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Wu K, Yang B, Chen R, Majeed R, Li B, Gong L, Wei X, Yang J, Tang Y, Wang A, Toufeeq S, Shaik HA, Huang W, Guo X, Ling E. Lack of signal peptide in insect prophenoloxidase to avoid glycosylation to damage the zymogen activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 160:105230. [PMID: 39029607 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Insect prophenoloxidases (PPOs) are important immunity proteins for defending against the invading pathogens and parasites. As a Type-Ⅲ copper-containing proteins, unlike Homo sapiens tyrosinases, the insect PPOs and most bacterial tyrosinases contain no signal peptides for unknown reason, however they can still be released. To this end, we fused different signal peptides to Drosophila melanogaster PPOs for in vitro and in vivo expression, respectively. We demonstrate that an artificial signal peptide can help PPO secretion in vitro. The secreted PPO appeared larger than wild-type PPO on molecular weight sizes due to glycosylation when expressed in S2 cells. Two asparagine residues for potential glycosylation in PPO1 were identified when a signal peptide was fused. After purification, the glycosylated PPO1 lost zymogen activity. When PPO1 containing a signal peptide was over-expressed in Drosophila larvae, the glycosylation and secretion of PPO1 was detected in vivo. Unlike insect PPO, human tyrosinase needs a signal peptide for protein expression and maintaining enzyme activity. An artificial signal peptide fused to bacterial tyrosinase had no influence on the protein expression and enzyme activity. These Type-Ⅲ copper-containing proteins from different organisms may evolve to perform their specific functions. Intriguingly, our study revealed that the addition of calcium inhibits PPO secretion from the transiently cultured larval hindguts in vitro, indicating that the calcium concentration may regulate PPO secretion. Taken together, insect PPOs can maintain enzyme activities without any signal peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, 334001, China; Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Rongbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rafia Majeed
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Baoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Liyuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuefei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Aibin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, 334001, China
| | - Shahzad Toufeeq
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haq Abdul Shaik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Wuren Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xuan Guo
- Life Science Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
| | - Erjun Ling
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Wang Y, Subrizi F, Carter EM, Sheppard TD, Ward JM, Hailes HC. Enzymatic synthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids using a parallel cascade strategy and tyrosinase variants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5436. [PMID: 36114194 PMCID: PMC9481557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid derived pharmaceuticals are widely applied in modern medicines. Recent studies on the microbial production of benzylisoquinolines have highlighted key biological syntheses towards these natural products. Routes to non-natural benzylisoquinolines have been less explored, particularly halogenated compounds which are more challenging. Here, we show the use of a tyrosinase, tyrosine decarboxylase, transaminase, and norcoclaurine synthase which are combined in a parallel cascade design, in order to generate halogenated benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in high enantiomeric excess. Notably, mutagenesis studies are applied to generate tyrosinase mutants, which enhance the acceptance of halogenated tyrosines for use in the biocatalytic cascades developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Fabiana Subrizi
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Eve M Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Tom D Sheppard
