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Malek N, Gladysz R, Stelmach N, Drag M. Targeting Microglial Immunoproteasome: A Novel Approach in Neuroinflammatory-Related Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2532-2544. [PMID: 38970802 PMCID: PMC11258690 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that the aging process is linked to the accumulation of damaged and misfolded proteins. This phenomenon is accompanied by a decrease in proteasome (c20S) activity, concomitant with an increase in immunoproteasome (i20S) activity. These changes can be attributed, in part, to the chronic neuroinflammation that occurs in brain tissues. Neuroinflammation is a complex process characterized by the activation of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to injury, infection, and other pathological stimuli. In certain cases, this immune response becomes chronic, contributing to the pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, including chronic pain, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain traumatic injury, and others. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, play a crucial role in the neuroinflammatory response. Recent research has highlighted the involvement of i20S in promoting neuroinflammation, increased activity of which may lead to the presentation of self-antigens, triggering an autoimmune response against the CNS, exacerbating inflammation, and contributing to neurodegeneration. Furthermore, since i20S plays a role in breaking down accumulated proteins during inflammation within the cell body, any disruption in its activity could lead to a prolonged state of inflammation and subsequent cell death. Given the pivotal role of i20S in neuroinflammation, targeting this proteasome subtype has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for managing neuroinflammatory diseases. This review delves into the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and microglia activation, exploring the potential of i20S inhibitors as a promising therapeutic strategy for managing neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malek
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw
University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Gladysz
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw
University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Stelmach
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw
University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department
of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw
University of Science and Technology, ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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2
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Inholz K, Bader U, Mundt S, Basler M. The Significant Role of PA28αβ in CD8 + T Cell-Mediated Graft Rejection Contrasts with Its Negligible Impact on the Generation of MHC-I Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5649. [PMID: 38891837 PMCID: PMC11172216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The proteasome generates the majority of peptides presented on MHC class I molecules. The cleavage pattern of the proteasome has been shown to be changed via the proteasome activator (PA)28 alpha beta (PA28αβ). In particular, several immunogenic peptides have been reported to be PA28αβ-dependent. In contrast, we did not observe a major impact of PA28αβ on the generation of different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classI ligands. PA28αβ-knockout mice infected with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or vaccinia virus showed a normal cluster of differentiation (CD) 8 response and viral clearance. However, we observed that the adoptive transfer of wild-type cells into PA28αβ-knockout mice led to graft rejection, but not vice versa. Depletion experiments showed that the observed rejection was mediated by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. These data indicate that PA28αβ might be involved in the development of the CD8+ T cell repertoire in the thymus. Taken together, our data suggest that PA28αβ is a crucial factor determining T cell selection and, therefore, impacts graft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Inholz
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland;
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ulrika Bader
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sarah Mundt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Basler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland;
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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3
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Inholz K, Anderl JL, Klawitter M, Goebel H, Maurits E, Kirk CJ, Fan RA, Basler M. Proteasome composition in immune cells implies special immune‐cell‐specific immunoproteasome function. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350613. [PMID: 38458995 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes are a special class of proteasomes, which can be induced with IFN-γ in an inflammatory environment. In recent years, it became evident that certain immune cell types constitutively express high levels of immunoproteasomes. However, information regarding the basal expression of proteolytically active immunoproteasome subunits in different types of immune cells is still rare. Hence, we quantified standard proteasome subunits (β1c, β2c, β5c) and immunoproteasome subunits (LMP2, MECL-1, LMP7) in the major murine (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells, CD49d+ natural killer cells, Ly-6G+ neutrophils) and human immune cell (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, CD1c+CD141+ myeloid dendritic cells, CD56+ natural killer cells, granulocytes) subsets. The different human immune cell types were isolated from peripheral blood and the murine immune cell subsets from spleen. We found that proteasomes of most immune cell subsets mainly consist of immunoproteasome subunits. Our data will serve as a reference and guideline for immunoproteasome expression and imply a special role of immunoproteasomes in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Inholz
