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Landoni JC, Kleele T, Winter J, Stepp W, Manley S. Mitochondrial Structure, Dynamics, and Physiology: Light Microscopy to Disentangle the Network. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2024; 40:219-240. [PMID: 38976811 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111822-114733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as energetic and signaling hubs of the cell: This function results from the complex interplay between their structure, function, dynamics, interactions, and molecular organization. The ability to observe and quantify these properties often represents the puzzle piece critical for deciphering the mechanisms behind mitochondrial function and dysfunction. Fluorescence microscopy addresses this critical need and has become increasingly powerful with the advent of superresolution methods and context-sensitive fluorescent probes. In this review, we delve into advanced light microscopy methods and analyses for studying mitochondrial ultrastructure, dynamics, and physiology, and highlight notable discoveries they enabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Landoni
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Tatjana Kleele
- Institute of Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Julius Winter
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Willi Stepp
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Suliana Manley
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland;
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2
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Sharma N, van Oijen AM, Spenkelink LM, Mueller SH. Insight into Single-Molecule Imaging Techniques for the Study of Prokaryotic Genome Maintenance. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 2:595-614. [PMID: 39328428 PMCID: PMC11423410 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.4c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Genome maintenance comprises a group of complex and interrelated processes crucial for preserving and safeguarding genetic information within all organisms. Key aspects of genome maintenance involve DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and repair. Improper regulation of these processes could cause genetic changes, potentially leading to antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Due to the complexity of these processes, ensemble averaging studies may not provide the level of detail required to capture the full spectrum of molecular behaviors and dynamics of each individual biomolecule. Therefore, researchers have increasingly turned to single-molecule approaches, as these techniques allow for the direct observation and manipulation of individual biomolecules, and offer a level of detail that is unattainable with traditional ensemble methods. In this review, we provide an overview of recent in vitro and in vivo single-molecule imaging approaches employed to study the complex processes involved in prokaryotic genome maintenance. We will first highlight the principles of imaging techniques such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy, primarily used for in vitro studies, and highly inclined and laminated optical sheet and super-resolution microscopy, mainly employed in in vivo studies. We then demonstrate how applying these single-molecule techniques has enabled the direct visualization of biological processes such as replication, transcription, DNA repair, and recombination in real time. Finally, we will showcase the results obtained from super-resolution microscopy approaches, which have provided unprecedented insights into the spatial organization of different biomolecules within bacterial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischal Sharma
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Antoine M van Oijen
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Lisanne M Spenkelink
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Stefan H Mueller
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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3
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Soubies E, Nogueron A, Pelletier F, Mangeat T, Leterrier C, Unser M, Sage D. Surpassing light inhomogeneities in structured-illumination microscopy with FlexSIM. J Microsc 2024. [PMID: 39012071 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Super-resolution structured-illumination microscopy (SIM) is a powerful technique that allows one to surpass the diffraction limit by up to a factor two. Yet, its practical use is hampered by its sensitivity to imaging conditions which makes it prone to reconstruction artefacts. In this work, we present FlexSIM, a flexible SIM reconstruction method capable to handle highly challenging data. Specifically, we demonstrate the ability of FlexSIM to deal with the distortion of patterns, the high level of noise encountered in live imaging, as well as out-of-focus fluorescence. Moreover, we show that FlexSIM achieves state-of-the-art performance over a variety of open SIM datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas Mangeat
- LITC Core Facility, Centre de Biologie Integrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Michael Unser
- Biomedical Imaging Group, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sage
- Biomedical Imaging Group, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Kenkel S, Bhargava R. Modeling the Thermoelastic Sample Response for Subdiffraction Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 2:413-421. [PMID: 38939874 PMCID: PMC11200252 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.4c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There is significant and increasing interest in using the photothermal effect to record infrared (IR) absorption spectra localized to volumes that are considerably smaller than the wavelength of excitation, i.e., subdiffraction imaging. As opposed to conventional IR microscopy, in which absorption and scattering of the illuminating light is measured, subdiffraction imaging can be achieved through detection of the sample's thermal response to IR absorption-induced heating. While this relationship has been examined by a variety of coarse-grained models, a generalized analysis of the dependence of temperature and surface deformation arising from an absorber below the surface has not been reported. Here, we present an analytical model to understand a sample's thermoelastic response in photothermal measurements. The model shows important dependence of the ability to record subdiffraction data on modulation frequency of exciting light, limitations imposed by optical sensing, and the potential to discern location of objects ultimately limited by noise and sharpness of the detecting mechanism. This foundational analysis should allow for better modeling, understanding, and harnessing of the relationship between absorption and sample response that underlies IR photothermal measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Kenkel
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments
of Bioengineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering, Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and
Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer
Center at Illinois, University of Illinois
Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Shah ZH, Müller M, Hübner W, Wang TC, Telman D, Huser T, Schenck W. Evaluation of Swin Transformer and knowledge transfer for denoising of super-resolution structured illumination microscopy data. Gigascience 2024; 13:giad109. [PMID: 38217407 PMCID: PMC10787368 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convolutional neural network (CNN)-based methods have shown excellent performance in denoising and reconstruction of super-resolved structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) data. Therefore, CNN-based architectures have been the focus of existing studies. However, Swin Transformer, an alternative and recently proposed deep learning-based image restoration architecture, has not been fully investigated for denoising SR-SIM images. Furthermore, it has not been fully explored how well transfer learning strategies work for denoising SR-SIM images with different noise characteristics and recorded cell structures for these different types of deep learning-based methods. Currently, the scarcity of publicly available SR-SIM datasets limits the exploration of the performance and generalization capabilities of deep learning methods. RESULTS In this work, we present SwinT-fairSIM, a novel method based on the Swin Transformer for restoring SR-SIM images with a low signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental results show that SwinT-fairSIM outperforms previous CNN-based denoising methods. Furthermore, as a second contribution, two types of transfer learning-namely, direct transfer and fine-tuning-were benchmarked in combination with SwinT-fairSIM and CNN-based methods for denoising SR-SIM data. Direct transfer did not prove to be a viable strategy, but fine-tuning produced results comparable to conventional training from scratch while saving computational time and potentially reducing the amount of training data required. As a third contribution, we publish four datasets of raw SIM images and already reconstructed SR-SIM images. These datasets cover two different types of cell structures, tubulin filaments and vesicle structures. Different noise levels are available for the tubulin filaments. CONCLUSION The SwinT-fairSIM method is well suited for denoising SR-SIM images. By fine-tuning, already trained models can be easily adapted to different noise characteristics and cell structures. Furthermore, the provided datasets are structured in a way that the research community can readily use them for research on denoising, super-resolution, and transfer learning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafran Hussain Shah
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marcel Müller
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tung-Cheng Wang
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH, 68165 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Telman
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfram Schenck
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
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6
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Peterek M, Paúr M, Vítek M, Koutný D, Stoklasa B, Motka L, Hradil Z, Rehacek J, Sánchez-Soto LL. Enhancing axial localization with wavefront control. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43722-43731. [PMID: 38178462 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the ability to resolve axial details is crucial in three-dimensional optical imaging. We provide experimental evidence showcasing the ultimate precision achievable in axial localization using vortex beams. For Laguerre-Gauss (LG) beams, this remarkable limit can be attained with just a single intensity scan. This proof-of-principle demonstrates that microscopy techniques based on LG vortex beams can potentially benefit from the introduced quantum-inspired superresolution protocol.