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Bernard Katz Building, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Building, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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Panis F, Rompel A. The Novel Role of Tyrosinase Enzymes in the Storage of Globally Significant Amounts of Carbon in Wetland Ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11952-11968. [PMID: 35944157 PMCID: PMC9454253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the last millennia, wetlands have been sequestering carbon from the atmosphere via photosynthesis at a higher rate than releasing it and, therefore, have globally accumulated 550 × 1015 g of carbon, which is equivalent to 73% of the atmospheric carbon pool. The accumulation of organic carbon in wetlands is effectuated by phenolic compounds, which suppress the degradation of soil organic matter by inhibiting the activity of organic-matter-degrading enzymes. The enzymatic removal of phenolic compounds by bacterial tyrosinases has historically been blocked by anoxic conditions in wetland soils, resulting from waterlogging. Bacterial tyrosinases are a subgroup of oxidoreductases that oxidatively remove phenolic compounds, coupled to the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. The biochemical properties of bacterial tyrosinases have been investigated thoroughly in vitro within recent decades, while investigations focused on carbon fluxes in wetlands on a macroscopic level have remained a thriving yet separated research area so far. In the wake of climate change, however, anoxic conditions in wetland soils are threatened by reduced rainfall and prolonged summer drought. This potentially allows tyrosinase enzymes to reduce the concentration of phenolic compounds, which in turn will increase the release of stored carbon back into the atmosphere. To offer compelling evidence for the novel concept that bacterial tyrosinases are among the key enzymes influencing carbon cycling in wetland ecosystems first, bacterial organisms indigenous to wetland ecosystems that harbor a TYR gene within their respective genome (tyr+) have been identified, which revealed a phylogenetically diverse community of tyr+ bacteria indigenous to wetlands based on genomic sequencing data. Bacterial TYR host organisms covering seven phyla (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, and Proteobacteria) have been identified within various wetland ecosystems (peatlands, marshes, mangrove forests, bogs, and alkaline soda lakes) which cover a climatic continuum ranging from high arctic to tropic ecosystems. Second, it is demonstrated that (in vitro) bacterial TYR activity is commonly observed at pH values characteristic for wetland ecosystems (ranging from pH 3.5 in peatlands and freshwater swamps to pH 9.0 in soda lakes and freshwater marshes) and toward phenolic compounds naturally present within wetland environments (p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and epicatechin). Third, analyzing the available data confirmed that bacterial host organisms tend to exhibit in vitro growth optima at pH values similar to their respective wetland habitats. Based on these findings, it is concluded that, following increased aeration of previously anoxic wetland soils due to climate change, TYRs are among the enzymes capable of reducing the concentration of phenolic compounds present within wetland ecosystems, which will potentially destabilize vast amounts of carbon stored in these ecosystems. Finally, promising approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of increased TYR activity in wetland ecosystems and the requirement of future investigations of the abundance and activity of TYRs in an environmental setting are presented.
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Agunbiade M, Le Roes-Hill M. Application of bacterial tyrosinases in organic synthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 38:2. [PMID: 34817696 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial tyrosinases, as in the case of other bacterial oxidative enzymes, have been found to possess biochemical characteristics that typically make them more suited to applications requiring special operational conditions such as alkaline pH, high or low temperature, the presence of organic solvents, and the presence of inhibitors. Even though a great deal is known about fungal tyrosinases, bacterial tyrosinases still vastly remain underexplored for their potential application in organic synthesis. A literature survey in particular highlights the gaps in our knowledge pertaining to their biochemical properties. Bacterial tyrosinases have not only shown promise in the synthesis of medically important compounds such as L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and melanin but have also seen application in cross-linking reactions of proteins and the polymerization of environmental pollutants. Their ability to catalyse o-hydroxylation reactions have shown some degree of promise in the biocatalytic conversion of resveratrol to piceatannol, tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol, and many more. In this review, we will explore the world of bacterial tyrosinases, their current applications, and future perspectives for the application of these enzymes in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayowa Agunbiade
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, 7535, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Marilize Le Roes-Hill
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, 7535, Bellville, South Africa.
