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Filippova TA, Masamrekh RA, Khudoklinova YY, Shumyantseva VV, Kuzikov AV. The multifaceted role of proteases and modern analytical methods for investigation of their catalytic activity. Biochimie 2024; 222:169-194. [PMID: 38494106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We discuss the diverse functions of proteases in the context of their biotechnological and medical significance, as well as analytical approaches used to determine the functional activity of these enzymes. An insight into modern approaches to studying the kinetics and specificity of proteases, based on spectral (absorption, fluorescence), mass spectrometric, immunological, calorimetric, and electrochemical methods of analysis is given. We also examine in detail electrochemical systems for determining the activity and specificity of proteases. Particular attention is given to exploring innovative electrochemical systems based on the detection of the electrochemical oxidation signal of amino acid residues, thereby eliminating the need for extra redox labels in the process of peptide synthesis. In the review, we highlight the main prospects for the further development of electrochemical systems for the study of biotechnologically and medically significant proteases, which will enable the miniaturization of the analytical process for determining the catalytic activity of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Filippova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Rami A Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu Khudoklinova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 bld. 8, Pogodinskaya str., 119121, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1, Ostrovityanova Street, Moscow, 117513, Russia.
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Abdel-Hady GN, Tajima T, Ikeda T, Ishida T, Funabashi H, Kuroda A, Hirota R. A novel salt- and organic solvent-tolerant phosphite dehydrogenase from Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1255582. [PMID: 37662428 PMCID: PMC10473253 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1255582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphite dehydrogenase (PtxD) is a promising enzyme for NAD(P)H regeneration. To expand the usability of PtxD, we cloned, expressed, and analyzed PtxD from the marine cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 (Ct-PtxD). Ct-PtxD exhibited maximum activity at pH 9.0°C and 50°C and high stability over a wide pH range of 6.0-10.0. Compared to previously reported PtxDs, Ct-PtxD showed increased resistance to salt ions such as Na+, K+, and NH4 +. It also exhibited high tolerance to organic solvents such as ethanol, dimethylformamide, and methanol when bound to its preferred cofactor, NAD+. Remarkably, these organic solvents enhanced the Ct-PtxD activity while inhibiting the PtxD activity of Ralstonia sp. 4506 (Rs-PtxD) at concentrations ranging from 10% to 30%. Molecular electrostatic potential analysis showed that the NAD+-binding site of Ct-PtxD was rich in positively charged residues, which may attract the negatively charged pyrophosphate group of NAD+ under high-salt conditions. Amino acid composition analysis revealed that Ct-PtxD contained fewer hydrophobic amino acids than other PtxD enzymes, which reduced the hydrophobicity and increased the hydration of protein surface under low water activity. We also demonstrated that the NADH regeneration system using Ct-PtxD is useful for the coupled chiral conversion of trimethylpyruvic acid into L-tert-leucine using leucine dehydrogenase under high ammonium conditions, which is less supported by the Rs-PtxD enzyme. These results imply that Ct-PtxD might be a potential candidate for NAD(P)H regeneration in industrial applications under the reaction conditions containing salt and organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Nasser Abdel-Hady
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Takahisa Tajima
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Seto Inland Sea Carbon-neutral Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeda
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takenori Ishida
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hisakage Funabashi
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Seto Inland Sea Carbon-neutral Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akio Kuroda
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Seto Inland Sea Carbon-neutral Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hirota
- Unit of Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Seto Inland Sea Carbon-neutral Research Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Noskova Y, Son O, Tekutyeva L, Balabanova L. Purification and Characterization of a DegP-Type Protease from the Marine Bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1852. [PMID: 37513024 PMCID: PMC10383082 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new member of the DegP-type periplasmic serine endoproteases of the S1C family from the marine bacterium Cobetia amphilecti KMM 296 (CamSP) was expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The calculated molecular weight, number of amino acids, and isoelectric point (pI) of the mature protein CamSP are 69.957 kDa, 666, and 4.84, respectively. The proteolytic activity of the purified recombinant protease CamSP was 2369.4 and 1550.9 U/mg with the use of 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and casein as the substrates, respectively. The enzyme CamSP exhibited maximum activity at pH 6.0-6.2, while it was stable over a wide pH range from 5.8 to 8.5. The optimal temperature for the CamSP protease activity was 50 °C. The enzyme required NaCl or KCl at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.5 M, respectively, for its maximum activity. The Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax for BSA were determined to be 41.7 µg/mL and 0.036 µg/mL min-1, respectively. The metal ions Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Li2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ slightly activated CamSP, while the addition of CoCl2 to the incubation mixture resulted in a twofold increase in its protease activity. Ethanol, isopropanol, glycerol, and Triton-X-100 increased the activity of CamSP from two- to four-times. The protease CamSP effectively degraded the wheat flour proteins but had no proteolytic activity towards soybean, corn, and the synthetic substrates, α-benzoyl-Arg-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) and N-Succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine 4-nitroanilide (SAPNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Noskova
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letya Vladivostoka 152, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Oksana Son
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Liudmila Tekutyeva
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Larissa Balabanova
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letya Vladivostoka 152, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
- Advanced Engineering School, Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
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Synergistic inhibition of Pseudomonas fluorescens growth and proteases activities via sodium chlorite-based oxyhalogen. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:33. [PMID: 36469174 PMCID: PMC9722865 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens is considered among the main spoilage microorganisms due to its ability to produce proteases. Food deterioration caused by spoilage microorganisms has a major impact on food quality and the environment. The inactivation of Pseudomonas fluorescens growth and protease production was intensively investigated with the use of Salmide®, A Sodium Chlorite-Based Oxy-halogen Disinfectant. A unique M9 media was also developed to assure sufficient protease productions with different mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens as a microbioreactor. Mutations were induced by classical whole-cell mutagenesis using N-methyl-N'- nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). A dramatic decrease occurred in protease activity when different Salmide concentrations (5, 10, and 15 ppm) were added to the growth culture followed by a complete inhibition concentration (20, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) of Salmide. However, no significant inhibition occurred once it is secreted out of cells. Some mutants were resistant and remains highly stable with high protease production under stressful conditions of Sodium Chlorite-Based Oxy-halogen. The production of the protease showed a linear correlation with the increase in incubation time using a continuous culture bioreactor system and recorded maximum protease activity after 40 h. Our findings would offer alternative antimicrobial procedures for food and industrial sectors.