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Janet L Anderl
- Department of Research, Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Moritz Klawitter
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Heike Goebel
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elmer Maurits
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Kirk
- Department of Research, Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - R Andrea Fan
- Department of Research, Kezar Life Sciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Basler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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4
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Heeger PS, Haro MC, Jordan S. Translating B cell immunology to the treatment of antibody-mediated allograft rejection. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:218-232. [PMID: 38168662 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), including chronic AMR (cAMR), causes ~50% of kidney allograft losses each year. Despite attempts to develop well-tolerated and effective therapeutics for the management of AMR, to date, none has obtained FDA approval, thereby highlighting an urgent unmet medical need. Discoveries over the past decade from basic, translational and clinical studies of transplant recipients have provided a foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches to preventing and treating AMR and cAMR. These interventions are aimed at reducing donor-specific antibody levels, decreasing graft injury and fibrosis, and preserving kidney function. Innovative approaches emerging from basic science findings include targeting interactions between alloreactive T cells and B cells, and depleting alloreactive memory B cells, as well as donor-specific antibody-producing plasmablasts and plasma cells. Therapies aimed at reducing the cytotoxic antibody effector functions mediated by natural killer cells and the complement system, and their associated pro-inflammatory cytokines, are also undergoing evaluation. The complexity of the pathogenesis of AMR and cAMR suggest that multiple approaches will probably be required to treat these disease processes effectively. Definitive answers await results from large, double-blind, multicentre, randomized controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Heeger
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Carrera Haro
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - Stanley Jordan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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5
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Imbesi C, Ettari R, Irrera N, Zappalà M, Pallio G, Bitto A, Mannino F. Blunting Neuroinflammation by Targeting the Immunoproteasome with Novel Amide Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10732. [PMID: 37445907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response of the nervous tissue mediated by the production of cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have shown that an upregulation of immunoproteasome is highly associated with various diseases and its inhibition attenuates neuroinflammation. In this context, the development of non-covalent immunoproteasome-selective inhibitors could represent a promising strategy for treating inflammatory diseases. Novel amide derivatives, KJ3 and KJ9, inhibit the β5 subunit of immunoproteasome and were used to evaluate their possible anti-inflammatory effects in an in vitro model of TNF-α induced neuroinflammation. Differentiated SH-SY5Y and microglial cells were challenged with 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 24 h and treated with KJ3 (1 µM) and KJ9 (1 µM) for 24 h. The amide derivatives showed a significant reduction of oxidative stress and the inflammatory cascade triggered by TNF-α reducing p-ERK expression in treated cells. Moreover, the key action of these compounds on the immunoproteasome was further confirmed by halting the IkB-α phosphorylation and the consequent inhibition of NF-kB. As downstream targets, IL-1β and IL-6 expression resulted also blunted by either KJ3 and KJ9. These preliminary results suggest that the effects of these two compounds during neuroinflammatory response relies on the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Imbesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Mannino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
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6
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Oliveri F, Basler M, Rao TN, Fehling HJ, Groettrup M. Immunoproteasome Inhibition Reduces the T Helper 2 Response in Mouse Models of Allergic Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:870720. [PMID: 35711460 PMCID: PMC9197384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.870720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic asthma is a chronic disease and medical treatment often fails to fully control the disease in the long term, leading to a great need for new therapeutic approaches. Immunoproteasome inhibition impairs T helper cell function and is effective in many (auto-) inflammatory settings but its effect on allergic airway inflammation is unknown. Methods Immunoproteasome expression was analyzed in in vitro polarized T helper cell subsets. To study Th2 cells in vivo acute allergic airway inflammation was induced in GATIR (GATA-3-vYFP reporter) mice using ovalbumin and house dust mite extract. Mice were treated with the immunoproteasome inhibitor ONX 