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Zjalic S, Markov K, Loncar J, Jakopovic Z, Beccaccioli M, Reverberi M. Biocontrol of Occurrence Ochratoxin A in Wine: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:277. [PMID: 38922171 PMCID: PMC11209579 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Viticulture has been an important economic sector for centuries. In recent decades, global wine production has fluctuated between 250 and almost 300 million hectoliters, and in 2022, the value of wine exports reached EUR 37.6 billion. Climate change and the associated higher temperatures could favor the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine. OTA is a mycotoxin produced by some species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium and has nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic, and carcinogenic effects on animals and humans. The presence of this toxin in wine is related to the type of wine-red wines are more frequently contaminated with OTA-and the geographical location of the vineyard. In Europe, the lower the latitude, the greater the risk of OTA contamination in wine. However, climate change could increase the risk of OTA contamination in wine in other regions. Due to their toxic effects, the development of effective and environmentally friendly methods to prevent, decontaminate, and degrade OTA is essential. This review summarises the available research on biological aspects of OTA prevention, removal, and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Zjalic
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Trg kneza Viseslava 9, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Ksenija Markov
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.M.); (Z.J.)
| | - Jelena Loncar
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Trg kneza Viseslava 9, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Zeljko Jakopovic
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (K.M.); (Z.J.)
| | - Marzia Beccaccioli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Ben Miri Y, Benabdallah A, Chentir I, Djenane D, Luvisi A, De Bellis L. Comprehensive Insights into Ochratoxin A: Occurrence, Analysis, and Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1184. [PMID: 38672856 PMCID: PMC11049263 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic mycotoxin produced by some mold species from genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. OTA has been detected in cereals, cereal-derived products, dried fruits, wine, grape juice, beer, tea, coffee, cocoa, nuts, spices, licorice, processed meat, cheese, and other foods. OTA can induce a wide range of health effects attributable to its toxicological properties, including teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. OTA is not only toxic to humans but also harmful to livestock like cows, goats, and poultry. This is why the European Union and various countries regulate the maximum permitted levels of OTA in foods. This review intends to summarize all the main aspects concerning OTA, starting from the chemical structure and fungi that produce it, its presence in food, its toxicity, and methods of analysis, as well as control strategies, including both fungal development and methods of inactivation of the molecule. Finally, the review provides some ideas for future approaches aimed at reducing the OTA levels in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Ben Miri
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed Boudiaf University, BP 166, M’sila 28000, Algeria;
| | - Amina Benabdallah
- Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Pollution, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University Chadli Bendjedid, El-Tarf 36000, Algeria;
| | - Imene Chentir
- Laboratory of Food, Processing, Control and Agri-Resources Valorization, Higher School of Food Science and Agri-Food Industry, Algiers 16200, Algeria;
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, BP 17, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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Yang H, Tian L, Qiu H, Qin C, Ling S, Xu J. Metabolomics Analysis of Sporulation-Associated Metabolites of Metarhizium anisopliae Based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1011. [PMID: 37888267 PMCID: PMC10608027 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae, an entomopathogenic fungus, has been widely used for the control of agricultural and forestry pests. However, sporulation degeneration occurs frequently during the process of successive culture, and we currently lack a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In this study, the metabolic profiles of M. anisopliae were comparatively analyzed based on the metabolomics approach of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 74 metabolites were detected in both normal and degenerate strains, with 40 differential metabolites contributing significantly to the model. Principal component analysis (PCA) and potential structure discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed a clear distinction between the sporulation of normal strains and degenerate strains. Specifically, 23 metabolites were down-regulated and 17 metabolites were up-regulated in degenerate strains compared to normal strains. The KEGG enrichment analysis identified 47 significant pathways. Among them, the alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolic pathways and the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism had the most significant effects on sporulation, which revealed that significant changes occur in the metabolic phenotypes of strains during sporulation and degeneration processes. Furthermore, our subsequent experiments have substantiated that the addition of amino acids could improve M. anisopliae's spore production. Our study shows that metabolites, especially amino acids, which are significantly up-regulated or down-regulated during the sporulation and degeneration of M. anisopliae, may be involved in the sporulation process of M. anisopliae, and amino acid metabolism (especially glutamate, aspartate, serine, glycine, arginine and leucine) may be an important part of the sporulation mechanism of M. anisopliae. This study provides a foundation and technical support for rejuvenation and production improvement strategies for M. anisopliae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinzhu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (H.Y.); (L.T.); (H.Q.); (C.Q.); (S.L.)