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7
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Xu X, Qiu K, Tian Z, Aryal C, Rowan F, Chen R, Sun Y, Diao J. Probing the dynamic crosstalk of lysosomes and mitochondria with structured illumination microscopy. Trends Analyt Chem 2023; 169:117370. [PMID: 37928815 PMCID: PMC10621629 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution technology for imaging living cells and has been used for studying the dynamics of lysosomes and mitochondria. Recently, new probes and analyzing methods have been developed for SIM imaging, enabling the quantitative analysis of these subcellular structures and their interactions. This review provides an overview of the working principle and advances of SIM, as well as the organelle-targeting principles and types of fluorescence probes, including small molecules, metal complexes, nanoparticles, and fluorescent proteins. Additionally, quantitative methods based on organelle morphology and distribution are outlined. Finally, the review provides an outlook on the current challenges and future directions for improving the combination of SIM imaging and image analysis to further advance the study of organelles. We hope that this review will be useful for researchers working in the field of organelle research and help to facilitate the development of SIM imaging and analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqiong Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kangqiang Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Zhiqi Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chinta Aryal
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Fiona Rowan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jiajie Diao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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8
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Chen X, Zhong S, Hou Y, Cao R, Wang W, Li D, Dai Q, Kim D, Xi P. Superresolution structured illumination microscopy reconstruction algorithms: a review. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:172. [PMID: 37433801 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has become the standard for next-generation wide-field microscopy, offering ultrahigh imaging speed, superresolution, a large field-of-view, and long-term imaging. Over the past decade, SIM hardware and software have flourished, leading to successful applications in various biological questions. However, unlocking the full potential of SIM system hardware requires the development of advanced reconstruction algorithms. Here, we introduce the basic theory of two SIM algorithms, namely, optical sectioning SIM (OS-SIM) and superresolution SIM (SR-SIM), and summarize their implementation modalities. We then provide a brief overview of existing OS-SIM processing algorithms and review the development of SR-SIM reconstruction algorithms, focusing primarily on 2D-SIM, 3D-SIM, and blind-SIM. To showcase the state-of-the-art development of SIM systems and assist users in selecting a commercial SIM system for a specific application, we compare the features of representative off-the-shelf SIM systems. Finally, we provide perspectives on the potential future developments of SIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Suyi Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yiwei Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruijie Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qionghai Dai
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Multidimension & Multiscale Computational Photography, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Intelligence, Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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9
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Chen X, Hou Y, Xi P. Parameter estimation of the structured illumination pattern based on principal component analysis (PCA): PCA-SIM. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:41. [PMID: 36755013 PMCID: PMC9908970 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Principal component analysis (PCA), a common dimensionality reduction method, is introduced into SIM to identify the frequency vectors and pattern phases of the illumination pattern with precise subpixel accuracy, fast speed, and noise-robustness, which is promising for real-time and long-term live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwei Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
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10
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Zhai R, Fang B, Lai Y, Peng B, Bai H, Liu X, Li L, Huang W. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes for mitochondrial nanoscale imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:942-972. [PMID: 36514947 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00562j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are inextricably linked to the development of diseases and cell metabolism disorders. Super-resolution imaging (SRI) is crucial in enhancing our understanding of mitochondrial ultrafine structures and functions. In addition to high-precision instruments, super-resolution microscopy relies heavily on fluorescent materials with unique photophysical properties. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes (SMFPs) have excellent properties that make them ideal for mitochondrial SRI. This paper summarizes recent advances in the field of SMFPs, with a focus on the chemical and spectroscopic properties required for mitochondrial SRI. Finally, we discuss future challenges in this field, including the design principles of SMFPs and nanoscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiu Zhai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yaqi Lai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiaowang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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11
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Optimization of DMD-based independent amplitude and phase modulation by analysis of target complex wavefront. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7754. [PMID: 35546600 PMCID: PMC9095630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a comprehensive study on the optimization of independent amplitude and phase wavefront manipulation which is implemented using a binary digital micromirror device. The study aims to investigate the spatial resolution and quantization achievable using this approach and its optimization based on the parameters of the target complex wave and the modulation error estimation. Based on a statistical analysis of the data, an algorithm for selecting parameters (carrier frequency of binary pattern and aperture for the first diffraction order filtering) that ensures the optimal quality of the modulated wavefront was developed. The algorithm takes into account the type of modulation, that is, amplitude, phase, or amplitude-phase, the size of the encoded distribution, and its requirements for spatial resolution and quantization. The results of the study will greatly contribute to the improvement of modulated wavefront quality in various applications with different requirements for spatial resolution and quantization.
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12
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Schneckenburger H. Lasers in Live Cell Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095015. [PMID: 35563406 PMCID: PMC9102032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique properties—coherent radiation, diffraction limited focusing, low spectral bandwidth and in many cases short light pulses—lasers play an increasing role in live cell microscopy. Lasers are indispensable tools in 3D microscopy, e.g., confocal, light sheet or total internal reflection microscopy, as well as in super-resolution microscopy using wide-field or confocal methods. Further techniques, e.g., spectral imaging or fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) often depend on the well-defined spectral or temporal properties of lasers. Furthermore, laser microbeams are used increasingly for optical tweezers or micromanipulation of cells. Three exemplary laser applications in live cell biology are outlined. They include fluorescence diagnosis, in particular in combination with Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), photodynamic therapy as well as laser-assisted optoporation, and demonstrate the potential of lasers in cell biology and—more generally—in biomedicine.
