regions during development. By contrast, in the auditory brainstem of chicken a depolarizing effect of GABA persists after hatching. Since auditory brainstem neurons that receive GABAergic input have a Cl- reversal potential above resting membrane potential, a specifically tuned activity of Cl- transporters is likely. We here present a developmental study of the expression patterns of several members of the SLC12 family (NKCC1, NKCC2, KCC1, KCC2, KCC4, CCC6, CCC9) and of AE3 at developmental ages E7, E10, E12, E15, E17, and P1 with quantitative RT-PCR. NKCC2 and CCC9 were not detected in auditory brainstem (positive control: kidney). KCC1, CCC6 and AE3 were expressed, but not regulated, while NKCC1, KCC2 and KCC4 were regulated. The expression of the latter transporters increased, with KCC2 exhibiting the strongest expression at all time points. Biochemical analysis of the protein expression of NKCC1, KCC2 and KCC4 corroborated the findings on the mRNA level. All three transporters showed a localization at the outer rim of the cells, with NKCC1 and KCC2 expressed in neurons, and KCC4 predominantly in glia. The comparison of the published chloride reversal potential and expression of transporter proteins suggest strong differences in the efficiency of the three transporters. Further, the strong KCC2 expression could reflect a role in the structural development of auditory brainstem synapses that might lead to changes in the physiological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Wirth
- Department for Chemosensation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Ackels
- Neurophysiology of Behaviour Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Kriebel
- Department for Zoology and Animal Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriebel
- Department for Zoology and Animal Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg Mey
- Department for Chemosensation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Thomas Kuenzel
- Department for Chemosensation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hermann Wagner
- Department for Zoology and Animal Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang J, Cordshagen A, Medina I, Nothwang HG, Wisniewski JR, Winklhofer M, Hartmann AM. Staurosporine and NEM mainly impair WNK-SPAK/OSR1 mediated phosphorylation of KCC2 and NKCC1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232967. [PMID: 32413057 PMCID: PMC7228128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of KCC2 and NKCC1 in development and maintenance of fast inhibitory neurotransmission and their implication in severe human diseases arouse interest in posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms such as (de)phosphorylation. Staurosporine (broad kinase inhibitor) and N-ethylmalemide (NEM) that modulate kinase and phosphatase activities enhance KCC2 and decrease NKCC1 activity. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism for this reciprocal regulation by mass spectrometry and immunoblot analyses using phospho-specific antibodies. Our analyses revealed that application of staurosporine or NEM dephosphorylates Thr1007 of KCC2, and Thr203, Thr207 and Thr212 of NKCC1. Dephosphorylation of Thr1007 of KCC2, and Thr207 and Thr212 of NKCC1 were previously demonstrated to activate KCC2 and to inactivate NKCC1. In addition, application of the two agents resulted in dephosphorylation of the T-loop and S-loop phosphorylation sites Thr233 and Ser373 of SPAK, a critical kinase in the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling module mediating phosphorylation of KCC2 and NKCC1. Taken together, these results suggest that reciprocal regulation of KCC2 and NKCC1 via staurosporine and NEM is based on WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling. The key regulatory phospho-site Ser940 of KCC2 is not critically involved in the enhanced activation of KCC2 upon staurosporine and NEM treatment, as both agents have opposite effects on its phosphorylation status. Finally, NEM acts in a tissue-specific manner on Ser940, as shown by comparative analysis in HEK293 cells and immature cultured hippocampal neurons. In summary, our analyses identified phospho-sites that are responsive to staurosporine or NEM application. This provides important information towards a better understanding of the cooperative interactions of different phospho-sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Hatherly Laboratories, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Antje Cordshagen
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Igor Medina
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Unité 1249, INMED (Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée), Aix-Marseille University UMR 1249, Marseille, France
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jacek R. Wisniewski
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Biochemical Proteomics Group, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences IBU, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Hartmann
- Division of Neurogenetics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Soldatov AA, Andreeva AY, Kukhareva TA, Andreyenko TI. Methemoglobin and the Activities of Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase in Nucleated Erythrocytes of Scorpaena porcus (Linnaeus, 1758) under Experimental Hypoxia (in vitro). Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
16
|
Mindukshev IV, Sudnitsyna JS, Skverchinskaya EA, Andreyeva AY, Dobrylko IA, Senchenkova EY, Krivchenko AI, Gambaryan SP. Erythrocytes’ Reactions to Osmotic, Ammonium, and Oxidative Stress Are Inhibited under Hypoxia. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747819040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Kang S, Kim JH, Jo E, Lee SJ, Jung J, Kim BM, Lee JH, Oh TJ, Yum S, Rhee JS, Park H. Chromosomal-level assembly of Takifugu obscurus (Abe, 1949) genome using third-generation DNA sequencing and Hi-C analysis. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:520-530. [PMID: 31887246 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Tetraodontidae family are known to have relatively small and compact genomes compared to other vertebrates. The obscure puffer fish Takifugu obscurus is an anadromous species that migrates to freshwater from the sea for spawning. Thus the euryhaline characteristics of T. obscurus have been investigated to gain understanding of their survival ability, osmoregulation, and other homeostatic mechanisms in both freshwater and seawater. In this study, a high quality chromosome-level reference genome for T. obscurus was constructed using long-read Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) Sequel sequencing and a Hi-C-based chromatin contact map platform. The final genome assembly of T. obscurus is 381 Mb, with a contig N50 length of 3,296 kb and longest length of 10.7 Mb, from a total of 62 Gb of raw reads generated using single-molecule real-time sequencing technology from a PacBio Sequel platform. The PacBio data were further clustered into chromosome-scale scaffolds using a Hi-C approach, resulting in a 373 Mb genome assembly with a contig N50 length of 15.2 Mb and and longest length of 28 Mb. When we directly compared the 22 longest scaffolds of T. obscurus to the 22 chromosomes of the tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes, a clear one-to-one orthologous relationship was observed between the two species, supporting the chromosome-level assembly of T. obscurus. This genome assembly can serve as a valuable genetic resource for exploring fugu-specific compact genome characteristics, and will provide essential genomic information for understanding molecular adaptations to salinity fluctuations and the evolution of osmoregulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Kang
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Euna Jo
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea.,Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihye Jung
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, Korea.,Polar Sciences, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, Asan, Korea.,Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, Asan, Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, Asan, Korea
| | - Seungshic Yum
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea.,Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang J, Bhuiyan MIH, Zhang T, Karimy JK, Wu Z, Fiesler VM, Zhang J, Huang H, Hasan MN, Skrzypiec AE, Mucha M, Duran D, Huang W, Pawlak R, Foley LM, Hitchens TK, Minnigh MB, Poloyac SM, Alper SL, Molyneaux BJ, Trevelyan AJ, Kahle KT, Sun D, Deng X. Modulation of brain cation-Cl - cotransport via the SPAK kinase inhibitor ZT-1a. Nat Commun 2020; 11:78. [PMID: 31911626 PMCID: PMC6946680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLC12A cation-Cl- cotransporters (CCC), including NKCC1 and the KCCs, are important determinants of brain ionic homeostasis. SPAK kinase (STK39) is the CCC master regulator, which stimulates NKCC1 ionic influx and inhibits KCC-mediated efflux via phosphorylation at conserved, shared motifs. Upregulation of SPAK-dependent CCC phosphorylation has been implicated in several neurological diseases. Using a scaffold-hybrid strategy, we develop a novel potent and selective SPAK inhibitor, 5-chloro-N-(5-chloro-4-((4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl)-2-methylphenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide ("ZT-1a"). ZT-1a inhibits NKCC1 and stimulates KCCs by decreasing their SPAK-dependent phosphorylation. Intracerebroventricular delivery of ZT-1a decreases inflammation-induced CCC phosphorylation in the choroid plexus and reduces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypersecretion in a model of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Systemically administered ZT-1a reduces ischemia-induced CCC phosphorylation, attenuates cerebral edema, protects against brain damage, and improves outcomes in a model of stroke. These results suggest ZT-1a or related compounds may be effective CCC modulators with therapeutic potential for brain disorders associated with impaired ionic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China.