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Bákány B, Antal R, Szentesi P, Emri T, Leiter É, Csernoch L, Keller NP, Pócsi I, Dienes B. The bZIP-type transcription factors NapA and RsmA modulate the volumetric ratio and the relative superoxide ratio of mitochondria in Aspergillus nidulans. Biol Futur 2023; 74:337-346. [PMID: 37814124 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors are crucial components of differentiation, cellular homeostasis and the environmental stress defense of eukaryotes. In this work, we further studied the consequence of gene deletion and overexpression of two bZIP transcription factors, NapA and RsmA, on superoxide production, mitochondrial morphology and hyphal diameter of Aspergillus nidulans. We have found that reactive oxygen species production was influenced by both gene deletion and overexpression of napA under tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH) elicited oxidative stress. Furthermore, gene expression of napA negatively correlated with mitochondrial volumetric ratio as well as sterigmatocystin production of A. nidulans. High rsmA expression was accompanied with elevated relative superoxide ratio in the second hyphal compartment. A negative correlation between the expression of rsmA and catalase enzyme activity or mitochondrial volumetric ratio was also confirmed by statistical analysis. Hyphal diameter was independent on either rsmA and napA expression as well as 0.2 mM tBOOH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Bákány
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Réka Antal
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Szentesi
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Cell Physiology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
- ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - László Csernoch
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Cell Physiology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Dienes
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Cell Physiology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
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Cai X, Li B, Li X, Dang H, Wang D, Pei Z, Feng X, Ren X, Kong Q. Characteristic Structures of Different Stilbenes Distinguish the Impact on Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis Intermediate Pathway and Metabolites of Aspergillus carbonarius. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7996-8007. [PMID: 37192315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we accurately pinpointed the inhibition sites of ochratoxin A (OTA) synthesis pathway in Aspergillus carbonarius acted by stilbenes from the perspective of oxidative stress and comprehensively explored the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of natural polyphenolic substances and their biochemical properties of antitoxin. To facilitate the application of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for real-time tracking of pathway intermediate metabolite content, the synergistic effect of Cu2+-stilbenes self-assembled carriers was utilized. Cu2+ increased the generation of reactive oxygen species to accumulate mycotoxin content, while stilbenes had the inhibitory effect. The impact of the m-methoxy structure of pterostilbene on A. carbonarius was found to be superior to that of resorcinol and catechol. The m-methoxy structure of pterostilbene acted on the key regulator Yap1, downregulated the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and accurately inhibited the halogenation step of the OTA synthesis pathway, thus accumulating the content of OTA precursors. This provided a theoretical basis for the extensive and efficient application of a wide range of natural polyphenolic substances for postharvest disease control and quality assurance of grape products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cai
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Chinese Academy Sciences, Institute of Botany, Key Lab Plant Resources, Beijing 100093, P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Pei
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Feng
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Ren
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Qingjun Kong
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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Xie L, Yang Q, Wu Y, Xiao J, Qu H, Jiang Y, Li T. Fumonisin B1 Biosynthesis Is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Plays an Important Role in Fusarium proliferatum Infection on Banana Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5372-5381. [PMID: 36947157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal response to oxidative stress during infection on postharvest fruit is largely unknown. Here, we found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment inhibited the growth of Fusarium proliferatum causing crown rot of banana fruit, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. H2O2 exposure increased endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) production in F. proliferatum, possibly by modulating FUM or ROS-related gene expression. Importantly, H2O2 treatment inhibited F. proliferatum growth in vivo but induced FB1 accumulation in banana peel. Finally, we constructed the FpFUM21 deletion mutant (ΔFpfum21) of F. proliferatum that was attenuated in FB1 biosynthesis and less tolerant to oxidative stress. Moreover, the ΔFpfum21 strain was less virulent compared to the wild type (WT) due to the inability to induce FB1 production in the banana host. These results suggested that FB1 biosynthesis is associated with oxidative stress in F. proliferatum and contributes to fungal infection on banana fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qiuxiao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense 32004, Spain