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13
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Manton JD. Answering some questions about structured illumination microscopy. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210109. [PMID: 35152757 PMCID: PMC8841787 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) provides images of fluorescent objects at an enhanced resolution greater than that of conventional epifluorescence wide-field microscopy. Initially demonstrated in 1999 to enhance the lateral resolution twofold, it has since been extended to enhance axial resolution twofold (2008), applied to live-cell imaging (2009) and combined with myriad other techniques, including interferometric detection (2008), confocal microscopy (2010) and light sheet illumination (2012). Despite these impressive developments, SIM remains, perhaps, the most poorly understood 'super-resolution' method. In this article, we provide answers to the 13 questions regarding SIM proposed by Prakash et al. along with answers to a further three questions. After providing a general overview of the technique and its developments, we explain why SIM as normally used is still diffraction-limited. We then highlight the necessity for a non-polynomial, and not just nonlinear, response to the illuminating light in order to make SIM a true, diffraction-unlimited, super-resolution technique. In addition, we present a derivation of a real-space SIM reconstruction approach that can be used to process conventional SIM and image scanning microscopy (ISM) data and extended to process data with quasi-arbitrary illumination patterns. Finally, we provide a simple bibliometric analysis of SIM development over the past two decades and provide a short outlook on potential future work. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Manton
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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14
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Prakash K, Diederich B, Heintzmann R, Schermelleh L. Super-resolution microscopy: a brief history and new avenues. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210110. [PMID: 35152764 PMCID: PMC8841785 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) is a fast-developing field that encompasses fluorescence imaging techniques with the capability to resolve objects below the classical diffraction limit of optical resolution. Acknowledged with the Nobel prize in 2014, numerous SRM methods have meanwhile evolved and are being widely applied in biomedical research, all with specific strengths and shortcomings. While some techniques are capable of nanometre-scale molecular resolution, others are geared towards volumetric three-dimensional multi-colour or fast live-cell imaging. In this editorial review, we pick on the latest trends in the field. We start with a brief historical overview of both conceptual and commercial developments. Next, we highlight important parameters for imaging successfully with a particular super-resolution modality. Finally, we discuss the importance of reproducibility and quality control and the significance of open-source tools in microscopy. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Prakash
- Integrated Pathology Unit, Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Benedict Diederich
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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15
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[Comparison and progress review of various super-resolution fluorescence imaging techniques]. Se Pu 2021; 39:1055-1064. [PMID: 34505427 PMCID: PMC9404158 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.06015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
“Seeing is believing” is the central philosophy of life science research, which runs through the continuous understanding of individual molecules, molecular complexes, molecular dynamic behavior, and the entire molecular network. Living and dynamic molecules are functional in nature; therefore, fluorescence microscopy has emerged as an irreplaceable tool in life science research. However, when fluorescence imaging is performed at the molecular level, some artificial signals may lead to erroneous experimental results. This obstacle is due to the limitation of the optical diffraction limit, and the fluorescence microscope cannot distinguish the target in the diffraction-limited space. Super-resolution fluorescence imaging technology breaks through the diffraction limit, allows visualization of biomolecules at the nanometer scale to the single-molecule level, and allows us to study the structure and dynamic processes of living cells with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. It has become a powerful tool for life science research and is gradually being applied to material science, catalytic reaction processes, and photolithography as well. The principle of super-resolution imaging technologies is different; therefore, it has different technical performances, thus limiting their specific technical characteristics and application scope. Current mainstream super-resolution imaging technologies can be classified into three types: structured illumination microscopy (SIM), stimulated emission depletion (STED), and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). These microscopes use different complex technologies, but the strategy is the same and simple, i.e. two adjacent luminous points in a diffraction-limited space can be spatially resolved by time resolution. SIM has been used for three-dimensional real-time imaging in multicellular organisms; however, compared with other technologies, its lower horizontal and vertical resolutions need to be further optimized. STED is limited by its small imaging field of view and high photobleaching; however, the best time resolution can be considered at a high spatial resolution, and it has been proven that three-color STED imaging can be performed. In SMLM super-resolution imaging, the time resolution is affected by the time required to locate all fluorophores, which is closely related to the switching and luminescence properties of the fluorophore. With the improvement in horizontal and vertical resolution of imaging, the image acquisition speed, photobleaching characteristics, and the possibility of multi-color and dynamic imaging have increasingly become the key determinants of super-resolution fluorescence imaging. Thus far, the main use of super-resolution imaging technology has been focused on biological applications for studying structural changes less than 200 nm in dimension. In addition to the combination of structural and morphological characterization with biomolecular detection and identification, super-resolution imaging technology is rapidly expanding into the fields of interaction mapping, multi-target detection, and real-time imaging. In the latter applications, super-resolution imaging technology is particularly advantageous because of more flexible sample staining, higher labeling efficiency, faster and simpler readings, and gentler sample preparation procedures. In this article, we compare the principles of these three technologies and introduce their application progress in biology. We expect the results described herein will help researchers clarify the technical advantages and applicable application directions of different super-resolution imaging technologies, thus facilitating researchers in making reasonable choices in future research.
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16
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Prakash K, Diederich B, Reichelt S, Heintzmann R, Schermelleh L. Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy: past, present and future. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200143. [PMID: 33896205 PMCID: PMC8366908 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has emerged as an essential technique for three-dimensional (3D) and live-cell super-resolution imaging. However, to date, there has not been a dedicated workshop or journal issue covering the various aspects of SIM, from bespoke hardware and software development and the use of commercial instruments to biological applications. This special issue aims to recap recent developments as well as outline future trends. In addition to SIM, we cover related topics such as complementary super-resolution microscopy techniques, computational imaging, visualization and image processing methods. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Prakash
- National Physical Laboratory, TW11 0LW Teddington, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benedict Diederich
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reichelt
- CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lothar Schermelleh
- Micron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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17
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Brown PT, Kruithoff R, Seedorf GJ, Shepherd DP. Multicolor structured illumination microscopy and quantitative control of polychromatic light with a digital micromirror device. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3700-3716. [PMID: 34221689 PMCID: PMC8221958 DOI: 10.1364/boe.422703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Linear structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution microscopy technique that does not impose photophysics requirements on fluorescent samples. Multicolor SIM implementations typically rely on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulators (SLM's) for patterning the excitation light, but digital micromirror devices (DMD's) are a promising alternative, owing to their lower cost and higher speed. However, existing coherent DMD SIM implementations use only a single wavelength of light, limited by the lack of efficient approaches for solving the blazed grating effect for polychromatic light. We develop the requisite quantitative tools, including a closed form solution of the blaze and diffraction conditions, forward models of DMD diffraction and pattern projection, and a model of DMD aberrations. Based on these advances, we constructed a three-color DMD microscope, quantified the effect of aberrations from the DMD, developed a high-resolution optical transfer function measurement technique, and demonstrated SIM on fixed and live cells. This opens the door to applying DMD's in polychromatic applications previously restricted to LCoS SLM's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Brown
