1
|
Liu Y, Yang J, Guo Z, Li Q, Zhang L, Zhao L, Zhou X. Immunomodulatory Effect of Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharide on RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Regulating MAPK Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2024; 29:3408. [PMID: 39064986 PMCID: PMC11279930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide is one of the principal bioactive components found in medicinal mushrooms and has been proven to enhance host immunity. However, the possible mechanism of immunomodulatory activity of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide is not fully understood. Hot water extraction and alcohol precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 chromatography were used to isolate polysaccharide from C. militaris. A high-molecular-weight polysaccharide isolated from C. militaris was designated as HCMP, which had an Mw of 6.18 × 105 Da and was composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose in a mole ratio of 2.00:8.01:72.54:15.98:1.02. The polysaccharide content of HCMP was 91.2% ± 0.16. The test in vitro showed that HCMP activated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells by enhancing phagocytosis and NO production, and by regulating mRNA expressions of inflammation-related molecules in RAW 264.7 cells. Western blotting revealed that HCMP induced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Moreover, using inhibitors of MAPKs decreased the mRNA levels of inflammation-related molecules induced by HCMP. These data evidenced that the immunomodulatory effect of HCMP on RAW 264.7 macrophages was mediated via the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings suggested that HCMP could be developed as a potent immunomodulatory agent for use in functional foods and dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayi Yang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhijian Guo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qizhang Li
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Lida Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuanwei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Téllez-Téllez M, Diaz-Godinez G. Mushrooms and Fungi and Their Biological Compounds with Antidiabetic Activity: A Review. Int J Med Mushrooms 2024; 26:13-24. [PMID: 38780420 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mushrooms have been used by humans for centuries as food and medicine because they have been shown to affect certain diseases. Mushrooms for medicinal purposes have been consumed in the form of extracts and/or biomass of the mycelium or fruiting body. The beneficial health effects of mushrooms are due to their content of bioactive compounds (polysaccharides, proteins, ergosterol, lectins, etc.). On the other hand, diabetes is one of the metabolic diseases that affects the population worldwide, characterized by hyperglycemia that involves a defective metabolism of insulin, a hormone secreted by β cells and that mainly stimulates glucose absorption by the cells. However, it also affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins; poor control of this disease leads to serious damage to eyesight, kidneys, bones, heart, skin, blood vessels, nerves, etc. It has been reported that the consumption of some mushrooms helps control and treat diabetes, since among other actions, they promote the secretion of insulin by the pancreas, help reduce blood glucose and have α-glucosidase inhibitory activity which improves glucose uptake by cells, which are effects that prescription medications have for patients with diabetes. In that sense, this manuscript shows a review of scientific studies that support the abilities of some mushrooms to be used in the control and/or treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Téllez-Téllez
- Laboratory of Mycology, Biological Research Center, Autonomous University of Morelos State, Morelos, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bui TQ, Dat TTH, Quy PT, Hai NTT, Thai NM, Phu NV, Tuan LV, Huynh LK, Li MS, Nhung NTA. Identification of potential anti-hyperglycemic compounds in Cordyceps militaris ethyl acetate extract: in vitro and in silico studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37997953 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2283156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been long known for valuable health benefits by folk experience and was recently reported with diabetes-tackling evidences, thus deserving extending efforts on screening for component-activity relationship. In this study, experiments were carried out to find the evidence, justification, and input for computations on the potential against diabetes-related protein structures: PDB-4W93, PDB-3W37, and PDB-4A3A. Liquid chromatography identified 14 bioactive compounds in the ethyl acetate extract (1-14) and quantified the contents of cordycepin (0.11%) and adenosine (0.01%). Bioassays revealed the overall potential of the extract against α-amylase (IC50 = 6.443 ± 0.364 mg.mL-1) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 2.580 ± 0.194 mg.mL-1). A combination of different computational platforms was used to select the most promising candidates for applications as anti-diabetic bio-inhibitors, i.e. 1 (ground state: -888.49715 a.u.; dipole moment 3.779 Debye; DS ¯ -12.3 kcal.mol-1; polarizability 34.7 Å3; logP - 1.30), 10 (ground state: -688.52406 a.u.; dipole moment 5.487 Debye; DS ¯ -12.6 kcal.mol-1; polarizability 24.9 Å3; logP - 3.39), and 12 (ground state: -1460.07276 a.u.; dipole moment 3.976 Debye; DS ¯ -12.5 kcal.mol-1; polarizability 52.4 Å3; logP - 4.39). The results encourage further experimental tests on cordycepin (1), mannitol (10), and adenosylribose (12) to validate their in-practice diabetes-related activities, thus conducive to hypoglycemic applications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Q Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Ton That Huu Dat
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hue, Vietnam
| | - Phan Tu Quy
- Department of Natural Sciences & Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Minh Thai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Vinh Phu
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Tuan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Lam K Huynh
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gawas G, Ayyanar M, Gurav N, Hase D, Murade V, Nadaf S, Khan MS, Chikhale R, Kalaskar M, Gurav S. Process Optimization for the Bioinspired Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Cordyceps militaris, Its Characterization, and Assessment of Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1311. [PMID: 37765119 PMCID: PMC10537427 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The promising therapeutic implications of nanoparticles have spurred their development for biomedical applications. An eco-friendly methodology synthesizes gold nanoparticles using Cordyceps militaris, an edible mushroom (Cord-Au-NPs), using a quality-by-design approach (central composite design). UV-visible spectroscopy analysis revealed an absorption peak at 540-550 nm, thus confirming the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Cord-Au-NPs have a crystalline structure, as evidenced by the diffraction peaks. The zeta potential value of -19.42 mV signifies the stability of Cord-Au-NPs. XRD study shows gold facets and EDX analysis revealed a strong peak of spherical nanoparticles in the gold region with a mean particle size of 7.18 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.096. The obtained peaks are closely associated with phenolic groups, lipids, and proteins, as examined by FTIR, suggesting that they function as the reducing agent. Cord-Au-NPs exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activity. The method is eco-friendly, nontoxic, less time-consuming, and does not use synthetic materials, leading to higher capabilities in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girish Gawas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa University, Panaji 403001, India;
| | - Muniappan Ayyanar
- Department of Botany, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Poondi 613503, India;
| | - Nilambari Gurav
- PES’s Rajaram and Tarabai Bandekar College of Pharmacy, Goa University, Ponda 403401, India;
| | - Dinesh Hase
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrutwahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner 422608, India;
| | - Vaishali Murade
- Department of Chemistry and Research Centre, Padmashri Vikhe Patil College Pravaranagar, Loni 445001, India;
| | - Sameer Nadaf
- Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Palus 416310, India;
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rupesh Chikhale
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Mohan Kalaskar
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425405, India;
| | - Shailendra Gurav
