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Arystarkhova E, Sweadner KJ. Na,K-ATPase Expression Can Be Limited Post-Transcriptionally: A Test of the Role of the Beta Subunit, and a Review of Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7414. [PMID: 39000521 PMCID: PMC11242325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na,K-ATPase is an α-β heterodimer. It is well known that the Na,K-ATPase β subunit is required for the biosynthesis and trafficking of the α subunit to the plasma membrane. During investigation of properties of human ATP1A3 mutations in 293 cells, we observed a reciprocal loss of endogenous ATP1A1 when expressing ATP1A3. Scattered reports going back as far as 1991 have shown that experimental expression of one subunit can result in reduction in another, suggesting that the total amount is strictly limited. It seems logical that either α or β subunit should be rate-limiting for assembly and functional expression. Here, we present evidence that neither α nor β may be limiting and that there is another level of control that limits the amount of Na,K-ATPase to physiological levels. We propose that α subunits compete for something specific, like a private chaperone, required to finalize their biosynthesis or to prevent their degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arystarkhova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Sweadner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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2
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Hodeify R, Kreydiyyeh S, Zaid LMJ. Identified and potential internalization signals involved in trafficking and regulation of Na +/K + ATPase activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1583-1598. [PMID: 37634170 PMCID: PMC11254989 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04831-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The sodium-potassium pump (NKA) or Na+/K+ ATPase consumes around 30-40% of the total energy expenditure of the animal cell on the generation of the sodium and potassium electrochemical gradients that regulate various electrolyte and nutrient transport processes. The vital role of this protein entails proper spatial and temporal regulation of its activity through modulatory mechanisms involving its expression, localization, enzymatic activity, and protein-protein interactions. The residence of the NKA at the plasma membrane is compulsory for its action as an antiporter. Despite the huge body of literature reporting on its trafficking between the cell membrane and intracellular compartments, the mechanisms controlling the trafficking process are by far the least understood. Among the molecular determinants of the plasma membrane proteins trafficking are intrinsic sequence-based endocytic motifs. In this review, we (i) summarize previous reports linking the regulation of Na+/K+ ATPase trafficking and/or plasma membrane residence to its activity, with particular emphasis on the endocytic signals in the Na+/K+ ATPase alpha-subunit, (ii) map additional potential internalization signals within Na+/K+ ATPase catalytic alpha-subunit, based on canonical and noncanonical endocytic motifs reported in the literature, (iii) pinpoint known and potential phosphorylation sites associated with NKA trafficking, (iv) highlight our recent studies on Na+/K+ ATPase trafficking and PGE2-mediated Na+/K+ ATPase modulation in intestine, liver, and kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawad Hodeify
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sawsan Kreydiyyeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Leen Mohammad Jamal Zaid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Zheng Y, Peng W, Wen X, Wan Q. Protein interactome analysis of ATP1B1 in alveolar epithelial cells using Co-Immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry and parallel reaction monitoring assay. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32579. [PMID: 38912441 PMCID: PMC11193012 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims Alveolar epithelial barrier integrity is essential for lung homeostasis. Na, K-ATPase β1 subunit (ATP1B1) involves alveolar edema fluid clearance and alveolar epithelial barrier stability. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of ATP1B1 in alveolar epithelial cells still needs to be understood. Main methods We utilized Co-Immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry proteomic analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, enrichment analysis, and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to investigate proteins interacting with ATP1B1 in A549 cells. Key findings A total of 159 proteins were identified as significant proteins interacting with ATP1B1 in A549 cells. Ribosomal and heat shock proteins were major constituents of the two main functional modules based on the PPI network. Enrichment analysis showed that significant proteins were involved in protein translation, posttranslational processing, and function regulation. Moreover, 10 proteins of interest were verified by PRM, and fold changes in 6 proteins were consistent with proteomics results. Finally, HSP90AB1, EIF4A1, TUBB4B, HSPA8, STAT1, and PLEC were considered candidates for binding to ATP1B1 to function in alveolar epithelial cells. Significance Our study provides new insights into the role of ATP1B1 in alveolar epithelial cells and indicates that six proteins, in particular HSP90AB1, may be key proteins interacting with and regulating ATP1B1, which might be potential targets for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Department of Transplant Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiting Peng
- 8-Year Clinical Medicine Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xupeng Wen
- Department of Transplant Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiquan Wan