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rory Kruithoff
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gregory J. Seedorf
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Douglas P. Shepherd
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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18
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Brown PT, Kruithoff R, Seedorf GJ, Shepherd DP. Multicolor structured illumination microscopy and quantitative control of polychromatic light with a digital micromirror device. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021. [PMID: 34221689 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.27.223941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Linear structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution microscopy technique that does not impose photophysics requirements on fluorescent samples. Multicolor SIM implementations typically rely on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulators (SLM's) for patterning the excitation light, but digital micromirror devices (DMD's) are a promising alternative, owing to their lower cost and higher speed. However, existing coherent DMD SIM implementations use only a single wavelength of light, limited by the lack of efficient approaches for solving the blazed grating effect for polychromatic light. We develop the requisite quantitative tools, including a closed form solution of the blaze and diffraction conditions, forward models of DMD diffraction and pattern projection, and a model of DMD aberrations. Based on these advances, we constructed a three-color DMD microscope, quantified the effect of aberrations from the DMD, developed a high-resolution optical transfer function measurement technique, and demonstrated SIM on fixed and live cells. This opens the door to applying DMD's in polychromatic applications previously restricted to LCoS SLM's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Brown
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rory Kruithoff
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gregory J Seedorf
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Douglas P Shepherd
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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19
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Eid A, Winkelmann JA, Eshein A, Taflove A, Backman V. Origins of subdiffractional contrast in optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3630-3642. [PMID: 34221684 PMCID: PMC8221934 DOI: 10.1364/boe.416572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that OCT images quantify subdiffractional tissue structure. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measures stratified tissue morphology with spatial resolution limited by the temporal coherence length. Spectroscopic OCT processing, on the other hand, has enabled nanoscale sensitive analysis, presenting an unexplored question: how does subdiffractional information get folded into the OCT image and how does one best analyze to allow for unambiguous quantification of ultrastructure? We first develop an FDTD simulation to model spectral domain OCT with nanometer resolution. Using this, we validate an analytical relationship between the sample statistics through the power spectral density (PSD) of refractive index fluctuations and three measurable quantities (image mean, image variance, and spectral slope), and have found that each probes different aspects of the PSD (amplitude, integral and slope, respectively). Finally, we found that only the spectral slope, quantifying mass scaling, is monotonic with the sample autocorrelation shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Eid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - James A. Winkelmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Adam Eshein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Allen Taflove
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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20
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Abstract
For probing small distances in living cells, methods of super-resolution microscopy and molecular sensing are reported. A main requirement is low light exposure to maintain cell viability and to avoid photobleaching of relevant fluorophores. From this point of view, Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM), Axial Tomography, Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) and often a combination of these methods are used. To show the high potential of these techniques, measurements on cell-substrate topology as well as on intracellular translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 are described. In addition, molecular parameters can be deduced from spectral data, fluorescence lifetimes or non-radiative energy transfer (FRET) between a donor and an acceptor molecule. As an example, FRET between the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is described. Since this interaction, as well as further processes of cellular signaling (e.g., translocation of GLUT4) are sensitive to stimulation by pharmaceutical agents, methods (e.g., TIRFM) are transferred from a fluorescence microscope to a multi-well reader system for simultaneous detection of large cell populations.
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21
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Wen G, Li S, Wang L, Chen X, Sun Z, Liang Y, Jin X, Xing Y, Jiu Y, Tang Y, Li H. High-fidelity structured illumination microscopy by point-spread-function engineering. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:70. [PMID: 33795640 PMCID: PMC8016956 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has become a widely used tool for insight into biomedical challenges due to its rapid, long-term, and super-resolution (SR) imaging. However, artifacts that often appear in SIM images have long brought into question its fidelity, and might cause misinterpretation of biological structures. We present HiFi-SIM, a high-fidelity SIM reconstruction algorithm, by engineering the effective point spread function (PSF) into an ideal form. HiFi-SIM can effectively reduce commonly seen artifacts without loss of fine structures and improve the axial sectioning for samples with strong background. In particular, HiFi-SIM is not sensitive to the commonly used PSF and reconstruction parameters; hence, it lowers the requirements for dedicated PSF calibration and complicated parameter adjustment, thus promoting SIM as a daily imaging tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Simin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Xiaohu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Zhenglong Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Yifan Xing
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuguo Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Optics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China.
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22
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Miranda A, Gómez-Varela AI, Stylianou A, Hirvonen LM, Sánchez H, De Beule PAA. How did correlative atomic force microscopy and super-resolution microscopy evolve in the quest for unravelling enigmas in biology? NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2082-2099. [PMID: 33346312 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the invention of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in 1986 and the subsequent developments in liquid imaging and cellular imaging it became possible to study the topography of cellular specimens under nearly physiological conditions with nanometric resolution. The application of AFM to biological research was further expanded with the technological advances in imaging modes where topographical data can be combined with nanomechanical measurements, offering the possibility to retrieve the biophysical properties of tissues, cells, fibrous components and biomolecules. Meanwhile, the quest for breaking the Abbe diffraction limit restricting microscopic resolution led to the development of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques that brought the resolution of the light microscope comparable to the resolution obtained by AFM. The instrumental combination of AFM and optical microscopy techniques has evolved over the last decades from integration of AFM with bright-field and phase-contrast imaging techniques at first to correlative AFM and wide-field fluorescence systems and then further to the combination of AFM and fluorescence based super-resolution microscopy modalities. Motivated by the many developments made over the last decade, we provide here a review on AFM combined with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques and how they can be applied for expanding our understanding of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Miranda
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Ana I Gómez-Varela
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, Braga, Portugal. and Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus and School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Liisa M Hirvonen
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Humberto Sánchez
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A A De Beule
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Avenida Mestre José Veiga s/n, Braga, Portugal.