| | - Mohammad Iqbal H Bhuiyan
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Zhijuan Wu
- Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4SE, UK
| | - Victoria M Fiesler
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jingfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Huachen Huang
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Md Nabiul Hasan
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Anna E Skrzypiec
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Mariusz Mucha
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Daniel Duran
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Robert Pawlak
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Lesley M Foley
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Margaret B Minnigh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bradley J Molyneaux
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Andrew J Trevelyan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute For Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Xianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang H, Song S, Banerjee S, Jiang T, Zhang J, Kahle KT, Sun D, Zhang Z. The WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Kinases and the Cation-Chloride Cotransporters as Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Diseases. Aging Dis 2019; 10:626-636. [PMID: 31165006 PMCID: PMC6538211 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) have drawn attention in the medical neuroscience research. CCCs include the family of Na+-coupled Cl- importers (NCC, NKCC1, and NKCC2), K+-coupled Cl- exporters (KCCs), and possibly polyamine transporters (CCC9) and CCC interacting protein (CIP1). For decades, CCCs have been the targets of several commonly used diuretic drugs, including hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, and bumetanide. Genetic mutations of NCC and NKCC2 cause congenital renal tubular disorders and lead to renal salt-losing hypotension, secondary hyperreninemia, and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. New studies reveal that CCCs along with their regulatory WNK (Kinase with no lysine (K)), and SPAK (Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase)/OSR1(oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1) are essential for regulating cell volume and maintaining ionic homeostasis in the nervous system, especially roles of the WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 signaling pathway in ischemic brain injury and hypersecretion of cerebrospinal fluid in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. In addition, disruption of Cl- exporter KCC2 has an effect on synaptic inhibition, which may be involved in developing pain, epilepsy, and possibly some neuropsychiatric disorders. Interference with KCC3 leads to peripheral nervous system neuropathy as well as axon and nerve fiber swelling and psychosis. The WNK-SPAK/OSR1-CCCs complex emerges as therapeutic targets for multiple neurological diseases. This review will highlight these new findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliate Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Suneel Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Tong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Dandan Sun, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. . Dr. Zhongling Zhang, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China.
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliate Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Dandan Sun, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. . Dr. Zhongling Zhang, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Flores B, Schornak CC, Delpire E. A role for KCC3 in maintaining cell volume of peripheral nerve fibers. Neurochem Int 2019; 123:114-124. [PMID: 29366908 PMCID: PMC6398598 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potassium chloride cotransporter, KCC3, is an electroneutral cotransporter expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system. KCC3 is responsible for the efflux of K+ and Cl- in neurons to help maintain cell volume and intracellular chloride levels. A loss-of-function (LOF) of KCC3 causes Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (HMSN/ACC) in a population of individuals in the Charlevoix/Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. A variety of mouse models have been created to understand the physiological and deleterious effects of a KCC3 LOF. Though this KCC3 LOF in mouse models has recapitulated the peripheral neuropathy phenotype of HMSN/ACC, we still know little about the development of the disease pathophysiology. Interestingly, the most recent KCC3 mouse model that we created recapitulated a peripheral neuropathy-like phenotype originating from a KCC3 gain-of-function (GOF). Despite the past two decades of research in attempting to understand the role of KCC3 in disease, we still do not understand how dysfunction of this cotransporter can lead to the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathy. This review focuses on the function of KCC3 in neurons and its role in human and health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Flores
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Cara C Schornak
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Eric Delpire
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lauf PK, Sharma N, Adragna NC. Kinetic studies of K-Cl cotransport in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C274-C284. [PMID: 30649919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00002.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During aging, and development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) transition from healthy contractile to diseased synthetic phenotypes. K-Cl cotransport (KCC) maintains cell volume and ion homeostasis in growth and differentiation, and hence is important for VSMC proliferation and migration. Therefore, KCC activity may play a role in the contractile-to-synthetic VSMC phenotypic transition. Early, medium, and late synthetic passage VSMCs were tested for specific cytoskeletal protein expression. KCC-mediated ouabain- and bumetanide-insensitive Rb+ (a K+ congener) influx was determined as Cl--dependent Rb+ influx at different external Rb+ and Cl- ion concentrations, [Rb+]o and [Cl-]o. Expressions of the cytoskeletal proteins α-actin, vimentin, and desmin fell from early through late synthetic VSMCs. KCC kinetic parameters, such as maximum velocity ( Vm), and apparent Cl- and Rb+ affinities ( Km), were calculated with Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes-Woolf, and Hill approximations. Vm values of both Rb+- and Cl--dependent influxes were of equal magnitude, commensurate with a KCC stoichiometry of unity, and rose threefold from early to late synthetic VSMCs. Hill coefficients for Rb+ and Cl- correlated with cell passage number, suggesting increased KCC ligand cooperativity. However, Km values for [Cl-]o were strikingly bimodal with 60-80 mM in early, ~20-30 mM in medium, and 60 mM in late passage cells. In contrast, Km values for [Rb+]o remained steady at ~17 mM. Since total KCC isoform expression was similar with cell passage, structure/function changes of the KCC signalosome may accompany the transition of aortic VSMCs from a healthy to a diseased phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lauf
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pathology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Neelima Sharma
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Norma C Adragna
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stanevičiūtė J, Juknevičienė M, Palubinskienė J, Balnytė I, Valančiūtė A, Vosyliūtė R, Sužiedėlis K, Lesauskaitė V, Stakišaitis D. Sodium Dichloroacetate Pharmacological Effect as Related to Na-K-2Cl Cotransporter Inhibition in Rats. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818811522. [PMID: 30479587 PMCID: PMC6247491 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818811522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to investigate a possible sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) pharmacological mechanism causing an increase in diuresis in rats. The aim was to define characteristics of 24-hour urinary Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ excretion in Wistar male rats and to evaluate effect of a single-dose DCA and repeated DCA dosage on diuresis. Six control and 6 DCA-treated male rats aged 5 to weeks after a single DCA dose and repeated dosage were tested. The single DCA dose treatment caused a significantly higher 24-hour diuresis when compared to control (P < .05), and it was related to increased Cl-, Na+, and K+ urine excretion and a significant increase in Ca2+ and Mg2+ excretion (P < .05); after the repeated 4-week DCA dosage, the diuresis was not increased, but the excretion of the Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions was significantly higher. Kidney immunohistochemistry has revealed that DCA continuous treatment results in an increase in the size of Henle loop thick ascending limb epithelial cells (P < .001). The study results show a significantly reduced RNA expression of Na-K-2Cl co-transporter (NKCC1) in thymus of 4-week DCA-treated rats (P < .03). The study data have indicated a possible mechanism of such pharmacological effect to be NKCC inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jūratė Stanevičiūtė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Milda Juknevičienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jolita Palubinskienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Balnytė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Angelija Valančiūtė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Vosyliūtė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kęstutis Sužiedėlis