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Aguilar-Montes de Oca S, Montes-de-Oca-Jiménez R, Carlos Vázquez-Chagoyán J, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Eliana Rivadeneira-Barreiro P, C. Zambrano-Rodríguez P. The Use of Peptides in Veterinary Serodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases: A Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100561. [PMID: 36288174 PMCID: PMC9610506 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides constitute an alternative and interesting option to develop treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic tools as they demonstrate their scope in several health aspects; as proof of this, commercial peptides for humans and animals are available on the market and used daily. This review aimed to know the role of peptides in the field of veterinary diagnosis, and include peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA), lateral flow devices, and peptide latex agglutination tests that have been developed to detect several pathogens including viruses and bacteria of health and production relevance in domestic animals. Studies in cattle, small ruminants, dogs, cats, poultry, horses, and even aquatic organisms were reviewed. Different studies showed good levels of sensitivity and specificity against their target, moreover, comparisons with commercial kits and official tests were performed which allowed appraising their performance. Chemical synthesis, recombinant DNA technology, and enzymatic synthesis were reviewed as well as their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, we discussed the intrinsic limitations such as the small size or affinity to polystyrene membrane and mention several strategies to overcome these problems. The use of peptides will increase in the coming years and their utility for diagnostic purposes in animals must be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Aguilar-Montes de Oca
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, CP, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, CP, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Carlos Vázquez-Chagoyán
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, CP, Mexico
| | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, CP, Mexico
| | | | - Pablo C. Zambrano-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
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Morellon-Sterling R, Tavano O, Bolivar JM, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Vela-Gutiérrez G, Sabir JSM, Tacias-Pascacio VG, Fernandez-Lafuente R. A review on the immobilization of pepsin: A Lys-poor enzyme that is unstable at alkaline pH values. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:682-702. [PMID: 35508226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pepsin is a protease used in many different applications, and in many instances, it is utilized in an immobilized form to prevent contamination of the reaction product. This enzyme has two peculiarities that make its immobilization complex. The first one is related to the poor presence of primary amino groups on its surface (just one Lys and the terminal amino group). The second one is its poor stability at alkaline pH values. Both features make the immobilization of this enzyme to be considered a complicated goal, as most of the immobilization protocols utilize primary amino groups for immobilization. This review presents some of the attempts to get immobilized pepsin biocatalyst and their applications. The high density of anionic groups (Asp and Glu) make the anion exchange of the enzyme simpler, but this makes many of the strategies utilized to immobilize the enzyme (e.g., amino-glutaraldehyde supports) more related to a mixed ion exchange/hydrophobic adsorption than to real covalent immobilization. Finally, we propose some possibilities that can permit not only the covalent immobilization of this enzyme, but also their stabilization via multipoint covalent attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Plant Antimicrobial Peptides (PAMPs): Features, Applications, Production, Expression, and Challenges. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123703. [PMID: 35744828 PMCID: PMC9229691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The quest for an extraordinary array of defense strategies is imperative to reduce the challenges of microbial attacks on plants and animals. Plant antimicrobial peptides (PAMPs) are a subset of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). PAMPs elicit defense against microbial attacks and prevent drug resistance of pathogens given their wide spectrum activity, excellent structural stability, and diverse mechanism of action. This review aimed to identify the applications, features, production, expression, and challenges of PAMPs using its structure–activity relationship. The discovery techniques used to identify these peptides were also explored to provide insight into their significance in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and their expression against disease-causing pathogens. This review creates awareness for PAMPs as potential therapeutic agents in the medical and pharmaceutical fields, such as the sensitive treatment of bacterial and fungal diseases and others and their utilization in preserving crops using available transgenic methods in the agronomical field. PAMPs are also safe to handle and are easy to recycle with the use of proteases to convert them into more potent antimicrobial agents for sustainable development.
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Amorim-Carmo B, Parente AMS, Souza ES, Silva-Junior AA, Araújo RM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MF. Antimicrobial Peptide Analogs From Scorpions: Modifications and Structure-Activity. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:887763. [PMID: 35712354 PMCID: PMC9197468 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.887763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of multidrug-resistant pathogens against conventional antibiotics is a global public health problem. The irrational use of antibiotics has promoted therapeutic limitations against different infections, making research of new molecules that can be applied to treat infections necessary. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of promising antibiotic molecules as they present broad action spectrum, potent activity, and do not easily induce resistance. Several AMPs from scorpion venoms have been described as a potential source for the development of new drugs; however, some limitations to their application are also observed. Here, we describe strategies used in several approaches to optimize scorpion AMPs, addressing their primary sequence, biotechnological potential, and characteristics that should be considered when developing an AMP derived from scorpion venoms. In addition, this review may contribute towards improving the understanding of rationally designing new molecules, targeting functional AMPs that may have a therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Amorim-Carmo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
| | - Adriana M. S. Parente
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eden S. Souza
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arnóbio A. Silva-Junior
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
| | - Renata M. Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
| | - Matheus F. Fernandes-Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biotechnology, Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do North, Natal, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Matheus F. Fernandes-Pedrosa,
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Exploration of ACE-Inhibiting Peptides Encrypted in Artemisia annua Using In Silico Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5367125. [PMID: 35655475 PMCID: PMC9152397 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5367125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in body fluid regulation, but one of its enzymes, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), indirectly causes hypertension by constricting blood vessels. Autoimmune illness is linked to the increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In this study, ACE-inhibiting peptides were studied from Artemisia annua proteins. In silico hydrolysis of proteins was performed by BIOPEP-UWM using proteolytic enzymes from plant, microbial, and digestive sources. The physicochemical properties of 1160 peptides were determined using the peptide package of R studio. Di- and tripeptides were mostly released with a molecular weight of 170 to 350 Da. PeptideRanker was used to select 16 peptides from a pool of 1160 peptides based on their likelihood of being bioactive. Molecular docking was performed by DS 2020 and AutoDock Vina, which revealed that the stability of the ligand-receptor complex is due to hydrogen bonding and electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Their binding energies ranged from -31.81 to -20.09 kJ/mol. For drug-likeness evaluation, an online tool SwissADME was used that follows the ADME rule (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) to check the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness of the compound. In the future, the released peptides can be used to make functional nutraceutical foods against hypertension.
