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Furuya T, Nishihama R, Ishizaki K, Kohchi T, Fukuda H, Kondo Y. A glycogen synthase kinase 3-like kinase MpGSK regulates cell differentiation in Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:65-72. [PMID: 35800965 PMCID: PMC9200085 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants precisely coordinate the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation to ensure the continuous development. In Arabidopsis thaliana, members of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) family, which are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases among eukaryotes, play important roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation during various developmental processes. However, functional roles of GSK3s in the plant lineages except angiosperms remain to be elucidated. Here, we utilized a model liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, for studies of GSK3, because it has a single GSK3-like kinase, MpGSK. When M. polymorpha was treated with a chemical compound, bikinin, which is known as a specific inhibitor for GSK3-like kinases, growth and morphologies were altered with an expansion of the meristematic region. Similarly, Mpgsk loss-of-function mutants accumulated undifferentiated cell mass with no differentiated tissues. By contrast, overexpression of MpGSK reduced the size of the meristem region. These results suggest that MpGSK plays important roles as a regulator for the balance between cell differentiation and proliferation in M. polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Furuya
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Zolkiewicz K, Gruszka D. Glycogen synthase kinases in model and crop plants - From negative regulators of brassinosteroid signaling to multifaceted hubs of various signaling pathways and modulators of plant reproduction and yield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:939487. [PMID: 35909730 PMCID: PMC9335153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.939487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinases, also known as SHAGGY-like Kinases (GSKs/SKs), are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases present both in animals and plants. Plant genomes contain multiple homologs of the GSK3 genes which participate in various biological processes. Plant GSKs/SKs, and their best known representative in Arabidopsis thaliana - Brassinosteroid Insentisive2 (BIN2/SK21) in particular, were first identified as components of the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. As phytohormones, BRs regulate a wide range of physiological processes in plants - from germination, cell division, elongation and differentiation to leaf senescence, and response to environmental stresses. The GSKs/SKs proteins belong to a group of several highly conserved components of the BR signaling which evolved early during evolution of this molecular relay. However, recent reports indicated that the GSKs/SKs proteins are also implicated in signaling pathways of other phytohormones and stress-response processes. As a consequence, the GSKs/SKs proteins became hubs of various signaling pathways and modulators of plant development and reproduction. Thus, it is very important to understand molecular mechanisms regulating activity of the GSKs/SKs proteins, but also to get insights into role of the GSKs/SKs proteins in modulation of stability and activity of various substrate proteins which participate in the numerous signaling pathways. Although elucidation of these aspects is still in progress, this review presents a comprehensive and detailed description of these processes and their implications for regulation of development, stress response, and reproduction of model and crop species. The GSKs/SKs proteins and their activity are modulated through phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation reactions which are regulated by various proteins. Importantly, both phosphorylations and de-phosphorylations may have positive and negative effects on the activity of the GSKs/SKs proteins. Additionally, the activity of the GSKs/SKs proteins is positively regulated by reactive oxygen species, whereas it is negatively regulated through ubiquitylation, deacetylation, and nitric oxide-mediated nitrosylation. On the other hand, the GSKs/SKs proteins interact with proteins representing various signaling pathways, and on the basis of the complicated network of interactions the GSKs/SKs proteins differentially regulate various physiological, developmental, stress response, and yield-related processes.