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, China
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7
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Wei S, Hu C, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Zhang S, Zhai H, Hu Y. AnAzf1 acts as a positive regulator of ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2501-2514. [PMID: 36809388 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger produces genotoxic and carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA) that severely threatens human and animal health. Transcription factor Azf1 is essential in regulating fungal cell development and primary metabolism. However, its effect and mechanism on secondary metabolism are unclear. Here, we characterized and deleted a Azf1 homolog gene, An15g00120 (AnAzf1), in A. niger, which completely blocked OTA production, and repressed the OTA cluster genes, p450, nrps, hal, and bzip at the transcriptional level. The results indicated that AnAzf1 was a positive regulator of OTA biosynthesis. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the AnAzf1 deletion significantly upregulated antioxidant genes and downregulated oxidative phosphorylation genes. Enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, including catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were increased, and the corresponding ROS levels were decreased. Upregulation of genes (cat, catA, hog1, and gfd) in the MAPK pathway and downregulation of genes in iron homeostasis were associated with decreased ROS levels, linking the altered MAPK pathway and iron homeostasis to lower ROS levels caused by AnAzf1 deletion. Additionally, enzymes including complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase), and complex V (ATP synthase), as well as ATP levels, were significantly decreased, indicating impaired oxidative phosphorylation caused by the AnAzf1-deletion. During lower ROS levels and impaired oxidative phosphorylation, OTA was not produced in ∆AnAzf1. Together, these results strongly suggested that AnAzf1 deletion blocked OTA production in A. niger by a synergistic interference of ROS accumulation and oxidative phosphorylation. KEY POINTS: • AnAzf1 positively regulated OTA biosynthesis in A. niger. • Deletion of AnAzf1 decreased ROS levels and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. • An altered MAPK pathway and iron homeostasis were associated with lower ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wei
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojiang Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yige Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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Transcriptomic analysis reveals the inhibition mechanism of pulsed light on fungal growth and ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Aspergillus carbonarius. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112501. [PMID: 36869509 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed light (PL) technology has a good effect on the control of fungi in postharvest fruit. In this present work, PL inhibited the growth of Aspergillus carbonarius in a dose-dependent manner, the mycelial growth decreased by 4.83 %, 13.91 % and 30.01 % at a fluence of 4.5 J·cm-2 (PL5), 9 J·cm-2 (PL10) and 13.5 J·cm2 (PL15), respectively. When inoculated with PL15 treated A. carbonarius, the scab diameter of the pears, ergosterol and OTA content was reduced by 23.2 %, 27.9 % and 80.7 % after 7 days, respectively. The third-generation sequencing technique was applied to study the transcriptome response of A. carbonarius treated with PL. Compared with the blank control, a total number of 268 and 963 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered in the group of PL10 and PL15, respectively. To be specific, a large amount of DEGs involved in DNA metabolism were up-regulated, while most of DEGs related to cell integrity, energy and glucose metabolism, ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis and transport were down-regulated. In addition, the stress response of A. carbonarius was imbalanced, including up-regulation of Catalase and PEX12 and down-regulation of taurine and subtaurine metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase and glutathione metabolism. Meanwhile, the results of transmission electron microscopy, mycelium cellular leakage and DNA electrophoresis indicated that PL15 treatment caused mitochondrial swelling, the destroyed cell membrane permeability and imbalance of DNA metabolism. The expression of P450 and Hal involved in OTA biosynthesis pathway were down-regulated in PL treated samples detected by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, this study reveals the molecular mechanism of pulsed light on inhibiting the growth, development and toxin production of A. carbonarius.
