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Delanghe JR, Diana Di Mavungu J, Beerens K, Himpe J, Bostan N, Speeckaert MM, Vrielinck H, Vral A, Van Den Broeke C, Huizing M, Van Aken E. Fructosyl Amino Oxidase as a Therapeutic Enzyme in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4779. [PMID: 38732004 PMCID: PMC11083825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an age-related disorder that is a global public health problem. The non-enzymatic Maillard reaction results in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Accumulation of AGEs in drusen plays a key role in AMD. AGE-reducing drugs may contribute to the prevention and treatment of AGE-related disease. Fructosamine oxidase (FAOD) acts on fructosyl lysine and fructosyl valine. Based upon the published results of fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K) and FAOD obtained in cataract and presbyopia, we studied ex vivo FAOD treatment as a non-invasive AMD therapy. On glycolaldehyde-treated porcine retinas, FAOD significantly reduced AGE autofluorescence (p = 0.001). FAOD treatment results in a breakdown of AGEs, as evidenced using UV fluorescence, near-infrared microspectroscopy on stained tissue sections of human retina, and gel permeation chromatography. Drusen are accumulations of AGEs that build up between Bruch's membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium. On microscopy slides of human retina affected by AMD, a significant reduction in drusen surface to 45 ± 21% was observed following FAOD treatment. Enzymatic digestion followed by mass spectrometry of fructose- and glucose-based AGEs (produced in vitro) revealed a broader spectrum of substrates for FAOD, as compared to FN3K, including the following: fructosyllysine, carboxymethyllysine, carboxyethyllysine, and imidazolone. In contrast to FN3K digestion, agmatine (4-aminobutyl-guanidine) was formed following FAOD treatment in vitro. The present study highlights the therapeutic potential of FAOD in AMD by repairing glycation-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris R. Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Jose Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, MSsmall Expertise Centre, Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Small Organic Molecules, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Koen Beerens
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Jonas Himpe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Nezahat Bostan
- Antwerp Biobank, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Marijn M. Speeckaert
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Henk Vrielinck
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Anne Vral
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | | | - Manon Huizing
- Antwerp Biobank, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium; (N.B.); (M.H.)
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2
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Filipp L, Bausch F, Neuhaus LS, Flade J, Henle T. Metabolization of the Amadori Product N-ε-Fructosyllysine by Probiotic Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2718-2726. [PMID: 38275205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Glycation reactions in food lead to the formation of the Amadori rearrangement product (ARP) N-ε-fructosyllysine (fructoselysine, FL), which is taken up with the daily diet and comes into contact with the gut microbiota during digestion. In the present study, nine commercially available probiotic preparations as well as single pure strains thereof were investigated for their FL-degrading capability under anaerobic conditions. One of the commercial preparations as well as three single pure strains thereof was able to completely degrade 0.25 mM FL within 72 h. Three new deglycating lactic acid bacteria species, namely, Lactobacillus buchneri DSM 20057, Lactobacillus jensenii DSM 20557, and Pediococcus acidilactici DSM 25404, could be identified. Quantitative experiments showed that FL was completely deglycated to lysine. Using 13C6-labeled FL as the substrate, it could be proven that the sugar moiety of the Amadori product is degraded to lactic acid, showing for the first time that certain lactic acid bacteria can utilize the sugar moiety as a substrate for lactic acid fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Filipp
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Bausch
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Sophie Neuhaus
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jessica Flade
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Pasupulati AK, Nagati V, Paturi ASV, Reddy GB. Non-enzymatic glycation and diabetic kidney disease. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2024; 125:251-285. [PMID: 38997166 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Chronic diabetes leads to various complications including diabetic kidney disease (DKD). DKD is a major microvascular complication and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Varying degrees of proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate are the cardinal clinical manifestations of DKD that eventually progress into end-stage renal disease. Histopathologically, DKD is characterized by renal hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, podocyte injury, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, ultimately leading to renal replacement therapy. Amongst the many mechanisms, hyperglycemia contributes to the pathogenesis of DKD via a mechanism known as non-enzymatic glycation (NEG). NEG is the irreversible conjugation of reducing sugars onto a free amino group of proteins by a series of events, resulting in the formation of initial Schiff's base and an Amadori product and to a variety of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs interact with cognate receptors and evoke aberrant signaling cascades that execute adverse events such as oxidative stress, inflammation, phenotypic switch, complement activation, and cell death in different kidney cells. Elevated levels of AGEs and their receptors were associated with clinical and morphological manifestations of DKD. In this chapter, we discussed the mechanism of AGEs accumulation, AGEs-induced cellular and molecular events in the kidney and their impact on the pathogenesis of DKD. We have also reflected upon the possible options to curtail the AGEs accumulation and approaches to prevent AGEs mediated adverse renal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Veerababu Nagati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Atreya S V Paturi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
