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Chen PWY, Olivia M, Gong GC, Jan S, Tsai AY. Viral Dynamics in the Tropical Pacific Ocean: A Comparison between Within and Outside a Warm Eddy. Viruses 2024; 16:937. [PMID: 38932229 PMCID: PMC11209615 DOI: 10.3390/v16060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In mesoscale eddies, the chemical properties and biological composition are different from those in the surrounding water due to their unique physical processes. The mechanism of physical-biological coupling in warm-core eddies is unclear, especially because no studies have examined the effects of environmental factors on bacteria and viruses. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of an anticyclonic warm eddy on the relationship between bacterial and viral abundances, as well as viral activity (viral production), at different depths. At the core of the warm eddy, the bacterial abundance (0.48 to 2.82 × 105 cells mL-1) fluctuated less than that outside the eddy (1.12 to 7.03 × 105 cells mL-1). In particular, there was a four-fold higher viral-bacterial abundance ratio (VBR) estimated within the eddy, below the layer of the deep chlorophyll maximum, than outside the eddy. An anticyclonic warm eddy with downwelling at its center may contribute to viruses being transmitted directly into the deep ocean through adsorption on particulate organic matter while sinking. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the interaction between bacterial and viral abundances and their ecological mechanisms within a warm eddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrichka Wei-Yi Chen
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; (P.W.-Y.C.); (M.O.); (G.-C.G.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Ocean Resource and Environmental Changes, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
| | - Madeline Olivia
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; (P.W.-Y.C.); (M.O.); (G.-C.G.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Ocean Resource and Environmental Changes, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Ching Gong
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; (P.W.-Y.C.); (M.O.); (G.-C.G.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Ocean Resource and Environmental Changes, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
| | - Sen Jan
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - An-Yi Tsai
- Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; (P.W.-Y.C.); (M.O.); (G.-C.G.)
- Doctoral Degree Program in Ocean Resource and Environmental Changes, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
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Yi H, Fu C, Diao K, Li Z, Cui X, Xiao W. Characterization and genomic analysis of a novel halovirus infecting Chromohalobacter beijerinckii. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041471. [PMID: 36569053 PMCID: PMC9769972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages function as a regulator of host communities and metabolism. Many phages have been isolated and sequenced in environments such as the ocean, but very little is known about hypersaline environments. Phages infecting members of the genus Chromohalobacter remain poorly understood, and no Chromohalobacter phage genome has been reported. In this study, a halovirus infecting Chromohalobacter sp. F3, YPCBV-1, was isolated from Yipinglang salt mine. YPCBV-1 could only infect host strain F3 with burst size of 6.3 PFU/cell. It could produce progeny in 5%-20% (w/v) NaCl with an optimal concentration of 10% (w/v), but the optimal adsorption NaCl concentration was 5%-8% (w/v). YPCBV-1 is sensitive to pure water and depends on NaCl or KCl solutions to survive. YPCBV-1 stability increased with increasing salinity but decreased in NaCl saturated solutions, and it has a broader salinity adaptation than the host. YPCBV-1 has a double-stranded DNA of 36,002 bp with a G + C content of 67.09% and contains a total of 55 predicted ORFs and no tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis and genomic network analysis suggested that YPCBV-1 is a novel Mu-like phage under the class Caudoviricetes. Auxiliary metabolic gene, SUMF1/EgtB/PvdO family non-heme iron enzyme, with possible roles in antioxidant was found in YPCBV-1. Moreover, DGR-associated genes were predicted in YPCBV-1 genome, which potentially produce hypervariable phage tail fiber. These findings shed light on the halovirus-host interaction in hypersaline environments.