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Lesauskaitė
- Institute of Cardiology of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Donatas Stakišaitis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Koç Ş, Baysal S, Koç Z, Yener AÜ. Detection of Glycemia and Osmolarity Changes Using Eye Examinations. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16:543-550. [PMID: 30183500 DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is an index of the average blood glucose level over the preceding 2-3 months. In experimental studies, the lens responded to changes in osmolarity by forming vacuoles. By observing the vacuoles of the lens during eye examination, can we detect changes in osmolarity and glycemia over the last 6 months through HbA1c levels? Methods: In total, 400 patients (mean age, 67.7 ± 9.8 years), including those with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart failure, were included in the study. The control group contained 70 patients matched in terms of age and sex and who had no prior disease (mean age, 67.8 ± 9.4 years). Monthly Na, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen values were used to calculate changes in osmolarity over 6 months. HbA1c values were also recorded. Biomicroscopy was used to evaluate lens vacuolation; all vacuoles were digitally photographed and converted to ImageJ format. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of using large vacuoles to detect HbA1c ≥10% were 88.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 68.8-97.4) and 82.6% (95% CI: 74.1-89.2), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of detecting a 10 mOsm/kg change in osmolarity were 61% (95% CI: 48.9-72.4) and 94.5% (95% CI: 91.5-96.7), respectively. Conclusions: Lens vacuoles, which can be observed with a simple and quick examination, can be used to detect HbA1c levels and osmolarity changes over the last 6 months. Because of their relationship to the severity of retinopathy, vacuoles can also be used as a weak control indicator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Şahbender Koç
- Department of Cardiology and Keçiören Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Baysal
- Department of Cardiology, Urfa Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Urfa, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Koç
- Department of Internal Medicine, Onkoloji Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arif Ülkü Yener
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keçiören Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
de Los Heros P, Pacheco-Alvarez D, Gamba G. Role of WNK Kinases in the Modulation of Cell Volume. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:207-235. [PMID: 30243433 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ion Transport across the cell membrane is required to maintain cell volume homeostasis. In response to changes in extracellular osmolarity, most cells activate specific metabolic or membrane-transport pathways to respond to cell swelling or shrinkage and return their volume to its normal resting state. This process involves the rapid adjustment of the activities of channels and transporters that mediate flux of K+, Na+, Cl-, and small organic osmolytes. Cation chloride cotransporters (CCCs) NKCCs and KCCs are a family of membrane proteins modulated by changes in cell volume and/or in the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i). Cell swelling triggers regulatory volume decrease (RVD), promoting solute and water efflux to restore normal cell volume. Swelling-activated KCCs mediate RVD in most cell types. In contrast, cell shrinkage triggers regulatory volume increase (RVI), which involves the activation of the NKCC1 cotransporter of the CCC family. Regulation of the CCCs during RVI and RVD by protein phosphorylation is a well-characterized mechanism, where WNK kinases and their downstream kinase substrates, SPAK and OSR1 constitute the essential phospho-regulators. WNKs-SPAK/OSR1-CCCs complex is required to regulate cell shrinkage-induced RVI or cell swelling-induced RVD via activating or inhibitory phosphorylation of NKCCs or KCCs, respectively. WNK1 and WNK4 kinases have been established as [Cl-]i sensors/regulators, while a role for WNK3 kinase as a cell volume-sensing kinase has emerged and is proposed in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Los Heros
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huisjes R, Bogdanova A, van Solinge WW, Schiffelers RM, Kaestner L, van Wijk R. Squeezing for Life - Properties of Red Blood Cell Deformability. Front Physiol 2018; 9:656. [PMID: 29910743 PMCID: PMC5992676 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformability is an essential feature of blood cells (RBCs) that enables them to travel through even the smallest capillaries of the human body. Deformability is a function of (i) structural elements of cytoskeletal proteins, (ii) processes controlling intracellular ion and water handling and (iii) membrane surface-to-volume ratio. All these factors may be altered in various forms of hereditary hemolytic anemia, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary xerocytosis. Although mutations are known as the primary causes of these congenital anemias, little is known about the resulting secondary processes that affect RBC deformability (such as secondary changes in RBC hydration, membrane protein phosphorylation, and RBC vesiculation). These secondary processes could, however, play an important role in the premature removal of the aberrant RBCs by the spleen. Altered RBC deformability could contribute to disease pathophysiology in various disorders of the RBC. Here we review the current knowledge on RBC deformability in different forms of hereditary hemolytic anemia and describe secondary mechanisms involved in RBC deformability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick Huisjes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wouter W van Solinge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Richard van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Andreyeva AY, Skverchinskaya EA, Gambaryan S, Soldatov AA, Mindukshev IV. Hypoxia inhibits the regulatory volume decrease in red blood cells of common frog (Rana temporaria). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 219-220:44-47. [PMID: 29501871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells of vertebrates can restore their cellular volume after hyposmotic swelling. The process strictly depends on oxygen availability in the environment. However, the role of hemoglobin in regulation of cell volume recovery is not clear yet. Little is known about the osmotic reactions and regulatory volume decrease of amphibian red blood cells. We investigated volume recovery process in oxygenated (oxyhemoglobin concentration 97 ± 3% of total hemoglobin) deoxygenated (96 ± 2% of deoxyhemolobin) and oxidized (47 ± 2% of methemoglobin, 41 ± 3% of deoxyhemoglobin) red blood cells of common frog (Rana temporaria) after hyposmotic swelling. Using the low-angle light scattering method we demonstrated the regulatory volume decrease in oxygenated cells and showed that the process was eliminated in hypoxic conditions. Reoxygenation of hypoxic cells restored the regulatory volume decrease. Oxidation of cellular hemoglobin to methemoglobin inhibited the volume recovery response in hyposmotically swollen oxygenated and reoxygenated hypoxic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Y Andreyeva
- The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenninsky ave, 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Toreza, 21, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta A Skverchinskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Toreza, 21, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Toreza, 21, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Cytology and Histology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksander A Soldatov