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa University, Panaji 403001, India;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He LY, Li Y, Niu SQ, Bai J, Liu SJ, Guo JL. Polysaccharides from natural resource: ameliorate type 2 diabetes mellitus via regulation of oxidative stress network. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1184572. [PMID: 37497112 PMCID: PMC10367013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia that can occur in children, adults, elderly people, and pregnant women. Oxidative stress is a significant adverse factor in the pathogenesis of DM, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome. Natural polysaccharides are macromolecular compounds widely distributed in nature. Some polysaccharides derived from edible plants and microorganisms were reported as early as 10 years ago. However, the structural characterization of polysaccharides and their therapeutic mechanisms in diabetes are relatively shallow, limiting the application of polysaccharides. With further research, more natural polysaccharides have been reported to have antioxidant activity and therapeutic effects in diabetes, including plant polysaccharides, microbial polysaccharides, and polysaccharides from marine organisms and animals. Therefore, this paper summarizes the natural polysaccharides that have therapeutic potential for diabetes in the past 5 years, elucidating their pharmacological mechanisms and identified primary structures. It is expected to provide some reference for the application of polysaccharides, and provide a valuable resource for the development of new diabetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-Qi Niu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co Construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Bai
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Jing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co Construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co Construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shamim MZ, Mishra AK, Kausar T, Mahanta S, Sarma B, Kumar V, Mishra PK, Panda J, Baek KH, Mohanta YK. Exploring Edible Mushrooms for Diabetes: Unveiling Their Role in Prevention and Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062837. [PMID: 36985818 PMCID: PMC10058372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex illness in which the body does not create enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. Worldwide, this disease is life-threatening and requires low-cost, side-effect-free medicine. Due to adverse effects, many synthetic hypoglycemic medications for diabetes fail. Mushrooms are known to contain natural bioactive components that may be anti-diabetic; thus, scientists are now targeting them. Mushroom extracts, which improve immune function and fight cancer, are becoming more popular. Mushroom-derived functional foods and dietary supplements can delay the onset of potentially fatal diseases and help treat pre-existing conditions, which leads to the successful prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, which is restricted to the breakdown of complex polysaccharides by pancreatic-amylase and the suppression of intestinal-glucosidase. Many mushroom species are particularly helpful in lowering blood glucose levels and alleviating diabetes symptoms. Hypoglycaemic effects have been observed in investigations on Agaricussu brufescens, Agaricus bisporus, Cordyceps sinensis, Inonotus obliqus, Coprinus comatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Pleurotus spp., Poria cocos, and Sparassis crispa. For diabetics, edible mushrooms are high in protein, vitamins, and minerals and low in fat and cholesterol. The study found that bioactive metabolites isolated from mushrooms, such as polysaccharides, proteins, dietary fibers, and many pharmacologically active compounds, as well as solvent extracts of mushrooms with unknown metabolites, have anti-diabetic potential in vivo and in vitro, though few are in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zaki Shamim
- Department of Food Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Sciences, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati 781026, Assam, India
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Tahreem Kausar
- Department of Food Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, Delhi, India
| | - Saurov Mahanta
- Guwahati Centre, National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), Guwahati 781008, Assam, India
| | - Bhaskar Sarma
- Department of Botany, Dhemaji College, Dhemaji 787057, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Jibanjyoti Panda
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Techno City, 9th Mile, Baridua, Ri-Bhoi 793101, Meghalaya, India
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya (USTM), Techno City, 9th Mile, Baridua, Ri-Bhoi 793101, Meghalaya, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yoneyama T, Elshamy AI, Yamada J, El-Kashak WA, Kasai Y, Imagawa H, Ban S, Noji M, Umeyama A. Antimicrobial metabolite of Cordyceps tenuipes targeting MurE ligase and histidine kinase via in silico study. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6483-6491. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
8
|
Liu W, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Yu F, Li X, Zhang N. Mechanism of Cordyceps sinensis and its Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:881835. [PMID: 35645822 PMCID: PMC9136174 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.881835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the major reason of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-caused end-stage renal failure (ESRF), and leads to high mortality worldwide. At present, the treatment of DKD is mainly focused on controlling the hyperglycemia, proteinuria, and hypertension, but is insufficient on the effective delay of DKD progression. Cordyceps sinensis is a kind of wild-used precious Chinese herb. Its extracts have effects of nephroprotection, hepatoprotection, neuroprotection, and protection against ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, Cordyceps sinensis can tonify the lung and the kidney. Several Chinese patent medicines produced from Cordyceps sinensis are often used to treat DKD and achieved considerable efficacy. This review summarized the clinical usage of Cordyceps sinensis, as well as its mainly biological activities including anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic activities and regulation of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwei Gao
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Graduate Student, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fangning Yu
- Department of Graduate Student, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Extraction, structure and pharmacological effects of the polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis: A review. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
10
|
|
11
|
Nguyen TV, Chumnanpuen P, Parunyakul K, Srisuksai K, Fungfuang W. A study of the aphrodisiac properties of Cordyceps militaris in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Vet World 2021; 14:537-544. [PMID: 33776321 PMCID: PMC7994127 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.537-544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Cordyceps militaris (CM) is a fungus that has been used to enhance aphrodisiac activity in men, but to date, no studies have focused on its antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CM on reproductive performance of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats. Materials and Methods: Six-week-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control Group 1 consisting of healthy rats; Group 2, healthy rats treated with CM (100 mg/kg); Group 3, diabetic untreated rats; and Group 4, diabetic rats treated with CM (100 mg/kg). Rats were orally administered with vehicle or CM for 21 days. The body weight, blood glucose level, food intake, epididymal sperm parameter, sexual behavior, serum testosterone level, and antioxidant parameters were determined. Results: The results indicated that CM treatment in STZ-induced diabetic rats significantly improved the epididymal sperm parameter and serum testosterone level and, in turn, their copulatory behavior. CM treatment in diabetic rats significantly ameliorated malondialdehyde level and significantly improved the glutathione and catalase levels. Conclusion: These results provide new information on the pharmacological properties of CM in ameliorating testicular damage due to oxidative stress and improving sexual performance in diabetic male rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toan Van Nguyen
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Vietnam
| | - Pramote Chumnanpuen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kongphop Parunyakul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Krittika Srisuksai
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wirasak Fungfuang
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rakhee, Mishra J, Yadav RB, Meena DK, Arora R, Sharma RK, Misra K. Novel formulation development from Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) for management of high-altitude maladies. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:9. [PMID: 33442508 PMCID: PMC7778651 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is a fungus closely related to medicinal mushroom, which belongs to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It is a well-known and rich herbal source of bioactive active constituents. The medicinal mushroom has garnered worldwide attention owing to its multifarious bioactivities. This mushroom grows on the larva of ghost moths (Hepialidae) and produces fruiting bodies, which serve as a vital natural source of medicine and supplementary diets. On account of the diverse pharmacological and bioactive constituents present in O. sinensis, it has been established as a potential antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory agent that has been successfully used for treating several health issues, including hypoxia-related problems encountered by mountaineers, pilgrims, tourists and soldiers occurring at high-altitude regions such as acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), frostbite, chilblains, hypothermia, etc. The most important pharmacologically active compounds present in the O. sinensis include nucleobases and its derivatives (adenosine, cordycepin, 3-deoxyadenosine, AMP, GMP, UMP, guanosine, uridine), polysaccharides (mannose, glucose, galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose), proteins, peptides and steroids. This article focuses on the various research endeavors undertaken to scientifically establish the medicinal properties of O. sinensis, highlighting the various principally active compounds, their pharmacological action, drug designing and development and future perspective for various health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Jigni Mishra