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Cai L, Feng C, Xie L, Xu B, Wei W, Jiao N, Zhang R. Ecological dynamics and impacts of viruses in Chinese and global estuaries. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119237. [PMID: 36244143 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are important ecosystems providing irreplaceable services for humankind and, in turn, are extensively influenced by human activities and climate changes. Microbial processes, which are largely controlled by viruses, are always responsible for the ecological function and environmental problems in estuaries. However, we know little about the ecology and importance of viruses in estuarine systems. Here, we investigated viral ecological dynamics in estuarine systems on local (four largest estuaries in China in different seasons) and global scales. Viral production varied by almost 20-fold in Chinese estuaries with significant seasonality, being responsible for the removal of 1.41%-21.45% of the bacterioplankton standing stock each day, and contributed directly to the organic carbon pool by releasing an average of 3.57 µg of cellular carbon per liter per day. By compiling data from 21 estuaries across the world, we found for the first time that viral population size peaked at mid-latitude and viral production increased towards the equator in estuarine ecosystems. The results indicated the higher viral impact on microbial mortality and dissolved organic matter cycling in tropical estuaries. Our field investigation and global synthesized analysis provide compelling evidence of spatiotemporal variations in estuarine viral dynamics. The global view of viral impacts on estuarine microbial mortality offers important insight for incorporating viruses into ecological models and understanding the environmental implications of the tropicalization of temperate aquatic ecosystems under a scenario of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Cai
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Le Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Bu Xu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China; Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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4
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A georeferenced rRNA amplicon database of aquatic microbiomes from South America. Sci Data 2022; 9:565. [PMID: 36100598 PMCID: PMC9470542 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogeography of bacterial communities is a key topic in Microbial Ecology. Regarding continental water, most studies are carried out in the northern hemisphere, leaving a gap on microorganism’s diversity patterns on a global scale. South America harbours approximately one third of the world’s total freshwater resources, and is one of these understudied regions. To fill this gap, we compiled 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data of microbial communities across South America continental water ecosystems, presenting the first database µSudAqua[db]. The database contains over 866 georeferenced samples from 9 different ecoregions with contextual environmental information. For its integration and validation we constructed a curated database (µSudAqua[db.sp]) using samples sequenced by Illumina MiSeq platform with commonly used prokaryote universal primers. This comprised ~60% of the total georeferenced samples of the µSudAqua[db]. This compilation was carried out in the scope of the µSudAqua collaborative network and represents one of the most complete databases of continental water microbial communities from South America. Measurement(s) | taxonomic diversity assessment by targeted gene survey | Technology Type(s) | next generation DNA sequencing | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Bacteria • Archaea | Sample Characteristic - Environment | aquatic environment | Sample Characteristic - Location | South America |
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González-Olalla JM, Medina-Sánchez JM, Norici A, Carrillo P. Regulation of Phagotrophy by Prey, Low Nutrients, and Low Light in the Mixotrophic Haptophyte Isochrysis galbana. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:981-993. [PMID: 33661311 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixotrophy combines autotrophy and phagotrophy in the same cell. However, it is not known to what extent the phagotrophy influences metabolism, cell composition, and growth. In this work, we assess, on the one hand (first test), the role of phagotrophy on the elemental and biochemical composition, cell metabolism, and enzymes related to C, N, and S metabolism of Isochrysis galbana Parke, 1949. On the other hand, we study how a predicted increase of phagotrophy under environmental conditions of low nutrients (second test) and low light (third test) can affect its metabolism and growth. Our results for the first test revealed that bacterivory increased the phosphorous and iron content per cell, accelerating cell division and improving the cell fitness; in addition, the stimulation of some C and N enzymatic routes help to maintain, to some degree, compositional homeostasis. Under nutrient or light scarcity, I. galbana grew more slowly despite greater bacterial consumption, and the activities of key enzymes involved in C, N, and S metabolism changed according to a predominantly phototrophic strategy of nutrition in this alga. Contrary to recent studies, the stimulation of phagotrophy under low nutrient and low irradiance did not imply greater and more efficient C flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel González-Olalla
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
- University Institute of Water research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Medina-Sánchez
- University Institute of Water research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alessandra Norici
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Presentación Carrillo