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4
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Benvenuti M, Piazza SD, Salis A, Cecchi G, Zotti M, Scarfì S, Damonte G. A novel method for the extraction and characterization of metabolites from Basidiomycota: Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., 1871 as a case study. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2023; 6. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
AbstractIn recent years, the interest in the exploitation of fungal metabolites has grown considerably, given their application in numerous sectors involving human health. However, their identification and characterization by conventional analytical approaches is generally limited to single families of molecules per method of analysis. This constitutes a limiting factor of primary importance in the study of both the metabolic pattern of a single fungal sample and the discovery of its possible applications. In this work, a reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method for the profile determination of primary and secondary metabolites produced by the oyster‐mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm., 1871, has been developed. By using a concomitant extraction in three different polarity‐decreasing solvents, namely methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile, this method allowed the simultaneous analysis of all extracted metabolites belonging to the widest possible range of chemical families, giving an advantage for both qualitative and quantitative determination of known and unknown compounds. The method appears to be valuable and robust for the study of complex matrices like raw fungi extract such as those of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on different substrates and/or exposed to multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Benvenuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Simone Di Piazza
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV) University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Grazia Cecchi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV) University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Mirca Zotti
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV) University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV) University of Genova Genova Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES) University of Genova Genova Italy
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5
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Barjasteh A, Kaushik N, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma: A Growing Paradigm in Diabetic Wound Healing-Mechanism and Clinical Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16657. [PMID: 38068979 PMCID: PMC10706109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most significant causes of death all over the world. This illness, due to abnormal blood glucose levels, leads to impaired wound healing and, as a result, foot ulcers. These ulcers cannot heal quickly in diabetic patients and may finally result in amputation. In recent years, different research has been conducted to heal diabetic foot ulcers: one of them is using cold atmospheric pressure plasma. Nowadays, cold atmospheric pressure plasma is highly regarded in medicine because of its positive effects and lack of side effects. These conditions have caused plasma to be considered a promising technology in medicine and especially diabetic wound healing because studies show that it can heal chronic wounds that are resistant to standard treatments. The positive effects of plasma are due to different reactive species, UV radiation, and electromagnetic fields. This work reviews ongoing cold atmospheric pressure plasma improvements in diabetic wound healing. It shows that plasma can be a promising tool in treating chronic wounds, including ones resulting from diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Barjasteh
- Department of Physics, Lorestan University, Khorramabad 68151-44316, Iran;
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics/Plasma, Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea;
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics/Plasma, Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea;
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6
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Michailidou F. Engineering of Therapeutic and Detoxifying Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308814. [PMID: 37433049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic enzymes present excellent opportunities for the treatment of human disease, modulation of metabolic pathways and system detoxification. However, current use of enzyme therapy in the clinic is limited as naturally occurring enzymes are seldom optimal for such applications and require substantial improvement by protein engineering. Engineering strategies such as design and directed evolution that have been successfully implemented for industrial biocatalysis can significantly advance the field of therapeutic enzymes, leading to biocatalysts with new-to-nature therapeutic activities, high selectivity, and suitability for medical applications. This minireview highlights case studies of how state-of-the-art and emerging methods in protein engineering are explored for the generation of therapeutic enzymes and discusses gaps and future opportunities in the field of enzyme therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freideriki Michailidou
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Mossine VV, Mawhinney TP. 1-Amino-1-deoxy-d-fructose ("fructosamine") and its derivatives: An update. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2023; 83:1-26. [PMID: 37968036 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
1-Amino-1-deoxy-d-fructose (fructosamine, FN) derivatives are omnipresent in all living organisms, as a result of non-enzymatic condensation and Amadori rearrangement reactions between free glucose and biogenic amines such as amino acids, polypeptides, or aminophospholipids. Over decades, steady interest in fructosamine was largely sustained by its role as a key intermediate structure in the Maillard reaction that is responsible for the organoleptic and nutritional value of thermally processed foods, and for pathophysiological effects of hyperglycemia in diabetes. New trends in fructosamine research include the discovery and engineering of FN-processing enzymes, development of advanced tools for hyperglycemia monitoring, and evaluation of the therapeutic potential of both fructosamines and FN-recognizing proteins. This article covers developments in the field of fructosamine and its derivatives since 2010 and attempts to ascertain challenges in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P Mawhinney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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8
