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Xu L, Bai X, Tenguria S, Liu Y, Drolia R, Bhunia AK. Mammalian Cell-Based Immunoassay for Detection of Viable Bacterial Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:575615. [PMID: 33329436 PMCID: PMC7732435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.575615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of live pathogens is of paramount importance to ensure food safety. At present, nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction and antibody-based lateral flow assays are the primary methods of choice for rapid detection, but these are prone to interference from inhibitors, and resident microbes. Moreover, the positive results may neither assure virulence potential nor viability of the analyte. In contrast, the mammalian cell-based assay detects pathogen interaction with the host cells and is responsive to only live pathogens, but the short shelf-life of the mammalian cells is the major impediment for its widespread application. An innovative approach to prolong the shelf-life of mammalian cells by using formalin was undertaken. Formalin (4% formaldehyde)-fixed human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cell line, HCT-8 on 24-well tissue culture plates was used for the capture of viable pathogens while an antibody was used for specific detection. The specificity of the Mammalian Cell-based ImmunoAssay (MaCIA) was validated with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Typhimurium as model pathogens and further confirmed against a panel of 15 S. Enteritidis strains, 8 S. Typhimurium, 11 other Salmonella serovars, and 14 non-Salmonella spp. The total detection time (sample-to-result) of MaCIA with artificially inoculated ground chicken, eggs, milk, and cake mix at 1–10 CFU/25 g was 16–21 h using a traditional enrichment set up but the detection time was shortened to 10–12 h using direct on-cell (MaCIA) enrichment. Formalin-fixed stable cell monolayers in MaCIA provide longer shelf-life (at least 14 weeks) for possible point-of-need deployment and multi-sample testing on a single plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Xu
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Xingjian Bai
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Shivendra Tenguria
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rishi Drolia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Jessberger N, Dietrich R, Granum PE, Märtlbauer E. The Bacillus cereus Food Infection as Multifactorial Process. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E701. [PMID: 33167492 PMCID: PMC7694497 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Jessberger
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Per Einar Granum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
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Ye Y, Guo H, Sun X. Recent progress on cell-based biosensors for analysis of food safety and quality control. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:389-404. [PMID: 30469077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Food quality and safety has become a subject of major concern for authorities and professionals in the food supply chain. Rapid methods, particularly biosensors, have exceptional specificity and sensitivity, rapid response times, low cost, relatively compact size, and are user friendly to operate. Cell-based biosensors are portable, and provide the biological activity of the analyte suitable for an initial screening of food. In this overview, the utilization of cell-based biosensors for food safety and quality analyses, such as detecting toxins, foodborne pathogens, allergens, and evaluating toxicity and function are summarized. Our results will promote the future development of cell-based biosensors in the food field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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Banerjee P, Kintzios S, Prabhakarpandian B. Biotoxin detection using cell-based sensors. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2366-83. [PMID: 24335754 PMCID: PMC3873691 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors (CBBs) utilize the principles of cell-based assays (CBAs) by employing living cells for detection of different analytes from environment, food, clinical, or other sources. For toxin detection, CBBs are emerging as unique alternatives to other analytical methods. The main advantage of using CBBs for probing biotoxins and toxic agents is that CBBs respond to the toxic exposures in the manner related to actual physiologic responses of the vulnerable subjects. The results obtained from CBBs are based on the toxin-cell interactions, and therefore, reveal functional information (such as mode of action, toxic potency, bioavailability, target tissue or organ, etc.) about the toxin. CBBs incorporate both prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic (yeast, invertebrate and vertebrate) cells. To create CBB devices, living cells are directly integrated onto the biosensor platform. The sensors report the cellular responses upon exposures to toxins and the resulting cellular signals are transduced by secondary transducers generating optical or electrical signals outputs followed by appropriate read-outs. Examples of the layout and operation of cellular biosensors for detection of selected biotoxins are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Banerjee
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Memphis, 338 Robison Hall, 3825 Desoto Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Spyridon Kintzios
- School of Food Science, Biotechnology and Development, Faculty of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Balabhaskar Prabhakarpandian
- Bioengineering Laboratory Core, Cellular and Biomolecular Engineering, CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA; E-Mail:
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Zhou L, Huang G, Wang S, Wu J, Lee WG, Chen Y, Xu F, Lu T. Advances in cell-based biosensors using three-dimensional cell-encapsulating hydrogels. Biotechnol J 2012; 6:1466-76. [PMID: 22162496 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors (CBBs) have emerged as promising biotechnical tools whereby various cell types can be used as basic sensing units to detect external stimuli. Specifically, CBBs have been applied in environmental monitoring, drug screening, clinical diagnosis and biosecurity. For these applications, CBBs offer several advantages over conventional molecular-based biosensors or living animal-based approaches, such as the capability to better mimic physiological situations, to enhance detection specificity and sensitivity, and to detect unknown compounds and toxins. On the other hand, existing CBBs suffer from several limitations, such as weak cell-substrate attachment, two-dimensional (2D) cell microenvironment, and limited shelf life. An emerging method for scaffold-free three-dimensional (3D) cell culture uses hydrogels to encapsulate cells. Advances in novel biomaterials and nano/microscale technologies have enabled encapsulation of cells in hydrogels to fabricate 3D CBBs, which hold great potential for addressing the limitation in existing 2D CBBs. Here, we present an overview of the emerging hydrogel-based CBBs, their applications in pathogen/toxin detection, drug screening and screening of cell-biomaterials interaction, and the associated challenges and potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhou
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P R China
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Response to Questions Posed by the Food Safety and Inspection Service Regarding Determination of the Most Appropriate Technologies for the Food Safety and Inspection Service To Adopt in Performing Routine and Baseline Microbiological Analyses†,‡. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1160-200. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.6.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Banerjee P, Franz B, Bhunia AK. Mammalian cell-based sensor system. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 117:21-55. [PMID: 20091291 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Use of living cells or cellular components in biosensors is receiving increased attention and opens a whole new area of functional diagnostics. The term "mammalian cell-based biosensor" is designated to biosensors utilizing mammalian cells as the biorecognition element. Cell-based assays, such as high-throughput screening (HTS) or cytotoxicity testing, have already emerged as dependable and promising approaches to measure the functionality or toxicity of a compound (in case of HTS); or to probe the presence of pathogenic or toxigenic entities in clinical, environmental, or food samples. External stimuli or changes in cellular microenvironment sometimes perturb the "normal" physiological activities of mammalian cells, thus allowing CBBs to screen, monitor, and measure the analyte-induced changes. The advantage of CBBs is that they can report the presence or absence of active components, such as live pathogens or active toxins. In some cases, mammalian cells or plasma membranes are used as electrical capacitors and cell-cell and cell-substrate contact is measured via conductivity or electrical impedance. In addition, cytopathogenicity or cytotoxicity induced by pathogens or toxins resulting in apoptosis or necrosis could be measured via optical devices using fluorescence or luminescence. This chapter focuses mainly on the type and applications of different mammalian cell-based sensor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Banerjee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Department of Food & Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL, 35762, USA
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Banerjee P, Bhunia AK. Mammalian cell-based biosensors for pathogens and toxins. Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:179-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Banerjee P, Lenz D, Robinson JP, Rickus JL, Bhunia AK. A novel and simple cell-based detection system with a collagen-encapsulated B-lymphocyte cell line as a biosensor for rapid detection of pathogens and toxins. J Transl Med 2008; 88:196-206. [PMID: 18059364 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based biosensors (CBBs) are becoming important tools for biosecurity applications and rapid diagnostics in food microbiology for their unique capability of detecting physiologically hazardous materials. A multi-well plate-based biosensor containing B-cell hybridoma, Ped-2E9, encapsulated in type I collagen matrix, was developed for rapid detection of viable cells of pathogenic Listeria, the toxin listeriolysin O, and the enterotoxin from Bacillus species. This sensor measures the alkaline phosphatase release from infected Ped-2E9 cells colorimetrically. Pathogenic L. monocytogenes cells and toxin preparations from L. monocytogenes or B. cereus showed cytotoxicity ranging from 24 to 98% at 3-6 h postinfection. In contrast, nonpathogenic L. innocua (F4247) and B. subtilis induced minimal cytotoxicity, ranging only 0.4-7.6%. Laser scanning cytometry and cryo-nano scanning electron microscopy confirmed the live or dead status of the infected Ped-2E9 cells in gel matrix. This paper presents the first example of a cell-based sensing system using collagen-encapsulated mammalian cells for rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria or toxin, and demonstrates a potential for onsite use as a portable detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Banerjee
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Biosensors and bio-based methods for the separation and detection of foodborne pathogens. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2008; 54:1-44. [PMID: 18291303 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(07)00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The safety of our food supply is always a major concern to consumers, food producers, and regulatory agencies. A safer food supply improves consumer confidence and brings economic stability. The safety of foods from farm-to-fork through the supply chain continuum must be established to protect consumers from debilitating, sometimes fatal episodes of pathogen outbreaks. The implementation of preventive strategies like hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) assures safety but its full utility will not be realized unless supportive tools are fully developed. Rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection methods are such essential tools that, when integrated with HACCP, will improve safety of products. Traditional microbiological methods are powerful, error-proof, and dependable but these lengthy, cumbersome methods are often ineffective because they are not compatible with the speed at which the products are manufactured and the short shelf life of products. Automation in detection methods is highly desirable, but is not achievable with traditional methods. Therefore, biosensor-based tools offer the most promising solutions and address some of the modern-day needs for fast and sensitive detection of pathogens in real time or near real time. The application of several biosensor tools belonging to the categories of optical, electrochemical, and mass-based tools for detection of foodborne pathogens is reviewed in this chapter. Ironically, geometric growth in biosensor technology is fueled by the imminent threat of bioterrorism through food, water, and air and by the funding through various governmental agencies.
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BHUNIA ARUNK, BANADA PADMAPRIYA, BANERJEE PRATIK, VALADEZ ANGELA, HIRLEMAN EDANIEL. LIGHT SCATTERING, FIBER OPTIC- AND CELL-BASED SENSORS FOR SENSITIVE DETECTION OF FOODBORNE PATHOGENS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2007.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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