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López-Cordova A, Ramírez-Medina H, Silva-Martinez GA, González-Cruz L, Bernardino-Nicanor A, Huanca-Mamani W, Montero-Tavera V, Tovar-Aguilar A, Ramírez-Pimentel JG, Durán-Figueroa NV, Acosta-García G. LEA13 and LEA30 Are Involved in Tolerance to Water Stress and Stomata Density in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081694. [PMID: 34451739 PMCID: PMC8400336 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are a large protein family that mainly function in protecting cells from abiotic stress, but these proteins are also involved in regulating plant growth and development. In this study, we performed a functional analysis of LEA13 and LEA30 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The results showed that the expression of both genes increased when plants were subjected to drought-stressed conditions. The insertional lines lea13 and lea30 were identified for each gene, and both had a T-DNA element in the regulatory region, which caused the genes to be downregulated. Moreover, lea13 and lea30 were more sensitive to drought stress due to their higher transpiration and stomatal spacing. Microarray analysis of the lea13 background showed that genes involved in hormone signaling, stomatal development, and abiotic stress responses were misregulated. Our results showed that LEA proteins are involved in drought tolerance and participate in stomatal density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigael López-Cordova
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Humberto Ramírez-Medina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Guillermo-Antonio Silva-Martinez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Leopoldo González-Cruz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Aurea Bernardino-Nicanor
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
| | - Wilson Huanca-Mamani
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile;
| | - Víctor Montero-Tavera
- Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Forestry Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), Celaya 38110, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Andrea Tovar-Aguilar
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto S/N., Col. Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, México City 07340, Mexico; (A.T.-A.); (N.-V.D.-F.)
| | | | - Noé-Valentín Durán-Figueroa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto S/N., Col. Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, México City 07340, Mexico; (A.T.-A.); (N.-V.D.-F.)
| | - Gerardo Acosta-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Celaya, Antonio García Cubas Pte. #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico; (A.L.-C.); (H.R.-M.); (G.-A.S.-M.); (L.G.-C.); (A.B.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-4616117575 (ext. 5471)
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Fei Hu, Chen M, Zhang Y, Wang T, Ruixue Li. Molecular Characterization and Expression Patterns of Shabby-Related Kinase (MmSK) Gene of Mulberry (Morus multicaulis). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020050192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Song S, Wang H, Sun M, Tang J, Zheng B, Wang X, Tan YW. Reactive oxygen species-mediated BIN2 activity revealed by single-molecule analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:692-704. [PMID: 30597572 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence has shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate several plant hormone signaling cascades, but little is known about the real-time kinetics and the underlying molecular mechanisms of the target proteins in the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. In this study, we used single-molecule techniques to investigate the true signaling timescales of the major BR signaling components BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The rate constants of BIN2 associating with ATP and phosphorylating BES1 were determined to be 0.7 ± 0.4 mM-1 s-1 and 2.3 ± 1.4 s-1 , respectively. Interestingly, we found that the interaction of BIN2 and BES1 was oxygen-dependent, and oxygen can directly modify BIN2. The activity of BIN2 was switched on via modification of specific cysteine (Cys) residues, including C59, C95, C99 and C162. The mutation of these Cys residues inhibited the BR signaling outputs. These findings demonstrate the power of using single-molecule techniques to study the dynamic interactions of signaling components, which is difficult to be discovered by conventional physiological and biochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Binglian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xuelu Wang