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Renu Bala Yadav
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - D. K. Meena
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| | - R. K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Kshipra Misra
- Phyto Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Delhi, 110054 India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effects of Cultured Cordycep militaris on Sexual Performance and Erectile Function in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Male Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4198397. [PMID: 33274209 PMCID: PMC7683110 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4198397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (CM), a valuable edible and medicinal fungus, has been used as traditional medicine to treat health conditions, as well as hyposexuality in Asian societies for over a century. Due to the high demand, several artificial cultivation methods have been developed for their biological activities. In this study, CM was cultured on medium that contained white rice and silkworm pupae, and the levels of cordycepin and adenosine, as well as its aphrodisiac effects in diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction (DIED), were evaluated. Diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection and administered orally with CM (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg BW/day) for 3 weeks. Diabetic rats in negative and positive control groups received vehicle and sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg), respectively. Results showed the changes in mating behaviour in which mount latency and intromission latency were significantly increased in diabetic rats, compared with the normal control group. Diabetic rats also showed a significant reduction in intracavernosal pressure (ICP) response to cavernous nerve stimulation, sperm count, testosterone level, penile nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, when compared to the normal control group. Administration of CM (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg BW/day) reversed the effects of diabetes on the mating behaviour, and the ICP responses to electrical stimulation. Moreover, the levels of penile NOS, testicular SOD activities, testosterone, and sperm count were significantly increased, and testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased in these treated diabetic rats. Diabetic rats treated with sildenafil showed a significant induction in intromission frequency and NOS and SOD activities, as well as a marked increase in ICP responses. These results suggest that CCM exerts its aphrodisiac effect, possibly through activating testosterone production and suppressing oxidative stress to enhance erectile function in diabetic rats.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang X, Bao H, Bau T. Investigation of the possible mechanism of two kinds of sterols extracted from Leucocalocybe mongolica in inducing HepG2 cell apoptosis and exerting anti-tumor effects in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Steroids 2020; 163:108692. [PMID: 32645329 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sterols are one of the main components of medicinal fungi with an anti-tumor effect. In this study, ergosta-4, 6, 8(14), 22-tetraen-3-one (ET) and (22E, 24R)-ergosta-7, 22-dien-3β, 5α, 6β-triol (ED) were obtained from Leucocalocybe mongolica and were used for the first time to study their ability to induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells and their anti-tumor effects and related mechanism in H22 tumor-bearing mice. METHOD The chemical structures were defined by IR and NMR. In vitro, the CCK8 assay was used as a cytotoxicity assay. Flow cytometry was used for the HepG-2 cell apoptosis analysis, which was examined via annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, and the related expression levels of the apoptosis-associated proteins were determined by western blot analysis. In vivo, ICR male mice were randomly assigned to eight groups: the model group, CTX (25 mg/kg/d) group, and ET and ED groups, which were treated with three different concentrations of each compound (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mmol/kg/d). Relevant biochemical indicators were detected by ELISA assay, H & E staining, TUNEL assay, immunohistochemical staining and western blot. RESULTS In vitro, ET and ED showed significant cytotoxic effects against HepG2, MCF-7, and HeLa cells, especially HepG-2 cells, and both ED and ET demonstrated a good effect in inhibiting the proliferation of HepG-2 cells. In vivo, ET and ED significantly decreased the tumor volume and VEGF levels but increased the serum cytokine levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α. H & E staining, TUNEL assay, immunohistochemical analysis, and western blotting indicated that the both ET and ED exhibited anti-tumor activity in vivo by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. CONCLUSION These results indicated that both ET and ED have a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG-2 cells in vitro and an anti-H22 tumor effect in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Fungal Resources and Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Changchun Science-Technology University, Changchun 130600, China
| | - Haiying Bao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Fungal Resources and Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Tolgor Bau
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Fungal Resources and Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Protective Effect of Simplicillium sp. Ethyl Acetate Extract against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress in HUVECs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:5172765. [PMID: 32879632 PMCID: PMC7448235 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5172765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the cytoprotective effect of an ethyl acetate extract of insect fungi against high glucose- (HG-) induced oxidative damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). An insect fungus strain termed CH180672 (CH) was found for protecting HUVECs from HG-induced damage. In this study, CH was identified as Simplicillium sp. based on a phylogenetic analysis of ITS-rDNA sequences. Ethyl acetate extract (EtOAc) of this strain (CH) was subjected to the following experiments. Cell viability was examined with the MTT method. To evaluate the protection of CH, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured and the expression of oxidation-associated proteins was assessed. In the current study, it has been found that CH can increase the survival rate of HUVECs induced by HG. Additionally, we found that HG-induced nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signal decreased and increased the intracellular ROS and MDA generation in HUVECs. However, CH treatment strongly promoted the translocation of Nrf2 and its transregulation on HO-1 and ultimately inhibited the high level of ROS and MDA induced by HG. The regulatory ability of CH was similar to Nrf2 agonist bardoxolone, while the effect was abolished by ML385, suggesting that Nrf2 mediated the inhibition of CH on HG-induced oxidative stress in HUVECs. Taken together, CH can improve HG-induced oxidative damage of HUVECs, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu G, Cao L, Rao Z, Qiu X, Han R. Identification of the genes involved in growth characters of medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2663-2674. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
17
|
Zhao X, Bau T, Bao H. Anti-tumor activity of polysaccharides obtained from Leucocalocybe mongolica using solid-state fermentation. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1807406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Zhao
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Tolgor Bau
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Bao
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang W, Li T, Zhang XJ, Zhu ZY. Hypoglycemic effect of glycyrrhizic acid, a natural non-carbohydrate sweetener, on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:4160-4170. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GZA) was extracted from the stem of licorice by enzymatic hydrolysis, separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, its purity was determined by HPLC, and the structure was identified by FT-IR and NMR methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
