1
|
Sunkar B, Kannoju B, Bhukya B. Optimized Production of Xylanase by Penicillium purpurogenum and Ultrasound Impact on Enzyme Kinetics for the Production of Monomeric Sugars From Pretreated Corn Cobs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:772. [PMID: 32390996 PMCID: PMC7193903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn cob is an abundant organic source with significant potential in sustainable energy development. For the effective conversion of the feedstocks to valued commodities, effective biocatalysts are highly desired. The present study aims at optimizing the critical parameters required for xylanase production by Penicillium purpurogenum isolated from rotten wood sample using the Taguchi orthogonal array layout of L25 (5∧6). The optimized conditions like temperature 40°C, pH 3, size of inoculum 1.2 × 108 spores/ml, moisture 70%, peptone 0.8%, and 5 days of incubation resulted in 1,097 ± 6.76 U/gram dry substrate (gds) xylanase which was 65.72% more when compared to un-optimized production of xylanase. The xylanase thus produced, effectively carried out pretreated corn cob saccharification and the reaction was further improved with ultrasound assistance which has increased the saccharification yield to 12.02% along with significant reduction in reaction time. The saccharification efficiency of pretreated corn cob was found to be 80.29% more compared to the raw corn cob, reflecting its recalcitrance to digestion. Indeed, xylan being the second most abundant polymer in lignocellulosic biomass, considerable attention is being paid for its effective conversion to valued products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Sunkar
- Centre for Microbial and Fermentation Technology, Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Balakrishna Kannoju
- Centre for Microbial and Fermentation Technology, Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bhima Bhukya
- Centre for Microbial and Fermentation Technology, Department of Microbiology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mardones W, Callegari E, Eyzaguirre J. Corncob and sugar beet pulp induce specific sets of lignocellulolytic enzymes in Penicillium purpurogenum. Mycology 2019; 10:118-125. [PMID: 31069125 PMCID: PMC6493289 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1517830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium purpurogenum is a filamentous fungus, which grows on a variety of natural carbon sources and secretes a large number of enzymes involved in cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin biodegradation. The purpose of this work has been to identify potential lignocellulolytic enzymes and to compare the secreted enzymes produced when the fungus is grown on sugar beet pulp (rich in cellulose and pectin) and corn cob (rich in cellulose and xylan). Culture supernatants were subjected to two-dimensional nano-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Using MASCOT and a genome-derived protein database, the proteins present in the supernatant were identified. The putative function in the degradation of the polysaccharides was determined using dbCAN software. The results show that there is a good correlation between the polysaccharide composition of the carbon sources and the function of the secreted enzymes: both cultures are rich in cellulases, while sugar beet pulp induces pectinases and corncob, xylanases. The eventual biochemical characterisation of these enzymes will be of value for a better understanding of the biodegradation process performed by the fungus and increase the availability of enzymes for biotechnological methods associated with this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Mardones
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Callegari
- BRIN-USDSSOM Proteomics Facility, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Jaime Eyzaguirre
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Badhan A, Huang J, Wang Y, Abbott DW, Di Falco M, Tsang A, McAllister T. Saccharification efficiencies of multi-enzyme complexes produced by aerobic fungi. N Biotechnol 2018; 46:1-6. [PMID: 29803771 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have characterized high molecular weight multi-enzyme complexes in two commercial enzymes produced by Trichoderma reesei (Spezyme CP) and Penicillium funiculosum (Accellerase XC). We successfully identified 146-1000 kDa complexes using Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) to fractionate the protein profile in both preparations. Identified complexes dissociated into lower molecular weight constituents when loaded on SDS PAGE. Unfolding of the secondary structure of multi-enzyme complexes with trimethylamine (pH >10) suggested that they were not a result of unspecific protein aggregation. Cellulase (CMCase) profiles of extracts of BN-PAGE fractionated protein bands confirmed cellulase activity within the multi-enzyme complexes. A microassay was used to identify protein bands that promoted high levels of glucose release from barley straw. Those with high saccharification yield were subjected to LC-MS analysis to identify the principal enzymatic activities responsible. The results suggest that secretion of proteins by aerobic fungi leads to the formation of high molecular weight multi-enzyme complexes that display activity against carboxymethyl cellulose and barley straw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Badhan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jiangli Huang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330096, China
