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Immunity in Sea Turtles: Review of a Host-Pathogen Arms Race Millions of Years in the Running. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040556. [PMID: 36830343 PMCID: PMC9951749 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of sea turtles is not completely understood. Sea turtles (as reptiles) bridge a unique evolutionary gap, being ectothermic vertebrates like fish and amphibians and amniotes like birds and mammals. Turtles are ectotherms; thus, their immune system is influenced by environmental conditions like temperature and season. We aim to review the turtle immune system and note what studies have investigated sea turtles and the effect of the environment on the immune response. Turtles rely heavily on the nonspecific innate response rather than the specific adaptive response. Turtles' innate immune effectors include antimicrobial peptides, complement, and nonspecific leukocytes. The antiviral defense is understudied in terms of the diversity of pathogen receptors and interferon function. Turtles also mount adaptive responses to pathogens. Lymphoid structures responsible for lymphocyte activation and maturation are either missing in reptiles or function is affected by season. Turtles are a marker of health for their marine environment, and their immune system is commonly dysregulated because of disease or contaminants. Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumorous disease that afflicts sea turtles and is thought to be caused by a virus and an environmental factor. We aim, by exploring the current understanding of the immune system in turtles, to aid the investigation of environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease and provide options for immunotherapy.
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2
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Wan Z, Zhao Y, Sun Y. Immunoglobulin D and its encoding genes: An updated review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104198. [PMID: 34237381 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of a functional Cδ gene in ostriches, immunoglobulin (Ig) D has been considered to be an extremely evolutionarily conserved Ig isotype besides the IgM found in all classes of jawed vertebrates. However, in contrast to IgM (which remains stable over evolutionary time), IgD shows considerable structural plasticity among vertebrate species and, moreover, its functions are far from elucidated even in humans and mice. Recently, several studies have shown that high expression of the IgD-B-cell receptor (IgD-BCR) may help physiologically autoreactive B cells survive in peripheral lymphoid tissues thanks to unresponsiveness to self-antigens and help their entry into germinal centers to "redeem" autoreactivity via somatic hypermutation. Other studies have demonstrated that secreted IgD may enhance mucosal homeostasis and immunity by linking B cells with basophils to optimize T-helper-2 cell-mediated responses and to constrain IgE-mediated basophil degranulation. Herein, we review the new discoveries on IgD-encoding genes in jawed vertebrates in the past decade. We also highlight advances in the functions of the IgD-BCR and secreted IgD in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Xu J, Wu Y, Xu C, Munang'andu HM, Xu H. Characterization of the Pelodiscus sinensis polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (P. sinensis pIgR) and its response to LPS and Aeromonas sobria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104072. [PMID: 33798618 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is one of the most vital components of mucosal immunity that plays a pivotal role in mediating transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulin (pIg) on epithelial surfaces for protection against invading pathogens. Herein, we cloned the full-length cDNA of Pelodiscus sinensis pIgR, designated as P. sinensis pIgR, made of an open reading frame (ORF) of 1848 bp, molecular weight of 68.2 kDa and estimated isoelectric point of 7.00. The deduced P. sinensis pIgR sequence had a leader peptide, extracellular region containing four immunoglobulin-like domains (Ig like domains), transmembrane and intracellular regions comparable with other vertebrates. P. sinensis pIgR contained four Ig like domains that corresponded with mammalian D1, D3, D4 and D5 similar with reptile and avian Ig like domains. It had 40 potential phosphorylation sites, four putative N-glycosylation sites and several motifs resembling mammalian pIgR motifs. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship between P. sinensis pIgR with avian and reptile pIgRs. P. sinensis pIgR basal levels were higher in the esophagus, small intestine and intestinnum crissum than in other organs of health turtles. Intragastric delivery of LPS and Aeromonassobria led to significant upregulation of P. sinensis pIgR in tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. A polyclonal anti- P. sinensis pIgR antibody produced in rabbit reacted with the recombinant P. sinensis pIgR protein expressed in Escherichia coli in Western blot. These studies demonstrate the existence and immune response of P. sinensis pIgR to stimulation in mucosal organs in Chinese soft-shelled turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehao Xu
- College of Biological and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hetron Mweemba Munang'andu
- Department of Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 369, 0102, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Haisheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Olivieri DN, Mirete-Bachiller S, Gambón-Deza F. Insights into the evolution of IG genes in Amphibians and reptiles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103868. [PMID: 32949685 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are essential proteins of the immune system to neutralize pathogens. Gene encoding B cell receptors and antibodies (Ig genes) first appeared with the emergence of early vertebrates having a jaw, and are now present in all extant jawed vertebrates, or Gnathostomata. The genes have undergone evolutionary changes. In particular, genomic structural changes corresponding to genes of the adaptive immune system were coincident or in parallel with the adaptation of vertebrates from the sea to land. In cartilaginous fish exist IgM, IgD/W, and IgNAR and in bony fish IgM, IgT, IgD. Amphibians and reptiles witnessed significant modifications both in the structure and orientation of IG genes. In particular, for these amphibians and Amniota that adapted to land, IgM and IgD genes were retained, but other isotypes arose, including genes for IgA(X)1, IgA(X)2, and IgY. Recent progress in high throughput genome sequencing is helping to uncover the IG gene structure of all jawed vertebrates. In this work, we review the work and present knowledge of immunoglobulin genes in genomes of amphibians and reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Olivieri
- Centro de Intelixencia Artificial, Ourense, Spain; ESEI, Dept. Informatics, Universidade de Vigo. As Lagoas S/n, Ourense, Spain.