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Investigating the role of peptides in effective therapies against cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:139. [PMID: 35346211 PMCID: PMC8962089 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and effective treatment of cancer are challenging. To diagnose and treat cancer effectively and to overcome these challenges, fundamental innovations in traditional diagnosis and therapy are necessary. Peptides can be very helpful in this regard due to their potential and diversity. To enhance the therapeutic potential of peptides, their limitations must be properly identified and their structures engineered and modified for higher efficiency. Promoting the bioavailability and stability of peptides is one of the main concerns. Peptides can also be effective in different areas of targeting, alone or with the help of other therapeutic agents. There has been a lot of research in this area, and the potential for variability of peptides will continue to improve this process. Another promising area in which peptides can help treat cancer is peptide vaccines, which are undergoing promising research, and high throughput technologies can lead to fundamental changes in this area. Peptides have been effective in almost all areas of cancer treatment, and some have even gone through clinical phases. However, many barriers need to be overcome to reach the desired point. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the mechanisms associated with peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Therefore, related studies in this area will be discussed.
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11
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Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35165272 PMCID: PMC8844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 227.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel design and delivery strategies, which have helped to overcome the inherent drawbacks of peptides and have allowed the continued advancement of this field. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements in peptide drug discovery, production, and modification, and their current applications. We also discuss the value and challenges associated with future developments in therapeutic peptides.
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Naeem M, Manzoor S, Abid MUH, Tareen MBK, Asad M, Mushtaq S, Ehsan N, Amna D, Xu B, Hazafa A. Fungal Proteases as Emerging Biocatalysts to Meet the Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Biomedical Therapies: An Updated Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020109. [PMID: 35205863 PMCID: PMC8875690 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing world population, demand for industrialization has also increased to fulfill humans' living standards. Fungi are considered a source of essential constituents to produce the biocatalytic enzymes, including amylases, proteases, lipases, and cellulases that contain broad-spectrum industrial and emerging applications. The present review discussed the origin, nature, mechanism of action, emerging aspects of genetic engineering for designing novel proteases, genome editing of fungal strains through CRISPR technology, present challenges and future recommendations of fungal proteases. The emerging evidence revealed that fungal proteases show a protective role to many environmental exposures and discovered that an imbalance of protease inhibitors and proteases in the epithelial barriers leads to the protection of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Moreover, mitoproteases recently were found to execute intense proteolytic processes that are crucial for mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis function, including mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. The emerging evidence revealed that CRISPR/Cas9 technology had been successfully developed in various filamentous fungi and higher fungi for editing of specific genes. In addition to medical importance, fungal proteases are extensively used in different industries such as foods to prepare butter, fruits, juices, and cheese, and to increase their shelf life. It is concluded that hydrolysis of proteins in industries is one of the most significant applications of fungal enzymes that led to massive usage of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050025, China;
| | - Saba Manzoor
- Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
| | | | | | - Mirza Asad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Sajida Mushtaq
- Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51040, Pakistan;
| | - Nazia Ehsan
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Dua Amna
- Institute of Food Science & Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University (BNU-HKBU) United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (A.H.)
| | - Abu Hazafa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (A.H.)
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Arya PS, Yagnik SM, Rajput KN, Panchal RR, Raval VH. Understanding the Basis of Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Implications of Thermostable Alkaline Proteases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:4113-4150. [PMID: 34648116 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The group of hydrolytic enzymes synonymously known as proteases is predominantly most favored for the class of industrial enzymes. The present work focuses on the thermostable nature of these proteolytic enzymes that occur naturally among mesophilic and thermophilic microbes. The broad thermo-active feature (40-80 °C), ease of cultivation, maintenance, and bulk production are the key features associated with these enzymes. Detailing of contemporary production technologies, and controllable operational parameters including the purification strategies, are the key features that justify their industrial dominance as biocatalysts. In addition, the rigorous research inputs by protein engineering and enzyme immobilization studies add up to the thermo-catalytic features and application capabilities of these enzymes. The work summarizes key features of microbial proteases that make them numero-uno for laundry, biomaterials, waste management, food and feed, tannery, and medical as well as pharmaceutical industries. The quest for novel and/or designed and engineered thermostable protease from unexplored sources is highly stimulating and will address the ever-increasing industrial demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant S Arya
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Shivani M Yagnik
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Kiransinh N Rajput
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Rakeshkumar R Panchal
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Vikram H Raval
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
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14
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Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes, having significant physiological roles in both synthesis and degradation. The use of microbial proteases in food fermentation is an age-old process, which is today being successfully employed in other industries with the advent of ‘omics’ era and innovations in genetic and protein engineering approaches. Proteases have found application in industries besides food, like leather, textiles, detergent, waste management, agriculture, animal husbandry, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. With the rising demands and applications, researchers are exploring various approaches to discover, redesign, or artificially synthesize enzymes with better applicability in the industrial processes. These enzymes offer a sustainable and environmentally safer option, besides possessing economic and commercial value. Various bacterial and fungal proteases are already holding a commercially pivotal role in the industry. The current review summarizes the characteristics and types of proteases, microbial source, their current and prospective applications in various industries, and future challenges. Promoting these biocatalysts will prove significant in betterment of the modern world.