- University Institute of Water research, University of Granada, C/Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Zhang C, Du XP, Zeng YH, Zhu JM, Zhang SJ, Cai ZH, Zhou J. The communities and functional profiles of virioplankton along a salinity gradient in a subtropical estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143499. [PMID: 33203567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the major drivers shaping microorganismal communities, and impact marine biogeochemical cycling. They are affected by various environmental parameters, such as salinity. Although the spatiotemporal distribution and dynamics of virioplankton have been extensively studied in saline environments, few detailed studies of community structure and function of viruses along salinity gradients have been conducted. Here, we used the 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic sequencing from a subtropical estuary (Pearl River Estuary, PRE; located in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China) to explore how viral community composition and function vary along a salinity gradient. Results showed that the detected viruses were mainly bacteriophages. The double-stranded DNA viruses were the most abundant (especially Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, Mimiviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and Podoviridae), followed by a small number of single-stranded DNA (Circoviridae) and RNA (Retroviridae) viruses. Viral biodiversity significantly declined and community structure varied greatly along the salinity gradient. The salinity, ammonium and dissolved oxygen were dominated factors influencing the community composition of viruses. Association network analysis showed that viruses had a negative effect on multiple host taxa (prokaryotic and eukaryotic species). Metagenomic data revealed that the main viral functional potential was involved in organic matter metabolism by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Deeper comparative functional analyses showed that viruses in the low-salinity environment had more carbohydrate-binding module and glycosidase hydrolases activities than those under high-salinity conditions. However, an opposite pattern was observed for carbohydrate esterases. These results suggest that virus-encoded CAZyme genes may alter the bacterial metabolism in estuaries. Overall, our results demonstrate that there is a spatial heterogeneity in the composition and function of virioplankton along a salinity gradient. This study enhances our understanding of viral distribution and their contribution to regulating carbon degradation throughout environments with varying salinities in subtropical estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; The School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Peng Du
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yan-Hua Zeng
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jian-Ming Zhu
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Sheng-Jie Zhang
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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7
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Reddington K, Eccles D, O'Grady J, Drown DM, Hansen LH, Nielsen TK, Ducluzeau AL, Leggett RM, Heavens D, Peel N, Snutch TP, Bayega A, Oikonomopoulos S, Ragoussis I, Barry T, van der Helm E, Jolic D, Richardson H, Jansen H, Tyson JR, Jain M, Brown BL. Metagenomic analysis of planktonic riverine microbial consortia using nanopore sequencing reveals insight into river microbe taxonomy and function. Gigascience 2020; 9:5855463. [PMID: 32520351 PMCID: PMC7285869 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Riverine ecosystems are biogeochemical powerhouses driven largely by microbial communities that inhabit water columns and sediments. Because rivers are used extensively for anthropogenic purposes (drinking water, recreation, agriculture, and industry), it is essential to understand how these activities affect the composition of river microbial consortia. Recent studies have shown that river metagenomes vary considerably, suggesting that microbial community data should be included in broad-scale river ecosystem models. But such ecogenomic studies have not been applied on a broad “aquascape” scale, and few if any have applied the newest nanopore technology. Results We investigated the metagenomes of 11 rivers across 3 continents using MinION nanopore sequencing, a portable platform that could be useful for future global river monitoring. Up to 10 Gb of data per run were generated with average read lengths of 3.4 kb. Diversity and diagnosis of river function potential was accomplished with 0.5–1.0 ⋅ 106 long reads. Our observations for 7 of the 11 rivers conformed to other river-omic findings, and we exposed previously unrecognized microbial biodiversity in the other 4 rivers. Conclusions Deeper understanding that emerged is that river microbial consortia and the ecological functions they fulfil did not align with geographic location but instead implicated ecological responses of microbes to urban and other anthropogenic effects, and that changes in taxa manifested over a very short geographic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Reddington
- Microbial Diagnostics Research Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - David Eccles
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Gate 7, Victoria University Kelburn Parade, Wellington 6140, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Justin O'Grady
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, James Watson Rd, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Devin M Drown
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2140 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 9975-7000, USA
| | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, PO Box 358, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, PO Box 358, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne-Lise Ducluzeau
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 311 Irving 1 Building P.O. Box 757000 2140 Koyukuk Drive Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA