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Wang F, Xu Z, Wang C, Guo Z, Yuan Z, Kang H, Li J, Lu F, Liu Y. Biochemical characterization of a tyrosinase from Bacillus aryabhattai and its application. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:37-46. [PMID: 33571594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although lots of tyrosinases have been isolated from bacteria, few studies are focused on tyrosinases from Bacillus sp.. In this study, a tyrosinase from B. aryabhattai TCCC 111983 (TYR) was functionally expressed, purified, and then biochemically characterized. The recombinant tyrosinase (rTYR) presented a good catalytic activity in a broad temperature and pH range, retaining over 60% of the relative activity at 30 °C-90 °C and 45% at pH 3.0 to 10.0. Especially, rTYR exhibited 20% of its maximum activity at 0 °C, and it also showed a variable stability towards different effectors. It presented high tolerance towards salinity and chloride, retaining 81% of its original activity in 2 M NaCl. Kinetic parameters indicated that rTYR displayed a relatively good affinity for both l-tyrosine and l-DOPA. Additionally, rTYR demonstrated remarkable advantages on efficient decolorizing azo and anthraquinonic food dyes (carmine and erythrosin), and more five industrial dyes with or without mediators in acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions. As the first report on the tyrosinase from B. aryabhattai, the aforementioned results indicated that rTYR would be potential for food industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zehua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zehui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhaoting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Hongwei Kang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Hua Y, Ma C, Wei T, Zhang L, Shen J. Collagen/Chitosan Complexes: Preparation, Antioxidant Activity, Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity, and Melanin Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010313. [PMID: 31906476 PMCID: PMC6982129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive collagen/chitosan complexes were prepared by an ion crosslinking method using fish skin collagen and chitosan solution as raw materials. Scanning electron microscopy observation confirmed that the collagen/chitosan complexes were of a uniform spherical shape and uniform particle size. The complexes were stable at different pH values for a certain period of time through swelling experiments. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed the collagen/ chitosan complexes were more stable than collagen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the complexes had a strong crystal structure, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data revealed the changes in the secondary structure of the protein due to chitosan and TPP crosslinking. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the complex treatment group was considerably lower, but the content of SOD was significantly higher than that of the collagen group or chitosan group. In addition, the collagen/chitosan complexes could considerably reduce melanin content, inhibit tyrosinase activity, and down-regulate tyrosinase mRNA expression. In conclusion, the collagen/chitosan complexes were potential oral protein preparation for antioxidant enhancement and inhibiting melanin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hua
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (Y.H.); (C.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Chenjun Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (Y.H.); (C.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Tiantian Wei
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (Y.H.); (C.M.); (T.W.)
| | - Liefeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; (Y.H.); (C.M.); (T.W.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.S.); Tel.: +86-25-85891591 (L.Z.); +86-25-85891377 (J.S.)
| | - Jian Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.S.); Tel.: +86-25-85891591 (L.Z.); +86-25-85891377 (J.S.)
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Chai B, Qiao Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang C, Zhou P, Chen X. Identification of YfiH and the Catalase CatA As Polyphenol Oxidases of Aeromonas media and CatA as a Regulator of Pigmentation by Its Peroxyl Radical Scavenging Capacity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1939. [PMID: 29051758 PMCID: PMC5633740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyomelanin is the major constituent of pigment in melanogenic Aeromonas strains of bacteria. However, eumelanin, synthesized from tyrosine via L-DOPA and polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), may also be present in this genus since L-DOPA is frequently detected in culture fluids of several species. To address this question, we used a deletion mutant of Aeromonas media strain WS, in which pyomelanin synthesis is completely blocked under normal culture conditions. When tyrosine was supplied to the medium, we observed residual melanin accumulation, which we interpret as evidence for existence of the DOPA-melanin pathway. We traced enzymatic activity in this bacterium using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two PPOs: YfiH, a laccase-like protein, and CatA, a catalase, were identified. However, neither protein was critical for the residual pigmentation in pyomelanin-deficient mutant. We speculate that eumelanin synthesis may require other unknown enzymes. Deletion of yfiH did not affect pigmentation in A. media strain WS, while deletion of the CatA-encoding gene katE resulted in a reduction of melanin accumulation, but it started 9 h earlier than in the wild-type. Since catalases regulate reactive oxygen species levels during melanogenesis, we speculated that CatA affects pigmentation through its peroxyl radical scavenging capacity. Consistent with this, expression of the catalases Hpi or Hpii from Escherichia coli in the katE deletion strain of A. media strain WS restored pigmentation to the wild-type level. Hpi and Hpii also exhibited PPO activity, suggesting that catalase may represent a new class of PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhong Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Choushi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Analytical and Testing Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan, China