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Immunization with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in Oil-Adjuvant Elicits IgM Antibody Response in Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle ( Pelodiscus Sinensis). Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020257. [PMID: 32485925 PMCID: PMC7349957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoassays are among the frontline methods used for disease diagnosis and surveillance. Despite this, there are no immunoassays developed for the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis), which has expanded into large scale commercial production in several Asian countries. One of the critical factors delaying the development of immunoassays is the lack of characterized soft-shelled turtle immunoglobulins. Herein, we used mass spectrometry together with the ProtQuest software to identify the soft-shelled turtle IgM heavy chain in serum, which again was used to produce a polyclonal anti-turtle-IgM in rabbits. Thereafter, the polyclonal anti-turtle-IgM was used as a secondary antibody in an indirect ELISA to evaluate antibody responses of soft-shelled turtles injected with the bovine serum albumin (BSA) model antigen. Our findings show that only turtle immunized with a water-in-oil BSA plus ISA 763A VG adjuvant (SEPPIC, France) emulsion had antibodies detected at 42 days post vaccination (dpv) while turtles injected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) only as well as turtle injected with BSA dissolved in PBS had no significant antibody levels detected in serum throughout the study period. In summary, our findings show that rabbit polyclonal anti-turtle-IgM produced can be used in ELISA to measure serum antibody responses in immunized soft-shelled turtles. Future studies should explore its application in other immunoassays needed for the disease diagnosis and vaccine development for soft-shelled turtles.
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Sun Y, Huang T, Hammarström L, Zhao Y. The Immunoglobulins: New Insights, Implications, and Applications. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:145-169. [PMID: 31846352 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs), as one of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity, first arose approximately 500 million years ago with the emergence of jawed vertebrates. Two events stand out in the evolutionary history of Igs from cartilaginous fish to mammals: (a) the diversification of Ig heavy chain (IgH) genes, resulting in Ig isotypes or subclasses associated with novel functions, and (b) the diversification of genetic and structural strategies, leading to the creation of the antibody repertoire we know today. This review first gives an overview of the IgH isotypes identified in jawed vertebrates to date and then highlights the implications or applications of five new recent discoveries arising from comparative studies of Igs derived from different vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China;
| | - Tian Huang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Mammary Bioreactor, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, People's Republic of China;
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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Fu J, Chen S, Zhao X, Luo Z, Zou P, Liu Y. Identification and characterization of the interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase gene in Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:55-59. [PMID: 30172908 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of disulfide bonds of exogenous antigens is crucial to the MHC-II class antigen processing and presenting pathway and is catalysed by interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT). In this study, a reptile GILT gene from Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis (PsGILT), was identified. The full-length cDNA of PsGILT is 1631 nucleotides (nt), including a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 3 nt, a 3'-UTR of 860 nt and an open reading frame (ORF) of 768 nt encoding 255 amino acids (aa). The conserved features in known GILTs, such as signal peptide, CXXC motif, GILT signature sequence, N-glycosylation site and conserved cysteines, were all found in the putative PsGILT protein. Genomic analysis revealed that PsGILT kept the "7 exons and 6 introns" structure of vertebrate GILT genes. PsGILT was expressed in all examined organs/tissues and was mainly expressed in spleen and blood. Increased mRNA expression levels of PsIFN-γ and PsGILT in PBLs were observed after induction with LPS, PolyI:C and recombinant IFN-γ (rIFN-γ). We also tested the reductase activity of rGILT in vitro and found that it could reduce intact human IgG into H chains and L chains. These above results implied that PsGILT may play an important role in resisting bacterial and viral infections, like other vertebrate GILTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, China
| | - Shannan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, China
| | - Zhang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pengfei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, China.