- Department of Transplant Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Richard EM, Brun E, Korchagina J, Crouzier L, Affortit C, Alves S, Cazevieille C, Mausset-Bonnefont AL, Lenoir M, Puel JL, Maurice T, Thiry M, Wang J, Delprat B. Wfs1 E864K knock-in mice illuminate the fundamental role of Wfs1 in endocochlear potential production. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:387. [PMID: 37386014 PMCID: PMC10310813 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder encompassing diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy, hearing loss (HL) as well as neurological disorders. None of the animal models of the pathology are presenting with an early onset HL, impeding the understanding of the role of Wolframin (WFS1), the protein responsible for WS, in the auditory pathway. We generated a knock-in mouse, the Wfs1E864K line, presenting a human mutation leading to severe deafness in affected individuals. The homozygous mice showed a profound post-natal HL and vestibular syndrome, a collapse of the endocochlear potential (EP) and a devastating alteration of the stria vascularis and neurosensory epithelium. The mutant protein prevented the localization to the cell surface of the Na+/K+ATPase β1 subunit, a key protein for the maintenance of the EP. Overall, our data support a key role of WFS1 in the maintenance of the EP and the stria vascularis, via its binding partner, the Na+/K+ATPase β1 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilie Brun
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lucie Crouzier
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stacy Alves
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Marc Lenoir
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Thiry
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Jing Wang
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Delprat
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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5
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Levic DS, Bagnat M. Polarized transport of membrane and secreted proteins during lumen morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:65-73. [PMID: 35307284 PMCID: PMC9481742 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A ubiquitous feature of animal development is the formation of fluid-filled cavities or lumina, which transport gases and fluids across tissues and organs. Among different species, lumina vary drastically in size, scale, and complexity. However, all lumen formation processes share key morphogenetic principles that underly their development. Fundamentally, a lumen simply consists of epithelial cells that encapsulate a continuous internal space, and a common way of building a lumen is via opening and enlarging by filling it with fluid and/or macromolecules. Here, we discuss how polarized targeting of membrane and secreted proteins regulates lumen formation, mainly focusing on ion transporters in vertebrate model systems. We also discuss mechanistic differences observed among invertebrates and vertebrates and describe how the unique properties of the Na+/K+-ATPase and junctional proteins can promote polarization of immature epithelia to build lumina de novo in developing organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Levic
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Rodrigues T, Piccirillo S, Magi S, Preziuso A, Dos Santos Ramos V, Serfilippi T, Orciani M, Maciel Palacio Alvarez M, Luis Dos Santos Tersariol I, Amoroso S, Lariccia V. Control of Ca 2+ and metabolic homeostasis by the Na +/Ca 2+ exchangers (NCXs) in health and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115163. [PMID: 35803319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal control of calcium (Ca2+) levels is essential for the background rhythms and responses of living cells to environmental stimuli. Whatever other regulators a given cellular activity may have, localized and wider scale Ca2+ events (sparks, transients, and waves) are hierarchical determinants of fundamental processes such as cell contraction, excitability, growth, metabolism and survival. Different cell types express specific channels, pumps and exchangers to efficiently generate and adapt Ca2+ patterns to cell requirements. The Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs) in particular contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis by buffering intracellular Ca2+ loads according to the electrochemical gradients of substrate ions - i.e., Ca2+ and sodium (Na+) - and under a dynamic control of redundant regulatory processes. An interesting feature of NCX emerges from the strict relationship that connects transporter activity with cell metabolism: on the one hand NCX operates under constant control of ATP-dependent regulatory processes, on the other hand the ion fluxes generated through NCX provide mechanistic support for the Na+-driven uptake of glutamate and Ca2+ influx to fuel mitochondrial respiration. Proof of concept evidence highlights therapeutic potential of preserving a timed and balanced NCX activity in a growing rate of diseases (including excitability, neurodegenerative, and proliferative disorders) because of an improved ability of stressed cells to safely maintain ion gradients and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Here, we will summarize and review recent works that have focused on the pathophysiological roles of NCXs in balancing the two-way relationship between Ca2+ signals and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Piccirillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simona Magi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Preziuso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Vyctória Dos Santos Ramos
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemistry Investigation (CIIB), University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiziano Serfilippi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Monia Orciani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Histology, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Marcela Maciel Palacio Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry, São Paulo School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp) São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Lariccia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy.