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Li Y, Guo A, Chang L, Li WJ, Ruan WJ. Luminescent Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Label-Free Assay of Polyphenol Oxidase with Fluorescent Scan. Chemistry 2017; 23:6562-6569. [PMID: 28133823 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging in recent years as a kind of versatile fluorescent sensing materials, but their application to enzyme assays has rarely been studied. Here, the first example of a MOF-based label-free enzyme assay system is reported. A luminescent MOF was synthesized and applied to the activity analysis of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). With its distinct responses to the phenolic substrate and o-quinone product, this MOF could transduce the extent of PPO-catalyzed oxidation to fluorescence signal and enable the real-time monitoring of this reaction. Wide substrate adaptability and high sensitivity (detection limit=0.00012 U mL-1 ) were exhibited by this method, which meets the requirement of common bioanalysis. Interestingly, by the comparison with molecular capturing reagents, the heterogeneous nature of this MOF-based assay effectively preventing the interaction with the enzyme was proven, thus ensuring the authenticity of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - An Guo
- College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lan Chang
- College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Ruan
- College of Chemistry, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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Ahmad S, Lee SY, Kong HG, Jo EJ, Choi HK, Khan R, Lee SW. Genetic Determinants for Pyomelanin Production and Its Protective Effect against Oxidative Stress in Ralstonia solanacearum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160845. [PMID: 27513990 PMCID: PMC4981395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne plant pathogen that infects more than 200 plant species. Its broad host range and long-term survival under different environmental stress conditions suggest that it uses a variety of mechanisms to protect itself against various types of biotic and abiotic stress. R. solanacearum produces a melanin-like brown pigment in the stationary phase when grown in minimal medium containing tyrosine. To gain deeper insight into the genetic determinants involved in melanin production, transposon-inserted mutants of R. solanacearum strain SL341 were screened for strains with defective melanin-producing capability. In addition to one mutant already known to be involved in pyomelanin production (viz., strain SL341D, with disruption of the hydroxphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene), we identified three other mutants with disruption in the regulatory genes rpoS, hrpG, and oxyR, respectively. Wild-type SL341 produced pyomelanin in minimal medium containing tyrosine whereas the mutant strains did not. Likewise, homogentisate, a major precursor of pyomelanin, was detected in the culture filtrate of the wild-type strain but not in those of the mutant strains. A gene encoding hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase exhibited a significant high expression in wild type SL341 compared to other mutant strains, suggesting that pyomelanin production is regulated by three different regulatory proteins. However, analysis of the gene encoding homogentisate dioxygenase revealed no significant difference in its relative expression over time in the wild-type SL341 and mutant strains, except for SL341D, at 72 h incubation. The pigmented SL341 strain also exhibited a high tolerance to hydrogen peroxide stress compared with the non-pigmented SL341D strain. Our study suggests that pyomelanin production is controlled by several regulatory factors in R. solanacearum to confer protection under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeup Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gi Kong
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jo
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Choi
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Raees Khan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Woo Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
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Agarwal P, Pareek N, Dubey S, Singh J, Singh RP. Aspergillus niger PA2: a novel strain for extracellular biotransformation of l-tyrosine into l-DOPA. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1253-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Living in an Extremely Polluted Environment: Clues from the Genome of Melanin-Producing Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34melT. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5235-48. [PMID: 26025898 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00903-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34mel(T) can be considered an extremophile due to the characteristics of the heavily polluted river from which it was isolated. While four subspecies of A. salmonicida are known fish pathogens, 34mel(T) belongs to the only subspecies isolated solely from the environment. Genome analysis revealed a high metabolic versatility, the capability to cope with diverse stress agents, and the lack of several virulence factors found in pathogenic Aeromonas. The most relevant phenotypic characteristics of 34mel(T) are pectin degradation, a distinctive trait of A. salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica, and melanin production. Genes coding for three pectate lyases were detected in a cluster, unique to this microorganism, that contains all genes needed for pectin degradation. Melanin synthesis in 34mel(T) is hypothesized to occur through the homogentisate pathway, as no tyrosinases or laccases were detected and the homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase gene is inactivated by a transposon insertion, leading to the accumulation of the melanin precursor homogentisate. Comparative genome analysis of other melanogenic Aeromonas strains revealed that this gene was inactivated by transposon insertions or point mutations, indicating that melanin biosynthesis in Aeromonas occurs through the homogentisate pathway. Horizontal gene transfer could have contributed to the adaptation of 34mel(T) to a highly polluted environment, as 13 genomic islands were identified in its genome, some of them containing genes coding for fitness-related traits. Heavy metal resistance genes were also found, along with others associated with oxidative and nitrosative stresses. These characteristics, together with melanin production and the ability to use different substrates, may explain the ability of this microorganism to live in an extremely polluted environment.