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Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes in Chinese crocodile lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:160-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Comparison of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor between fish and mammals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:63-69. [PMID: 30078600 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) functions in transporting polymeric immunoglobulin across epithelial cells into external secretion in animals. During animal evolution, fish was situated at a transition point on the phylogenetic spectrum between species possessing only innate immunity (i.e., invertebrates) and species depending heavily on adaptive immunity (i.e., mammals). Previous studies reported that fish and mammals significantly differ in pIgR. This review summarized the differences in pIgR structure, function, and transcriptional regulation between fish and mammals. A model of the transcriptional regulation of the pIgR gene was suggested. In this model, microbes could activate Toll-like receptor, trigger the cascade reactions in the signaling pathway, and then activate transcription factors that regulate pIgR expression through combining with the pIgR promoter. This review provides some suggestions for further studies on the function and regulatory mechanism of pIgR in fish and other animals.
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Akula S, Hellman L. The Appearance and Diversification of Receptors for IgM During Vertebrate Evolution. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 408:1-23. [PMID: 28884191 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three different receptors that interact with the constant domains of IgM have been identified: the polymeric immunoglobulin (Ig) receptor (PIGR), the dual receptor for IgA/IgM (FcαµR) and the IgM receptor (FcµR). All of them are related in structure and located in the same chromosomal region in mammals. The functions of the PIGRs are to transport IgM and IgA into the intestinal lumen and to saliva and tears, whereas the FcαµRs enhance uptake of immune complexes and antibody coated bacteria and viruses by B220+ B cells and phagocytes, as well as dampening the Ig response to thymus-independent antigens. The FcµRs have broad-spectrum effects on B-cell development including effects on IgM homeostasis, B-cell survival, humoral immune responses and also in autoantibody formation. The PIGR is the first of these receptors to appear during vertebrate evolution and is found in bony fish and all tetrapods but not in cartilaginous fish. The FcµR is present in all extant mammalian lineages and also in the Chinese and American alligators, suggesting its appearance with early reptiles. Currently the FcαµR has only been found in mammals and is most likely the evolutionary youngest of the three receptors. In bony fish, the PIGR has either 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 extracellular Ig-like domains, whereas in amphibians, reptiles and birds it has 4 domains, and 5 in all mammals. The increase in domain number from 4 to 5 in mammals has been proposed to enhance the interaction with IgA. Both the FcαµRs and the FcµRs contain only one Ig domain; the domain that confers Ig binding. In both of these receptors this domain shows the highest degree of sequence similarity to domain 1 of the PIGR. All Ig domains of these three receptors are V type domains, indicating they all have the same origin although they have diversified extensively in function during vertebrate evolution by changing expression patterns and cytoplasmic signaling motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Akula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hellman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, The Biomedical Center, Box 596, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Olivieri DN, Garet E, Estevez O, Sánchez-Espinel C, Gambón-Deza F. Genomic structure and expression of immunoglobulins in Squamata. Mol Immunol 2016; 72:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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A Comprehensive Analysis of the Phylogeny, Genomic Organization and Expression of Immunoglobulin Light Chain Genes in Alligator sinensis, an Endangered Reptile Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147704. [PMID: 26901135 PMCID: PMC4762898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocodilians are evolutionarily distinct reptiles that are distantly related to lizards and are thought to be the closest relatives of birds. Compared with birds and mammals, few studies have investigated the Ig light chain of crocodilians. Here, employing an Alligator sinensis genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library and available genome data, we characterized the genomic organization of the Alligator sinensis IgL gene loci. The Alligator sinensis has two IgL isotypes, λ and κ, the same as Anolis carolinensis. The Igλ locus contains 6 Cλ genes, each preceded by a Jλ gene, and 86 potentially functional Vλ genes upstream of (Jλ-Cλ)n. The Igκ locus contains a single Cκ gene, 6 Jκs and 62 functional Vκs. All VL genes are classified into a total of 31 families: 19 Vλ families and 12 Vκ families. Based on an analysis of the chromosomal location of the light chain genes among mammals, birds, lizards and frogs, the data further confirm that there are two IgL isotypes in the Alligator sinensis: Igλ and Igκ. By analyzing the cloned Igλ/κ cDNA, we identified a biased usage pattern of V families in the expressed Vλ and Vκ. An analysis of the junctions of the recombined VJ revealed the presence of N and P nucleotides in both expressed λ and κ sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the V genes revealed V families shared by mammals, birds, reptiles and Xenopus, suggesting that these conserved V families are orthologous and have been retained during the evolution of IgL. Our data suggest that the Alligator sinensis IgL gene repertoire is highly diverse and complex and provide insight into immunoglobulin gene evolution in vertebrates.