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23
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Abstract
Recent advances in super-resolution (sub-diffraction limited) microscopy have yielded remarkable insights into the nanoscale architecture and behavior of cells. In addition to the capacity to provide sub 100 nm resolution, these technologies offer unique quantitative opportunities with particular relevance to platelet and megakaryocyte biology. In this review, we provide a short introduction to modern super-resolution microscopy, its applications in the field of platelet and megakaryocyte biology, and emerging quantitative approaches which will allow for unprecedented insights into the biology of these unique cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeremy A Pike
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham , UK
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24
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Roth J, Mehl J, Rohrbach A. Fast TIRF-SIM imaging of dynamic, low-fluorescent biological samples. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4008-4026. [PMID: 33014582 PMCID: PMC7510889 DOI: 10.1364/boe.391561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is the standard imaging technique to investigate the structures and dynamics of living cells. However, increasing the spatial resolution comes at the cost of temporal resolution and vice versa. In addition, the number of images that can be taken in sufficiently high quality is limited by fluorescence bleaching. Hence, super-resolved imaging at several Hertz of low fluorescent biological samples is still a big challenge and, especially in structured illumination microscopy (SIM), is often visible as imaging artifacts. In this paper, we present a TIRF-SIM system based on scan-mirrors and a Michelson interferometer, which generates images at 110 nm spatial resolution and up to 8 Hz temporal resolution. High resolution becomes possible by optimizing the illumination interference contrast, even for low fluorescent, moving samples. We provide a framework and guidelines on how the modulation contrast, which depends on laser coherence, polarization, beam displacement or sample movements, can be mapped over the entire field of view. In addition, we characterize the influence of the signal-to-noise ratio and the Wiener filtering on the quality of reconstructed SIM images, both in real and frequency space. Our results are supported by theoretical descriptions containing the parameters leading to image artifacts. This study aims to help microscopists to better understand and adjust optical parameters for structured illumination, thereby leading to more trustworthy measurements and analyses of biological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Roth
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Photonics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Mehl
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Photonics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Rohrbach
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Photonics, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Yu W, Li Y, Jooken S, Deschaume O, Liu F, Wang S, Bartic C. Second-order optimized regularized structured illumination microscopy (sorSIM) for high-quality and rapid super resolution image reconstruction with low signal level. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:16708-16724. [PMID: 32549487 DOI: 10.1364/oe.390745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a widely used super resolution imaging technique that can down-modulate a sample's high-frequency information into objective recordable frequencies to enhance the resolution below the diffraction limit. However, classical SIM image reconstruction methods often generate poor results under low illumination conditions, which are required for reducing photobleaching and phototoxicity in cell imaging experiments. Although denoising methods or auxiliary items improved SIM image reconstruction in low signal level situations, they still suffer from decreased reconstruction quality and significant background artifacts, inevitably limiting their practical applications. In order to improve the reconstruction quality, second-order optimized regularized SIM (sorSIM) is designed specifically for image reconstruction in low signal level situations. In sorSIM, a second-order regularization term is introduced to suppress noise effect, and the penalty factor in this term is selected to optimize the resolution enhancement and noise resistance. Compared to classical SIM image reconstruction algorithms as well as to those previously used in low illumination cases, the proposed sorSIM provides images with enhanced resolution and fewer background artifacts. Therefore, sorSIM can be a potential tool for high-quality and rapid super resolution imaging, especially for low signal images.
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26
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for eukaryotic life. These double-membrane organelles often form highly dynamic tubular networks interacting with many cellular structures. Their highly convoluted contiguous inner membrane compartmentalizes the organelle, which is crucial for mitochondrial function. Since the diameter of the mitochondrial tubules is generally close to the diffraction limit of light microscopy, it is often challenging, if not impossible, to visualize submitochondrial structures or protein distributions using conventional light microscopy. This renders super-resolution microscopy particularly valuable, and attractive, for studying mitochondria. Super-resolution microscopy encompasses a diverse set of approaches that extend resolution, as well as nanoscopy techniques that can even overcome the diffraction limit. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies using super-resolution microscopy to investigate mitochondria, discuss the strengths and opportunities of the various methods in addressing specific questions in mitochondrial biology, and highlight potential future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jakobs
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Clinic of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Stephan
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Clinic of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Ilgen
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Clinic of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Brüser
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Clinic of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Kelly MN, Smith DN, Sunshine MD, Ross A, Zhang X, Gumz ML, Esser KA, Mitchell GS. Circadian clock genes and respiratory neuroplasticity genes oscillate in the phrenic motor system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R1058-R1067. [PMID: 32348679 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00010.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous and entrainable daily patterns of physiology and behavior. Molecular mechanisms underlie circadian rhythms, characterized by an ~24-h pattern of gene expression of core clock genes. Although it has long been known that breathing exhibits circadian rhythms, little is known concerning clock gene expression in any element of the neuromuscular system controlling breathing. Furthermore, we know little concerning gene expression necessary for specific respiratory functions, such as phrenic motor plasticity. Thus, we tested the hypotheses that transcripts for clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, and Per2) and molecules necessary for phrenic motor plasticity (Htr2a, Htr2b, Bdnf, and Ntrk2) oscillate in regions critical for phrenic/diaphragm motor function via RT-PCR. Tissues were collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats entrained to a 12-h light-dark cycle at 4 zeitgeber times (ZT; n = 8 rats/group): ZT5, ZT11, ZT17, and ZT23; ZT0 = lights on. Here, we demonstrate that 1) circadian clock genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1, and Per2) oscillate in regions critical for phrenic/diaphragm function, including the caudal medulla, ventral C3-C5 cervical spinal cord, and diaphragm; 2) the clock protein BMAL1 is localized within CtB-labeled phrenic motor neurons; 3) genes necessary for intermittent hypoxia-induced phrenic/diaphragm motor plasticity (Htr2b and Bdnf) oscillate in the caudal medulla and ventral C3-C5 spinal cord; and 4) there is higher intensity of immunofluorescent BDNF protein within phrenic motor neurons at ZT23 compared with ZT11 (n = 11 rats/group). These results suggest local circadian clocks exist in the phrenic motor system and confirm the potential for local circadian regulation of neuroplasticity and other elements of the neural network controlling breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia N Kelly
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Danelle N Smith
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael D Sunshine
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ashley Ross
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiping Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gordon S Mitchell
- Center for Respiratory Research and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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28
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Simultaneous co-localized super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy: combined SIM and AFM platform for the life sciences. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1122. [PMID: 31980680 PMCID: PMC6981207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlating data from different microscopy techniques holds the potential to discover new facets of signaling events in cellular biology. Here we report for the first time a hardware set-up capable of achieving simultaneous co-localized imaging of spatially correlated far-field super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy, a feat only obtained until now by fluorescence microscopy set-ups with spatial resolution restricted by the Abbe diffraction limit. We detail system integration and demonstrate system performance using sub-resolution fluorescent beads and applied to a test sample consisting of human bone osteosarcoma epithelial cells, with plasma membrane transporter 1 (MCT1) tagged with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) at the N-terminal.
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29
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Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has long been a valuable tool for biological and medical imaging. Control of optical parameters such as the amplitude, phase, polarization and propagation angle of light gives fluorescence imaging great capabilities ranging from super-resolution imaging to long-term real-time observation of living organisms. In this review, we discuss current fluorescence imaging techniques in terms of the use of tailored or structured light for the sample illumination and fluorescence detection, providing a clear overview of their working principles and capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Tang
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jinhan Ren
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kyu Young Han
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Video-rate multi-color structured illumination microscopy with simultaneous real-time reconstruction. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4315. [PMID: 31541134 PMCID: PMC6754501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolved structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) is among the fastest fluorescence microscopy techniques capable of surpassing the optical diffraction limit. Current custom-build instruments are able to deliver two-fold resolution enhancement with high acquisition speed. SR-SIM is usually a two-step process, with raw-data acquisition and subsequent, time-consuming post-processing for image reconstruction. In contrast, wide-field and (multi-spot) confocal techniques produce high-resolution images instantly. Such immediacy is also possible with SR-SIM, by tight integration of a video-rate capable SIM with fast reconstruction software. Here we present instant SR-SIM by VIGOR (Video-rate Immediate GPU-accelerated Open-Source Reconstruction). We demonstrate multi-color SR-SIM at video frame-rates, with less than 250 ms delay between measurement and reconstructed image display. This is achieved by modifying and extending high-speed SR-SIM image acquisition with a new, GPU-enhanced, network-enabled image-reconstruction software. We demonstrate high-speed surveying of biological samples in multiple colors and live imaging of moving mitochondria as an example of intracellular dynamics. Sequential acquisition and image reconstruction in super-resolved structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) is time-consuming. Here the authors optimise both acquisition and reconstruction software to achieve multicolour SR-SIM at video frame-rates with reconstructed images displaying with only milliseconds delay during the experiment.