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Pérez-Sánchez A, Mejía A, Miranda-Labra RU, Barrios-González J. Role of AtYap1 in the reactive oxygen species regulation of lovastatin production in Aspergillus terreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1439-1451. [PMID: 36683058 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lovastatin has great medical and economic importance, and its production in Aspergillus terreus is positively regulated at transcriptional level, by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during idiophase. To investigate the role of the transcription factor Yap1 in the regulation of lovastatin biosynthesis by ROS, an orthologue of yap1 was identified in A. terreus TUB F-514 and knocked down (silenced) by RNAi. Results confirmed that the selected knockdown strain (Siyap1) showed decreased yap1 expression in both culture systems (submerged and solid-state fermentation). Transformants showed higher sensitivity to oxidative stress. Interestingly, knockdown mutant showed higher ROS levels in idiophase and an important increase in lovastatin production in submerged and solid-state fermentations: 60 and 70% increase, respectively. Furthermore, sporulation also increased by 600%. This suggested that AtYap1 was functioning as a negative regulator of the biosynthetic genes, and that lack of AtYap1 in the mutants would be derepressing these genes and could explain increased production. However, we have shown that lovastatin production is proportional to ROS levels, so ROS increase in the mutants alone could also be the cause of production increase. In this work, when ROS levels were decreased with antioxidant, to the levels shown by the parental strain, the lovastatin production and kinetics were similar to the ones of the parental strain. This means that AtYap1 does not regulate lovastatin biosynthetic genes, and that production increase observed in the knockdown strain was an indirect effect caused by ROS increase. This conclusion is compared with studies on other secondary metabolites produced by other fungal species. KEY POINTS: • ROS regulates lovastatin biosynthesis at transcriptional level, in solid-state, and in submerged fermentations. • ATyap1 knockdown mutants showed important lovastatin production increases (60 and 70%) and higher ROS levels. • When ROS were decreased in the silenced mutant to the parental strain's level, lovastatin kinetics were identical to the parental strain's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailed Pérez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando Mejía
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roxana Uri Miranda-Labra
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier Barrios-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Leyes de Reforma, Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, México.
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10
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Schüller A, Studt-Reinhold L, Strauss J. How to Completely Squeeze a Fungus-Advanced Genome Mining Tools for Novel Bioactive Substances. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1837. [PMID: 36145585 PMCID: PMC9505985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal species have the capability of producing an overwhelming diversity of bioactive substances that can have beneficial but also detrimental effects on human health. These so-called secondary metabolites naturally serve as antimicrobial "weapon systems", signaling molecules or developmental effectors for fungi and hence are produced only under very specific environmental conditions or stages in their life cycle. However, as these complex conditions are difficult or even impossible to mimic in laboratory settings, only a small fraction of the true chemical diversity of fungi is known so far. This also implies that a large space for potentially new pharmaceuticals remains unexplored. We here present an overview on current developments in advanced methods that can be used to explore this chemical space. We focus on genetic and genomic methods, how to detect genes that harbor the blueprints for the production of these compounds (i.e., biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs), and ways to activate these silent chromosomal regions. We provide an in-depth view of the chromatin-level regulation of BGCs and of the potential to use the CRISPR/Cas technology as an activation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Strauss
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, A-3430 Tulln/Donau, Austria