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Heath RS, Ruscoe RE, Turner NJ. The beauty of biocatalysis: sustainable synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:335-388. [PMID: 34879125 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 up to July 2021The market for cosmetics is consumer driven and the desire for green, sustainable and natural ingredients is increasing. The use of isolated enzymes and whole-cell organisms to synthesise these products is congruent with these values, especially when combined with the use of renewable, recyclable or waste feedstocks. The literature of biocatalysis for the synthesis of ingredients in cosmetics in the past five years is herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Heath
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Rebecca E Ruscoe
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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16
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An Updated review on production of food derived bioactive peptides; focus on the psychrotrophic bacterial proteases. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Hayes HC, Luk LYP, Tsai YH. Approaches for peptide and protein cyclisation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3983-4001. [PMID: 33978044 PMCID: PMC8114279 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00411e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cyclisation of polypeptides can play a crucial role in exerting biological functions, maintaining stability under harsh conditions and conferring proteolytic resistance, as demonstrated both in nature and in the laboratory. To date, various approaches have been reported for polypeptide cyclisation. These approaches range from the direct linkage of N- and C- termini to the connection of amino acid side chains, which can be applied both in reaction vessels and in living systems. In this review, we categorise the cyclisation approaches into chemical methods (e.g. direct backbone cyclisation, native chemical ligation, aldehyde-based ligations, bioorthogonal reactions, disulphide formation), enzymatic methods (e.g. subtiligase variants, sortases, asparaginyl endopeptidases, transglutaminases, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases) and protein tags (e.g. inteins, engineered protein domains for isopeptide bond formation). The features of each approach and the considerations for selecting an appropriate method of cyclisation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Hayes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK and Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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18
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Kshetri P, Roy SS, Chanu SB, Singh TS, Tamreihao K, Sharma SK, Ansari MA, Prakash N. Valorization of chicken feather waste into bioactive keratin hydrolysate by a newly purified keratinase from Bacillus sp. RCM-SSR-102. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 273:111195. [PMID: 32771848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is the characterization of a keratinase from Bacillus sp.RCM-SSR-102 and its application in the preparation of keratin hydrolysate from chicken feather waste. The purified KER102 keratinase was characterized as a serine-metallo protease having a molecular weight of 30 kDa with optimum pH and temperature of 10 and 50 °C respectively. The keratinase could retain 98% activity at pH 10 and above and 55% activity at 20% salt concentration. The KER102 keratinase was found to be stable in the presence of oxidizing agents, surfactants and organic solvents. The keratinase could also hydrolyze both soluble and insoluble complex protein substrates. The KER102 keratinase could hydrolyze up to 5% (w/v) feather releasing 1.7 ± 0.19 mg/mL soluble peptides. The feather keratin hydrolysate (FKH) had both antioxidant and antityrosinase activity. The IC50 value of FKH in 2, 2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (1.02 ± 0.01 mg/mL), 2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (20 ± +00.04 μg/mL) and anti-tyrosinase activity (1.2 ± 0.22 mg/mL) was recorded. The FKH also had DNA protecting ability against oxidative damage. Antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase compounds have potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry. Hence, the purified keratinase can be a potential candidate for the production of antioxidant and antityrosinase compounds from chicken feather waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pintubala Kshetri
- ICAR-NEH Quality Analysis Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
| | - Subhra Saikat Roy
- ICAR-NEH Quality Analysis Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India.
| | | | - Thangjam Surchandra Singh
- ICAR-NEH Quality Analysis Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
| | - K Tamreihao
- ICAR-NEH Quality Analysis Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
| | - Susheel Kumar Sharma
- ICAR-NEH Quality Analysis Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
| | - Meraj Alam Ansari
- ICAR-NEH Quality Analysis Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
| | - Narendra Prakash
- ICAR-NEH Quality Analysis Laboratory, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, India
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Andler R, Valdés C, Díaz-Barrera A, Steinbüchel A. Biotransformation of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) in a multiphase enzymatic reactor for continuous extraction of oligo-isoprenoid molecules. N Biotechnol 2020; 58:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Li L, Shi H, Sheng A, Yang Y, Shi L, Li C, Li G. A novel method to engineer proteases for selective enzyme inhibition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14039-14042. [PMID: 31690924 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have proposed a new strategy to expand the function of a protein. By taking a protease as an example, it can be engineered to make up the shortcoming of natural proteases, and thus it can efficiently and selectively hydrolyze a desired protein even in a complex biological fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Hai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Anzhi Sheng
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Liu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China. and School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Genxi Li
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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21
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Azman A, Vasodavan K, Joseph N, Kumar S, Hamat RA, Nordin SA, Aizat WM, van Belkum A, Neela VK. Physiological and proteomic analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia grown under the iron-limited condition. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1417-1428. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: To study physiological and proteomic analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia grown under iron-limited condition. Methods: One clinical and environmental S. maltophilia isolates grown under iron-depleted conditions were studied for siderophore production, ability to kill nematodes and alteration in protein expression using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (ITRAQ). Results & conclusions: Siderophore production was observed in both clinical and environmental strains under iron-depleted conditions. Caenorhabditis elegans assay showed higher killing rate under iron-depleted (96%) compared with normal condition (76%). The proteins identified revealed, 96 proteins upregulated and 26 proteins downregulated for the two isolates under iron depletion. The upregulated proteins included several iron acquisition proteins, metabolic proteins and putative virulence proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adleen Azman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kalidasan Vasodavan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Narcisse Joseph
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rukman A Hamat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syafinaz A Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan M Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Vasantha K Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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22
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Cucho H, López Y, Caldeira C, Valverde A, Ordóñez C, Soler C. Comparison of three different staining methods for the morphometric characterization of Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) sperm, using ISAS® CASA-Morph system. NOVA BIOLOGICA REPERTA 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/nbr.6.3.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Novel therapeutic interventions in cancer treatment using protein and peptide-based targeted smart systems. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:249-267. [PMID: 31442570 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer, being the most prevalent and resistant disease afflicting any gender, age or social status, is the ultimate challenge for the scientific community. The new generation therapeutics for cancer management has shifted the approach to personalized/precision medicine, making use of patient- and tumor-specific markers for specifying the targeted therapies for each patient. Peptides targeting these cancer-specific signatures hold enormous potential for cancer therapy and diagnosis. The rapid advancements in the combinatorial peptide libraries served as an impetus to the development of multifunctional peptide-based materials for targeted cancer therapy. The present review outlines benefits and shortcomings of peptides as cancer therapeutics and the potential of peptide modified nanomedicines for targeted delivery of anticancer agents.