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Estiri H, Bhattacharya S, Buitrago JAR, Castagna R, Legzdiņa L, Casucci G, Ricci A, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Tailoring FPOX enzymes for enhanced stability and expanded substrate recognition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18610. [PMID: 37903872 PMCID: PMC10616090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructosyl peptide oxidases (FPOX) are deglycating enzymes that find application as key enzymatic components in diabetes monitoring devices. Indeed, their use with blood samples can provide a measurement of the concentration of glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin, two well-known diabetes markers. However, the FPOX currently employed in enzymatic assays cannot directly detect whole glycated proteins, making it necessary to perform a preliminary proteolytic treatment of the target protein to generate small glycated peptides that can act as viable substrates for the enzyme. This is a costly and time consuming step. In this work, we used an in silico protein engineering approach to enhance the overall thermal stability of the enzyme and to improve its catalytic activity toward large substrates. The final design shows a marked improvement in thermal stability relative to the wild type enzyme, a distinct widening of its access tunnel and significant enzymatic activity towards a range of glycated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Estiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Shapla Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 3, Riga, 1048, Latvia
| | | | - Rossella Castagna
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Linda Legzdiņa
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Giorgia Casucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Andrea Ricci
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Department of Biotechnology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, 1006, Latvia.
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Delanghe JR, Beeckman J, Beerens K, Himpe J, Bostan N, Speeckaert MM, Notebaert M, Huizing M, Van Aken E. Topical Application of Deglycating Enzymes as an Alternative Non-Invasive Treatment for Presbyopia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087343. [PMID: 37108506 PMCID: PMC10139041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Presbyopia is an age-related vision disorder that is a global public health problem. Up to 85% of people aged ≥40 years develop presbyopia. In 2015, 1.8 billion people globally had presbyopia. Of those with significant near vision disabilities due to uncorrected presbyopia, 94% live in developing countries. Presbyopia is undercorrected in many countries, with reading glasses available for only 6-45% of patients living in developing countries. The high prevalence of uncorrected presbyopia in these parts of the world is due to the lack of adequate diagnosis and affordable treatment. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a non-enzymatic process known as the Maillard reaction. The accumulation of AGEs in the lens contributes to lens aging (leading to presbyopia and cataract formation). Non-enzymatic lens protein glycation induces the gradual accumulation of AGEs in aging lenses. AGE-reducing compounds may be effective at preventing and treating AGE-related processes. Fructosyl-amino acid oxidase (FAOD) is active on both fructosyl lysine and fructosyl valine. As the crosslinks encountered in presbyopia are mainly non-disulfide bridges, and based on the positive results of deglycating enzymes in cataracts (another disease caused by glycation of lens proteins), we studied the ex vivo effects of topical FAOD treatment on the power of human lenses as a new potential non-invasive treatment for presbyopia. This study demonstrated that topical FAOD treatment resulted in an increase in lens power, which is approximately equivalent to the correction obtained by most reading glasses. The best results were obtained for the newer lenses. Simultaneously, a decrease in lens opacity was observed, which improved lens quality. We also demonstrated that topical FAOD treatment results in a breakdown of AGEs, as evidenced by gel permeation chromatography and a marked reduction in autofluorescence. This study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of topical FAOD treatment in presbyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Beeckman
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Himpe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nezahat Bostan
- Antwerp Biobank, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Margo Notebaert
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Manon Huizing
- Antwerp Biobank, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Thirugnanasambantham P, Kovvali S, Cool A, Gao Y, Sabag-Daigle A, Boulanger EF, Mitton-Fry M, Capua AD, Behrman EJ, Wysocki VH, Lindert S, Ahmer BMM, Gopalan V. Serendipitous Discovery of a Competitive Inhibitor of FraB, a Salmonella Deglycase and Drug Target. Pathogens 2022; 11:1102. [PMID: 36297159 PMCID: PMC9609667 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although salmonellosis, an infectious disease, is a significant global healthcare burden, there are no Salmonella-specific vaccines or therapeutics for humans. Motivated by our finding that FraB, a Salmonella deglycase responsible for fructose-asparagine catabolism, is a viable drug target, we initiated experimental and computational efforts to identify inhibitors of FraB. To this end, our recent high-throughput screening initiative yielded almost exclusively uncompetitive inhibitors of FraB. In parallel with this advance, we report here how a separate structural and computational biology investigation of FrlB, a FraB paralog, led to the serendipitous discovery that 2-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate is a competitive inhibitor of FraB (KI ~ 3 μM). However, this compound was ineffective in inhibiting the growth of Salmonella in a liquid culture. In addition to poor uptake, cellular metabolic transformations by a Salmonella dehydrogenase and different phosphatases likely undermined the efficacy of 2-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate in live-cell assays. These insights inform our ongoing efforts to synthesize non-hydrolyzable/-metabolizable analogs of 2-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate. We showcase our findings largely to (re)emphasize the role of serendipity and the importance of multi-pronged approaches in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sravya Kovvali