- Center of Integrative Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yan-Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Multiscale Research Institute for Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Wang L, Yang Z, Zhang B, Yu D, Liu J, Gong Q, Qanmber G, Li Y, Lu L, Lin Y, Yang Z, Li F. Genome-wide characterization and phylogenetic analysis of GSK gene family in three species of cotton: evidence for a role of some GSKs in fiber development and responses to stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:330. [PMID: 30514299 PMCID: PMC6280398 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycogen synthase kinase 3/shaggy kinase (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase with important roles in animals. Although GSK3 genes have been studied for more than 30 years, plant GSK genes have been studied only since the last decade. Previous research has confirmed that plant GSK genes are involved in diverse processes, including floral development, brassinosteroid signaling, and responses to abiotic stresses. RESULT In this study, 20, 15 (including 5 different transcripts) and 10 GSK genes were identified in G. hirsutum, G. raimondii and G. arboreum, respectively. A total of 65 genes from Arabidopsis, rice, and cotton were classified into 4 clades. High similarities were found in GSK3 protein sequences, conserved motifs, and gene structures, as well as good concordance in gene pairwise comparisons (G. hirsutum vs. G. arboreum, G. hirsutum vs. G. raimondii, and G. arboreum vs. G. raimondii) were observed. Whole genome duplication (WGD) within At and Dt sub-genomes has been central to the expansion of the GSK gene family. Furthermore, GhSK genes showed diverse expression patterns in various tissues. Additionally, the expression profiles of GhSKs under different stress treatments demonstrated that many are stress-responsive genes. However, none were induced by brassinolide treatment. Finally, nine co-expression sub-networks were observed for GhSKs and the functional annotations of these genes suggested that some GhSKs might be involved in cotton fiber development. CONCLUSION In this present work, we identified 45 GSK genes from three cotton species, which were divided into four clades. The gene features, muti-alignment, conversed motifs, and syntenic blocks indicate that they have been highly conserved during evolution. Whole genome duplication was determined to be the dominant factor for GSK gene family expansion. The analysis of co-expressed sub-networks and tissue-specific expression profiles suggested functions of GhSKs during fiber development. Moreover, their different responses to various abiotic stresses indicated great functional diversity amongst the GhSKs. Briefly, data presented herein may serve as the basis for future functional studies of GhSKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Daoqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Qian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Ghulam Qanmber
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Lili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Yongjun Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
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Li R, Liu L, Dominic K, Wang T, Fan T, Hu F, Wang Y, Zhang L, Li L, Zhao W. Mulberry (Morus alba) MmSK gene enhances tolerance to drought stress in transgenic mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:603-611. [PMID: 30336380 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Shaggy-like protein kinase (SK) plays important roles in the plant growth development, signal transduction, abiotic stress and biotic stress and substance metabolism regulation. However, the exact function of the response to drought stress in mulberry with SK remains unclear. In this study, a new SK gene that was designated as MmSK (GenBank accession NO: KY348867) was isolated and cloned from mulberry (Morus alba). MmSK contains two SK conservation domains of ATP domain and Serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature, and belonged to GSK3/shaggy protein kinase family. The expression of MmSK in mulberry was up-regulated under various abiotic stress treatments. Meanwhile, we observed higher expression levels in the phloem contrasted with other tissues. Mulberry MmSK gene was successfully silenced by virus induced gene silencing (VIGS), and after MmSK was silenced, the expression of MmSK in pTRV2-MmSK-VIGS plant (transgenic mulberry) dropped to 34.02% compared with the negative control inoculated with empty vector pTRV2-00 (CK). Under drought stress, the soluble protein content, proline content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in transgenic mulberry decreased in different degree compared with the CK. In contrast, the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in transgenic mulberry. With the extension of drought stress treatment time, the soluble protein content, proline content and MDA content gradually increased. The SOD activity and POD activity under drought stress gradually rose to the maximum on the fifth day and then decreased, which consistent with the change trend of MmSK gene expression. These results suggested that MmSK gene could function as a positive regulator of drought stress in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Li
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kotoka Dominic