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24
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Wu P, Guo Y, Golly MK, Ma H, He R, Luo S, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhu J. Feasibility study on direct fermentation of soybean meal by Bacillus stearothermophilus under non-sterile conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3291-3298. [PMID: 30552769 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the feasibility of high-temperature solid-state fermentation (SSF) using soybean meal (SBM) during the non-sterile process, Bacillus stearothermophilus was employed to assess the nutritional quality and bioactivity of SBM after fermentation. RESULTS The fermented SBM (FSBM) without autoclaving showed significant improvements in nutritional quality and bioactivity. The contents of peptides and crude and soluble proteins increased by 131.21%, 5.3% and 15.52%, respectively. Meanwhile, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging ability, reducing ability and hydroxyl free radical-scavenging activity rose by 57.07%, 238.92% and 368.26%, respectively. The inhibitory activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme increased from 1.43 ± 0.83% to 26.89 ± 1.03%, while the trypsin inhibitor activity decreased by 74.05%. The contents of neutral and alkaline proteases and the growth of microorganisms in FSBM without autoclaving were higher and better than in steam-treated FSBM. After steam treatment, the water-holding capacity of SBM decreased, and a high crosslink density was observed on the surface of SBM particles. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to ferment SBM by high-temperature SSF using B. stearothermophilus under non-sterile conditions. Adverse effects of SSF using sterile SBM might be owing to the low water-holding capacity caused by autoclaving. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiting Guo
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Moses Kwaku Golly
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Sunyani Technical University, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Physical Processing of Agricultural Products Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ronghai He
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shilong Luo
- Grain and Oil Quality Inspection Center, Sinograin (Zhenjiang) Grain and Oil Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Grain and Oil Quality Inspection Center, Sinograin (Zhenjiang) Grain and Oil Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liuping Zhang
- Grain and Oil Quality Inspection Center, Sinograin (Zhenjiang) Grain and Oil Co., Ltd, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinhua Zhu
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Changzhou Sanhuan Biological Complete Equipment Co., Ltd, Changzhou, China
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25
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Biochemical characterization of a semi-purified aspartic protease from sea catfish Bagre panamensis with milk-clotting activity. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1785-1793. [PMID: 31807351 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pepsin from stomach of Bagre panamensis was semi-purified and biochemically characterized. The acid proteolytic activity and purification fold were 3875 U/mg protein and 91.85, respectively, after purification process. The optimum pH and temperature for semi-purified protease were 2-3 and 65 °C, respectively. The enzyme activity was stable after heating proteases at 50 °C for 120 min, but only 30% residual activity was detected after heating at 65 °C for 30 min. SDS-PAGE analysis showed two proteins bands after dialysis (26.1 and 38.6 kDa). Only the band of 38.6 kDa had proteolytic activity, which was inhibited using pepstatin A. Organic solvents, surfactants and reducing agents affect the proteolytic activity at different extent; however, metal ions or EDTA have no impact on protease activity. The semi-purified protease exhibited milk coagulant activity, with a maximum activity at 45 °C. The obtained results highlight the potential biotechnological use of B. panamensis pepsin.
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26
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Varnava KG, Sarojini V. Making Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis Greener: A Review of the Literature. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1088-1097. [PMID: 30681290 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To date, the synthesis of peptides is concurrent with the production of enormous amounts of toxic waste. DMF, CH2 Cl2 , and NMP are three of the most toxic organic solvents used in chemical synthesis and are the most common solvents used for peptide synthesis. Additionally, concerns about the hepatotoxicity caused by exposure to DMF and from the toxic and allergenic nature of additives used in peptide synthesis necessitates the need for a green, environmentally friendly, and safer protocol for peptide synthesis. This review summarizes the current literature on green solid-phase peptide synthesis successes and challenges encountered. The review concludes with suggestions for future research towards a simple and efficient green peptide synthesis protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos G Varnava
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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27
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Gu Z, Lai J, Hang J, Zhang C, Wang S, Jiao Y, Liu S, Fang Y. Theoretical and experimental studies on the conformational changes of organic solvent-stable protease from Bacillus sphaericus DS11 in methanol/water mixtures. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:603-609. [PMID: 30710583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
If natural proteases are used in organic synthesis, they are often inactivated or give a low rate of reaction in non-aqueous or aqueous-organic media. Therefore, to reveal the molecular mechanism governing the stability of proteases in organic solvents and increase protease stability in those systems is of intriguing interest. In the present study, the activity and conformational changes of an organic solvent-stable protease (OSP) from Bacillus sphaericus DS11 in different concentrations of methanol were investigated by measuring fluorescence, UV-Vis spectra, circular dichroism (CD), and conducting molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The OSP expanded with increasing methanol concentration. The methanol molecules were able to enter into the OSP, leading to microenvironmental changes around the aromatic amino acids. More hydrophobic groups were exposed to the solvents at high methanol concentrations, and the original hydrophobic interaction in the protein decreased, thus resulting in the secondary and tertiary structure change in the OSP. Our results provide helpful insight into the molecular mechanism of the OSP tolerance to organic solvent and indicate directions for future work to design and engineer proteases that are stable at high organic solvent concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghui Gu
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang 222000, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jiangli Lai
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang 222000, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jiahao Hang
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang 222000, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang 222000, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang 222000, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yuliang Jiao
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang 222000, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Yaowei Fang
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang 222000, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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28
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Mokashe N, Chaudhari B, Patil U. Operative utility of salt-stable proteases of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria in the biotechnology sector. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:493-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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Żądło-Dobrowolska A, Schmidt NG, Kroutil W. Promiscuous activity of C-acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens: synthesis of acetanilides in aqueous buffer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:3387-3390. [PMID: 29553154 PMCID: PMC5885802 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00290h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A C-acyltransferase was found to show promiscuous activity catalyzing C–N bond formation in aqueous buffer instead of C–C bond formation.