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Estevez O, Garet E, Olivieri D, Gambón-Deza F. Amphibians have immunoglobulins similar to ancestral IgD and IgA from Amniotes. Mol Immunol 2016; 69:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li P, Zhou L, Yu Y, Yang M, Ni S, Wei S, Qin Q. Characterization of DNA aptamers generated against the soft-shelled turtle iridovirus with antiviral effects. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:245. [PMID: 26419355 PMCID: PMC4588899 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV) causes severe systemic disease in farmed soft-shelled turtles (Trionyx sinensis). More efficient methods of controlling and detecting STIV infections are urgently needed. METHODS In this study, we generated eight single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers against STIV using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). RESULTS The aptamers formed representative stem-loop secondary structures. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and fluorescent localization showed that the selected aptamers had high binding affinity for STIV. Aptamer QA-36 had the highest calculated binding affinity (K d ) of 53.8 nM. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy of cell-aptamer interactions demonstrated that QA-12 was able to recognize both STIV-infected cells and tissues with a high level of specificity. Moreover, the selected aptamers inhibited STIV infection in vitro and in vivo, with aptamer QA-36 demonstrating the greatest protective effect against STIV and inhibiting STIV infection in a dose-dependent manner. DISCUSSION We generated DNA aptamers that bound STIV with a high level of specificity, providing an alternative means for investigating STIV pathogenesis, drug development, and medical therapies for STIV infection. CONCLUSIONS These DNA aptamers may thus be suitable antiviral candidates for the control of STIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lingli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yepin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Songwei Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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16
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Pettinello R, Dooley H. The immunoglobulins of cold-blooded vertebrates. Biomolecules 2014; 4:1045-69. [PMID: 25427250 PMCID: PMC4279169 DOI: 10.3390/biom4041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lymphocyte-like cells secreting somatically-recombining receptors have been identified in the jawless fishes (hagfish and lamprey), the cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays and chimaera) are the most phylogenetically distant group relative to mammals in which bona fide immunoglobulins (Igs) have been found. Studies of the antibodies and humoral immune responses of cartilaginous fishes and other cold-blooded vertebrates (bony fishes, amphibians and reptiles) are not only revealing information about the emergence and roles of the different Ig heavy and light chain isotypes, but also the evolution of specialised adaptive features such as isotype switching, somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation. It is becoming increasingly apparent that while the adaptive immune response in these vertebrate lineages arose a long time ago, it is most definitely not primitive and has evolved to become complex and sophisticated. This review will summarise what is currently known about the immunoglobulins of cold-blooded vertebrates and highlight the differences, and commonalities, between these and more “conventional” mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pettinello
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Helen Dooley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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17
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Guo Y, Gao M, Zhang H, Zhao P, Zhang X, Luo X, Ma B, Wang J. Molecular characterization and B cell membrane expression analysis of Fc fragment gene of goose IgY. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:288-91. [PMID: 25085535 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel goose immunoglobulin υ chain (Igυ) Fc fragment gene was cloned from splenic tissue mRNA using RT-PCR. Deduced amino acid sequence data from different vertebrates revealed high similarity to IgY-Fc fragments of duck (91%) and chicken (64%). Molecular characterization showed that the goose IgY-Fc fragment was consistent with the definition of immunoglobulin, and had the same antigenicity to natural IgY. Flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that the polyclonal antibody against GoυFc reacted with the membrane surface of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, which indicates that IgY was expressed on the surface of B cells. Analyses of the gene sequence of the goose IgY-Fc fragment and expression of B cell membrane may provide insight into the evolution of the Ig heavy chain gene family and benefit future studies on the avian immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingchun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Haili Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiuxin Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bo Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Olivieri DN, von Haeften B, Sánchez-Espinel C, Faro J, Gambón-Deza F. Genomic V exons from whole genome shotgun data in reptiles. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:479-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Coevolution of Mucosal Immunoglobulins and the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor: Evidence That the Commensal Microbiota Provided the Driving Force. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/541537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) in mucosal secretions contribute to immune homeostasis by limiting access of microbial and environmental antigens to the body proper, maintaining the integrity of the epithelial barrier and shaping the composition of the commensal microbiota. The emergence of IgM in cartilaginous fish represented the primordial mucosal Ig, which is expressed in all higher vertebrates. Expansion and diversification of the mucosal Ig repertoire led to the emergence of IgT in bony fishes, IgX in amphibians, and IgA in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Parallel evolution of cellular receptors for the constant (Fc) regions of Igs provided mechanisms for their transport and immune effector functions. The most ancient of these Fc receptors is the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), which first appeared in an ancestor of bony fishes. The pIgR transports polymeric IgM, IgT, IgX, and IgA across epithelial cells into external secretions. Diversification and refinement of the structure of mucosal Igs during tetrapod evolution were paralleled by structural changes in pIgR, culminating in the multifunctional secretory IgA complex in mammals. In this paper, evidence is presented that the mutualistic relationship between the commensal microbiota and the vertebrate host provided the driving force for coevolution of mucosal Igs and pIgR.