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Wei S, Hu C, Nie P, Zhai H, Zhang S, Li N, Lv Y, Hu Y. Insights into the Underlying Mechanism of Ochratoxin A Production in Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88 Using Different Carbon Sources. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080551. [PMID: 36006213 PMCID: PMC9415321 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger produces carcinogenic ochratoxin A (OTA), a serious food safety and human health concern. Here, the ability of A. niger CBS 513.88 to produce OTA using different carbon sources was investigated and the underlying regulatory mechanism was elucidated. The results indicated that 6% sucrose, glucose, and arabinose could trigger OTA biosynthesis and that 1586 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) overlapped compared to a non-inducing nutritional source, peptone. The genes that participated in OTA and its precursor phenylalanine biosynthesis, including pks, p450, nrps, hal, and bzip, were up-regulated, while the genes involved in oxidant detoxification, such as cat and pod, were down-regulated. Correspondingly, the activities of catalase and peroxidase were also decreased. Notably, the novel Gal4-like transcription factor An12g00840 (AnGal4), which is vital in regulating OTA biosynthesis, was identified. Deletion of AnGal4 elevated the OTA yields by 47.65%, 54.60%, and 309.23% using sucrose, glucose, and arabinose as carbon sources, respectively. Additionally, deletion of AnGal4 increased the superoxide anion and H2O2 contents, as well as the sensitivity to H2O2, using the three carbon sources. These results suggest that these three carbon sources repressed AnGal4, leading to the up-regulation of the OTA biosynthetic genes and alteration of cellular redox homeostasis, ultimately triggering OTA biosynthesis in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wei
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chaojiang Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ping Nie
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
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Pérez-Pérez WD, Carrasco-Navarro U, García‑Estrada C, Kosalková K, Gutiérrez-Ruíz MC, Barrios-González J, Fierro F. bZIP transcription factors PcYap1 and PcRsmA link oxidative stress response to secondary metabolism and development in Penicillium chrysogenum. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:50. [PMID: 35366869 PMCID: PMC8977021 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) trigger different morphogenic processes in filamentous fungi and have been shown to play a role in the regulation of the biosynthesis of some secondary metabolites. Some bZIP transcription factors, such as Yap1, AtfA and AtfB, mediate resistance to oxidative stress and have a role in secondary metabolism regulation. In this work we aimed to get insight into the molecular basis of this regulation in the industrially important fungus Penicillium chrysogenum through the characterization of the role played by two effectors that mediate the oxidative stress response in development and secondary metabolism.
Results
In P. chrysogenum, penicillin biosynthesis and conidiation are stimulated by the addition of H2O2 to the culture medium, and this effect is mediated by the bZIP transcription factors PcYap1 and PcRsmA. Silencing of expression of both proteins by RNAi resulted in similar phenotypes, characterized by increased levels of ROS in the cell, reduced conidiation, higher sensitivity of conidia to H2O2 and a decrease in penicillin production. Both PcYap1 and PcRsmA are able to sense H2O2-generated ROS in vitro and change its conformation in response to this stimulus. PcYap1 and PcRsmA positively regulate the expression of brlA, the first gene of the conidiation central regulatory pathway. PcYap1 binds in vitro to a previously identified regulatory sequence in the promoter of the penicillin gene pcbAB: TTAGTAA, and to a TTACTAA sequence in the promoter of the brlA gene, whereas PcRsmA binds to the sequences TGAGACA and TTACGTAA (CRE motif) in the promoters of the pcbAB and penDE genes, respectively.
Conclusions
bZIP transcription factors PcYap1 and PcRsmA respond to the presence of H2O2-generated ROS and regulate oxidative stress response in the cell. Both proteins mediate ROS regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and conidiation by binding to specific regulatory elements in the promoters of key genes. PcYap1 is identified as the previously proposed transcription factor PTA1 (Penicillin Transcriptional Activator 1), which binds to the regulatory sequence TTAGTAA in the pcbAB gene promoter. This is the first report of a Yap1 protein directly regulating transcription of a secondary metabolism gene. A model describing the regulatory network mediated by PcYap1 and PcRsmA is proposed.