- The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenninsky ave, 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V Mindukshev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Toreza, 21, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Frenette-Cotton R, Marcoux AA, Garneau AP, Noel M, Isenring P. Phosphoregulation of K + -Cl - cotransporters during cell swelling: Novel insights. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:396-408. [PMID: 28276587 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The K+ -Cl- cotransporters (KCCs) belong to the cation-Cl- cotransporter family and consist of four isoforms and many splice variants. Their main role is to promote electroneutral efflux of K+ and Cl- ions across the surface of many cell types and, thereby, to regulate intracellular ion concentration, cell volume, and epithelial salt movement. These transport systems are induced by an increase in cell volume and are less active at lower intracellular [Cl- ] (Cli ), but the mechanisms at play are still ill-defined. In this work, we have exploited the Xenopus laevis expression system to study the role of lysine-deficient protein kinases (WNKs), protein phosphatases 1 (PP1s), and SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) in KCC4 regulation during cell swelling. We have found that WNK4 and PP1 regulate KCC4 activity as part of a common signaling module, but that they do not exert their effects through SPAK or carrier dephosphorylation. We have also found that the phosphatases at play include PP1α and PP1γ1, but that WNK4 acts directly on the PP1s instead of the opposite. Unexpectedly, however, both cell swelling and a T926A substitution in the C-terminus of full-length KCC4 led to higher levels of heterologous K+ -Cl- cotransport and overall carrier phosphorylation. These results imply that the response to cell swelling must also involve allosteric-sensitive kinase-dependent phosphoacceptor sites in KCC4. They are thus partially inconsistent with previous models of KCC regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrée-Anne Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Micheline Noel
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Conway LC, Cardarelli RA, Moore YE, Jones K, McWilliams LJ, Baker DJ, Burnham MP, Bürli RW, Wang Q, Brandon NJ, Moss SJ, Deeb TZ. N-Ethylmaleimide increases KCC2 cotransporter activity by modulating transporter phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21253-21263. [PMID: 29092909 PMCID: PMC5766942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
K+/Cl- cotransporter 2 (KCC2) is selectively expressed in the adult nervous system and allows neurons to maintain low intracellular Cl- levels. Thus, KCC2 activity is an essential prerequisite for fast hyperpolarizing synaptic inhibition mediated by type A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors, which are Cl--permeable, ligand-gated ion channels. Consistent with this, deficits in the activity of KCC2 lead to epilepsy and are also implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, neuropathic pain, and schizophrenia. Accordingly, there is significant interest in developing activators of KCC2 as therapeutic agents. To provide insights into the cellular processes that determine KCC2 activity, we have investigated the mechanism by which N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) enhances transporter activity using a combination of biochemical and electrophysiological approaches. Our results revealed that, within 15 min, NEM increased cell surface levels of KCC2 and modulated the phosphorylation of key regulatory residues within the large cytoplasmic domain of KCC2 in neurons. More specifically, NEM increased the phosphorylation of serine 940 (Ser-940), whereas it decreased phosphorylation of threonine 1007 (Thr-1007). NEM also reduced with no lysine (WNK) kinase phosphorylation of Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), a kinase that directly phosphorylates KCC2 at residue Thr-1007. Mutational analysis revealed that Thr-1007 dephosphorylation mediated the effects of NEM on KCC2 activity. Collectively, our results suggest that compounds that either increase the surface stability of KCC2 or reduce Thr-1007 phosphorylation may be of use as enhancers of KCC2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Conway
- From the AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Ross A Cardarelli
- From the AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Yvonne E Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Jones
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J McWilliams
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - David J Baker
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew P Burnham
- Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Roland W Bürli
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Qi Wang
- From the AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- From the AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Stephen J Moss
- From the AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, Massachusetts 02111,
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek Z Deeb
- From the AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Garneau AP, Marcoux AA, Frenette-Cotton R, Mac-Way F, Lavoie JL, Isenring P. Molecular insights into the normal operation, regulation, and multisystemic roles of K +-Cl - cotransporter 3 (KCC3). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C516-C532. [PMID: 28814402 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00106.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long before the molecular identity of the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransporters was uncovered in the mid-nineties, a Na+-independent K+-Cl- cotransport system was also known to exist. It was initially observed in sheep and goat red blood cells where it was shown to be ouabain-insensitive and to increase in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). After it was established between the early and mid-nineties, the expressed sequence tag (EST) databank was found to include a sequence that was highly homologous to those of the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransporters. This sequence was eventually found to code for the Na+-independent K+-Cl- cotransport function that was described in red blood cells several years before. It was termed KCC1 and led to the discovery of three isoforms called KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4. Since then, it has become obvious that each one of these isoforms exhibits unique patterns of distribution and fulfills distinct physiological roles. Among them, KCC3 has been the subject of great attention in view of its important role in the nervous system and its association with a rare hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy (called Andermann syndrome) that affects many individuals in Quebec province (Canada). It was also found to play important roles in the cardiovascular system, the organ of Corti, and circulating blood cells. As will be seen in this review, however, there are still a number of uncertainties regarding the transport properties, structural organization, and regulation of KCC3. The same is true regarding the mechanisms by which KCC3 accomplishes its numerous functions in animal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Kinesiology Department, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A A Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - R Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - F Mac-Way
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - J L Lavoie