| | - Zhen-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Tianjin University of Science & Technology
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dubey SK, Chaturvedi VK, Mishra D, Bajpeyee A, Tiwari A, Singh MP. Role of edible mushroom as a potent therapeutics for the diabetes and obesity. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:450. [PMID: 31832297 PMCID: PMC6856246 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are the most frequently found disease worldwide. Several factors are responsible for obesity, i.e., imbalance in energy expenditure, environmental factors, feeding habit, lifestyle, etc., which can also be responsible for type 2 diabetes mellitus. There are several synthetic drugs available to combat these diseases which have some side effects on sufferers. Therefore, people are shifting towards inexpensive, effective, widely available natural and herbal medicines. Edible mushrooms, which have been used from ancient time to cure these diseases, contain anti-oxidant, fibers, triterpenoids, alkaloid, and other phytochemicals. Comatin, β-glucan, Tremellastin, and Lentinan KS-2 are active chemicals of mushrooms which show great effect on diabetes mellitus and obesity by modulating either cellular function or biochemical pathways. Here, in this review, we have discussed the potential role of edible mushrooms and its biochemicals in control of diabetes and obesity. Using Bioinformatics, we can find the specific targets of theses biochemicals, so that these can be more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K. Dubey
- Centre of Biotechnology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies (IIDS), University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
| | - Vivek K. Chaturvedi
- Centre of Biotechnology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies (IIDS), University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
| | - Divya Mishra
- Centre of Bioinformatics, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies (IIDS), University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
| | - Anand Bajpeyee
- Centre of Biotechnology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies (IIDS), University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
| | - Aprajita Tiwari
- Centre of Biotechnology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies (IIDS), University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
| | - M. P. Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies (IIDS), University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002 India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shi H, Zhang M, Bhandari B, Wang Y, Yi S. Effects of superfine grinding on the properties and qualities of
Cordyceps militaris
and its spent substrate. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Bhesh Bhandari
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Sifu Yi
- Yandi Biological Engineering Co., Ltd Changde China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lou HW, Zhao Y, Tang HB, Ye ZW, Wei T, Lin JF, Guo LQ. Transcriptome Analysis of Cordyceps militaris Reveals Genes Associated With Carotenoid Synthesis and Identification of the Function of the Cmtns Gene. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2105. [PMID: 31552008 PMCID: PMC6746990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris, a valuable edible and medicinal fungus, has attracted increasing attention because of its various bioactive ingredients. However, the biosynthetic pathway of C. militaris carotenoids is still unknown due to lack of transcriptome information. To uncover genes related to the biosynthesis of C. militaris carotenoids, the transcriptomes of mycelia CM10_D cultured under dark conditions and mycelia CM10_L cultured under light exposure conditions were sequenced. Compared with mycelia CM10_D, 866 up-regulated genes and 856 down-regulated genes were found in mycelia CM10_L. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that DEGs were mainly classified into the “metabolic process,” “membrane,” and “catalytic activity” terms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs suggested that DEGs were mainly enriched in “metabolic pathways,” “MAPK signaling pathway-yeast,” and “biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.” In addition, the carotenoid content of the Cmtns gene deletion mutant (ΔCmtns) was significantly lower than that of the wild-type C. militaris CM10, while the carotenoid content of the complementary strain (ΔCmtns-c) of the Cmtns gene was not significantly different from that of C. militaris CM10, suggesting that the Cmtns gene significantly affected the biosynthesis of carotenoids in C. militaris. These results potentially pave the way for revealing the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids and improving carotenoids production in C. militaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Lou
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Biao Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu RM, Dai R, Luo Y, Xiao JH. Glucose-lowering and hypolipidemic activities of polysaccharides from Cordyceps taii in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:230. [PMID: 31443712 PMCID: PMC6708201 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia are classic features of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Cordyceps taii, a folk medicinal fungus native to southern China, possesses various pharmacological activities. This study aimed to assess the glucose-lowering and hypolipidemic effects of polysaccharides from C. taii (CTP) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Methods Kunming mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. After induction of diabetes, diabetic mice were randomly divided into five groups: diabetic mellitus group (DM), metformin-treated group, low, medium, and high-dose CTP-treated group (CTP-L, CTP-M, and CTP-H). Normal mice served as the control group. After treatment for 28 days, body weight, fasting serum insulin (FSI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured. Histological analysis of pancreatic tissue and immune organ indices was also performed to evaluate the anti-diabetes effect of CTP. SPSS (version 21.0) software was used for statistical analysis, and statistical differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results Compared with the DM group, the body weight and FSI level of CTP-H group increased by 36.13 and 32.47%, whereas the FBG and HOMA-IR decreased by 56.79 and 42.78%, respectively (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination of the pancreas revealed that CTP improved and repaired the impaired islet β-cells in pancreatic tissue. Compared with the DM group, the levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C decreased by 13.84, 31.87, and 36.61%, whereas that of HDL-C increased by 28.60% in CTP-H (p < 0.05). Further study showed that the thymus index in CTP-H was elevated by approximately 54.96%, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP was inhibited by approximately 19.97, 34.46, and 35.41%, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusion The anti-diabetes effect of CTP is closely associated with immunoregulation and anti-inflammation, and CTP may be considered as a therapeutic drug or functional food for DM intervention.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang W, Wang HY, Wang HX, Zhu ZY. Synthesis and inhibition of α-glucosidase of methyl glycyrrhetinate glycosides. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1874-1880. [PMID: 31305136 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1639181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the methyl glycyrrhetinate glycosides and inhibition of α-glucosidase were studied. The carboxyl group of glycyrrhetinic acid was methylated, and glucose and galactose were introduced into the hydroxyl group to obtain compounds 7 and 12. Compound 1, 2, 7, 12 and glycyrrhizic acid (GL) were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase. As a result, Compound 1, 2, 7, 12 and GL all showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and IC50 values were 0.465, 1.352, 0.759, 0.687 and 2.085 mM, respectively, and acted as non-competitive inhibitors. The activity of the compound 2, 7, 12 was lower than compound 1, but significantly higher than GL. Therefore, it was concluded that the change of structure in glycyrrhetinic acid by chemical modification had certain effect on bioactivity, and the change of carboxyl group, hydroxyl group and the type of monosaccharide introduced were the influencing factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China.,College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - He-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China.,College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Huai-Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China.,College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China.,College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Anti-Diabetic Effects and Mechanisms of Dietary Polysaccharides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142556. [PMID: 31337059 PMCID: PMC6680889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial, heterogeneous metabolic disorder, causing various health complications and economic issues, which apparently impacts the human's life. Currently, commercial diabetic drugs are clinically managed for diabetic treatment that has definite side effects. Dietary polysaccharides mainly derive from natural sources, including medicinal plants, grains, fruits, vegetables, edible mushroom, and medicinal foods, and possess anti-diabetic potential. Hence, this review summarizes the effects of dietary polysaccharides on diabetes and underlying molecular mechanisms related to inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and diabetes in various animal models. The analysis of literature and appropriate data on anti-diabetic polysaccharide from electronic databases was conducted. In vivo and in vitro trials have revealed that treatment of these polysaccharides has hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, which enhance pancreatic β-cell mass and alleviates β-cell dysfunction. It enhances insulin signaling pathways through insulin receptors and activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, and eventually modulates ERK/JNK/MAPK pathway. In conclusion, dietary polysaccharides can effectively ameliorate hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and, thus, consumption of polysaccharides can be a valuable choice for diabetic control.