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taichu Wang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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Kültz D, Li J, Gardell A, Sacchi R. Quantitative molecular phenotyping of gill remodeling in a cichlid fish responding to salinity stress. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3962-75. [PMID: 24065692 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.029827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A two-tiered label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics workflow was used to elucidate how salinity affects the molecular phenotype, i.e. proteome, of gills from a cichlid fish, the euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). The workflow consists of initial global profiling of relative tryptic peptide abundances in treated versus control samples followed by targeted identification (by MS/MS) and quantitation (by chromatographic peak area integration) of validated peptides for each protein of interest. Fresh water acclimated tilapia were independently exposed in separate experiments to acute short-term (34 ppt) and gradual long-term (70 ppt, 90 ppt) salinity stress followed by molecular phenotyping of the gill proteome. The severity of salinity stress can be deduced with high technical reproducibility from the initial global label-free quantitative profiling step alone at both peptide and protein levels. However, an accurate regulation ratio can only be determined by targeted label-free quantitative profiling because not all peptides used for protein identification are also valid for quantitation. Of the three salinity challenges, gradual acclimation to 90 ppt has the most pronounced effect on gill molecular phenotype. Known salinity effects on tilapia gills, including an increase in the size and number of mitochondria-rich ionocytes, activities of specific ion transporters, and induction of specific molecular chaperones are reflected in the regulation of abundances of the corresponding proteins. Moreover, specific protein isoforms that are responsive to environmental salinity change are resolved and it is revealed that salinity effects on the mitochondrial proteome are nonuniform. Furthermore, protein NDRG1 has been identified as a novel key component of molecular phenotype restructuring during salinity-induced gill remodeling. In conclusion, besides confirming known effects of salinity on gills of euryhaline fish, molecular phenotyping reveals novel insight into proteome changes that underlie the remodeling of tilapia gill epithelium in response to environmental salinity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Kültz
- Physiological Genomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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Evaluation of reference genes for RT qPCR analyses of structure-specific and hormone regulated gene expression in Physcomitrella patens gametophytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70998. [PMID: 23951063 PMCID: PMC3739808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the moss Physcomitrella patens as a model system to study plant development and physiology is rapidly expanding. The strategic position of P. patens within the green lineage between algae and vascular plants, the high efficiency with which transgenes are incorporated by homologous recombination, advantages associated with the haploid gametophyte representing the dominant phase of the P. patens life cycle, the simple structure of protonemata, leafy shoots and rhizoids that constitute the haploid gametophyte, as well as a readily accessible high-quality genome sequence make this moss a very attractive experimental system. The investigation of the genetic and hormonal control of P. patens development heavily depends on the analysis of gene expression patterns by real time quantitative PCR (RT qPCR). This technique requires well characterized sets of reference genes, which display minimal expression level variations under all analyzed conditions, for data normalization. Sets of suitable reference genes have been described for most widely used model systems including e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana, but not for P. patens. Here, we present a RT qPCR based comparison of transcript levels of 12 selected candidate reference genes in a range of gametophytic P. patens structures at different developmental stages, and in P. patens protonemata treated with hormones or hormone transport inhibitors. Analysis of these RT qPCR data using GeNorm and NormFinder software resulted in the identification of sets of P. patens reference genes suitable for gene expression analysis under all tested conditions, and suggested that the two best reference genes are sufficient for effective data normalization under each of these conditions.
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Qi X, Chanderbali AS, Wong GKS, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase genes in land plants. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:143. [PMID: 23834366 PMCID: PMC3710211 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) genes encode signal transduction proteins with roles in a variety of biological processes in eukaryotes. In contrast to the low copy numbers observed in animals, GSK3 genes have expanded into a multi-gene family in land plants (embryophytes), and have also evolved functions in diverse plant specific processes, including floral development in angiosperms. However, despite previous efforts, the phylogeny of land plant GSK3 genes is currently unclear. Here, we analyze genes from a representative sample of phylogenetically pivotal taxa, including basal angiosperms, gymnosperms, and monilophytes, to reconstruct the evolutionary history and functional diversification of the GSK3 gene family