0914 or vehicle during the challenge phase and the induction of airway inflammation was analyzed. Results In vitro polarized T helper cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg) express high levels of immunoproteasome subunits. GATIR mice proved to be a useful tool for identification of Th2 cells. Immunoproteasome inhibition reduced the Th2 response in both airway inflammation models. Furthermore, T cell activation and antigen-specific cytokine secretion was impaired and a reduced infiltration of eosinophils and professional antigen-presenting cells into the lung and the bronchoalveolar space was observed in the ovalbumin model. Conclusion These results show the importance of the immunoproteasome in Th2 cells and airway inflammation. Our data provides first insight into the potential of using immunoproteasome inhibition to target the aberrant Th2 response, e.g. in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Oliveri
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Marcus Groettrup,
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7
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Identification of N, C-capped di- and tripeptides as selective immunoproteasome inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Functional Differences between Proteasome Subtypes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030421. [PMID: 35159231 PMCID: PMC8834425 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Four proteasome subtypes are commonly present in mammalian tissues: standard proteasomes, which contain the standard catalytic subunits β1, β2 and β5; immunoproteasomes containing the immuno-subunits β1i, β2i and β5i; and two intermediate proteasomes, containing a mix of standard and immuno-subunits. Recent studies revealed the expression of two tissue-specific proteasome subtypes in cortical thymic epithelial cells and in testes: thymoproteasomes and spermatoproteasomes. In this review, we describe the mechanisms that enable the ATP- and ubiquitin-dependent as well as the ATP- and ubiquitin-independent degradation of proteins by the proteasome. We focus on understanding the role of the different proteasome subtypes in maintaining protein homeostasis in normal physiological conditions through the ATP- and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of proteins. Additionally, we discuss the role of each proteasome subtype in the ATP- and ubiquitin-independent degradation of disordered proteins. We also discuss the role of the proteasome in the generation of peptides presented by MHC class I molecules and the implication of having different proteasome subtypes for the peptide repertoire presented at the cell surface. Finally, we discuss the role of the immunoproteasome in immune cells and its modulation as a potential therapy for autoimmune diseases.
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9
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On the Role of the Immunoproteasome in Protein Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113216. [PMID: 34831438 PMCID: PMC8621243 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous cellular processes are controlled by the proteasome, a multicatalytic protease in the cytosol and nucleus of all eukaryotic cells, through regulated protein degradation. The immunoproteasome is a special type of proteasome which is inducible under inflammatory conditions and constitutively expressed in hematopoietic cells. MECL-1 (β2i), LMP2 (β1i), and LMP7 (β5i) are the proteolytically active subunits of the immunoproteasome (IP), which is known to shape the antigenic repertoire presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Furthermore, the immunoproteasome is involved in T cell expansion and inflammatory diseases. In recent years, targeting the immunoproteasome in cancer, autoimmune diseases, and transplantation proved to be therapeutically effective in preclinical animal models. However, the prime function of standard proteasomes and immunoproteasomes is the control of protein homeostasis in cells. To maintain protein homeostasis in cells, proteasomes remove proteins which are not properly folded, which are damaged by stress conditions such as reactive oxygen species formation, or which have to be degraded on the basis of regular protein turnover. In this review we summarize the latest insights on how the immunoproteasome influences protein homeostasis.
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10
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Wang J, Fang Y, Fan RA, Kirk CJ. Proteasome Inhibitors and Their Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111595. [PMID: 34769030 PMCID: PMC8583966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is responsible for mediating intracellular protein degradation and regulating cellular function with impact on tumor and immune effector cell biology. The proteasome is found predominantly in two forms, the constitutive proteasome and the immunoproteasome. It has been validated as a therapeutic drug target through regulatory approval with 2 distinct chemical classes of small molecular inhibitors (boronic acid derivatives and peptide epoxyketones), including 3 compounds, bortezomib (VELCADE), carfilzomib (KYPROLIS), and ixazomib (NINLARO), for use in the treatment of the plasma cell neoplasm, multiple myeloma. Additionally, a selective inhibitor of immunoproteasome (KZR-616) is being developed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Here, we compare and contrast the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and metabolism of these 2 classes of compounds in preclinical models and clinical studies. The distinct metabolism of peptide epoxyketones, which is primarily mediated by microsomal epoxide hydrolase, is highlighted and postulated as a favorable property for the development of this class of compound in chronic conditions.