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ge M, Guo R, Lou HX, Zhang W. Extract of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia induces lipolysis through PKA-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and ERK-mediated downregulation of perilipin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:326. [PMID: 30526586 PMCID: PMC6286538 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Cordyceps sinensis has been used for centuries in China as one of the most valued herbal medicine and tonic food. Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungal strain isolated from natural C. sinensis, has been used widely as a substitute of C. sinensis in medicine and health food. P. hepiali has been reported to have various pharmaceutical benefits, including triglyceride-lowing activity. However, its effects on triglyceride metabolism in adipocytes remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of P. hepiali mycelia on adipocyte lipolysis and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Methods The fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with methanol extract of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia (PHME). Contents of glycerol released into the culture medium and intracellular triglyceride were measured as indices of lipolysis using glycerol assay kit and Oil red O staining, respectively. Then, effects of PHME on the main lipases or kinases involved in lipolysis regulation were investigated. Protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and perilipin, as well as phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were determined by western blotting. Moreover, nucleosides, important constituents of PHME, were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results Treatment with PHME led to a significant increase in glycerol release thereby reduced intracellular triglyceride accumulation in fully differentiated adipocytes. PHME upregulated protein kinase (PK) A-mediated phosphorylation of HSL at serine residues of 563 and 660. Meanwhile, PHME treatment also upregulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and downregulated the protein level of perilipin. Pretreatment with the PKA inhibitor, H89, blunted the PHME-induced lipolysis and the phosphorylation of HSL (Ser 563 and 660). Moreover, pretreatment with ERK inhibitor, PD98059, weakened the PHME-caused glycerol release and downregulation of perilipin expression. HPLC analysis indicated there were adenosine, cordycepin, uridine and vernine in PHME. Conclusions Our results showed that PHME significantly induced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which is mainly mediated by activation of HSL through PKA pathway and by downregulation of perilipin through activation of ERK pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2389-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gamage S, Nakayama J, Fuyuno Y, Ohga S. The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the <i>Paecilomyces hepiali </i>and <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2018.87034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
27
|
Yang YL, Gong WY, Chen FF, Chen LC, Chen YT. pPe Op from Omphalia lapidescens Schroet induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits the migration of MC-4 gastric tumor cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:533-540. [PMID: 28693202 PMCID: PMC5494755 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of purified Omphalia lapidescens protein (pPeOp) extracted by polyvinylpyrrolidone from the fungus Omphalia lapidescens Schroet on the proliferation and cell cycle progression of MC-4 human gastric tumor cells. Using polyvinylpyrrolidone, pPeOp was extracted from O. lapidescens Schroet. MC-4 cells were cultured with 30, 60 or 90 µg/ml pPeOp, with 5-fluorouracil used as a positive control. Survival rates of treated cells were significantly decreased compared with those of the untreated control group in a dose-dependent manner. Using flow cytometric analysis, cells treated with pPeOp were demonstrated to arrest in S phase and exhibit abnormal G0/G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle distribution. In addition, a wound healing assay demonstrated that pPeOp significantly inhibited the migration of MC-4 cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, cyclin B/CDK1, cyclin A/CDK2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blotting. The mRNA expression level of CDK4 and cyclin A was significantly increased compared with the untreated control; however, cyclin D1, CDK1, CDK2, cyclin B, MMP-2, and MMP-9 exhibited a significantly decreased mRNA expression level, indicating that there is a negative association between concentration and cyclin D1 expression levels. The expression of the cycle arrest-associated proteins and migration-associated proteins examined were similar to the observed mRNA expression levels. In conclusion, pPeOp was identified to inhibit migration of and cause S phase cell cycle arrest in MC-4 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Le Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Yao Gong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Fei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Chao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu C, Zeng X, Li Y, Ma H, Song J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Lee RJ, Wang D. Investigation of hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and anti-nephritic activities of Paecilomyces tenuipesN45 in diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2807-2813. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
29
|
Baral B. Entomopathogenicity and Biological Attributes of Himalayan Treasured Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Yarsagumba). J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:E4. [PMID: 29371523 PMCID: PMC5715966 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the entomophagous fungi are considered very crucial in the fungal domain relative to their natural phenomenon and economic perspectives; however, inadequate knowledge of their mechanisms of interaction keeps them lagging behind in parallel studies of fungi associated with agro-ecology, forest pathology and medical biology. Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis), an intricate fungus-caterpillar complex after it parasitizes the larva of the moth, is a highly prized medicinal fungus known widely for ages due to its peculiar biochemical assets. Recent technological innovations have significantly contributed a great deal to profiling the variable clinical importance of this fungus and other related fungi with similar medicinal potential. However, a detailed mechanism behind fungal pathogenicity and fungal-insect interactions seems rather ambiguous and is poorly justified, demanding special attention. The goal of the present review is to divulge an update on the published data and provides promising insights on different biological events that have remained underemphasized in previous reviews on fungal biology with relation to life-history trade-offs, host specialization and selection pressures. The infection of larvae by a fungus is not a unique event in Cordyceps; hence, other fungal species are also reviewed for effective comparison. Conceivably, the rationale and approaches behind the inheritance of pharmacological abilities acquired and stored within the insect framework at a time when they are completely hijacked and consumed by fungal parasites, and the molecular mechanisms involved therein, are clearly documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Baral