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Kinesiology Department, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang J, Karimy JK, Delpire E, Kahle KT. Pharmacological targeting of SPAK kinase in disorders of impaired epithelial transport. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:795-804. [PMID: 28679296 PMCID: PMC6081737 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1351949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich serine-threonine kinase SPAK (STK39) modulates ion transport across and between epithelial cells in response to environmental stimuli such osmotic stress and inflammation. Research over the last decade has established a central role for SPAK in the regulation of ion and water transport in the distal nephron, colonic crypts, and pancreatic ducts, and has implicated deregulated SPAK signaling in NaCl-sensitive hypertension, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and cystic fibrosis. Areas covered: We review recent advances in our understanding of the role of SPAK kinase in the regulation of epithelial transport. We highlight how SPAK signaling - including its upstream Cl- sensitive activators, the WNK kinases, and its downstream ion transport targets, the cation- Cl- cotransporters contribute to human disease. We discuss prospects for the pharmacotherapeutic targeting of SPAK kinase in specific human disorders that feature impaired epithelial homeostasis. Expert opinion: The development of novel drugs that antagonize the SPAK-WNK interaction, inhibit SPAK kinase activity, or disrupt SPAK kinase activation by interfering with its binding to MO25α/β could be useful adjuncts in essential hypertension, inflammatory colitis, and cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jason K. Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiolgy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sunuwar L, Asraf H, Donowitz M, Sekler I, Hershfinkel M. The Zn 2+-sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39, upregulates colonocytic Cl - absorption, via basolateral KCC1, and reduces fluid loss. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:947-960. [PMID: 28093242 PMCID: PMC5557417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Administration of zinc, as a complement to oral rehydration solutions, effectively diminishes duration and severity of diarrhea, but it is not known whether it merely fulfills a nutritional deficiency, or if zinc has a direct role of regulating solute absorption. We show that Zn2+ acts via a specific receptor, ZnR/GPR39, to reduce fluid loss. Intestinal fluid secretion triggered by cholera toxin (CTx) was lower in WT mice compared to ZnR/GPR39 KO. In the absence of dietary Zn2+ we observed similar fluid accumulation in WT and ZnR/GPR39 KO mice, indicating that Zn2+ and ZnR/GPR39 are both required for a beneficial effect of Zn2+ in diarrhea. In primary colonocytes and in Caco-2 colonocytic cells, activation of ZnR/GPR39 enhanced Cl- transport, a critical factor in diarrhea, by upregulating K+/Cl- cotransporter (KCC1) activity. Importantly, we show basolateral expression of KCC1 in mouse and human colonocytes, thus identifying a novel Cl- absorption pathway. Finally, inhibition of KCC-dependent Cl- transport enhanced CTx-induced fluid loss. Altogether, our data indicate that Zn2+ acting via ZnR/GPR39 has a direct role in controlling Cl- absorption via upregulation of basolateral KCC1 in the colon. Moreover, colonocytic ZnR/GPR39 and KCC1 reduce water loss during diarrhea and may therefore serve as effective drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Sunuwar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Hila Asraf
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michal Hershfinkel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
WNK kinases, along with their upstream regulators (CUL3/KLHL3) and downstream targets (the SPAK/OSR1 kinases and the cation-Cl- cotransporters [CCCs]), comprise a signaling cascade essential for ion homeostasis in the kidney and nervous system. Recent work has furthered our understanding of the WNKs in epithelial transport, cell volume homeostasis, and GABA signaling, and uncovered novel roles for this pathway in immune cell function and cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Shekarabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA; MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA; VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06477, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Andreyeva AY, Soldatov AA, Mukhanov VS. The influence of acute hypoxia on the functional and morphological state of the black scorpionfish red blood cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:312-319. [PMID: 27834044 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of the mechanisms of red blood cell steadiness to the oxygen lack in tolerant teleosts is of current scientific interest. Black scorpionfish, Scorpaena porcus L., is a widespread benthal species in the Black Sea and is highly resistant to hypoxic influence. The morphological state of black scorpionfish red blood cells under acute hypoxia was assessed using DNA-binding dye SYBR Green I and fluorescent microscopy. Changes in membrane potential of mitochondria and functional activity of cells were determined by rhodamine 123 (R123) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) fluorescence. Oxygen deficiency leads to bidirectional changes in volume of erythrocytes and their nuclei. Between 0.57 and 1.76 mg О2 l-1, both parameters increased on 3-12 and 7-21%, respectively. At 1.76-4.03, cells shrank on 1.5-6.0% and nucleus size decreased on 1.5-3%. Acute hypoxia induced a significant increase of R123 (12-60%) and FDA (30-184%) fluorescence. These reactions are caused by a probable decrease in erythrocyte membrane permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Y Andreyeva
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Marine Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave, 14, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Aleksander A Soldatov
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Marine Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave, 14, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Vladimir S Mukhanov
- Department of Plankton, Institute of Marine Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang J, Gao G, Begum G, Wang J, Khanna AR, Shmukler BE, Daubner GM, de los Heros P, Davies P, Varghese J, Bhuiyan MIH, Duan J, Zhang J, Duran D, Alper SL, Sun D, Elledge SJ, Alessi DR, Kahle KT. Functional kinomics establishes a critical node of volume-sensitive cation-Cl - cotransporter regulation in the mammalian brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35986. [PMID: 27782176 PMCID: PMC5080614 DOI: 10.1038/srep35986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell volume homeostasis requires the dynamically regulated transport of ions across the plasmalemma. While the ensemble of ion transport proteins involved in cell volume regulation is well established, the molecular coordinators of their activities remain poorly characterized. We utilized a functional kinomics approach including a kinome-wide siRNA-phosphoproteomic screen, a high-content kinase inhibitor screen, and a kinase trapping-Orbitrap mass spectroscopy screen to systematically identify essential kinase regulators of KCC3 Thr991/Thr1048 phosphorylation - a key signaling event in cell swelling-induced regulatory volume decrease (RVD). In the mammalian brain, we found the Cl--sensitive WNK3-SPAK kinase complex, required for cell shrinkage-induced regulatory volume decrease (RVI) via the stimulatory phosphorylation of NKCC1 (Thr203/Thr207/Thr212), is also essential for the inhibitory phosphorylation of KCC3 (Thr991/Thr1048). This is mediated in vivo by an interaction between the CCT domain in SPAK and RFXV/I domains in WNK3 and NKCC1/KCC3. Accordingly, genetic or pharmacologic WNK3-SPAK inhibition prevents cell swelling in response to osmotic stress and ameliorates post-ischemic brain swelling through a simultaneous inhibition of NKCC1-mediated Cl- uptake and stimulation of KCC3-mediated Cl- extrusion. We conclude that WNK3-SPAK is an integral component of the long-sought "Cl-/volume-sensitive kinase" of the cation-Cl- cotransporters, and functions as a molecular rheostat of cell volume in the mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Geng Gao
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Ave, SGM 628, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arjun R. Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Boris E. Shmukler
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA -022154 USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA -022154, USA
| | - Gerrit M. Daubner
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Paola de los Heros
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Paul Davies
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Joby Varghese
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | | | - Jinjing Duan
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Duran
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Seth L. Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA -022154 USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA -022154, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
KCC3 deficiency-induced disruption of paranodal loops and impairment of axonal excitability in the peripheral nervous system. Neuroscience 2016; 335:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
36
|