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Austin Cool
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry-Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anice Sabag-Daigle
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Erin F. Boulanger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark Mitton-Fry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Angela Di Capua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry-Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edward J. Behrman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Resource for Native Mass Spectrometry-Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Steffen Lindert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brian M. M. Ahmer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Venkat Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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11
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Lahham M, Jha S, Goj D, Macheroux P, Wallner S. The family of sarcosine oxidases: Same reaction, different products. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108868. [PMID: 33812916 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The subfamily of sarcosine oxidase is a set of enzymes within the larger family of amine oxidases. It is ubiquitously distributed among different kingdoms of life. The member enzymes catalyze the oxidization of an N-methyl amine bond of amino acids to yield unstable imine species that undergo subsequent spontaneous non-enzymatic reactions, forming an array of different products. These products range from demethylated simple species to complex alkaloids. The enzymes belonging to the sarcosine oxidase family, namely, monomeric and heterotetrameric sarcosine oxidase, l-pipecolate oxidase, N-methyltryptophan oxidase, NikD, l-proline dehydrogenase, FsqB, fructosamine oxidase and saccharopine oxidase have unique features differentiating them from other amine oxidases. This review highlights the key attributes of the sarcosine oxidase family enzymes, in terms of their substrate binding motif, type of oxidation reaction mediated and FAD regeneration, to define the boundaries of this group and demarcate these enzymes from other amine oxidase families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Lahham
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Aljazeera Private University, Ghabagheb, Syria
| | - Shalinee Jha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominic Goj
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Wallner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.
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12
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Rigoldi F, Donini S, Torretta A, Carbone A, Redaelli A, Bandiera T, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Rational backbone redesign of a fructosyl peptide oxidase to widen its active site access tunnel. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3688-3698. [PMID: 32797625 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fructosyl peptide oxidases (FPOXs) are enzymes currently used in enzymatic assays to measure the concentration of glycated hemoglobin and albumin in blood samples, which serve as biomarkers of diabetes. However, since FPOX are unable to work directly on glycated proteins, current enzymatic assays are based on a preliminary proteolytic digestion of the target proteins. Herein, to improve the speed and costs of the enzymatic assays for diabetes testing, we applied a rational design approach to engineer a novel enzyme with a wider access tunnel to the catalytic site, using a combination of Rosetta design and molecular dynamics simulations. Our final design, L3_35A, shows a significantly wider and shorter access tunnel, resulting from the deletion of five-amino acids lining the gate structures and from a total of 35 point mutations relative to the wild-type (WT) enzyme. Indeed, upon experimental testing, our engineered enzyme shows good structural stability and maintains significant activity relative to the WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rigoldi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Donini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Archimede Torretta
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milano, Italy.,Biotechnology Group, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Biomolecular Engineering Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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13
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The effect of cold atmospheric plasma on diabetes-induced enzyme glycation, oxidative stress, and inflammation; in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19958. [PMID: 31882837 PMCID: PMC6934811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is known as the versatile tool in different biological, and medical applications. In this study, we investigated the effect of cold plasma on diabetes via in vitro and in vivo assessments. We performed the in vitro assay to evaluate the impact of CAP on glycated glutathione peroxidase (GPx) through enzyme activity measurement as a function index and far- and near-UV circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence analysis as structure indices. The result of in vitro assessment showed that the exposure of glycated GPx to plasma causes a considerable increase in enzyme activity up to 30%. Also, the evaluation of far- and near-UV CD and fluorescence analysis indicated a modification in the protein structure. According to obtained result from in vitro assessment, in vivo assay evaluated the effect of CAP on diabetic mice through analyzing of blood glucose level (BGL), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), antioxidant activity, oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), and inflammation factors including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The result of in vivo experiment also showed a 20% increase in antioxidant activity. Also, the reduction in AGEs, oxidative stress biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokines concentrations was observed. The result of this study revealed that CAP could be useful in diabetes treatment and can be utilized as a complementary method for diabetes therapy.