| | - Tim McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Espinoza K, Eyzaguirre J. Identification, heterologous expression and characterization of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 30 xylanase from the fungus Penicillium purpurogenum. Carbohydr Res 2018; 468:45-50. [PMID: 30138729 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium purpurogenum grows on a variety of natural carbon sources and secretes to the medium a large number of enzymes that degrade the polysaccharides present in lignocellulose. In this work, the gene coding for a novel xylanase (XynC) belonging to family 30 of the glycoside hydrolases (GH), has been identified in the genome of the fungus. The enzyme has been expressed in Pichia pastoris and characterized. The mature XynC has 454 amino acid residues and a calculated molecular weight of 49 240. The purified protein shows a molecular weight of 67 000, and it is partially deglycosylated using EndoH. Its pH optimum is in the range of 3-5, and the optimal temperature is 45 °C. It is active on both arabinoxylan and glucuronoxylan, similarly to other fungal GH 30 xylanases. It liberates a set of oligosaccharides, which have been detected by thin-layer chromatography, thus indicating that it is an endo-acting xylanase. It hydrolyzes xylooligosaccharides, releasing mainly xylobiose, in contrast to other fungal GH family 30 enzymes which generate chiefly xylose. Highest sequence identity to a characterized family 30 xylanase is found with the enzyme from the fungus Bispora sp (53%). This is the first GH 30 xylanase described from a Penicillium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Espinoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Eyzaguirre
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 217, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang Y, Yang J, Liu J, Wang R, Liu L, Wang F, Yuan H. The composition of accessory enzymes of Penicillium chrysogenum P33 revealed by secretome and synergistic effects with commercial cellulase on lignocellulose hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 257:54-61. [PMID: 29482166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the secretome of Penicillium chrysogenum P33 under induction of lignocellulose for the first time. A total of 356 proteins were identified, including complete cellulases and numerous hemicellulases. Supplementing a commercial cellulase with increasing dosage of P33 enzyme cocktail from 1 to 5 mg/g substrate increased the release of reducing sugars from delignified corn stover by 21.4% to 106.8%. When 50% cellulase was replaced by P33 enzyme cocktail, release of reducing sugars was 78.6% higher than with cellulase alone. Meanwhile, glucan and xylan conversion was increased by 37% and 106%, respectively. P33 enzyme cocktail also enhanced commercial cellulase hydrolysis against four different delignified lignocellulosic biomass. These findings demonstrate that mixing appropriate amount of P33 cocktail with cellulase improves polysaccharide hydrolysis, suggesting P33 enzymes have great potential for industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cologna NDMD, Gómez-Mendoza DP, Zanoelo FF, Giannesi GC, Guimarães NCDA, Moreira LRDS, Filho EXF, Ricart CAO. Exploring Trichoderma and Aspergillus secretomes: Proteomics approaches for the identification of enzymes of biotechnological interest. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 109:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
Identification of multienzymatic complexes in the Clonostachys byssicola secretomes produced in response to different lignocellulosic carbon sources. J Biotechnol 2017; 254:51-58. [PMID: 28610997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multienzymatic complexes with plant lignocellulose-degrading activities have recently been identified in filamentous fungi secretomes. Such complexes have potential biotechnological applications in the degradation of agro-industrial residues. Fungal species from the Clonostachys genus have been intensively investigated as biocontrol agents; however so far their use as producers of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes has not been extensively explored. Secretomes of Clonostachys byssicola following growth on different carbon sources (passion fruit peel, soybean hulls, cotton gin trash, banana stalk, sugarcane bagasse, orange peel, and a composition of soybean hulls: cotton gin trash:orange peel) were subjected to enzymatic assays. Remarkable differences were observed among the samples, especially regarding levels of mannanase and pectinase activities. Secretomes were then subjected to Blue Native PAGE in order to resolve putative protein complexes which subsequently had their composition revealed by trypsin digestion followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. The protein bands (named I, II, III and IV) were shown to be composed by holocellulolytic enzymes, mainly cellulases and xylanases as well as proteins involved in biocontrol processes, such as chitinases and proteases. The high diversity of proteins found in these multicatalytic assemblies confirms C. byssicola as a novel source of plant biomass-degrading enzymes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Penicillium purpurogenum produces a highly stable endo-β-(1,4)-galactanase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:1313-1327. [PMID: 27339187 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The polysaccharides of galactose present in the pectin of the plant cell wall are degraded by endo-β-1,4-galactanases. The filamentous fungus Penicillium purpurogenum, which grows on a number of natural carbon sources, among them sugar