in land plants. RESULTS Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses resolve a gene tree with four major gene duplication events that coincide with the emergence of novel land plant clades. The single GSK3 gene inherited from the ancestor of land plants was first duplicated along the ancestral branch to extant vascular plants, and three subsequent duplications produced three GSK3 loci in the ancestor of euphyllophytes, four in the ancestor of seed plants, and at least five in the ancestor of angiosperms. A single gene in the Amborella trichopoda genome may be the sole survivor of a sixth GSK3 locus that originated in the ancestor of extant angiosperms. Homologs of two Arabidopsis GSK3 genes with genetically confirmed roles in floral development, AtSK11 and AtSK12, exhibit floral preferential expression in several basal angiosperms, suggesting evolutionary conservation of their floral functions. Members of other gene lineages appear to have independently evolved roles in plant reproductive tissues in individual taxa. CONCLUSIONS Our phylogenetic analyses provide the most detailed reconstruction of GSK3 gene evolution in land plants to date and offer new insights into the origins, relationships, and functions of family members. Notably, the diversity of this "green" branch of the gene family has increased in concert with the increasing morphological and physiological complexity of land plant life forms. Expression data for seed plants indicate that the functions of GSK3 genes have also diversified during evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - André S Chanderbali
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Saidi Y, Hearn TJ, Coates JC. Function and evolution of 'green' GSK3/Shaggy-like kinases. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:39-46. [PMID: 22051150 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) proteins, also known as SHAGGY-like kinases, have many important cell signalling roles in animals, fungi and amoebae. In particular, GSK3s participate in key developmental signalling pathways and also regulate the cytoskeleton. GSK3-encoding genes are also present in all land plants and in algae and protists, raising questions about possible ancestral functions in eukaryotes. Recent studies have revealed that plant GSK3 proteins are actively implicated in hormonal signalling networks during development as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this review, we outline the mechanisms of Arabidopsis GSK3 action, summarize GSK3 functions in dicot and monocot flowering plants, and speculate on the possible functions of GSK3s in the earliest-evolving land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younousse Saidi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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12
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Yan Z, Zhao J, Peng P, Chihara RK, Li J. BIN2 functions redundantly with other Arabidopsis GSK3-like kinases to regulate brassinosteroid signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:710-21. [PMID: 19395409 PMCID: PMC2689954 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.138099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE3 (GSK3) is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase involved in a variety of developmental signaling processes. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encodes 10 GSK3-like kinases that are clustered into four groups. Forward genetic screens have so far uncovered eight mutants, all of which carry gain-of-function mutations in BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2), one of the three members in group II. Genetic and biochemical studies have implicated a negative regulatory role for BIN2 in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Here, we report the identification of eight ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized loss-of-function bin2 alleles and one T-DNA insertional mutation each for BIN2 and its two closest homologs, BIN2-Like1 and BIN2-Like2. Our genetic, biochemical, and physiological assays revealed that despite functional redundancy, BIN2 plays a dominant role among the three group II members in regulating BR signaling. Surprisingly, the bin2bil1bil2 triple T-DNA insertional mutant still responds to BR and accumulates a more phosphorylated form of a BIN2 substrate than the wild-type plant. Using the specific GSK3 inhibitor lithium chloride, we have provided strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of other Arabidopsis GSK3-like kinases in BR signaling. Interestingly, lithium chloride treatment was able to suppress the gain-of-function bin2-1 mutation but had a much weaker effect on a strong BR receptor mutant, suggesting the presence of a BIN2-independent regulatory step downstream of BR receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Yan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA
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13