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Systematic Characterization of bZIP Transcription Factors Required for Development and Aflatoxin Generation by High-Throughput Gene Knockout in Aspergillus flavus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040356. [PMID: 35448587 PMCID: PMC9031554 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) is an important transcription factor required for fungal development, nutrient utilization, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and defense against various stresses. Aspergillus flavus is a major producer of aflatoxin and an opportunistic fungus on a wide range of hosts. However, little is known about the role of most bZIP genes in A. flavus. In this study, we developed a high-throughput gene knockout method based on an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. Gene knockout construction by yeast recombinational cloning and screening of the null mutants by double fluorescence provides an efficient way to construct gene-deleted mutants for this multinucleate fungus. We deleted 15 bZIP genes in A. flavus. Twelve of these genes were identified and characterized in this strain for the first time. The phenotypic analysis of these mutants showed that the 15 bZIP genes play a diverse role in mycelial growth (eight genes), conidiation (13 genes), aflatoxin biosynthesis (10 genes), oxidative stress response (11 genes), cell wall stress (five genes), osmotic stress (three genes), acid and alkali stress (four genes), and virulence to kernels (nine genes). Impressively, all 15 genes were involved in the development of sclerotia, and the respective deletion mutants of five of them did not produce sclerotia. Moreover, MetR was involved in this biological process. In addition, HapX and MetR play important roles in the adaptation to excessive iron and sulfur metabolism, respectively. These studies provide comprehensive insights into the role of bZIP transcription factors in this aflatoxigenic fungus of global significance.
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Antifungal Peptides and Proteins to Control Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413261. [PMID: 34948059 PMCID: PMC8703302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global challenge to prevent fungal spoilage and mycotoxin contamination on food and feed requires the development of new antifungal strategies. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) with antifungal activity are gaining much interest as natural antifungal compounds due to their properties such as structure diversity and function, antifungal spectrum, mechanism of action, high stability and the availability of biotechnological production methods. Given their multistep mode of action, the development of fungal resistance to AMPs is presumed to be slow or delayed compared to conventional fungicides. Interestingly, AMPs also accomplish important biological functions other than antifungal activity, including anti-mycotoxin biosynthesis activity, which opens novel aspects for their future use in agriculture and food industry to fight mycotoxin contamination. AMPs can reach intracellular targets and exert their activity by mechanisms other than membrane permeabilization. The mechanisms through which AMPs affect mycotoxin production are varied and complex, ranging from oxidative stress to specific inhibition of enzymatic components of mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways. This review presents natural and synthetic antifungal AMPs from different origins which are effective against mycotoxin-producing fungi, and aims at summarizing current knowledge concerning their additional effects on mycotoxin biosynthesis. Antifungal AMPs properties and mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Bákány B, Yin WB, Dienes B, Nagy T, Leiter É, Emri T, Keller NP, Pócsi I. Study on the bZIP-Type Transcription Factors NapA and RsmA in the Regulation of Intracellular Reactive Species Levels and Sterigmatocystin Production of Aspergillus nidulans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11577. [PMID: 34769008 PMCID: PMC8583795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play a crucial role in the environmental stress response of eukaryotes. In this work, we studied the effect of gene manipulations, including both deletions and overexpressions, of two selected bZIP transcription factors, NapA and RsmA, in the oxidative stress response and sterigmatocystin production of Aspergillus nidulans. We found that NapA was important in the oxidative stress response by negatively regulating intracellular reactive species production and positively regulating catalase activities, whereas RsmA slightly negatively regulated catalase activities. Concerning sterigmatocystin production, the highest concentration was measured in the ΔrsmAΔnapA double deletion mutant, but elevated sterigmatocystin production was also found in the OErsmA OEnapA strain. Our results indicate that NapA influences sterigmatocystin production via regulating reactive species level whereas RsmA modulates toxin production independently of the redox regulation of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Bákány
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (T.E.); (I.P.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Beatrix Dienes
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (T.E.); (I.P.)
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (T.E.); (I.P.)
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.B.); (T.E.); (I.P.)