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Shahbazmohammadi H, Sardari S, Lari A, Omidinia E. Engineering an efficient mutant of Eupenicillium terrenum fructosyl peptide oxidase for the specific determination of hemoglobin A1c. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:1725-1735. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Thermal stabilization of the deglycating enzyme Amadoriase I by rational design. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3042. [PMID: 29445091 PMCID: PMC5813194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amadoriases are a class of FAD-dependent enzymes that are found in fungi, yeast and bacteria and that are able to hydrolyze glycated amino acids, cleaving the sugar moiety from the amino acidic portion. So far, engineered Amadoriases have mostly found practical application in the measurement of the concentration of glycated albumin in blood samples. However, these engineered forms of Amadoriases show relatively low absolute activity and stability levels, which affect their conditions of use. Therefore, enzyme stabilization is desirable prior to function-altering molecular engineering. In this work, we describe a rational design strategy based on a computational screening method to evaluate a library of potentially stabilizing disulfide bonds. Our approach allowed the identification of two thermostable Amadoriase I mutants (SS03 and SS17) featuring a significantly higher T50 (55.3 °C and 60.6 °C, respectively) compared to the wild-type enzyme (52.4 °C). Moreover, SS17 shows clear hyperstabilization, with residual activity up to 95 °C, whereas the wild-type enzyme is fully inactive at 55 °C. Our computational screening method can therefore be considered as a promising approach to expedite the design of thermostable enzymes.
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16
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Lund MN, Ray CA. Control of Maillard Reactions in Foods: Strategies and Chemical Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4537-4552. [PMID: 28535048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Maillard reactions lead to changes in food color, organoleptic properties, protein functionality, and protein digestibility. Numerous different strategies for controlling Maillard reactions in foods have been attempted during the past decades. In this paper, recent advances in strategies for controlling the Maillard reaction and subsequent downstream reaction products in food systems are critically reviewed. The underlying mechanisms at play are presented, strengths and weaknesses of each strategy are discussed, and reasonable reaction mechanisms are proposed to reinforce the evaluations. The review includes strategies involving addition of functional ingredients, such as plant polyphenols and vitamins, as well as enzymes. The resulting trapping or modification of Maillard targets, reactive intermediates, and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) are presented with their potential unwanted side effects. Finally, recent advances in processing for control of Maillard reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne N Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Colin A Ray
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
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17
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Rigoldi F, Gautieri A, Dalle Vedove A, Lucarelli AP, Vesentini S, Parisini E. Crystal structure of the deglycating enzyme Amadoriase I in its free form and substrate-bound complex. Proteins 2016; 84:744-58. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rigoldi
- Dipartimento Di Elettronica; Informazione E Bioingegneria, Politecnico Di Milano; Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Dipartimento Di Elettronica; Informazione E Bioingegneria, Politecnico Di Milano; Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Andrea Dalle Vedove
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia; Milano 20133 Italy
- Dipartimento Di Chimica; Materiali E Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico Di Milano; Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Anna Paola Lucarelli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia; Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Simone Vesentini
- Dipartimento Di Elettronica; Informazione E Bioingegneria, Politecnico Di Milano; Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia; Milano 20133 Italy
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18
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Rigoldi F, Spero L, Dalle Vedove A, Redaelli A, Parisini E, Gautieri A. Molecular dynamics simulations provide insights into the substrate specificity of FAOX family members. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:2622-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00405a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic assays based on Fructosyl Amino Acid Oxidases (FAOX) represent a potential, rapid and economical strategy to measure glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which is in turn a reliable method to monitor the insurgence and the development of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rigoldi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Ludovica Spero
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Andrea Dalle Vedove
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Alfonso Gautieri
- Dipartimento di Elettronica
- Informazione e Bioingegneria
- Politecnico di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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19
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Fialho MB, de Andrade A, Bonatto JMC, Salvato F, Labate CA, Pascholati SF. Proteomic response of the phytopathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa to antimicrobial volatile organic compounds from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Res 2015; 183:1-7. [PMID: 26805613 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibit plant pathogens, including the filamentous fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa, causal agent of citrus black spot. VOCs mediate relevant interactions between organisms in nature, and antimicrobial VOCs are promising, environmentally safer fumigants to control phytopathogens. As the mechanisms by which VOCs inhibit microorganisms are not well characterized, we evaluated the proteomic response in P. citricarpa after exposure for 12h to a reconstituted mixture of VOCs (alcohols and esters) originally identified in S. cerevisiae. Total protein was extracted and separated by 2D-PAGE, and differentially expressed proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. About 600 proteins were detected, of which 29 were downregulated and 11 were upregulated. These proteins are involved in metabolism, genetic information processing, cellular processes, and transport. Enzymes related to energy-generating pathways, particularly glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were the most strongly affected. Thus, the data indicate that antimicrobial VOCs interfere with essential metabolic pathways in P. citricarpa to prevent fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Batista Fialho