- Research, Community Development and Conservation Center (C3DR), Pokhara 33700, Nepal.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finn-20014, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hu X, Liu C, Wang X, Jia D, Lu W, Sun X, Liu Y, Yuan L. Hpyerglycemic and anti-diabetic nephritis activities of polysaccharides separated from Auricularia auricular in diet-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Exp Ther Med 2016; 13:352-358. [PMID: 28123514 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to substantial morbidity and complications including nephropathy, a search for alternative treatment of diabetes mellitus is urgently required. The present study aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic nephropathy activities of polysaccharides separated from Auricularia auricular (AAP). Diet streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were orally treated with metformin (100 mg/kg; positive control) and AAP (100 and 400 mg/kg) for four weeks, and parameters in the serum and liver associated with blood glucose, free radicals and nephropathy were determined. Similar to metformin, AAP treatment strongly reduced blood glucose levels by promoting glucose metabolism. The anti-oxidative activity of AAP, which was indicated by the modulation of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, reactive oxygen species and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde levels in serum, was observed in diabetic rats. Furthermore, the regulatory effects of AAP on blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric protein and inflammatory-related factors revealed its protection against diabetic nephropathy. The present data suggests that AAP-mediated anti-diabetic and anti-nephritic effects are partially associated with their modulations on the anti-oxidative system and nuclear factor kappa B-related signaling pathway. In conclusion, AAP has potential to be a novel source of treatments for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Hu
- Faculty of Medicine, Changchun Medical College, Changchun, Jilin 130013, P.R. China
| | - Chungang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Dongxu Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Faculty of Medicine, Changchun Medical College, Changchun, Jilin 130013, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, P.R. China
| | - Lijia Yuan
- Center for Drug Evaluation of China, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yu SH, Dubey NK, Li WS, Liu MC, Chiang HS, Leu SJ, Shieh YH, Tsai FC, Deng WP. Cordyceps militaris Treatment Preserves Renal Function in Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166342. [PMID: 27832180 PMCID: PMC5104498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is derived from long-term effects of high blood glucose on kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients. Several antidiabetic drugs and herbal medications have failed to prevent episodes of DN. Hence, this study aimed to further investigate the renal injury-reducing effect of antidiabetic CmNo1, a novel combination of powders of fruiting bodies and mycelia of Cordyceps militaris. After being administered with streptozotocin-nicotinamide and high-fat-diet, the diabetic nephropathy mouse model displayed elevated blood glucose and renal dysfunction markers including serum creatinine and kidney-to-body weight ratio. These elevated markers were significantly mitigated following 8 weeks CmNo1 treatment. Moreover, the chronic hyperglycemia-induced pathological alteration in renal tissue were also ameliorated. Besides, immunohistochemical study demonstrated a substantial reduction in elevated levels of carboxymethyl lysine, an advanced glycation end product. Elevated collagenous deposition in DN group was also attenuated through CmNo1 administration. Moreover, the enhanced levels of transforming growth factor-β1, a fibrosis-inducing protein in glomerulus were also markedly dampened. Furthermore, auxiliary risk factors in DN like serum triglycerides and cholesterol were found to be increased but were decreased by CmNo1 treatment. Conclusively, the results suggests that CmNo1 exhibit potent and efficacious renoprotective action against hyperglycemia-induced DN.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Products/chemistry
- Biological Products/therapeutic use
- Collagen/analysis
- Cordyceps/chemistry
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/blood
- Diabetic Nephropathies/complications
- Diabetic Nephropathies/drug therapy
- Diabetic Nephropathies/physiopathology
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/analysis
- Glycogen/analysis
- Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Function Tests
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mycelium/chemistry
- Streptozocin
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/analysis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hsun Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Navneet Kumar Dubey
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shan Li
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Sun Chiang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Jye Leu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hua Shieh
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Win-Ping Deng
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chou YJ, Kan WC, Chang CM, Peng YJ, Wang HY, Yu WC, Cheng YH, Jhang YR, Liu HW, Chuu JJ. Renal Protective Effects of Low Molecular Weight of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide (LIOP) on HFD/STZ-Induced Nephropathy in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091535. [PMID: 27649140 PMCID: PMC5037810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress, insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to play an important role in pathogeneses of renal damage on type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Inonotus obliquus (IO) is a white rot fungus that belongs to the family Hymenochaetaceae; it has been used as an edible mushroom and exhibits many biological activities including anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemic properties. Especially the water-soluble Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides (IOPs) have been previously reported to significantly inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines in mice and protect from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In order to identify the nephroprotective effects of low molecular weight of IOP fraction (LIOP), from the fruiting bodies of Inonotus obliquus, high-fat diet (HFD) plus STZ-induced type 2-like diabetic nephropathy C57BL/6 mice were investigated in this study. Our data showed that eight weeks of administration of 10–100 kDa, LIOP (300 mg/kg) had progressively increased their sensitivity to glucose (less insulin tolerance), reduced triglyceride levels, elevated the HDL/LDL ratio and decreased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(ACR) compared to the control group. By pathological and immunohistochemical examinations, it was indicated that LIOP can restore the integrity of the glomerular capsules and increase the numbers of glomerular mesangial cells, associated with decreased expression of TGF-β on renal cortex in mice. Consistently, three days of LIOP (100 μg/mL) incubation also provided protection against STZ + AGEs-induced glucotoxicity in renal tubular cells (LLC-PK1), while the levels of NF-κB and TGF-β expression significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate that LIOP treatment could ameliorate glucolipotoxicity-induced renal fibrosis, possibly partly via the inhibition of NF-κB/TGF-β1 signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Jung Chou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chih Kan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Min Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Yi Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
- Department of Sports Management, College of Leisure and Recreation Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chun Yu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Rou Jhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Hsia-Wei Liu
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Jiunn-Jye Chuu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
- Pharmacy, Wei Gong Memorial Hospital, Miaoli 351, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu G, Qiu X, Cao L, Zhang Y, Zhan Z, Han R. Evaluation of Reference Genes for Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR Studies of Physiological Responses in the Ghost Moth, Thitarodes armoricanus (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159060. [PMID: 27392023 PMCID: PMC4938418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the sensitive method to quantify the expression levels of target genes on the basis of endogenous control. An appropriate reference gene set for normalization is essential for reliable results. The ghost moth, Thitarodes armoricanus, a host species of a medicinal fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, is an economically important member of the Lepidoptera. Recent studies have focused on the mechanism of adaptation of this species to its high-altitude environment and host immune response to O. sinensis infection and RT-qPCR is commonly used in these studies to decipher the genetic basis of physiological functions. However, a thorough assessment of candidate reference genes in the genus Thitarodes is lacking. Here, the expression levels of eight candidate reference genes (ACT, EF, EIF4A, GAPDH, G6PDH, RPL13A, TUB and 18S) in T. armoricanus at different developmental stages and in different body parts of the seventh instar larvae were analyzed, along with larvae kept under low temperatures, larvae exposed to two fungal infections and larvae fed different diets. Three established software programs–Bestkeeper, geNorm and NormFinder–were employed to calculate variation among the treatments. The results revealed that the best-suited reference genes differed across the treatments, with EF, EIF4A and GAPDH found to be the best suited for the different developmental stages and larvae body parts; EF, EIF4A and RPL13A found to be the best suited for