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16
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Glyap1 regulates pneumocandin B 0 synthesis by controlling the intracellular redox balance in Glarea lozoyensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6707-6718. [PMID: 34476516 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pneumocandin B0, the precursor of the antifungal drug caspofungin, is a lipohexapeptide produced by the fungus Glarea lozoyensis. Oxidative stress and the resulting production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be involved in the regulation of pneumocandin B0 biosynthesis. In this study, the Glyap1 gene of Glarea lozoyensis, a homologue of the yeast redox regulator YAP1, was knocked out. The intracellular ROS levels of the resulting ΔGlyap1 strain were higher than in the wild-type strain, which was caused by the downregulated expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Compared with the wild-type strain, ΔGlyap1 exhibited an oxidative phenotype throughout its life cycle, which resulted in significantly higher pneumocandin B0 production per unit biomass. In addition, ΔGlyap1 showed growth inhibition and decreased pneumocandin B0 production in the presence of CCl4, which leads to strong oxidative stress. To overcome the strain's sensitivity, a three-stage antioxidant addition strategy was developed. This approach significantly improved the growth of ΔGlyap1 while maintaining a high pneumocandin B0 production per unit biomass, which reached 38.78 mg/g DCW. Notably, this result represents a 50% increase over the wild-type strain. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms that control pneumocandin B0 production under oxidative stress, which may be applied to improve the production of other secondary metabolites. KEY POINTS: • Glyap1 is involved in expression of redox and pneumocandin B0 synthesis-related genes. • Addition of a three-stage antioxidant alleviated the sensitivity of ΔGlyap1 strain. • The yield of pneumocandin B0 per unit biomass of ΔGlyap1 strain was 38.78 mg/g DCW.
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Leiter É, Emri T, Pákozdi K, Hornok L, Pócsi I. The impact of bZIP Atf1ortholog global regulators in fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5769-5783. [PMID: 34302199 PMCID: PMC8390427 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of signal transduction pathways is crucial for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and organismal development in fungi. Transcription factors are key elements of this regulatory network. The basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) domain of the bZIP-type transcription factors is responsible for DNA binding while their leucine zipper structural motifs are suitable for dimerization with each other facilitiating the formation of homodimeric or heterodimeric bZIP proteins. This review highlights recent knowledge on the function of fungal orthologs of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Atf1, Aspergillus nidulans AtfA, and Fusarium verticillioides FvAtfA, bZIP-type transcription factors with a special focus on pathogenic species. We demonstrate that fungal Atf1-AtfA-FvAtfA orthologs play an important role in vegetative growth, sexual and asexual development, stress response, secondary metabolite production, and virulence both in human pathogens, including Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucor circinelloides, Penicillium marneffei, and Cryptococcus neoformans and plant pathogens, like Fusarium ssp., Magnaporthe oryzae, Claviceps purpurea, Botrytis cinerea, and Verticillium dahliae. KEY POINTS: • Atf1 orthologs play crucial role in the growth and development of fungi. • Atf1 orthologs orchestrate environmental stress response of fungi. • Secondary metabolite production and virulence are coordinated by Atf1 orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 63, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 63, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Pákozdi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 63, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary
| | - László Hornok
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 63, Debrecen, H-4010, Hungary
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Zhang H, Yue P, Tong X, Bai J, Yang J, Guo J. mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq profiling analyses reveal molecular mechanisms regulating induction of fruiting body in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12944. [PMID: 34155233 PMCID: PMC8217512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been a source of valuable materials in traditional Asian medicine for over two thousand years. With recent global warming and overharvest, however, the availability of these wild fungi has decreased dramatically. While fruiting body of O. sinensis has been artificially cultivated, the molecular mechanisms that govern the induction of fruiting body at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels are unclear. In this study, we carried out both mRNA and small RNA sequencing to identify crucial genes and miRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) involved in the development of fruiting body. A total of 2875 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and 71 differentially expressed milRNAs (DEMs) were identified among the mycoparasite complex, the sclerotium (ST) and the fruiting body stage. Functional enrichment and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis indicated that the ST had increased oxidative stress and energy metabolism and that mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling might induce the formation of fruiting body. Integrated analysis of DEGs and DEMs revealed that n_os_milR16, n_os_milR21, n_os_milR34, and n_os_milR90 could be candidate milRNAs that regulate the induction of fruiting body. This study provides transcriptome-wide insight into the molecular basis of fruiting body formation in O. Sinensis and identifies potential candidate genes for improving induction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Resources Breeding Base of Co-Founded By Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Resources Breeding Base of Co-Founded By Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinxin Tong