Jaggi AS, Kaur A, Bali A, Singh N. Expanding Spectrum of Sodium Potassium Chloride Co-transporters in the Pathophysiology of Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:369-88. [PMID: 26411965 PMCID: PMC4812803 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150205130359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium potassium chloride co-transporter (NKCC) belongs to cation-dependent chloride co-transporter family, whose activation allows the entry of Na(+), K(+) and 2Cl(-) inside the cell. It acts in concert with K(+) Cl(-) co-transporter (KCC), which extrudes K(+) and Cl(-) ions from cell. NKCC1 is widely distributed throughout the body, while NKCC2 is exclusively present in kidney. Protein kinase A, protein kinase C, Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase, oxidative stress responsive kinases, With No K=lysine kinase and protein phosphatase type 1 control the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of key threonine residues of in regulatory domain of NKCC1. The selective inhibitors of NKCC1 including bumetanide and furosemide are conventionally employed as diuretics. However, recent studies have indicated that NKCC1 may be involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety, cerebral ischemia, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fragile X syndrome, autism and schizophrenia. The inhibitors of NKCC1 are shown to produce anxiolytic effects; attenuate cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal injury; produce antiepileptic effects and attenuate neuropathic pain. In the early developing brain, GABAA activation primarily produces excitatory actions due to high NKCC1/KCC2 ratio. However, as the development progresses, the ratio of NKCC1/KCC2 ratio reverses and there is switch in the polarity of GABAA actions and latter acquires the inhibitory actions. The recapitulation of developmental-like state during pathological state may be associated with increase in the expression and functioning of NKCC1, which decreases the strength of inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The present review describes the expanding role and mechanism of NKCC1 in the pathophysiology of different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala- 147002.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kahle KT, Flores B, Bharucha-Goebel D, Zhang J, Donkervoort S, Hegde M, Hussain G, Duran D, Liang B, Sun D, Bönnemann CG, Delpire E. Peripheral motor neuropathy is associated with defective kinase regulation of the KCC3 cotransporter. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra77. [PMID: 27485015 PMCID: PMC5506493 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aae0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Using exome sequencing, we identified a de novo mutation (c.2971A>G; T991A) in SLC12A6, the gene encoding the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC3, in a patient with an early-onset, progressive, and severe peripheral neuropathy primarily affecting motor neurons. Normally, the WNK kinase-dependent phosphorylation of T(991) tonically inhibits KCC3; however, cell swelling triggers Thr(991) dephosphorylation to activate the transporter and restore cell volume. KCC3 T991A mutation in patient cells abolished Thr(991) phosphorylation, resulted in constitutive KCC3 activity, and compromised cell volume homeostasis. KCC3(T991A/T991A) mutant mice exhibited constitutive KCC3 activity and recapitulated aspects of the clinical, electrophysiological, and histopathological findings of the patient. These results suggest that the function of the peripheral nervous system depends on finely tuned, kinase-regulated KCC3 activity and implicate abnormal cell volume homeostasis as a previously unreported mechanism of axonal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Bianca Flores
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Diana Bharucha-Goebel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA. Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Sandra Donkervoort
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Madhuri Hegde
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gulnaz Hussain
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Daniel Duran
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Bo Liang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mercado A, de Los Heros P, Melo Z, Chávez-Canales M, Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Moreno E, Bazúa-Valenti S, Vázquez N, Hadchouel J, Gamba G. With no lysine L-WNK1 isoforms are negative regulators of the K+-Cl- cotransporters. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C54-66. [PMID: 27170636 PMCID: PMC4967140 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00193.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters (KCC1-KCC4) encompass a branch of the SLC12 family of electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that translocate ions out of the cell to regulate various factors, including cell volume and intracellular chloride concentration, among others. L-WNK1 is an ubiquitously expressed kinase that is activated in response to osmotic stress and intracellular chloride depletion, and it is implicated in two distinct hereditary syndromes: the renal disease pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) and the neurological disease hereditary sensory neuropathy 2 (HSN2). The effect of L-WNK1 on KCC activity is unknown. Using Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK-293 cells, we show that the activation of KCCs by cell swelling was prevented by L-WNK1 coexpression. In contrast, the activity of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter NKCC1 was remarkably increased with L-WNK1 coexpression. The negative effect of L-WNK1 on the KCCs is kinase dependent. Elimination of the STE20 proline-alanine rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress-responsive kinase (OSR1) binding site or the HQ motif required for the WNK-WNK interaction prevented the effect of L-WNK1 on KCCs, suggesting a required interaction between L-WNK1 molecules and SPAK. Together, our data support that NKCC1 and KCCs are coordinately regulated by L-WNK1 isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mercado
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola de Los Heros
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zesergio Melo
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; and University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Adrián R Murillo-de-Ozores
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Moreno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; and University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán. Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhou X, Naguro I, Ichijo H, Watanabe K. Mitogen-activated protein kinases as key players in osmotic stress signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2037-52. [PMID: 27261090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osmotic stress arises from the difference between intracellular and extracellular osmolality. It induces cell swelling or shrinkage as a consequence of water influx or efflux, which threatens cellular activities. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play central roles in signaling pathways in osmotic stress responses, including the regulation of intracellular levels of inorganic ions and organic osmolytes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes the cellular osmotic stress response and the function and regulation of the vertebrate MAPK signaling pathways involved. We also describe recent findings regarding apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 3 (ASK3), a MAP3K member, to demonstrate its regulatory effects on signaling molecules beyond MAPKs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS MAPKs are rapidly activated by osmotic stress and have diverse roles, such as cell volume regulation, gene expression, and cell survival/death. There is significant cell type specificity in the function and regulation of MAPKs. Based on its activity change during osmotic stress and its regulation of the WNK1-SPAK/OSR1 pathway, ASK3 is expected to play important roles in osmosensing mechanisms and cellular functions related to osmoregulation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE MAPKs are essential for various cellular responses to osmotic stress; thus, the identification of the upstream regulators of MAPK pathways will provide valuable clues regarding the cellular osmosensing mechanism, which remains elusive in mammals. The elucidation of in vivo MAPK functions is also important because osmotic stress in physiological and pathophysiological conditions often results from changes in the intracellular osmolality. These studies potentially contribute to the establishment of therapeutic strategies against diseases that accompany osmotic perturbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Isao Naguro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kengo Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Glogowska E, Gallagher PG. Disorders of erythrocyte volume homeostasis. Int J Lab Hematol 2016; 37 Suppl 1:85-91. [PMID: 25976965 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inherited disorders of erythrocyte volume homeostasis are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders with phenotypes ranging from dehydrated to overhydrated erythrocytes. Clinical, laboratory, physiologic, and genetic heterogeneities characterize this group of disorders. A series of recent reports have provided novel insights into our understanding of the genetic bases underlying some of these disorders of red cell volume regulation. This report reviews this progress in understanding determinants that influence erythrocyte hydration and how they have yielded a better understanding of the pathways that influence cellular water and solute homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Glogowska