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20
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Fu JP, Chen SN, Zou PF, Huang B, Guo Z, Zeng LB, Qin QW, Nie P. IFN-γ in turtle: conservation in sequence and signalling and role in inhibiting iridovirus replication in Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:87-95. [PMID: 24239708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The IFN-γ gene was identified in a turtle, the Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, with its genome consisting of 4 exons and 3 introns. The deduced amino acid sequence of this gene contains a signal peptide, an IFN-γ family signature motif (130)IQRKAVNELFPT, an NLS motif (155)KRKR and three potential N-glycosylation sites. As revealed by real-time quantitative PCR, the gene was constitutively expressed in all tested organs/tissues, with higher level observed in blood, intestine and thymus. An induced expression of IFN-γ at mRNA level was observed in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) in response to in vitro stimulation of LPS and PolyI:C. The overexpression of IFN-γ in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle artery (STA) cell line resulted in the increase in the expression of transcriptional regulators, such as IRF1, IRF7 and STAT1, and antiviral genes, such as Mx, PKR, implying possibly the existence of a conserved signalling network and role for IFN-γ in the turtle. Furthermore, the infection of soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV) in the cell line transfected with IFN-γ may cause the cell death as demonstrated with the elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level and cell mortality. However, the mechanism involved in the antiviral activity may require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Peng Fei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Bei Huang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Ling Bing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430223, China
| | - Qi Wei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510301, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China.
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21
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Molecular cloning and characterization of the α-chain gene of goose immunoglobulin heavy chain. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 36:805-11. [PMID: 24322770 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel gene encoding the α-chain of goose immunoglobulin heavy-chain (Igα) was cloned by reverse transcription-PCR. The cDNA had 1,760 bp and encompassed a partial V-D-J region of the heavy chain, a constant region (Cα) and 3'-untranslated region of α-chain. The Cα gene contains four constant region domains (CH1-CH4). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that goose IgCα has a close genetic relationship with duck, ostrich and chicken IgCα. Three-dimensional modeling and glycosylation analysis revealed the goose Igα is consistent with the characterization of immunoglobulin. Western blotting suggested the goose IgCα has the same antigenicity to natural IgA. In general, the identification of goose immunoglobulin not only provides insights into the evolution of the Ig heavy-chain gene family, but may also benefit future studies of the avian immune system.
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Magadán-Mompó S, Sánchez-Espinel C, Gambón-Deza F. IgH loci of American alligator and saltwater crocodile shed light on IgA evolution. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:531-41. [PMID: 23558556 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin loci of two representatives of the order Crocodylia were studied from full genome sequences. Both Alligator mississippiensis and Crocodylus porosus have 13 genes for the heavy chain constant regions of immunoglobulins. The IGHC locus contains genes encoding four immunoglobulins M (IgM), one immunoglobulin D (IgD), three immunoglobulins A (IgA), three immunoglobulins Y (IgY), and two immunoglobulins D2 (IgD2). IgA and IgD2 genes were found in reverse transcriptional orientation compared to the other Ig genes. The IGHD gene contains 11 exons, four of which containing stop codons or sequence alterations. As described in other reptiles, the IgD2 is a chimeric Ig with IgA- and IgD-related domains. This work clarifies the origin of bird IgA and its evolutionary relationship with amphibian immunoglobulin X (IgX) as well as their links with mammalian IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadán-Mompó
- Oceanographic Center of Vigo, Spanish Institute of Oceanography-IEO, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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