| | | | - Darren Heavens
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Ned Peel
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Terrance P Snutch
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #301-2185 East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony Bayega
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Spyridon Oikonomopoulos
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Ioannis Ragoussis
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Thomas Barry
- Nucleic Acid Diagnostics Research Laboratory, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Eric van der Helm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dino Jolic
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hollian Richardson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, James Watson Rd, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Hans Jansen
- Future Genomics Technologies B.V., Nucleus building, Sylviusweg 74, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John R Tyson
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #301-2185 East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Miten Jain
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Bonnie L Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 38 Academic Way, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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Moore RM, Harrison AO, McAllister SM, Polson SW, Wommack KE. Iroki: automatic customization and visualization of phylogenetic trees. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8584. [PMID: 32149022 PMCID: PMC7049256 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic trees are an important analytical tool for evaluating community diversity and evolutionary history. In the case of microorganisms, the decreasing cost of sequencing has enabled researchers to generate ever-larger sequence datasets, which in turn have begun to fill gaps in the evolutionary history of microbial groups. However, phylogenetic analyses of these types of datasets create complex trees that can be challenging to interpret. Scientific inferences made by visual inspection of phylogenetic trees can be simplified and enhanced by customizing various parts of the tree. Yet, manual customization is time-consuming and error prone, and programs designed to assist in batch tree customization often require programming experience or complicated file formats for annotation. Iroki, a user-friendly web interface for tree visualization, addresses these issues by providing automatic customization of large trees based on metadata contained in tab-separated text files. Iroki’s utility for exploring biological and ecological trends in sequencing data was demonstrated through a variety of microbial ecology applications in which trees with hundreds to thousands of leaf nodes were customized according to extensive collections of metadata. The Iroki web application and documentation are available at https://www.iroki.net or through the VIROME portal http://virome.dbi.udel.edu. Iroki’s source code is released under the MIT license and is available at https://github.com/mooreryan/iroki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Moore
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Amelia O Harrison
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Sean M McAllister
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Shawn W Polson
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - K Eric Wommack
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
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9
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Jasna V, Pradeep Ram AS, Parvathi A, Sime-Ngando T. Differential impact of lytic viruses on prokaryotic morphopopulations in a tropical estuarine system (Cochin estuary, India). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194020. [PMID: 29534102 PMCID: PMC5849291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding on the importance of viral lysis in the functioning of tropical estuarine ecosystem is limited. This study examines viral infection of prokaryotes and subsequent lysis of cells belonging to different morphotypes across a salinity gradient in monsoon driven estuarine ecosystem (Cochin estuary, India). High standing stock of viruses and prokaryotes accompanied by lytic infection rates in the euryhaline/mesohaline region of the estuary suggests salinity to have an influential role in driving interactions between prokaryotes and viruses. High prokaryotic mortality rates, up to 42% of prokaryote population in the pre-monsoon season is further substantiated by a high virus to prokaryote ratio (VPR), suggesting that maintenance of a high number of viruses is dependent on the most active fraction of bacterioplankton. Although myoviruses were the dominant viral morphotype (mean = 43%) throughout the study period, there was significant variation among prokaryotic morphotypes susceptible to viral infection. Among them, the viral infected short rod prokaryote morphotype with lower burst estimates (mean = 18 viruses prokaryote-1) was dominant (35%) in the dry seasons whereas a substantial increase in cocci forms (30%) infected by viruses with high burst size (mean = 31 viruses prokaryote-1) was evident during the monsoon season. Such preferential infections of prokaryotic morphopopulations with respect to seasons can have a strong and variable impact on the carbon and energy flow in this tropical ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayan Jasna
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre (CSIR), Kochi, India
| | - Angia Sriram Pradeep Ram
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, Aubière, France
| | - Ammini Parvathi
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre (CSIR), Kochi, India
| | - Telesphore Sime-Ngando
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, Aubière, France
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