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - P G Gallagher
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Greene AS, Hajduk SL. Trypanosome Lytic Factor-1 Initiates Oxidation-stimulated Osmotic Lysis of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:3063-75. [PMID: 26645690 PMCID: PMC4742767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.680371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human innate immunity against the veterinary pathogen Trypanosoma brucei brucei is conferred by trypanosome lytic factors (TLFs), against which human-infective T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense have evolved resistance. TLF-1 is a subclass of high density lipoprotein particles defined by two primate-specific apolipoproteins: the ion channel-forming toxin ApoL1 (apolipoprotein L1) and the hemoglobin (Hb) scavenger Hpr (haptoglobin-related protein). The role of oxidative stress in the TLF-1 lytic mechanism has been controversial. Here we show that oxidative processes are involved in TLF-1 killing of T. brucei brucei. The lipophilic antioxidant N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine protected TLF-1-treated T. brucei brucei from lysis. Conversely, lysis of TLF-1-treated T. brucei brucei was increased by the addition of peroxides or thiol-conjugating agents. Previously, the Hpr-Hb complex was postulated to be a source of free radicals during TLF-1 lysis. However, we found that the iron-containing heme of the Hpr-Hb complex was not involved in TLF-1 lysis. Furthermore, neither high concentrations of transferrin nor knock-out of cytosolic lipid peroxidases prevented TLF-1 lysis. Instead, purified ApoL1 was sufficient to induce lysis, and ApoL1 lysis was inhibited by the antioxidant DPPD. Swelling of TLF-1-treated T. brucei brucei was reminiscent of swelling under hypotonic stress. Moreover, TLF-1-treated T. brucei brucei became rapidly susceptible to hypotonic lysis. T. brucei brucei cells exposed to peroxides or thiol-binding agents were also sensitized to hypotonic lysis in the absence of TLF-1. We postulate that ApoL1 initiates osmotic stress at the plasma membrane, which sensitizes T. brucei brucei to oxidation-stimulated osmotic lysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Styer Greene
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Stephen L Hajduk
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
EMT-Inducing Molecular Factors in Gynecological Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:420891. [PMID: 26356073 PMCID: PMC4556818 DOI: 10.1155/2015/420891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gynecologic cancers are the unregulated growth of neoplastic cells that arise in the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva. Although gynecologic cancers are characterized by different signs and symptoms, studies have shown that they share common risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, age, exposure to certain chemicals, infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). Despite recent advancements in the preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions for gynecologic cancers, many patients still die as a result of metastasis and recurrence. Since mounting evidence indicates that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays an essential role in metastatic relapse of cancer, understanding the molecular aberrations responsible for the EMT and its underlying signaling should be given high priority in order to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kahle KT, Khanna AR, Alper SL, Adragna NC, Lauf PK, Sun D, Delpire E. K-Cl cotransporters, cell volume homeostasis, and neurological disease. Trends Mol Med 2015; 21:513-23. [PMID: 26142773 PMCID: PMC4834970 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters (KCCs) were originally characterized as regulators of red blood cell (RBC) volume. Since then, four distinct KCCs have been cloned, and their importance for volume regulation has been demonstrated in other cell types. Genetic models of certain KCCs, such as KCC3, and their inhibitory WNK-STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) serine-threonine kinases, have demonstrated the evolutionary necessity of these molecules for nervous system cell volume regulation, structure, and function, and their involvement in neurological disease. The recent characterization of a swelling-activated dephosphorylation mechanism that potently stimulates the KCCs has pinpointed a potentially druggable switch of KCC activity. An improved understanding of WNK/SPAK-mediated KCC cell volume regulation in the nervous system might reveal novel avenues for the treatment of multiple neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Seth L Alper
- Renal Division and Molecular and Vascular Medicine Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Norma C Adragna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Peter K Lauf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA; Department of Pathology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Titz S, Sammler EM, Hormuzdi SG. Could tuning of the inhibitory tone involve graded changes in neuronal chloride transport? Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:321-31. [PMID: 25843644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarizing synaptic inhibition through GABAA and glycine receptors depends on the presence of the neuronal cation-chloride-cotransporter protein, KCC2. Several transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms have been shown to regulate KCC2 and thereby influence the polarity and efficacy of inhibitory synaptic transmission. It is unclear however whether regulation of KCC2 enables the transporter to attain different levels of activity thus allowing a neuron to modulate the strength of inhibitory synaptic transmission to its changing requirements. We therefore investigated whether phosphorylation can allow KCC2 to achieve distinct levels of [Cl(-)]i in neurons. We generated a variety of KCC2 alanine dephosphorylation mimics and used NH4(+)-induced pHi shifts in cultured hippocampal neurons to quantify the rate of KCC2 transport activity exhibited by these mutants. To explore the relationship between KCC2 transport and GABAA receptor-mediated current amplitudes we performed gramicidine perforated-patch recordings. The correlation between EGABA and NH4(+)-induced pHi shifts enabled an estimate of the range of chloride extrusion possible by kinase/phosphatase regulation of KCC2. Our results demonstrate that KCC2 transport can vary considerably in magnitude depending on the combination of alanine mutations present on the protein. Transport can be enhanced to sufficiently high levels that hyperpolarizing GABAA responses may be obtained even in neurons with an extremely negative resting membrane potential and at high extracellular K(+) concentrations. Our findings highlight the significant potential for regulating the inhibitory tone by KCC2-mediated chloride extrusion and suggest that cellular signaling pathways may act combinatorially to alter KCC2 phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and thereby tune the strength of synaptic inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Titz
- Institute for Physiology und Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Esther M Sammler
- Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Sheriar G Hormuzdi