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11
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Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Oddone F, Kudriaeva AA, Lacal PM, Belogurov AA, Graziani G, Marini S. At the Cutting Edge against Cancer: A Perspective on Immunoproteasome and Immune Checkpoints Modulation as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4852. [PMID: 34638337 PMCID: PMC8507813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteasome is a noncanonical form of proteasome with enzymological properties optimized for the generation of antigenic peptides presented in complex with class I MHC molecules. This enzymatic property makes the modulation of its activity a promising area of research. Nevertheless, immunotherapy has emerged as a front-line treatment of advanced/metastatic tumors providing outstanding improvement of life expectancy, even though not all patients achieve a long-lasting clinical benefit. To enhance the efficacy of the currently available immunotherapies and enable the development of new strategies, a broader knowledge of the dynamics of antigen repertoire processing by cancer cells is needed. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of immunoproteasome in antigen processing and of the therapeutic implication of its modulation is mandatory. Studies on the potential crosstalk between proteasome modulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors could provide novel perspectives and an unexplored treatment option for a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna A. Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.K.)
| | - Pedro M. Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.K.)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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12
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Basler M, Christ M, Goebel H, Groettrup M. Immunoproteasome Upregulation Is Not Required to Control Protein Homeostasis during Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1697-1708. [PMID: 33731337 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The prime function of proteasomes is the control of protein homeostasis in cells (i.e., the removal of proteins that are not properly folded, damaged by stress conditions like reactive oxygen species formation, or degraded on the basis of regular protein turnover). During viral infection, the standard proteasome is replaced by the so-called immunoproteasome (IP) in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. It has been proposed that the IP is required to protect cell viability under conditions of IFN-induced oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the requirement for IP to cope with the enhanced need for protein degradation during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice lacking the IP subunit LMP7. We found that IP are upregulated in the liver but not in the spleen during LCMV infection, although the total proteasome content was not altered. The expression of standard proteasome subunits is not induced in LMP7-deficient mice, indicating that enhanced proteasomal activity is not required during viral infection. Furthermore, ubiquitin accumulation, apoptosis induction, and viral titers were similar in LCMV-infected mice lacking LMP7 compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, these data indicate that the IP is not required to regulate protein homeostasis during LCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and .,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marleen Christ
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and
| | - Heike Goebel
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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13
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Recent insights how combined inhibition of immuno/proteasome subunits enables therapeutic efficacy. Genes Immun 2020; 21:273-287. [PMID: 32839530 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-00109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is a multicatalytic protease in the cytosol and nucleus of all eukaryotic cells that controls numerous cellular processes through regulated protein degradation. Proteasome inhibitors have significantly improved the survival of multiple myeloma patients. However, clinically approved proteasome inhibitors have failed to show efficacy against solid tumors, neither alone nor in combination with other therapies. Targeting the immunoproteasome with selective inhibitors has been therapeutically effective in preclinical models for several autoimmune diseases and colon cancer. Moreover, immunoproteasome inhibitors prevented the chronic rejection of allogeneic organ transplants. In recent years, it has become apparent that inhibition of one single active center of the proteasome is insufficient to achieve therapeutic benefits. In this review we summarize the latest insights how targeting multiple catalytically active proteasome subunits can interfere with disease progression in autoimmunity, growth of solid tumors, and allograft rejection.