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander de Andrade
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José Matheus Camargo Bonatto
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Salvato
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Florentino Pascholati
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Gan W, Gao F, Xing K, Jia M, Liu H, Gong W. Structural basis of the substrate specificity of the FPOD/FAOD family revealed by fructosyl peptide oxidase from Eupenicillium terrenum. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:381-7. [PMID: 25849495 PMCID: PMC4388169 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15003921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAOD/FPOD family of proteins has the potential to be useful for the longterm detection of blood glucose levels in diabetes patients. A bottleneck for this application is to find or engineer a FAOD/FPOD family enzyme that is specifically active towards α-fructosyl peptides but is inactive towards other types of glycated peptides. Here, the crystal structure of fructosyl peptide oxidase from Eupenicillium terrenum (EtFPOX) is reported at 1.9 Å resolution. In contrast to the previously reported structure of amadoriase II, EtFPOX has an open substrate entrance to accommodate the large peptide substrate. The functions of residues critical for substrate selection are discussed based on structure comparison and sequence alignment. This study reveals the first structural details of group I FPODs that prefer α-fructosyl substrates and could provide significant useful information for uncovering the mechanism of substrate specificity of FAOD/FPODs and guidance towards future enzyme engineering for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiong Gan
- Key Laboratory of RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keke Xing
- Center for Chemical Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minze Jia
- Key Laboratory of RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiping Liu
- Center for Chemical Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300457, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weimin Gong
- Key Laboratory of RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People’s Republic of China
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Linder T. CMO1 encodes a putative choline monooxygenase and is required for the utilization of choline as the sole nitrogen source in the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis (syn. Pichia stipitis). Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:929-940. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.073932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen yeasts with sequenced genomes belonging to the ascomycete subphyla Saccharomycotina and Taphrinomycotina were assayed for their ability to utilize a variety of primary, secondary, tertiary and quartenary aliphatic amines as nitrogen sources. The results support a previously proposed pathway of quaternary amine catabolism whereby glycine betaine is first converted into choline, which is then cleaved to release trimethylamine, followed by stepwise demethylation of trimethylamine to release free ammonia. There were only a few instances of utilization of N-methylated glycine species (sarcosine and N,N-dimethylglycine), which suggests that this pathway is not intact in any of the species tested. The ability to utilize choline as a sole nitrogen source correlated strongly with the presence of a putative Rieske non-haem iron protein homologous to bacterial ring-hydroxylating oxygenases and plant choline monooxygenases. Deletion of the gene encoding the Rieske non-haem iron protein in the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis abolished its ability to utilize choline as the sole nitrogen source, but did not affect its ability to use methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine or glycine as nitrogen sources. The gene was named CMO1 for putative choline monooxygenase 1. A bioinformatic survey of eukaryotic genomes showed that CMO1 homologues are found throughout the eukaryotic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Linder
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Loop engineering of amadoriase II and mutational cooperativity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8599-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Enzymatic deglycation of Amadori products in bacteria: mechanisms, occurrence and physiological functions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:399-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Hernández-Hernández O, Rodríguez-Sánchez S, Sanz ML, Martínez-Castro I. Derivatization of carbohydrates for GC and GC-MS analyses. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 879:1226-40. [PMID: 21186143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
GC and GC-MS are excellent techniques for the analysis of carbohydrates; nevertheless the preparation of adequate derivatives is necessary. The different functional groups that can be found and the diversity of samples require specific methods. This review aims to collect the most important methodologies currently used, either published as new procedures or as new applications, for the analysis of carbohydrates. A high diversity of compounds with diverse functionalities has been selected: neutral carbohydrates (saccharides and polyalcohols), sugar acids, amino and iminosugars, polysaccharides, glycosides, glycoconjugates, anhydrosugars, difructose anhydrides and products resulting of Maillard reaction (osuloses, Amadori compounds). Chiral analysis has also been considered, describing the use of diastereomers and derivatives to be eluted on chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Ruiz-Matute
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales-CIAL (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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