low-temperature challenge; and EF, EIF4A and TUB found to be the best suited for the fungal infections and dietary treatments. This study thus further contributes to the establishment of an accurate method for normalizing RT-qPCR results for T. armoricanus and serves as a reference for gene expression studies of related insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuehong Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zubing Zhan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of IPM in Agriculture and Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shao LW, Huang LH, Yan S, Jin JD, Ren SY. Cordycepin induces apoptosis in human liver cancer HepG2 cells through extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:995-1000. [PMID: 27446383 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, also termed 3'-deoxyadenosine, is a nucleoside analogue from Cordyceps sinensis and has been reported to demonstrate numerous biological and pharmacological properties. Our previous study illustrated that the anti-tumor effect of cordycepin may be associated with apoptosis. In the present study, the apoptotic effect of cordycepin on HepG2 cells was investigated using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide and propidium iodide staining analysis and flow cytometry. The results showed that cordycepin exhibited the ability to inhibit HepG2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner when cells produced typical apoptotic morphological changes, including chromatin condensation, the accumulation of sub-G1 cells and change mitochondrial permeability. A potential mechanism for cordycepin-induced apoptosis of human liver cancer HepG2 cells may occur through the extrinsic signaling pathway mediated by the transmembrane Fas-associated with death domain protein. Apoptosis was also associated with Bcl-2 family protein regulation, leading to altered mitochondrial membrane permeability and resulting in the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. The activation of the caspase cascade is responsible for the execution of apoptosis. In conclusion, cordycepin-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells involved the extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathway and was primarily regulated by the Bcl-2 family proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le-Wen Shao
- Nursing Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Nursing Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Di Jin
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Yan Ren
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
DU LINNA, LIU CHUNGANG, TENG MEIYU, MENG QINGFAN, LU JIAHUI, ZHOU YULIN, LIU YAN, CHENG YINGKUN, WANG DI, TENG LESHENG. Anti-diabetic activities of Paecilomyces tenuipes N45 extract in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1701-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
36
|
Shashidhar GM, Giridhar P, Manohar B. Functional polysaccharides from medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis as a potent food supplement: extraction, characterization and therapeutic potentials – a systematic review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13539c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a rich source of novel polysaccharides, Cordyceps sinensis (CS), one of the valued traditional Chinese medicinal fungi, is a major focus of many natural products research efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Shashidhar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- New Delhi
- India
- Department of Food Engineering
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
| | - P. Giridhar
- Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
- Mysore
- India
| | - B. Manohar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- New Delhi
- India
- Department of Food Engineering
- CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yu SH, Chen SYT, Li WS, Dubey NK, Chen WH, Chuu JJ, Leu SJ, Deng WP. Hypoglycemic Activity through a Novel Combination of Fruiting Body and Mycelia of Cordyceps militaris in High-Fat Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mice. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:723190. [PMID: 26258146 PMCID: PMC4519550 DOI: 10.1155/2015/723190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently ranked among leading causes of death worldwide in which type 2 DM is reaching an epidemic proportion. Hypoglycemic medications for type 2 DM have either proven inadequate or posed adverse effects; therefore, the Chinese herbal products are under investigation as an alternative treatment. In this study, a novel combination of fruiting body and mycelia powder of herbal Cordyceps militaris number 1 (CmNo1) was administered to evaluate their potential hypoglycemic effects in high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced type 2 DM in C57BL/6J mice. Body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and blood biochemistry indexes were measured. Results indicated that CmNo1 lowered the blood glucose level by increasing insulin sensitivity, while no change in body weight was observed. Increased protein expression of IRS-1, pIRS-1, AKT, pAKT, and GLUT-4 in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was found indicating restoration of insulin signaling. Additionally, PPAR-γ expression in adipose tissue restored the triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Finally, our results suggest that CmNo1 possesses strong hypoglycemic, anticholesterolemic, and antihypertriglyceridemic actions and is more economical alternate for DM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hsun Yu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Tina Chen
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shan Li
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Navneet Kumar Dubey
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hong Chen
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jye Chuu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Yongkang District, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Jye Leu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Win-Ping Deng
- Stem Cell Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- *Win-Ping Deng:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dong Y, Hu S, Liu C, Meng Q, Song J, Lu J, Cheng Y, Gao C, Liu Y, Wang D, Teng L. Purification of polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris and their anti‑hypoxic effect. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1312-7. [PMID: 25351532 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute mountain sickness, one of the most common altitude diseases, causes lung and brain injury. The present study aimed to investigate the anti‑hypoxic effect of purified polysaccharides extracted from Cordyceps militaris. The aqueous extract of Cordyceps militaris was purified progressively through a DEAE‑52 cellulose anion exchange column and a Sepharose G‑100 column. The fraction CMN1, with a molecular weight of 37842 Da, was the main fraction obtained and its chemical composition and structural characteristics were determined. CMN1 was found to have a monosaccharide composition of L‑rhamnose, L‑arabinose, D‑mannose, D‑galactose. The backbone of CMN1 comprised (1→2) and (1→3) linkages, with branched (1→6) and (1→4) linkages. The anti‑hypoxic effects of CMN1 were determined using a sodium nitrite toxicosis test, acute cerebral ischemic/hypoxic test and normobarie hypoxia test. CMN1 (0.5 g/kg) possessed a similar anti‑hypoxic effect to rhodiola oral liquid. Overall, the Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide, CMN1, was identified as an effective agent against hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Hu
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chungang Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Qingfan Meng
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jia Song
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yingkun Cheng
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chaohui Gao
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Teng
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cordyceps militaris extract protects human dermal fibroblasts against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and premature senescence. Nutrients 2014; 6:3711-26. [PMID: 25230212 PMCID: PMC4179184 DOI: 10.3390/nu6093711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the major cause of degenerative disorders including aging and disease. In this study, we investigated whether Cordycepsmilitaris extract (CME) has in vitro protective effects on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Our results showed that the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of CME was increased in a dose-dependent manner. We found that hydrogen peroxide treatment in HDFs increased ROS generation and cell death as compared with the control. However, CME improved the survival of HDFs against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress via inhibition of intracellular ROS production. CME treatment inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic cell death and apoptotic nuclear condensation in HDFs. In addition, CME prevented hydrogen peroxide-induced SA-β-gal-positive cells suggesting CME could inhibit oxidative stress-induced premature senescence. Therefore, these results suggest that CME might have protective effects against oxidative stress-induced premature senescence via scavenging ROS.