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Xingi E, Smirlis D, Myrianthopoulos V, Magiatis P, Grant KM, Meijer L, Mikros E, Skaltsounis AL, Soteriadou K. 6-Br-5methylindirubin-3'oxime (5-Me-6-BIO) targeting the leishmanial glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) short form affects cell-cycle progression and induces apoptosis-like death: exploitation of GSK-3 for treating leishmaniasis. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:1289-303. [PMID: 19445946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Indirubins known to target mammalian cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) were tested for their antileishmanial activity. 6-Br-indirubin-3'-oxime (6-BIO), 6-Br-indirubin-3'acetoxime and 6-Br-5methylindirubin-3'oxime (5-Me-6-BIO) were the most potent inhibitors of Leishmania donovani promastigote and amastigote growth (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values < or =1.2 microM). Since the 6-Br substitution on the indirubin backbone greatly enhances the selectivity for mammalian GSK-3 over CDKs, we identified the leishmanial GSK-3 homologues, a short (LdGSK-3s) and a long one, focusing on LdGSK-3s which is closer to human GSK-3beta, for further studies. Kinase assays showed that 5-Me-6-BIO inhibited LdGSK-3s more potently than CRK3 (the CDK1 homologue in Leishmania), whilst 6-BIO was more selective for CRK3. Promastigotes treated with 5-Me-6-BIO accumulated in the S and G2/M cell-cycle phases and underwent apoptosis-like death. Interestingly, these phenotypes were completely reversed in parasites over-expressing LdGSK-3s. This finding strongly supports that LdGSK-3s is: (i) the intracellular target of 5-Me-6-BIO, and (ii) involved in cell-cycle control and in pathways leading to apoptosis-like death. 6-BIO treatment induced a G2/M arrest, consistent with inhibition of CRK3 and apoptosis-like death. These effects were partially reversed in parasites over-expressing LdGSK-3s suggesting that in vivo 6-BIO may also target LdGSK-3s. Molecular docking of 5-Me-6-BIO in CRK3 and 6-BIO in human GSK-3beta and LdGSK-3s active sites predict the existence of functional/structural differences that are sufficient to explain the observed difference in their affinity. In conclusion, LdGSK-3s is validated as a potential drug target in Leishmania and could be exploited for the development of selective indirubin-based leishmanicidals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Xingi
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Ave., 11521 Athens, Greece
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Vigneault F, Lachance D, Cloutier M, Pelletier G, Levasseur C, Séguin A. Members of the plant NIMA-related kinases are involved in organ development and vascularization in poplar, Arabidopsis and rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 51:575-88. [PMID: 17886359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
NIMA-related kinases (Neks) are a family of serine/threonine kinases that have been linked to cell-cycle regulation in fungi and mammals. Information regarding the function of Neks in plants is very limited. We screened the three plant species that have had their genomes sequenced in an attempt to improve our understanding of their role in plants. We retrieved seven members in Arabidopsis thaliana, nine in Populus trichocarpa and six in Oryza sativa. Phylogenetic analysis showed that plant Neks are closely related to each other and contain paralogous genes. Moreover, their chromosome distribution and their exon-intron structure revealed that the actual plant Nek family was derived from a single representative followed by large segmental duplication events. Functional expression analyses in the three species relied on RTqPCR in poplar and publicly available microarray data for Arabidopsis and rice. Although plant Neks are present in every organ analyzed, their expression profiles suggest their involvement in plant development processes. Furthermore, we showed that PNek1, a member of the poplar family, is expressed at sites of free auxin synthesis and is specifically involved during the vascularization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Vigneault
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., PO Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, Canada G1 V 4C7
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15
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Claisse G, Charrier B, Kreis M. The Arabidopsis thaliana GSK3/Shaggy like kinase AtSK3-2 modulates floral cell expansion. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 64:113-24. [PMID: 17427040 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The GSK3/Shaggy family of serine/threonine protein kinases is involved in a series of biological processes in animals, plants and yeast [Charrier et al. (2002) Plant Physiol 130:577-590; Jope and Johnson (2004) Trends Biochem Sci 29:95-102; Li and Nam (2002) Science 295:1299-1301; Piao et al. (2001) Plant J 27:305-314]. In Arabidopsis thaliana, out of the 10 members of the GSK3/Shaggy-like gene family (AtSKs), a biological function has been assigned to only 1 member (AtSK2-1) by mutation. In the present work, a study was undertaken to elucidate the function of AtSK3-2. We have generated mutated versions of the A. thaliana Shaggy-like kinase 3-2 (AtSK3-2), in which Lys(167) and Arg(178), respectively homologues to Lys(85) and Arg(96) of the mammal GSK3beta, were modified into Ala by site-directed mutagenesis. In vitro kinase activity assays of the mutated recombinant protein AtSK3-2-R178A showed that the "primed activity" of the mutated kinase was