- Division of Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Adragna NC, Ravilla NB, Lauf PK, Begum G, Khanna AR, Sun D, Kahle KT. Regulated phosphorylation of the K-Cl cotransporter KCC3 is a molecular switch of intracellular potassium content and cell volume homeostasis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26217182 PMCID: PMC4496573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The defense of cell volume against excessive shrinkage or swelling is a requirement for cell function and organismal survival. Cell swelling triggers a coordinated homeostatic response termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD), resulting in K+ and Cl− efflux via activation of K+ channels, volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs), and the K+-Cl− cotransporters, including KCC3. Here, we show genetic alanine (Ala) substitution at threonines (Thr) 991 and 1048 in the KCC3a isoform carboxyl-terminus, preventing inhibitory phosphorylation at these sites, not only significantly up-regulates KCC3a activity up to 25-fold in normally inhibitory isotonic conditions, but is also accompanied by reversal of activity of the related bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1). This results in a rapid (<10 min) and significant (>90%) reduction in intracellular K+ content (Ki) via both Cl-dependent (KCC3a + NKCC1) and Cl-independent [DCPIB (VRAC inhibitor)-sensitive] pathways, which collectively renders cells less prone to acute swelling in hypotonic osmotic stress. Together, these data demonstrate the phosphorylation state of Thr991/Thr1048 in KCC3a encodes a potent switch of transporter activity, Ki homeostasis, and cell volume regulation, and reveal novel observations into the functional interaction among ion transport molecules involved in RVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma C Adragna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Nagendra B Ravilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Peter K Lauf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton, OH, USA ; Department of Pathology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University Boston, MA, USA ; Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard University Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang G, Nauseef WM. Salt, chloride, bleach, and innate host defense. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:163-72. [PMID: 26048979 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ru0315-109r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt provides 2 life-essential elements: sodium and chlorine. Chloride, the ionic form of chlorine, derived exclusively from dietary absorption and constituting the most abundant anion in the human body, plays critical roles in many vital physiologic functions, from fluid retention and secretion to osmotic maintenance and pH balance. However, an often overlooked role of chloride is its function in innate host defense against infection. Chloride serves as a substrate for the generation of the potent microbicide chlorine bleach by stimulated neutrophils and also contributes to regulation of ionic homeostasis for optimal antimicrobial activity within phagosomes. An inadequate supply of chloride to phagocytes and their phagosomes, such as in CF disease and other chloride channel disorders, severely compromises host defense against infection. We provide an overview of the roles that chloride plays in normal innate immunity, highlighting specific links between defective chloride channel function and failures in host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoshun Wang
- *Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Genetics, and Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- *Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Genetics, and Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Orlov SN, Koltsova SV, Kapilevich LV, Gusakova SV, Dulin NO. NKCC1 and NKCC2: The pathogenetic role of cation-chloride cotransporters in hypertension. Genes Dis 2015; 2:186-196. [PMID: 26114157 PMCID: PMC4477834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the data on the functional significance of ubiquitous (NKCC1) and renal-specific (NKCC2) isoforms of electroneutral sodium, potassium and chloride cotransporters. These carriers contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension via regulation of intracellular chloride concentration in vascular smooth muscle and neuronal cells and via sensing chloride concentration in the renal tubular fluid, respectively. Both NKCC1 and NKCC2 are inhibited by furosemide and other high-ceiling diuretics widely used for attenuation of extracellular fluid volume. However, the chronic usage of these compounds for the treatment of hypertension and other volume-expanded disorders may have diverse side-effects due to suppression of myogenic response in microcirculatory beds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei N. Orlov
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
- Тomsk State University, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rees DC, Thein SL, Osei A, Drasar E, Tewari S, Hannemann A, Gibson JS. The clinical significance of K-Cl cotransport activity in red cells of patients with HbSC disease. Haematologica 2015; 100:595-600. [PMID: 25749827 PMCID: PMC4420208 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.120402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HbSC disease is the second commonest form of sickle cell disease, with poorly understood pathophysiology and few treatments. We studied the role of K-Cl cotransport activity in determining clinical and laboratory features, and investigated its potential role as a biomarker. Samples were collected from 110 patients with HbSC disease and 41 with sickle cell anemia (HbSS). K-Cl cotransport activity was measured in the oxygenated (K-Cl cotransport(100)) and deoxygenated (K-Cl cotransport(0)) states, using radioactive tracer studies. K-Cl cotransport activity was high in HbSC and decreased significantly on deoxygenation. K-Cl cotransport activity correlated significantly and positively with the formation of sickle cells. On multiple regression analysis, K-Cl cotransport increased significantly and independently with increasing reticulocyte count and age. K-Cl cotransport activity was increased in patients who attended hospital with acute pain in 2011 compared to those who did not (K-Cl cotransport(100): mean 3.87 versus 3.20, P=0.009, independent samples T-test; K-Cl cotransport(0): mean 0.96 versus 0.68, P=0.037). On logistic regression only K-Cl cotransport was associated with hospital attendance. Increased K-Cl cotransport activity was associated with the presence of retinopathy, but this effect was confounded by age. This study links variability in a fundamental aspect of cellular pathology with a clinical outcome, suggesting that K-Cl cotransport is central to the pathology of HbSC disease. Increased K-Cl cotransport activity is associated with increasing age, which may be of pathophysiological significance. Effective inhibition of K-Cl cotransport activity is likely to be of therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Rees
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, UK.
| | - Swee Lay Thein
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, UK
| | - Anna Osei
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, UK
| | - Emma Drasar
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, UK
| | - Sanjay Tewari
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College Hospital, King's College London School of Medicine, UK
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John S Gibson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hartmann AM, Nothwang HG. Molecular and evolutionary insights into the structural organization of cation chloride cotransporters. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:470. [PMID: 25653592 PMCID: PMC4301019 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cation chloride cotransporters (CCC) play an essential role for neuronal chloride homeostasis. K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (KCC2), is the principal Cl(-)-extruder, whereas Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1), is the major Cl(-)-uptake mechanism in many neurons. As a consequence, the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine strongly depend on the activity of these two transporters. Knowledge of the mechanisms involved in ion transport and regulation is thus of great importance to better understand normal and disturbed brain function. Although no overall 3-dimensional crystal structures are yet available, recent molecular and phylogenetic studies and modeling have provided new and exciting insights into structure-function relationships of CCC. Here, we will summarize our current knowledge of the gross structural organization of the proteins, their functional domains, ion binding and translocation sites, and the established role of individual amino acids (aa). A major focus will be laid on the delineation of shared and distinct organizational principles between KCC2 and NKCC1. Exploiting the richness of recently generated genome data across the tree of life, we will also explore the molecular evolution of these features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Hartmann
- Systematics and Evolutionary Biology Group, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Neurogenetics Group, Center of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany ; Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Orlov SN, Koltsova SV, Kapilevich LV, Dulin NO, Gusakova SV. Cation-chloride cotransporters: Regulation, physiological significance, and role in pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 79:1546-61. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914130070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|