Collapse
|
40
|
Zeng Y, Han Z, Qiu P, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Zhao Y, Zheng S, Xu C, Zhang X, Yin P, Jiang X, Lu H, Yu G, Zhang L. Salinity-induced anti-angiogenesis activities and structural changes of the polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps Militaris. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103880. [PMID: 25203294 PMCID: PMC4159134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps is a rare and exotic mushroom that grows out of the head of a mummified caterpillar. Many companies are cultivating Cordyceps to meet the increased demand for its medicinal applications. However, the structures and functions of polysaccharides, one of the pharmaceutical active ingredients in Cordyceps, are difficult to reproduce in vitro. We hypothesized that mimicking the salty environment inside caterpillar bodies might make the cultured fungus synthesize polysaccharides with similar structures and functions to that of wild Cordyceps. By adding either sodium sulfate or sodium chloride into growth media, we observed the salinity-induced anti-angiogenesis activities of the polysaccharides purified from the cultured C. Militaris. To correlate the activities with the polysaccharide structures, we performed the (13)C-NMR analysis and observed profound structural changes including different proportions of α and β glycosidic bonds and appearances of uronic acid signals in the polysaccharides purified from the culture after the salts were added. By coupling the techniques of stable (34)S-sulfate isotope labeling, aniline- and D5-aniline tagging, and stable isotope facilitated uronic acid-reduction with LC-MS analysis, our data revealed for the first time the existence of covalently linked sulfate and the presence of polygalacuronic acids in the polysaccharides purified from the salt added C. Militaris culture. Our data showed that culturing C. Militaris with added salts changed the biosynthetic scheme and resulted in novel polysaccharide structures and functions. These findings might be insightful in terms of how to make C. Militaris cultures to reach or to exceed the potency of wild Cordyceps in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhangrun Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiju Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zijing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Sha Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Pinghe Yin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Choi HN, Jang YH, Kim MJ, Seo MJ, Kang BW, Jeong YK, Kim JI. Cordyceps militaris alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in ob/ob mice. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:172-6. [PMID: 24741401 PMCID: PMC3988506 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming an important public health problem as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes have become epidemic. In this study we investigated the protective effect of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) against NAFLD in an obese mouse model. MATERIALS/METHODS Four-week-old male ob/ob mice were fed an AIN-93G diet or a diet containing 1% C. militaris water extract for 10 weeks after 1 week of adaptation. Serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), alanine transaminase (ALT), and proinflammatory cytokines were measured. Hepatic levels of lipids, glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxide were determined. RESULTS Consumption of C. militaris significantly decreased serum glucose, as well as homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), in ob/ob mice. In addition to lowering serum FFA levels, C. militaris also significantly decreased hepatic total lipids and triglyceride contents. Serum ALT activities and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were reduced by C. militaris. Consumption of C. militaris increased hepatic GSH and reduced lipid peroxide levels. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that C. militaris can exert protective effects against development of NAFLD, partly by reducing inflammatory cytokines and improving hepatic antioxidant status in ob/ob mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Neul Choi
- Department of Smart Food and Drugs, School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea
| | - Yang-Hee Jang
- Department of Smart Food and Drugs, School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea
| | - Min-Joo Kim
- Laboratory of Nutritional Analysis, Hurom Co., Ltd., Gyeongnam 660-701, Korea
| | - Min Jeong Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea. ; Medi-Farm Industrialization Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Byoung Won Kang
- Medi-Farm Industrialization Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Yong Kee Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea. ; Medi-Farm Industrialization Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Jung-In Kim
- Department of Smart Food and Drugs, School of Food and Life Science, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Studies on the antidiabetic activities of Cordyceps militaris extract in diet-streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:160980. [PMID: 24738047 PMCID: PMC3967809 DOI: 10.1155/2014/160980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to substantial morbidity and high complications, diabetes mellitus is considered as the third “killer” in the world. A search for alternative antidiabetic drugs from herbs or fungi is highly demanded. Our present study aims to investigate the antidiabetic activities of Cordyceps militaris on diet-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats. Diabetic rats were orally administered with water extract or alcohol extract at 0.05 g/kg and 2 g/kg for 3 weeks, and then, the factors levels related to blood glucose, lipid, free radicals, and even nephropathy were determined. Pathological alterations on liver and kidney were examined. Data showed that, similar to metformin, Cordyceps militaris extracts displayed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels by promoting glucose metabolism and strongly suppressed total cholesterol and triglycerides concentration in serum. Cordyceps militaris extracts exhibit antioxidative effects indicated by normalized superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels. The inhibitory effects on blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, and protein revealed the protection of Cordyceps militaris extracts against diabetic nephropathy, which was confirmed by pathological morphology reversion. Collectively, Cordyceps militaris extract, a safe pharmaceutical agent, presents excellent antidiabetic and antinephropathic activities and thus has great potential as a new source for diabetes treatment.
Collapse
|
43
|
Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of Cordyceps with special reference to Cordycepin. 3 Biotech 2014; 4:1-12. [PMID: 28324458 PMCID: PMC3909570 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-013-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps sp. has been known to have numerous pharmacological and therapeutic implications, especially, in terms of human health making it a suitable candidate for ethno-pharmacological use. Main constituent of the extract derived from this fungus comprises a novel bio-metabolite called as Cordycepin (3′deoxyadenosine) which has a very potent anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The current review discusses about the broad spectrum potential of Cordycepin including biological and pharmacological actions in immunological, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular systems as well as an anti-cancer agent. The article also reviews the current efforts to delineate the mechanism of action of Cordycepin in various bio-molecular processes. The study will certainly draw the attention of scientific community to improve the bioactivity and production of Cordycepin for its commercial use in pharmacological and medical fields.
Collapse
|
44
|
Yan JK, Wang WQ, Wu JY. Recent advances in Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides: Mycelial fermentation, isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review. J Funct Foods 2014; 6:33-47. [PMID: 32362940 PMCID: PMC7185505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) sinensis, the Chinese caterpillar fungus, is a unique and precious medicinal fungus in traditional Chinese medicine which has been used as a prestigious tonic and therapeutic herb in China for centuries. Polysaccharides are bioactive constituents of C. sinensis, exhibiting several activities such as immunomodulation, antitumour, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic. As natural C. sinensis fruiting body-caterpillar complexes are very rare and expensive, the polysaccharides documented over the last 15-20 years from this fungal species were mostly extracted from cultivated fungal mycelia (intracellular polysaccharides) or from mycelial fermentation broth (exopolysaccharides). Extraction and purification of the polysaccharides is a tedious process involving numerous steps of liquid and solid phase separations. Nevertheless, a large number of polysaccharide structures have been purified and elucidated. However, relationships between the structures and activities of these polysaccharides are not well established. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments in various aspects (i.e., production, extraction, structure, and bioactivity) of the intracellular and exopolysaccharides from mycelial fermentation of C. sinensis fungi. The contents and data will serve as useful references for further investigation, production and application of these polysaccharides in functional foods and therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kun Yan
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wang
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
da Silva Nascimento Santos M, Leite EL. Polysaccharides from the Fungus Scleroderma/Fungi. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_19-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
46
|
Bioactive metabolites from macrofungi: ethnopharmacology, biological activities and chemistry. FUNGAL DIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-013-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
47
|
Ren SY, Yao YJ. Evaluation of nutritional and physical stress conditions during vegetative growth on conidial production and germination inOphiocordyceps sinensis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 346:29-35. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Jian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chen X, Wu G, Huang Z. Structural analysis and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps militaris. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 58:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
49
|
Structural determination and antitumor activities of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Mortierella hepiali. Fitoterapia 2013; 86:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
50
|
Bioactive polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis: Isolation, structure features and bioactivities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|