reduced by 90% while the "non-primed" activity was only 20% reduced compared to the wild-type protein kinase. However, the mutant protein AtSK3-2-K167A showed no activity. Arabidopsis transgenic lines over-expressing AtSK3-2-R178A displayed smaller floral organs, namely pedicels, sepals and petals. Conversely, over-expression of both the wild-type AtSK3-2 protein and the AtSK3-2-K167A mutated version, displayed no altered morphogenesis. Scanning electron microscopic analyses of the AtSK3-2-R178A transgenic plants clearly showed a reduced cell size in flower organs, in which quantitative RT-PCR expression analyses of cell wall expansion enzymes showed reduced transcript levels of three xyloglucan endotransglycosylases (XET), namely XTH22 (TCH4), XTH23 (XTR6) and XTH30 (XTR4). Our data show that AtSK3-2 plays an important role in the control of cell elongation in flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Claisse
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), UMR CNRS 8618, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université Paris-Sud XI, Bat 630, Orsay Cedex 91405, France
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Wrzaczek M, Rozhon W, Jonak C. A Proteasome-regulated Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Modulates Disease Response in Plants. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5249-55. [PMID: 17179144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610135200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a key player in various important signaling pathways in animals. The activity of GSK-3 is known to be modulated by protein phosphorylation and differential complex formation. However, little information is available regarding the function and regulation of plant GSK-3/shaggy-like kinases (GSKs). Analysis of the in vivo kinase activity of MsK1, a GSK from Medicago sativa, revealed that MsK1 is active in healthy plants and that MsK1 activity is down-regulated by the elicitor cellulase in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, cellulase treatment triggered the degradation of the MsK1 protein in a proteasome-dependent manner suggesting a novel mechanism of GSK-3 regulation. Inhibition of MsK1 kinase activity and degradation of the protein were two successive processes that could be uncoupled. In a transgenic approach, stimulus-induced inhibition of MsK1 was impeded by constant replenishment of MsK1 by a strong constitutive promoter. MsK1 overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced disease susceptibility to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. MAP kinase activation in response to pathogen infection was compromised in plants with elevated MsK1 levels. These data strongly suggest that tight regulation of the plant GSK-3, MsK1, may be important for innate immunity to limit the severity of virulent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wrzaczek
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Yoo MJ, Albert VA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Phylogenetic diversification of glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase genes in plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 6:3. [PMID: 16504046 PMCID: PMC1524769 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) are non-receptor serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in a variety of biological processes. In contrast to the two members of the GSK3 family in mammals, plants appear to have a much larger set of divergent GSK genes. Plant GSKs are encoded by a multigene family; analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed the existence of 10 GSK genes that fall into four major groups. Here we characterized the structure of Arabidopsis and rice GSK genes and conducted the first broad phylogenetic analysis of the plant GSK gene family, covering a taxonomically diverse array of algal and land plant sequences. RESULTS We found that the structure of GSK genes is generally conserved in Arabidopsis and rice, although we documented examples of exon expansion and intron loss. Our phylogenetic analyses of 139 sequences revealed four major clades of GSK genes that correspond to the four subgroups initially recognized in Arabidopsis. ESTs from basal angiosperms were represented in all four major clades; GSK homologs from the basal angiosperm Persea americana (avocado) appeared in all four clades. Gymnosperm sequences occurred in clades I, III, and IV, and a sequence of the red alga Porphyra was sister to all green plant sequences. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that (1) the plant-specific GSK gene lineage was established early in the history of green plants, (2) plant GSKs began to diversify prior to the origin of extant seed plants, (3) three of the four major clades of GSKs present in Arabidopsis and rice were established early in the evolutionary history of extant seed plants, and (4) diversification into four major clades (as initially reported in Arabidopsis) occurred either just prior to the origin of the angiosperms or very early in angiosperm history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Victor A Albert
- The Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Botany and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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