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Identification and molecular characterization of the homogentisate pathway responsible for pyomelanin production, the major melanin constituents in Aeromonas media WS. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120923. [PMID: 25793756 PMCID: PMC4368426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pigmentation of many Aeromonas species has been thought to be due to the production of a L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) based melanin. However, in this study we found that although L-DOPA synthesis occurs in the high-melanin-yielding Aeromonas media strain WS, it plays a minor, if any, role in pigmentation. Instead, the pigmentation of A. media strain WS is due to the production of pyomelanin through HGA (homogentisate). Gene products of phhA (encodes phenylalanine hydroxylase), tyrB and aspC (both encode aromatic amino acid aminotransferase), and hppD (encodes 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) constitute a linear pathway of converting phenylalanine to HGA and disruption of any one of these genes impairs or blocks pigmentation of A. media strain WS. This HGA biosynthesis pathway is widely distributed in Aeromonas, but HGA is only detectable in the cultures of pigmented Aeromonas species. Heterologous expression of HppD from both pigmented and non-pigmented Aeromonas species in E. coli leads to the production of pyomelanin and thus pigmentation, suggesting that most Aeromonas species have the critical enzymes to produce pyomelanin through HGA. Taken together, we have identified a widely conserved biosynthesis pathway of HGA based pyomelanin in Aeromonas that may be responsible for pigmentation of many Aeromonas species.
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Microbial tyrosinases: promising enzymes for pharmaceutical, food bioprocessing, and environmental industry. Biochem Res Int 2014; 2014:854687. [PMID: 24895537 PMCID: PMC4033337 DOI: 10.1155/2014/854687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a natural enzyme and is often purified to only a low degree and it is involved in a variety of functions which mainly catalyse the o-hydroxylation of monophenols into their corresponding o-diphenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones using molecular oxygen, which then polymerizes to form brown or black pigments. The synthesis of o-diphenols is a potentially valuable catalytic ability and thus tyrosinase has attracted a lot of attention with respect to industrial applications. In environmental technology it is used for the detoxification of phenol-containing wastewaters and contaminated soils, as biosensors for phenol monitoring, and for the production of L-DOPA in pharmaceutical industries, and is also used in cosmetic and food industries as important catalytic enzyme. Melanin pigment synthesized by tyrosinase has found applications for protection against radiation cation exchangers, drug carriers, antioxidants, antiviral agents, or immunogen. The recombinant V. spinosum tryosinase protein can be used to produce tailor-made melanin and other polyphenolic materials using various phenols and catechols as starting materials. This review compiles the recent data on biochemical and molecular properties of microbial tyrosinases, underlining their importance in the industrial use of these enzymes. After that, their most promising applications in pharmaceutical, food processing, and environmental fields are presented.
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Partial purification and characterization of a novel extracellular tyrosinase from Auricularia auricula. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1460-9. [PMID: 24218185 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular tyrosinase from Auricularia auricula RF201 was purified in a three-step procedure involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, Sephadex G-100, and DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography. The partially purified enzyme showed a single protein band of 12.6 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH for tyrosinase activity was 7, and the enzyme was stable between pH 6 and 9. Tyrosinase has optimal activity at 40 °C and retained most of its activity between 4 and 50 °C. A. auricula tyrosinase could oxidize L-tyrosine, L-DOPA, catechol, and caffeic acid and displayed dark brown or peach color. However, the enzyme was unable to catalyze L-phenylalanine and ferulic acid. In comparison with other substrates, L-tyrosine displayed the highest affinity (K m of 0.11 mM) and the maximal reaction velocity (V max of 102.58 μmol/min). Tyrosinase activity was reduced in the presence of numerous tested compounds. Particularly SDS, it significantly inhibited enzyme activity. CuSO4 and NaCl showed an activation effect on enzyme activity, with the maximum activation found in the presence of CuSO4.