beet pulp which contains pectin, has a gene (ppgal1) coding an endo-β-1,4-galactanase (PpGAL1). This enzyme was expressed heterologously in Pichia pastoris. It has a molecular mass of 38 kDa, a pH optimum of 4-4.5, and an optimal temperature of 60 °C. It is 100 % stable for up to 24 h at pH 4-4.5 and 40 °C. These stability properties, which exceed those from other endo-β-1,4-galactanases reported to date, make it particularly suitable for industrial processes requiring acidic conditions and temperatures up to 40 °C. PpGAL1 is, therefore, a potentially effective tool in the food industry and in other biotechnological applications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mardones W, Callegari E, Eyzaguirre J. Heterologous expression of a Penicillium purpurogenum exo-arabinanase in Pichia pastoris and its biochemical characterization. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:1267-1278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
10
|
Bianco L, Perrotta G. Methodologies and perspectives of proteomics applied to filamentous fungi: from sample preparation to secretome analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5803-29. [PMID: 25775160 PMCID: PMC4394507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi possess the extraordinary ability to digest complex biomasses and mineralize numerous xenobiotics, as consequence of their aptitude to sensing the environment and regulating their intra and extra cellular proteins, producing drastic changes in proteome and secretome composition. Recent advancement in proteomic technologies offers an exciting opportunity to reveal the fluctuations of fungal proteins and enzymes, responsible for their metabolic adaptation to a large variety of environmental conditions. Here, an overview of the most commonly used proteomic strategies will be provided; this paper will range from sample preparation to gel-free and gel-based proteomics, discussing pros and cons of each mentioned state-of-the-art technique. The main focus will be kept on filamentous fungi. Due to the biotechnological relevance of lignocellulose degrading fungi, special attention will be finally given to their extracellular proteome, or secretome. Secreted proteins and enzymes will be discussed in relation to their involvement in bio-based processes, such as biomass deconstruction and mycoremediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bianco
- UTTRI-GENER Genetics and Genomics for Energy and Environment Laboratory-ENEA TRISAIA Research Center, 75025 Rotondella (Matera), Italy.
| | - Gaetano Perrotta
- UTTRI-GENER Genetics and Genomics for Energy and Environment Laboratory-ENEA TRISAIA Research Center, 75025 Rotondella (Matera), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Extracting data from the muck: deriving biological insight from complex microbial communities and non-model organisms with next generation sequencing. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 28:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
12
|
de Almeida MN, Falkoski DL, Guimarães VM, Ramos HJDO, Visser EM, Maitan-Alfenas GP, de Rezende ST. Characteristics of free endoglucanase and glycosidases multienzyme complex from Fusarium verticillioides. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 143:413-22. [PMID: 23819978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel multienzyme complex, E1C, and a free endoglucanase, E2 (GH5), from Fusarium verticillioides were purified. The E1C contained two endoglucanases (GH6 and GH10), one cellobiohydrolase (GH7) and one xylanase (GH10). Maximum activity was observed at 80 °C for both enzymes and they were thermostable at 50 and 60 °C. The activation energies for E1C and E2 were 21.3 and 27.5 kJ/mol, respectively. The KM for E1C was 10.25 g/L while for E2 was 6.58 g/L. Both E1C and E2 were activated by Mn(2+) and CoCl2 while they were inhibited by SDS, CuSO4, FeCl3, AgNO4, ZnSO4 and HgCl2. E1C and E2 presented endo-β-1,3-1,4-glucanase activity. E1C presented crescent activity towards cellopentaose, cellotetraose and cellotriose. E2 hydrolyzed the substrates cellopentaose, cellotetraose and cellotriose with the same efficiency. E1C showed a higher stability and a better hydrolysis performance than E2, suggesting advantages resulting from the physical interaction between proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maíra N de Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu G, Qin Y, Li Z, Qu Y. Development of highly efficient, low-cost lignocellulolytic enzyme systems in the post-genomic era. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:962-75. [PMID: 23507038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current high cost of lignocellulolytic enzymes is a major bottleneck in the economic bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. Fungal lignocellulolytic enzyme systems are secreted at high levels, making them the most promising starting points for further development of highly efficient lignocellulolytic enzyme systems. In this paper, recent advances in improvement of fungal lignocellulolytic enzyme systems are reviewed, with an emphasis on the achievements made using genomic approaches. A general strategy for lignocellulolytic enzyme system development is proposed, including the improvement of the hydrolysis efficiencies and productivities of current enzyme systems. The applications of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis methods in examining the composition of native enzyme systems, discovery of novel enzymes and synergistic proteins from natural sources, and understanding of regulatory mechanisms for lignocellulolytic enzyme biosynthesis are summarized. By combining systems biology and synthetic biology tools, engineered fungal strains are expected to produce high levels of optimized lignocellulolytic enzyme systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Production of recombinant proteins by filamentous fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1119-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Silva AJD, Gómez-Mendoza DP, Junqueira M, Domont GB, Ximenes Ferreira Filho E, de Sousa MV, Ricart CAO. Blue native-PAGE analysis of Trichoderma harzianum secretome reveals cellulases and hemicellulases working as multienzymatic complexes. Proteomics 2012; 12:2729-38. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelson Joel da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas,; Departamento de Biologia Celular; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Diana Paola Gómez-Mendoza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas,; Departamento de Biologia Celular; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Magno Junqueira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas,; Departamento de Biologia Celular; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas,; Departamento de Biologia Celular; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Carlos André Ornelas Ricart
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas,; Departamento de Biologia Celular; Universidade de Brasília; Brasília DF Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Scott-Craig JS, Borrusch MS, Banerjee G, Harvey CM, Walton JD. Biochemical and molecular characterization of secreted α-xylosidase from Aspergillus niger. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42848-54. [PMID: 22033931 PMCID: PMC3234869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.307397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Linked xylose is a major component of xyloglucans in the cell walls of higher plants. An α-xylosidase (AxlA) was purified from a commercial enzyme preparation from Aspergillus niger, and the encoding gene was identified. The protein is a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 31. It was active on p-nitrophenyl-α-d-xyloside, isoprimeverose, xyloglucan heptasaccharide (XXXG), and tamarind xyloglucan. When expressed in Pichia pastoris, AxlA had activity comparable to the native enzyme on pNPαX and IP despite apparent hyperglycosylation. The pH optimum of AxlA was between 3.0 and 4.0. AxlA together with β-glucosidase depolymerized xyloglucan heptasaccharide. A combination of AxlA, β-glucosidase, xyloglucanase, and β-galactosidase in the optimal proportions of 51:5:19:25 or 59:5:11:25 could completely depolymerize tamarind XG to free Glc or Xyl, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first characterization of a secreted microbial α-xylosidase. Secreted α-xylosidases appear to be rare in nature, being absent from other tested commercial enzyme mixtures and from the genomes of most filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S. Scott-Craig
- From the Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Melissa S. Borrusch
- From the Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Goutami Banerjee
- From the Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Christopher M. Harvey
- From the Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jonathan D. Walton
- From the Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center and Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Navarrete M, Callegari E, Eyzaguirre J. The effect of acetylated xylan and sugar beet pulp on the expression and secretion of enzymes by Penicillium purpurogenum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:723-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
18
|
Chen XZ, Shen W, Fan Y, Wang ZX. [Genomics and metabolic engineering of filamentous fungi in the post-genomics era]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:1067-78. [PMID: 21993281 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are used in a variety of industrial processes including the production of primary metabolites (e.g., organic acid, vitamins, and extracellular enzymes) and secondary metabolites (e.g., antibiotics, alkaloids, and gibberellins). Moreover, filamentous fungi have become preferred cell factories for production of foreign (heterologous) proteins in biotechnology in recent years. Compared to bacterial and yeast hosts, filamentous fungi showed predominant features such as the ability of growing on rather simple and inexpensive substrates, producing and secreting exceptionally large amounts of proteins, post-translational modifications, and GRAS (generally regarded as safe) approval. Therefore, the exploration of filamentous fungi has been attractive recently. This review summarizes the recent development in genomics, comparative genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics of filamentous fungi, and describes their applications and functions in reconstruction of metabolic network, discovery of novel proteins and genes, investigation of cell physiological and biochemical reactions, and strain breeding. This review also analyzes the bottlenecks of heterologous protein expression in filamentous fungi. Furthermore, special emphasis is given on the strategies for improving the protein production, including fusion expression of heterologous proteins, RNAi technology, manipulations of secretion pathways, codon optimization of foreign genes, and screening of protease mutants. Lastly, this review proposes the future direction of metabolic engineering of filamentous fungi.
Collapse
|