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Adaptive wavefront correction structured illumination holographic tomography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10489. [PMID: 31324823 PMCID: PMC6642122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel adaptive wavefront correction (AWC) technique is implemented on a compactly developed structured illumination holographic tomography (SI-HT) system. We propose a mechanical movement-free compact scanning architecture for SI-HT systems with AWC, implemented by designing and displaying a series of computer-generated holograms (CGH) composed of blazed grating with phase Fresnel lens on a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM). In the proposed SI-HT, the aberrations of the optical system are sensed by digital holography and are used to design the CGH-based AWC to compensate the phase aberrations of the tomographic imaging system. The proposed method was validated using a standard Siemens star target, its potential application was demonstrated using a live candida rugosa sample, and its label-free three-dimensional refractive index profile was generated at its subcellular level. The experimental results obtained reveal the ability of the proposed method to enhance the imaging performance in both lateral and axial directions.
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Niskanen I, Forsberg V, Zakrisson D, Reza S, Hummelgård M, Andres B, Fedorov I, Suopajärvi T, Liimatainen H, Thungström G. Determination of nanoparticle size using Rayleigh approximation and Mie theory. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pospíšil J, Lukeš T, Bendesky J, Fliegel K, Spendier K, Hagen GM. Imaging tissues and cells beyond the diffraction limit with structured illumination microscopy and Bayesian image reconstruction. Gigascience 2019; 8:5142700. [PMID: 30351383 PMCID: PMC6325271 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a family of methods in optical fluorescence microscopy that can achieve both optical sectioning and super-resolution effects. SIM is a valuable method for high-resolution imaging of fixed cells or tissues labeled with conventional fluorophores, as well as for imaging the dynamics of live cells expressing fluorescent protein constructs. In SIM, one acquires a set of images with shifting illumination patterns. This set of images is subsequently treated with image analysis algorithms to produce an image with reduced out-of-focus light (optical sectioning) and/or with improved resolution (super-resolution). Findings Five complete, freely available SIM datasets are presented including raw and analyzed data. We report methods for image acquisition and analysis using open-source software along with examples of the resulting images when processed with different methods. We processed the data using established optical sectioning SIM and super-resolution SIM methods and with newer Bayesian restoration approaches that we are developing. Conclusions Various methods for SIM data acquisition and processing are actively being developed, but complete raw data from SIM experiments are not typically published. Publically available, high-quality raw data with examples of processed results will aid researchers when developing new methods in SIM. Biologists will also find interest in the high-resolution images of animal tissues and cells we acquired. All of the data were processed with SIMToolbox, an open-source and freely available software solution for SIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Pospíšil
- Department of Radioelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Lukeš
- Department of Radioelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justin Bendesky
- UCCS Center for the Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 80918, USA
| | - Karel Fliegel
- Department of Radioelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 2, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kathrin Spendier
- UCCS Center for the Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 80918, USA.,Department of Physics and Energy Science, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 80918, USA
| | - Guy M Hagen
- UCCS Center for the Biofrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 80918, USA
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Doblas A, Shabani H, Saavedra G, Preza C. Tunable-frequency three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy with reduced data-acquisition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:30476-30491. [PMID: 30469921 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a tunable three-dimensional (3D) structured illumination microscope (SIM) system and its ability to provide simultaneously super-resolution (SR) and optical-sectioning (OS) capabilities are investigated. Numerical results show that the performance of our 3D-SIM system is comparable with the one provided by a three-wave interference SIM, while requiring 40% fewer images for the reconstruction and providing frequency tunability in a cost-effective implementation. The performance of the system has been validated experimentally with images from test samples, which were also imaged with a commercial SIM based on incoherent-grid projection for comparison. Restored images from data acquired from an axially-thin fluorescent layer show a 1.6× improvement in OS capability compared to the commercial instrument while results from a fluorescent tilted USAF target show the OS and SR capabilities achieved by our system.
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Schneider JP, Basler M. Shedding light on biology of bacterial cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0499. [PMID: 27672150 PMCID: PMC5052743 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand basic principles of living organisms one has to know many different properties of all cellular components, their mutual interactions but also their amounts and spatial organization. Live-cell imaging is one possible approach to obtain such data. To get multiple snapshots of a cellular process, the imaging approach has to be gentle enough to not disrupt basic functions of the cell but also have high temporal and spatial resolution to detect and describe the changes. Light microscopy has become a method of choice and since its early development over 300 years ago revolutionized our understanding of living organisms. As most cellular components are indistinguishable from the rest of the cellular contents, the second revolution came from a discovery of specific labelling techniques, such as fusions to fluorescent proteins that allowed specific tracking of a component of interest. Currently, several different tags can be tracked independently and this allows us to simultaneously monitor the dynamics of several cellular components and from the correlation of their dynamics to infer their respective functions. It is, therefore, not surprising that live-cell fluorescence microscopy significantly advanced our understanding of basic cellular processes. Current cameras are fast enough to detect changes with millisecond time resolution and are sensitive enough to detect even a few photons per pixel. Together with constant improvement of properties of fluorescent tags, it is now possible to track single molecules in living cells over an extended period of time with a great temporal resolution. The parallel development of new illumination and detection techniques allowed breaking the diffraction barrier and thus further pushed the resolution limit of light microscopy. In this review, we would like to cover recent advances in live-cell imaging technology relevant to bacterial cells and provide a few examples of research that has been possible due to imaging. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The new bacteriology’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P Schneider
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marek Basler
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular
Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße
25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department
of Internal Medicine and NSF Center for Biophotonics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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37
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Chen CW, Wang PH, Chou LJ, Lee YY, Chang BJ, Chiang SY. High-resolution light-scattering imaging with two-dimensional hexagonal illumination patterns: system implementation and image reconstruction formulations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:21652-21672. [PMID: 29041461 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.021652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was recently adapted to coherent imaging, named structured oblique-illumination microscopy (SOIM), to improve the contrast and resolution of a light-scattering image. Herein, we present high-resolution laterally isotropic SOIM imaging with 2D hexagonal illuminations. The SOIM is implemented in a SIM fluorescence system based on a spatial-light modulator (SLM). We design an SLM pattern to generate diffraction beams at 0° and ± 60.3° simultaneously to form a 2D hexagonal illumination, and undertake calculations to obtain optimal SLM shifts at 19 phases to yield a reconstructed image correctly. Beams of linear and circular polarizations are used to show the effect of polarization on the resolution improvement. We derive the distributions of the electric field of the resultant hexagonal patterns and work out the formulations of the corresponding coherent-scattering imaging for image reconstruction. The reconstructed images of gold nanoparticles (100 nm) confirm the two-fold improvement of resolution and reveal the effect of polarization on resolving adjacent nanoparticles. To demonstrate biological applications, we present the cellular structures of a label-free fixed HeLa cell with improved contrast and resolution. This work enables one to perform high-resolution dual-mode - fluorescence and light-scattering - imaging in a system, and is expected to broaden the applications of SOIM.