Amide bond formation has considerable significance in synthetic chemistry. Although the C-acyltransferase from Pseudomonas protegens has been found to catalyze C–C bond formation in nature as well as in in vitro experiments with non-natural substrates, it is now shown that the enzyme is also able to catalyze amide formation using aniline derivatives as substrates with promiscuous activity. Importantly, the amide formation was enabled in aqueous buffer. Identifying phenyl acetate as the most suitable acetyl donor, the products were obtained with up to >99% conversion and up to 99% isolated yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Żądło-Dobrowolska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria.
| | - Nina G Schmidt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria. and Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, acib GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Harrachgasse 21/3, Graz, Austria. and Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, acib GmbH, Graz, Austria
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30
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Immobilization/Stabilization of Ficin Extract on Glutaraldehyde-Activated Agarose Beads. Variables That Control the Final Stability and Activity in Protein Hydrolyses. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hara R, Hirai K, Suzuki S, Kino K. A chemoenzymatic process for amide bond formation by an adenylating enzyme-mediated mechanism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2950. [PMID: 29440726 PMCID: PMC5811625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amide bond formation serves as a fundamental reaction in chemistry, and is practically useful for the synthesis of peptides, food additives, and polymers. However, current methods for amide bond formation essentially generate wastes and suffer from poor atom economy under harsh conditions. To solve these issues, we demonstrated an alternative synthesis method for diverse tryptophyl-N-alkylamides by the combination of the first adenylation domain of tyrocidine synthetase 1 with primary or secondary amines as nucleophiles. Moreover, the physiological role of this domain is l-phenylalanine adenylation; however, we revealed that it displayed broad substrate flexibility from mono-substituted tryptophan analogues to even d-tryptophan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence for an adenylating enzyme-mediated direct amide bond formation via a sequential enzymatic activation of amino acids followed by nucleophilic substitution by general amines. These findings facilitate the design of a promising tool for biocatalytic straightforward amide bond formation with less side products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Hara
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kengo Hirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shin Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kuniki Kino
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan. .,Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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Bastida A, Blanco RM, Zárate SG, García-Junceda E, Guisán JM. Highly improved enzymatic peptide synthesis by using biphasic reactors. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1326484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bastida
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - R. M. Blanco
- Instituto de Catálisis y petroleoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - S. G. Zárate
- Facultad de Tecnología-Carrera de Ingeníeria Química, Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Sucre, Bolivia
| | | | - J. M. Guisán
- Instituto de Catálisis y petroleoquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Kasana RC, Pandey CB. Exiguobacterium: an overview of a versatile genus with potential in industry and agriculture. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:141-156. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1312273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. B. Pandey
- ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
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Morin-Sardin S, Nodet P, Coton E, Jany JL. Mucor: A Janus-faced fungal genus with human health impact and industrial applications. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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Anbu P, So JS, Hur BK, Yun HS. Organic solvent stable protease isolation and characterization from organic solvent tolerant strain of Lysinibacillus sphaericus PAP02. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Thakur S, Sharma NK, Thakur N, Savitri, Bhalla TC. Organic solvent tolerant metallo protease of novel isolate Serratia marcescens PPB-26: production and characterization. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:180. [PMID: 28330252 PMCID: PMC4999571 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are a class of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of peptide bonds of proteins. In this study, 221 proteolytic bacterial isolates were obtained by enrichment culture method from soils of various regions of Himachal Pradesh, India. From these a hyper producer of protease was screened and identified by morphological and physiological testing and by 16S rDNA sequence as Serratia marcescens PPB-26. Statistical optimization of physiochemical parameters enhanced the protease production by 75 %. Protease of S. marcescens PPB-26 was classified as a metalloprotease. It showed optimal activity at 30 °C, pH 7.5 (0.15 M Tris-HCl buffer) and with 0.8 % substrate concentration. It had K m = 0.3 %, V max = 34.5 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein and a half life of 2 days at 30 °C. The enzyme was stable in most metal ions but showed increased activity with Fe2+ and Cu2+ while strong inhibition with Co2+ and Zn2+. Further investigation showed that the enzyme could not only retain its activity in various organic solvents but also showed increased activity with methanol and ethanol. The reported metalloprotease is thus a potential candidate for carrying out industrial peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Nirmal Kant Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Neerja Thakur
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Savitri
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India
| | - Tek Chand Bhalla
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171005, India.