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Abolghait SK. Suicide plasmid-dependent IS1-element untargeted integration into Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria generates brown pigment-producing and spontaneous pelleting mutant. Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:91-9. [PMID: 23436029 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne Gram-negative pathogens belonging to the genus Aeromonas are variable in harboring insertion sequence (IS) elements that play an important role in the generation of dysfunctional relatives of known genes. Using suicide plasmids carrying an IS1-element, untargeted integration is a common problem during experimental trials to generate specific mutations by homologous recombination. In this work, different strains of Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria (AeG1 and ATCC 9071T), A. hydrophila ATCC 19570, and A. sobria ATCC 43979T are examined for acquisition of IS1-element from pYAK1 suicide plasmid. It was found that untargeted integration of IS1-element is encountered only in ATCC 9071T strain. Such untargeted integration generates a novel brown pigment-producing and spontaneous pelleting (BP(+)SP(+)) mutant. Furthermore, BP(+)SP(+) mutant strain secretes significantly higher quantity of PilF homologous protein than the wild-type strain and displays an enhanced protein tyrosine phosphorylation activity. Thus, current work shows that Aeromonas spp. strains are variable in their susceptibility for suicide plasmid-dependent IS1-element untargeted integration as well as the susceptible strain is changed to mimic pigment-producing and spontaneous pelleting strains that are naturally occurring among heterogeneous group of foodborne aeromonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Kamal Abolghait
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt.
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Abstract
We sequenced the genome of the high-melanin-yielding Aeromonas media strain WS and then analyzed genes potentially involved in melanin formation. The 4.2-Mb draft genome carries multiple genes responsible for pyomelanin synthesis and other candidate genes identified in our separate study, which have no homolog in other strains of Aeromonas species.
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López-Marzo A, Pons J, Merkoçi A. Controlled formation of nanostructured CaCO3–PEI microparticles with high biofunctionalizing capacity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32240d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cloning and expression of a tyrosinase from Aspergillus oryzae in Yarrowia lipolytica: application in l-DOPA biotransformation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:951-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fairhead M, Thöny-Meyer L. Bacterial tyrosinases: old enzymes with new relevance to biotechnology. N Biotechnol 2011; 29:183-91. [PMID: 21664502 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinases are copper-containing dioxygen activating enzymes found in many species of bacteria and are usually associated with melanin production. These proteins have a strong preference for phenolic and diphenolic substrates and are somewhat limited in their reaction scope, always producing an activated quinone as product. Despite this fact they have potential in several biotechnological applications, including the production of novel mixed melanins, protein cross-linking, phenolic biosensors, production of l-DOPA, phenol and dye removal and biocatalysis. Although most studies have used Streptomyces sp. enzymes, there are several other examples of these proteins that are also of potential interest. For instance a solvent tolerant enzyme has been described, as well as an enzyme with both tyrosinase and laccase activities, enzymes with altered substrate preferences, an enzyme produced as an inactive zymogen as well as examples which do not require auxiliary proteins for copper insertion (unlike the Streptomyces sp. enzymes which do require such a protein). This article will summarise the reports on the biotechnological applications of bacterial tyrosinases as well as the current information available on the different types of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fairhead
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Biomaterials, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, CH-9014, Switzerland
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Geng J, Yuan P, Shao C, Yu SB, Zhou B, Zhou P, Chen XD. Bacterial melanin interacts with double-stranded DNA with high affinity and may inhibit cell metabolism in vivo. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:321-9. [PMID: 20232197 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanin has been found to interact with a number of molecules including metal ions, antibiotics and proteins. In this study, we showed how melanin from bacteria can interact with double-stranded DNA. Investigation using capillary electrophoresis, various spectroscopic techniques and circular dichroism found that melanin interacts with DNA by intercalating between the base pairs of DNA. And this was further supported by simulating different forms of melanin docking to oligonucleotides. Transmission electron microscopy of recombinant Escherichia coli producing melanin suggested the interaction in vivo. Furthermore, we showed how the cytoplasmic localization of melanin may provide a novel function in inhibiting cellular metabolism using microcalorimetry. The implications of the interaction in prokaryotes and eukaryotes were discussed.
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