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Richter V, Bruns S, Bruns T, Weber P, Wagner M, Cremer C, Schneckenburger H. Axial tomography in live cell laser microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:91505. [PMID: 28122077 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.9.091505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Single cell microscopy in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment is reported. Cells are grown in an agarose culture gel, located within microcapillaries and observed from different sides after adaptation of an innovative device for sample rotation. Thus, z -stacks can be recorded by confocal microscopy in different directions and used for illustration in 3-D. This gives additional information, since cells or organelles that appear superimposed in one direction, may be well resolved in another one. The method is tested and validated with single cells expressing a membrane or a mitochondrially associated green fluorescent protein, or cells accumulating fluorescent quantum dots. In addition, axial tomography supports measurements of cellular uptake and distribution of the anticancer drug doxorubicin in the nucleus (2 to 6 h after incubation) or the cytoplasm (24 h). This paper discusses that upon cell rotation an enhanced optical resolution in lateral direction compared to axial direction can be utilized to obtain an improved effective 3-D resolution, which represents an important step toward super-resolution microscopy of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Richter
- Aalen University, Institute of Applied Research, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
| | - Sarah Bruns
- Aalen University, Institute of Applied Research, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
| | - Thomas Bruns
- Aalen University, Institute of Applied Research, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
| | - Petra Weber
- Aalen University, Institute of Applied Research, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Aalen University, Institute of Applied Research, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, Germany
| | - Christoph Cremer
- University of Heidelberg, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanycInstitute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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csiLSFM combines light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and coherent structured illumination for a lateral resolution below 100 nm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4869-4874. [PMID: 28438995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609278114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) features optical sectioning in the excitation process. It minimizes fluorophore bleaching as well as phototoxic effects and provides a true axial resolution. The detection path resembles properties of conventional fluorescence microscopy. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is attractive for superresolution because of its moderate excitation intensity, high acquisition speed, and compatibility with all fluorophores. We introduce SIM to LSFM because the combination pushes the lateral resolution to the physical limit of linear SIM. The instrument requires three objective lenses and relies on methods to control two counterpropagating coherent light sheets that generate excitation patterns in the focal plane of the detection lens. SIM patterns with the finest line spacing in the far field become available along multiple orientations. Flexible control of rotation, frequency, and phase shift of the perfectly modulated light sheet are demonstrated. Images of beads prove a near-isotropic lateral resolution of sub-100 nm. Images of yeast endoplasmic reticulum show that coherent structured illumination (csi) LSFM performs with physiologically relevant specimens.
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40
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Three-Dimensional Tissue Models and Available Probes for Multi-Parametric Live Cell Microscopy: A Brief Overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1035:49-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67358-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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41
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Yang J, Wang T, Chen Z, Hu B, Yu W. Super-Resolution Imaging at Mid-Infrared Waveband in Graphene-nanocavity formed on meta-surface. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37898. [PMID: 27897207 PMCID: PMC5126585 DOI: 10.1038/srep37898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic structured illumination microscopy (PSIM) is one of the promising wide filed optical imaging methods, which takes advantage of the surface plasmons to break the optical diffraction limit and thus to achieve a super-resolution optical image. To further improve the imaging resolution of PSIM, we propose in this work a so called graphene nanocavity on meta-surface structure (GNMS) to excite graphene surface plasmons with a deep sub-wavelength at mid-infrared waveband. It is found that surface plasmonic interference pattern with a period of around 52 nm can be achieved in graphene nanocavity formed on structured meta-surface for a 7 μm wavelength incident light. Moreover, the periodic plasmonic interference pattern can be tuned by simply changing the nanostructures fabricated on meta-surface for different application purposes. At last, the proposed GNMS structure is applied for super-resolution imaging in PSIM and it is found that an imaging resolution of 26 nm can be achieved, which is nearly 100 folds higher than that can be achieved by conventional epi-fluorescence microscopy. In comparison with visible waveband, mid-infrared is more gently and safe to biological cells and thus this work opens the new possibility for optical super-resolution imaging at mid-infrared waveband for biological research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics &Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.3888, Dongnanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10039, P. R. China
| | - Taisheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics &Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.3888, Dongnanhu Road, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Zuolong Chen
- Troop 63861, People's Liberation Army of China, Baicheng 137001, P. R. China
| | - Bingliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.17, Xinxi Road, Xian 710119, P. R. China
| | - Weixing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging Technology, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.17, Xinxi Road, Xian 710119, P. R. China
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Lu-Walther HW, Hou W, Kielhorn M, Arai Y, Nagai T, Kessels MM, Qualmann B, Heintzmann R. Nonlinear Structured Illumination Using a Fluorescent Protein Activating at the Readout Wavelength. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165148. [PMID: 27783656 PMCID: PMC5082623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a wide-field technique in fluorescence microscopy that provides fast data acquisition and two-fold resolution improvement beyond the Abbe limit. We observed a further resolution improvement using the nonlinear emission response of a fluorescent protein. We demonstrated a two-beam nonlinear structured illumination microscope by introducing only a minor change into the system used for linear SIM (LSIM). To achieve the required nonlinear dependence in nonlinear SIM (NL-SIM) we exploited the photoswitching of the recently introduced fluorophore Kohinoor. It is particularly suitable due to its positive contrast photoswitching characteristics. Contrary to other reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins which only have high photostability in living cells, Kohinoor additionally showed little degradation in fixed cells over many switching cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenya Hou
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Yoshiyuki Arai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michael M. Kessels
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tolstik E, Osminkina LA, Matthäus C, Burkhardt M, Tsurikov KE, Natashina UA, Timoshenko VY, Heintzmann R, Popp J, Sivakov V. Studies of silicon nanoparticles uptake and biodegradation in cancer cells by Raman spectroscopy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1931-1940. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Förster R, Wicker K, Müller W, Jost A, Heintzmann R. Motion artefact detection in structured illumination microscopy for live cell imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:22121-34. [PMID: 27661947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.022121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The reconstruction process of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) creates substantial artefacts if the specimen has moved during the acquisition. This reduces the applicability of SIM for live cell imaging, because these artefacts cannot always be recognized as such in the final image. A movement is not necessarily visible in the raw data, due to the varying excitation patterns and the photon noise. We present a method to detect motion by extracting and comparing two independent 3D wide-field images out of the standard SIM raw data without needing additional images. Their difference reveals moving objects overlaid with noise, which are distinguished by a probability theory-based analysis. Our algorithm tags motion-artefacts in the final high-resolution image for the first time, preventing the end-user from misinterpreting the data. We show and explain different types of artefacts and demonstrate our algorithm on a living cell.