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14
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Neumaier HL, Harel S, Klingel K, Kaya Z, Heuser A, Kespohl M, Beling A. ONX 0914 Lacks Selectivity for the Cardiac Immunoproteasome in CoxsackievirusB3 Myocarditis of NMRI Mice and Promotes Virus-Mediated Tissue Damage. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051093. [PMID: 32354159 PMCID: PMC7290815 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
: Inhibition of proteasome function by small molecules is highly efficacious in cancer treatment. Other than non-selective proteasome inhibitors, immunoproteasome-specific inhibitors allow for specific targeting of the proteasome in immune cells and the profound anti-inflammatory potential of such compounds revealed implications for inflammatory scenarios. For pathogen-triggered inflammation, however, the efficacy of immunoproteasome inhibitors is controversial. In this study, we investigated how ONX 0914, an immunoproteasome-selective inhibitor, influences CoxsackievirusB3 infection in NMRI mice, resulting in the development of acute and chronic myocarditis, which is accompanied by formation of the immunoproteasome in heart tissue. In groups in which ONX 0914 treatment was initiated once viral cytotoxicity had emerged in the heart, ONX 0914 had no anti-inflammatory effect in the acute or chronic stages. ONX 0914 treatment initiated prior to infection, however, increased viral cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes, promoting infiltration of myeloid immune cells into the heart. At this stage, ONX 0914 completely inhibited the β5 subunit of the standard cardiac proteasome and less efficiently blocked its immunoproteasome counterpart LMP7. In conclusion, ONX 0914 unselectively perturbs cardiac proteasome function in viral myocarditis of NMRI mice, reduces the capacity of the host to control the viral burden and promotes cardiac inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Louise Neumaier
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.L.N.); (S.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Shelly Harel
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.L.N.); (S.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Karin Klingel
- Institute for Cardiopathology, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Ziya Kaya
- Medizinische Klinik für Innere Medizin III: Kardiologie, Angiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Medizinische Klinik für Innere Medizin III: Kardiologie, Angiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner side Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Meike Kespohl
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.L.N.); (S.H.); (M.K.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner side Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Beling
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Biochemistry, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (H.L.N.); (S.H.); (M.K.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), partner side Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Basler M, Claus M, Klawitter M, Goebel H, Groettrup M. Immunoproteasome Inhibition Selectively Kills Human CD14 + Monocytes and as a Result Dampens IL-23 Secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1776-1785. [PMID: 31484727 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MECL-1 (β2i), LMP2 (β1i), and LMP7 (β5i) are the proteolytically active subunits of the immunoproteasome (IP), a special type of proteasome mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Targeting the IP in autoimmune diseases proved to be therapeutically effective in preclinical mouse models. In endotoxin-stimulated human PBMCs, IP inhibition reduces the secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines, with the suppression of IL-23 being the most prominent. In this study, we investigated why the production of IL-23, a key mediator of inflammation in autoimmunity, is blocked when the IP is inhibited in LPS-stimulated human PBMCs. CD14+ monocytes could be identified as the main producers of IL-23 in LPS-stimulated PBMCs. We found that IP inhibition with the irreversible LMP7/LMP2 inhibitor ONX 0914 induced apoptosis in CD14+ monocytes, whereas CD4+, CD3+, CD19+, and CD56+ cells remained unaffected. A high expression of IPs renders monocytes susceptible to IP inhibition, leading to an accumulation of polyubiquitylated proteins and the induction of the unfolded protein response. Similar to IP inhibition, inducers of the unfolded protein response selectively kill CD14+ monocytes in human PBMCs. The blockage of the translation in CD14+ monocytes protects these cells from ONX 0914-induced cell death, indicating that the IP is required to maintain protein turnover in monocytes. Taken together, our data reveal why IP inhibition is particularly effective in the suppression of IL-23-driven autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and .,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Meike Claus
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and
| | - Moritz Klawitter
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and
| | - Heike Goebel
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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16
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Biology, evolution, and history of antigen processing and presentation: Immunogenetics special issue 2019. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:137-139. [PMID: 30706092 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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