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Chaud LC, Lario LD, Bonugli-Santos RC, Sette LD, Pessoa Junior A, Felipe MDGDA. Improvement in extracellular protease production by the marine antarctic yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa L7. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:807-814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Moreno-Hernández JM, Hernández-Mancillas XD, Navarrete ELC, Mazorra-Manzano MÁ, Osuna-Ruiz I, Rodríguez-Tirado VA, Salazar-Leyva JA. Partial Characterization of the Proteolytic Properties of an Enzymatic Extract From "Aguama" Bromelia pinguin L. Fruit Grown in Mexico. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:181-196. [PMID: 27830465 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plant proteases are capable of performing several functions in biological systems, and their use is attractive for biotechnological process due to their interesting catalytic properties. Bromelia pinguin (aguama) is a wild abundant natural resource in several regions of Central America and the Caribbean Islands but is underutilized. Their fruits are rich in proteases with properties that are still unknown, but they represent an attractive source of enzymes for biotechnological applications. Thus, the proteolytic activity in enzymatic crude extracts (CEs) from wild B. pinguin fruits was partially characterized. Enzymes in CEs showed high proteolytic activity at acid (pH 2.0-4.0) and neutral alkaline (pH 7.0-9.0) conditions, indicating that different types of active proteases are present. Proteolytic activity inhibition by the use of specific protease inhibitors indicated that aspartic, cysteine, and serine proteases are the main types of proteases present in CEs. Activity at pH 3.0 was stable in a broad range of temperatures (25-50 °C) and retained its activity in the presence of surfactants (SDS, Tween-80), reducing agents (DTT, 2-mercapoethanol), and organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, 2-propanol), which suggests that B. pinguin proteases are potential candidates for their application in brewing, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martín Moreno-Hernández
- Programa de Investigación en Biotecnología. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Valle de Culiacán, Km. 17.5 Carretera Culiacán-Eldorado, 80000, Culiacán, SIN, Mexico
| | - Xitlalli Desideria Hernández-Mancillas
- Maestría en Ciencias Aplicadas, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa (UPSIN), Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras Km 3., 82199, Mazatlán, SIN, Mexico
| | - Evelia Lorena Coss Navarrete
- Maestría en Ciencias Aplicadas, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa (UPSIN), Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras Km 3., 82199, Mazatlán, SIN, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Mazorra-Manzano
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Lácteos, Química y Autenticidad de Alimentos, Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83000, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Idalia Osuna-Ruiz
- Maestría en Ciencias Aplicadas, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa (UPSIN), Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras Km 3., 82199, Mazatlán, SIN, Mexico
| | - Víctor Alfonso Rodríguez-Tirado
- Maestría en Ciencias Aplicadas, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa (UPSIN), Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras Km 3., 82199, Mazatlán, SIN, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aarón Salazar-Leyva
- Maestría en Ciencias Aplicadas, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa (UPSIN), Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras Km 3., 82199, Mazatlán, SIN, Mexico.
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39
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Patil U, Mokashe N, Chaudhari A. Detergent-compatible, organic solvent-tolerant alkaline protease from Bacillus circulans MTCC 7942: Purification and characterization. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 46:56-64. [PMID: 25356983 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.979205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are now recognized as the most indispensable industrial biocatalyst owing to their diverse microbial sources and innovative applications. In the present investigation, a thermostable, organic solvent-tolerant, alkaline serine protease from Bacillus circulans MTCC 7942, was purified and characterized. The protease was purified to 37-fold by a three-step purification scheme with 39% recovery. The optimum pH and temperature for protease was 10 and 60 °C, respectively. The apparent molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 43 kD as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The Km and Vmax values using casein-substrate were 3.1 mg/mL and 1.8 µmol/min, respectively. The protease remained stable in the presence of organic solvents with higher (>3.2) log P value (cyclohexane, n-octane, n-hexadecane, n-decane, and n-dodecane), as compared to organic solvents with lower (<3.2) log P value (acetone, butanol, benzene, chloroform, toluene). Remarkably, the protease showed profound stability even in the presence of organic solvents with less log P values (glycerol, dimethyl sulfate [DMSO], p-xylene), indicating the possibility of nonaqueous enzymatic applications. Also, protease activity was improved in the presence of metal ions (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+)); enhanced by biosurfactants; hardly affected by bleaching agents, oxidizing agents, and chemical surfactants; and stable in commercial detergents. In addition, a protease-detergent formulation effectively washed out egg and blood stains as compared to detergent alone. The protease was suitable for various commercial applications like processing of gelatinous film and as a compatible additive to detergent formulation with its operative utility in hard water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulhas Patil
- a Department of Microbiology , R. C. Patel A. C. S. College , Shirpur , India
| | - Narendra Mokashe
- a Department of Microbiology , R. C. Patel A. C. S. College , Shirpur , India
| | - Ambalal Chaudhari
- b School of Life Sciences , North Maharashtra University , Jalgaon , India
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40
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Anbu P. Enhanced production and organic solvent stability of a protease from Brevibacillus laterosporus strain PAP04. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49:e5178. [PMID: 27007657 PMCID: PMC4819413 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain (PAP04) isolated from cattle farm soil was shown to produce an extracellular, solvent-stable protease. Sequence analysis using 16S rRNA showed that this strain was highly homologous (99%) to Brevibacillus laterosporus. Growth conditions that optimize protease production in this strain were determined as maltose (carbon source), skim milk (nitrogen source), pH 7.0, 40°C temperature, and 48 h incubation. Overall, conditions were optimized to yield a 5.91-fold higher production of protease compared to standard conditions. Furthermore, the stability of the enzyme in organic solvents was assessed by incubation for 2 weeks in solutions containing 50% concentration of various organic solvents. The enzyme retained activity in all tested solvents except ethanol; however, the protease activity was stimulated in benzene (74%) followed by acetone (63%) and chloroform (54.8%). In addition, the plate assay and zymography results also confirmed the stability of the PAP04 protease in various organic solvents. The organic solvent stability of this protease at high (50%) concentrations of solvents makes it an alternative catalyst for peptide synthesis in non-aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anbu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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41