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45
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From single molecules to life: microscopy at the nanoscale. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6885-911. [PMID: 27613013 PMCID: PMC5566169 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy is the term commonly given to fluorescence microscopy techniques with resolutions that are not limited by the diffraction of light. Since their conception a little over a decade ago, these techniques have quickly become the method of choice for many biologists studying structures and processes of single cells at the nanoscale. In this review, we present the three main approaches used to tackle the diffraction barrier of ∼200 nm: stimulated-emission depletion (STED) microscopy, structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). We first present a theoretical overview of the techniques and underlying physics, followed by a practical guide to all of the facets involved in designing a super-resolution experiment, including an approachable explanation of the photochemistry involved, labeling methods available, and sample preparation procedures. Finally, we highlight some of the most exciting recent applications of and developments in these techniques, and discuss the outlook for this field. Super-resolution microscopy techniques. Working principles of the common approaches stimulated-emission depletion (STED) microscopy, structured illumination microscopy (SIM), and single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). ![]()
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Ruan Y, Dan D, Zhang M, Bai M, Lei M, Yao B, Yang X. Visualization of the 3D structures of small organisms via LED-SIM. Front Zool 2016; 13:26. [PMID: 27303437 PMCID: PMC4906844 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innovative new techniques that aid in the visualization of microscopic anatomical structures have improved our understanding of organismal biology significantly. It is often challenging to observe internal 3D structures, despite the use of techniques such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and others. In the current paper, we assess LED-SIM (DMD-based LED-illumination structured illumination microscopy), which facilitates the acquisition of nano- and micro-3D structures of small organisms in a high-resolution format (500 nm in the XY-plane and 930 nm along the Z-axis). Results We compare other microstructural imaging techniques (involving conventional optical microscopy, CLSM and Micro-CT) with LED-SIM to assess the quality (e.g. resolution, penetration depth, etc.) of LED-SIM images, as well as to document the potential short-comings of LED-SIM. Based on these results we present an optimized set of protocols to ensure that LED-SIM arthropod and nematode samples with different cuticles or textures are prepared for analysis in an optimal manner. Six arthropod and nematode specimens were tested and shown to be suitable for LED-SIM imaging, which was found to yield high resolution 3D images. Conclusions Although LED-SIM still must be thoroughly tested before it is widely accepted and the Z-axis resolution still requires improvement, this technique offers distinct high quality 3D images. LED-SIM can be highly effective and may provide high quality 3D images for zoological studies following the guidelines of sample preparation presented in the current paper. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0158-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongying Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Dan Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Baoli Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119 China
| | - Xingke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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Hanne J, Zila V, Heilemann M, Müller B, Kräusslich HG. Super-resolved insights into human immunodeficiency virus biology. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1858-76. [PMID: 27117435 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of fluorescence microscopy approaches overcoming the diffraction limit of light microscopy opened possibilities for studying small-scale cellular processes. The spatial resolution achieved by these novel techniques, together with the possibility to perform live-cell and multicolor imaging, make them ideally suited for visualization of native viruses and subviral structures within the complex environment of a host cell or organ, thus providing fundamentally new possibilities for investigating virus-cell interactions. Here, we review the use of super-resolution microscopy approaches to study virus-cell interactions, and discuss recent insights into human immunodeficiency virus biology obtained by exploiting these novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Hanne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,Optical Nanoscopy Division, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vojtech Zila
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Barbara Müller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
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Müller M, Mönkemöller V, Hennig S, Hübner W, Huser T. Open-source image reconstruction of super-resolution structured illumination microscopy data in ImageJ. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10980. [PMID: 26996201 PMCID: PMC4802170 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolved structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) is an important tool for fluorescence microscopy. SR-SIM microscopes perform multiple image acquisitions with varying illumination patterns, and reconstruct them to a super-resolved image. In its most frequent, linear implementation, SR-SIM doubles the spatial resolution. The reconstruction is performed numerically on the acquired wide-field image data, and thus relies on a software implementation of specific SR-SIM image reconstruction algorithms. We present fairSIM, an easy-to-use plugin that provides SR-SIM reconstructions for a wide range of SR-SIM platforms directly within ImageJ. For research groups developing their own implementations of super-resolution structured illumination microscopy, fairSIM takes away the hurdle of generating yet another implementation of the reconstruction algorithm. For users of commercial microscopes, it offers an additional, in-depth analysis option for their data independent of specific operating systems. As a modular, open-source solution, fairSIM can easily be adapted, automated and extended as the field of SR-SIM progresses. Reconstruction of super resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) datasets typically relies upon commercial software. Here Müller et al. present an open-source ImageJ plugin to facilitate reconstruction of SR-SIM data from a broad range of microscopy platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Müller
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Viola Mönkemöller
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Hennig
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and NSF Center for Biophotonics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Niskanen I, Hibino K, Räty J. Immersion liquid techniques in solid particle characterization: A review. Talanta 2016; 149:225-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sathitruangsak C, Righolt CH, Klewes L, Tammur P, Ilus T, Tamm A, Punab M, Olujohungbe A, Mai S. Quantitative superresolution microscopy reveals differences in nuclear DNA organization of multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:704-10. [PMID: 25501803 PMCID: PMC5111765 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian nucleus has a distinct substructure that cannot be visualized directly by conventional microscopy. In this study, the organization of the DNA within the nucleus of multiple myeloma (MM) cells, their precursor cells (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; MGUS) and control lymphocytes of the representative patients is visualized and quantified by superresolution microscopy. Three‐dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D‐SIM) increases the spatial resolution beyond the limits of conventional widefield fluorescence microscopy. 3D‐SIM reveals new insights into the nuclear architecture of cancer as we show for the first time that it resolves organizational differences in intranuclear DNA organization of myeloma cells in MGUS and in MM patients. In addition, we report a significant increase in nuclear submicron DNA structure and structure of the DNA‐free space in myeloma nuclei compared to normal lymphocyte nuclei. Our study provides previously unknown details of the nanoscopic DNA architecture of interphase nuclei of the normal lymphocytes, MGUS and MM cells. This study opens new avenues to understanding the disease progression from MGUS to MM. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 704–710, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirawadee Sathitruangsak
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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