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Robertson RM, Moyes CD. Rapid cold hardening increases axonal Na+/K+-ATPase activity and enhances performance of a visual motion detection circuit in Locusta migratoria. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275626. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is a type of phenotypic plasticity that delays the occurrence of chill coma in insects. Chill coma is mediated by a spreading depolarization of neurons and glia in the CNS, triggered by a failure of ion homeostasis. We used biochemical and electrophysiological approaches in the locust, Locusta migratoria, to test the hypothesis that the protection afforded by RCH is mediated by activation of the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) in neural tissue. RCH did not affect NKA activity measured in a biochemical assay of homogenized thoracic ganglia. However, RCH hyperpolarized the axon of a visual interneuron (DCMD) and increased the amplitude of an activity-dependent hyperpolarization (ADH) shown previously to be blocked by ouabain. RCH also improved performance of the visual circuitry presynaptic to DCMD to minimize habituation and increase excitability. We conclude that RCH enhances in situ NKA activity in the nervous system but also affects other neuronal properties that promote visual processing in locusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Meldrum Robertson
- Queen's University Department of Biology, 3118 Biosciences Complex , , Kingston, ON , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Christopher D. Moyes
- Queen's University Department of Biology, 3118 Biosciences Complex , , Kingston, ON , Canada , K7L 3N6
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Kodirov SA. Probability that there is a mammalian counterpart of cardiac clock in insects. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 110:e21867. [PMID: 35106839 PMCID: PMC9250754 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Whether or not the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated nonselective cation channel (HCN or funny current If ) is involved in pacemaking - recurrent heartbeat, it is attributed to electrical activities in all excitable cells, including those of invertebrates. In latter group of animals prevailingly the electrical signals and function of heart in terms of chrono- and inotropy are elucidated. Although in simpler models including insects experimental outcomes are reproducible and robust, involvement of "cardiac clock" mechanism in pacemaking is not conclusive. In this assay, the mechanisms of heartbeat are synthesized by focused comparisons between insect and mammalian hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sodikdjon A. Kodirov
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Brownsville, Brownsville, Texas, USA
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Kryvenko V, Vadász I. Mechanisms of Hypercapnia-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735580. [PMID: 34867444 PMCID: PMC8640499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein transcription, translation, and folding occur continuously in every living cell and are essential for physiological functions. About one-third of all proteins of the cellular proteome interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER is a large, dynamic cellular organelle that orchestrates synthesis, folding, and structural maturation of proteins, regulation of lipid metabolism and additionally functions as a calcium store. Recent evidence suggests that both acute and chronic hypercapnia (elevated levels of CO2) impair ER function by different mechanisms, leading to adaptive and maladaptive regulation of protein folding and maturation. In order to cope with ER stress, cells activate unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Initially, during the adaptive phase of ER stress, the UPR mainly functions to restore ER protein-folding homeostasis by decreasing protein synthesis and translation and by activation of ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy. However, if the initial UPR attempts for alleviating ER stress fail, a maladaptive response is triggered. In this review, we discuss the distinct mechanisms by which elevated CO2 levels affect these molecular pathways in the setting of acute and chronic pulmonary diseases associated with hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Kryvenko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
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10
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Na/K-ATPase Ion Transport and Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:443-446. [PMID: 34724099 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gabrielli NM, Mazzocchi LC, Kryvenko V, Tello K, Herold S, Morty RE, Grimminger F, Dada LA, Seeger W, Sznajder JI, Vadász I. TRAF2 Is a Novel Ubiquitin E3 Ligase for the Na,K-ATPase β-Subunit That Drives Alveolar Epithelial Dysfunction in Hypercapnia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689983. [PMID: 34277634 PMCID: PMC8283768 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several acute and chronic lung diseases are associated with alveolar hypoventilation leading to accumulation of CO2 (hypercapnia). The β-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase plays a pivotal role in maintaining epithelial integrity by functioning as a cell adhesion molecule and regulating cell surface stability of the catalytic α-subunit of the transporter, thereby, maintaining optimal alveolar fluid balance. Here, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase for the Na,K-ATPase β-subunit, which promoted polyubiquitination, subsequent endocytosis and proteasomal degradation of the protein upon exposure of alveolar epithelial cells to elevated CO2 levels, thus impairing alveolar integrity. Ubiquitination of the Na,K-ATPase β-subunit required lysine 5 and 7 and mutating these residues (but not other lysines) prevented trafficking of Na,K-ATPase from the plasma membrane and stabilized the protein upon hypercapnia. Furthermore, ubiquitination of the Na,K-ATPase β-subunit was dependent on prior phosphorylation at serine 11 by protein kinase C (PKC)-ζ. Using a protein microarray, we identified the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) as the E3 ligase driving ubiquitination of the Na,K-ATPase β-subunit upon hypercapnia. Of note, prevention of Na,K-ATPase β-subunit ubiquitination was necessary and sufficient to restore the formation of cell-cell junctions under hypercapnic conditions. These results suggest that a hypercapnic environment in the lung may lead to persistent epithelial dysfunction in affected patients. As such, the identification of the E3 ligase for the Na,K-ATPase may provide a novel therapeutic target, to be employed in patients with acute or chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure, aiming to restore alveolar epithelial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves M. Gabrielli
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Luciana C. Mazzocchi
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Vitalii Kryvenko
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Khodr Tello
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E. Morty
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura A. Dada
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Werner Seeger
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - István Vadász
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
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