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Jankiewicz U, Larkowska E, Swiontek Brzezinska M. Production, characterization, gene cloning, and nematocidal activity of the extracellular protease from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia N4. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 121:614-618. [PMID: 26896861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A rhizosphere strain of the bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia N4 secretes the serine protease PN4, whose molecular mass is approximately 42 kDa. The optimal temperature for the enzyme activity of the 11-fold purified protein was 50°C and the optimal pH was 10.5. The activity of the enzyme was strongly inhibited by specific serine protease inhibitors, which allowed for its classification as an alkaline serine protease family. Ca(2+) ions stimulated the activity of the protease PN4, while Mg(2+) ions stabilized its activity, and Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) ions strongly inhibited its activity. The enzyme has broad substrate specificity. For example, it is able to hydrolyse casein, keratin, albumin, haemoglobin, and gelatin, as well as the insoluble modified substrates azure keratin and azocoll. The gene that encodes the 1740 bp precursor form of the enzyme (accession number: LC031815) was cloned. We then deduced that its amino acid sequence includes the region of the conserved domain of the S8 family of peptidases as well as the catalytic triad Asp/His/Ser. The bacterial culture fluid as well as the purified protease PN4 demonstrated biocidal activity with regard to the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Panagrellus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Jankiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Larkowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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42
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Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Extremophilic Proteases: Developments of Their Special Functions, Potential Resources and Biotechnological Applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF EXTREMOPHILES: 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13521-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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44
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Prospects of gluten modification to rationalize celiac sprue toxicity – an immunological approach. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1048788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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45
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The 3D model of the lipase/acyltransferase from Candida parapsilosis, a tool for the elucidation of structural determinants in CAL-A lipase superfamily. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1400-11. [PMID: 26123263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Because lipids are hydrophobic, the development of efficient bioconversions in aqueous media free of organic solvents is particularly challenging for green oleochemistry. Within this aim, enzymes exhibiting various abilities to catalyze acyltransfer reaction in water/lipid systems have been identified. Among these, CpLIP2 from Candida parapsilosis has been characterized as a lipase/acyltransferase, able to catalyze acyltransfer reactions preferentially to hydrolysis in the presence of particularly low acyl acceptor concentration and high thermodynamic activity of water (aw>0.9). Lipase/acyltransferases are thus of great interest, being able to produce new esters at concentrations above the thermodynamic equilibrium of hydrolysis/esterification with limited to no release of free fatty acids. Here, we present a 3D model of CpLIP2 based on homologies with crystallographic structures of Pseudozyma antarctica lipase A. Indeed, the two enzymes have 31% of identity in their primary sequence, yielding a same general structure, but different catalytic properties. The quality of the calculated CpLIP2 model was confirmed by several methods. Limited proteolysis confirmed the location of some loops at the surface of the protein 3D model. Directed mutagenesis also supported the structural model constructed on CAL-A template: the functional properties of various mutants were consistent with their structure-based putative involvement in the oxyanion hole, substrate specificity, acyltransfer or hydrolysis catalysis and structural stability. The CpLIP2 3D model, in comparison with CAL-A 3D structure, brings insights for the elucidation and improvement of the structural determinants involved in the exceptional acyltransferase properties of this promising biocatalyst and of homologous enzymes of the same family.
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46
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Highly efficient enzymatic synthesis of Z-aspartame in aqueous medium via in situ product removal. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Lakouraj MM, Maashsani A, Norouzian RS, Mohadjerani M. Immobilization of Pepsin on Chitosan Magnetic Nanoparticles and Its Application in Deacetylation of Amides. J Carbohydr Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2015.1009534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Aim: Before starting preclinical studies, we have analyzed the integrity in serum of DPT-C9h, a promising therapeutic peptide, and performed modifications in order to improve its stability. Materials & methods: Mutant peptides exchanging arginine 8 for either lysine, asparagine or alanine were synthesized and compared with the parental peptide. Results: All mutants clearly improved peptide stability while keeping their functional activity. PK studies showed an enhanced stability, being Mut3DPT-C9h the most promising candidate. Biodistribution studies demonstrate that the modified peptide is able to reach the targeted tumor and accumulate there at higher concentration than the parental peptide. Discussion: Small modifications in the peptide sequence result in improvements allowing the selection of better candidates for preclinical studies.
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49
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Kalkhambkar RG, Savanur HM. Highly efficient synthesis of amides from ketoximes using trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07789c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trifluoromethanesulphonic anhydride (triflic anhydride: TA) has been successfully used as a reagent for Beckmann rearrangement in the conversion of a variety of ketoximes into amides without any additive or base.
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50
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Production and Characterization of Alkaline Protease from a High Yielding and Moderately Halophilic Strain of SD11 Marine Bacteria. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/798304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A marine bacterium SD11, which was isolated from sea muds (Geziwo Qinhuangdao Sea area, China), was used to produce thermostable alkaline serine nonmetal protease in the skim milk agar plate medium with 10% NaCl. The optimal temperature about the manufacture of the extracellular protease was ~60°C. The crude enzyme was stable at 20–50°C. The activity was retained to 60% and 45% after heating for 1 h at 60 and 70°C, respectively. The protease was highly active in a wide pH scope (8.0–10.0) and maximum protease activity exhibited at pH 10.0. The activity was restrained by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) but mildly increased (~107%) in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), indicating that the production contains serine-protease(s) and nonmetal protease(s). Moreover, the crude alkaline protease was active with the 5 mM Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Na+, and K+that existed separately. In addition, the protease showed superduper stability when exposed to an anionic surfactant (5 mM SDS), an oxidizing agent (1% H2O2), and several organic solvents (methanol, isopropanol, and acetone). These results suggest that the marine bacterium SD11 is significant in the industry from the prospects of its ability to produce thermally stable alkaline protease.
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