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Resources Breeding Base of Co-Founded By Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Resources Breeding Base of Co-Founded By Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jingyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Resources Breeding Base of Co-Founded By Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Resources Breeding Base of Co-Founded By Sichuan Province and MOST, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Singh Y, Nair AM, Verma PK. Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100142. [PMID: 34027389 PMCID: PMC8132124 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens pose a serious threat to global crop production. Only a handful of strategies are available to combat these fungal infections, and the increasing incidence of fungicide resistance is making the situation worse. Hence, the molecular understanding of plant-fungus interactions remains a primary focus of plant pathology. One of the hallmarks of host-pathogen interactions is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a plant defense mechanism, collectively termed the oxidative burst. In general, high accumulation of ROS restricts the growth of pathogenic organisms by causing localized cell death around the site of infection. To survive the oxidative burst and achieve successful host colonization, fungal phytopathogens employ intricate mechanisms for ROS perception, ROS neutralization, and protection from ROS-mediated damage. Together, these countermeasures maintain the physiological redox homeostasis that is essential for cell viability. In addition to intracellular antioxidant systems, phytopathogenic fungi also deploy interesting effector-mediated mechanisms for extracellular ROS modulation. This aspect of plant-pathogen interactions is significantly under-studied and provides enormous scope for future research. These adaptive responses, broadly categorized into "escape" and "exploitation" mechanisms, are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the oxidative stress response of filamentous fungi, their perception signaling, and recent insights that provide a comprehensive understanding of the distinct survival mechanisms of fungal pathogens in response to the host-generated oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshveer Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Athira Mohandas Nair
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Corresponding author
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20
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Ma YJ, Li XP, Wang Y, Wang JW. Nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside-induced transcriptional changes and hypocrellin biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. S9. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:92. [PMID: 33910564 PMCID: PMC8082767 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling mediator in various physiological processes. However, there are less reports concerning the effects of NO on fungal secondary metabolites. Hypocrellins are effective anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents from fungal perylenequinone pigments of Shiraia. NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used as a chemical elicitor to promote hypocrellin biosynthesis in Shiraia mycelium cultures. Results SNP application at 0.01–0.20 mM was found to stimulate significantly fungal production of perylenequinones including hypocrellin A (HA) and elsinochrome A (EA). SNP application could not only enhance HA content by 178.96% in mycelia, but also stimulate its efflux to the medium. After 4 days of SNP application at 0.02 mM, the highest total production (110.34 mg/L) of HA was achieved without any growth suppression. SNP released NO in mycelia and acted as a pro-oxidant, thereby up-regulating the gene expression and activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating NADPH oxidase (NOX) and antioxidant enzymes, leading to the increased levels of superoxide anion (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that SNP treatment could up-regulate biosynthetic genes for hypocrellins and activate the transporter protein major facilitator superfamily (MFS) for the exudation. Moreover, SNP treatment increased the proportion of total unsaturated fatty acids in the hypha membranes and enhanced membrane permeability. Our results indicated both cellular biosynthesis of HA and its secretion could contribute to HA production induced by SNP. Conclusions The results of this study provide a valuable strategy for large-scale hypocrellin production and can facilitate further understanding and exploration of NO signaling in the biosynthesis of the important fungal metabolites. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01581-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.,College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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21
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Gao J, Xu X, Huang K, Liang Z. Fungal G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Promising Mediator of the Impact of Extracellular Signals on Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631392. [PMID: 33643259 PMCID: PMC7907439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane receptors involved in transducing signals from the external environment inside the cell, which enables fungi to coordinate cell transport, metabolism, and growth to promote their survival, reproduction, and virulence. There are 14 classes of GPCRs in fungi involved in sensing various ligands. In this paper, the synthesis of mycotoxins that are GPCR-mediated is discussed with respect to ligands, environmental stimuli, and intra-/interspecific communication. Despite their apparent importance in fungal biology, very little is known about the role of ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis by Aspergillus ochraceus and the ligands that are involved. Fortunately, increasing evidence shows that the GPCR that involves the AF/ST (sterigmatocystin) pathway in fungi belongs to the same genus. Therefore, we speculate that GPCRs play an important role in a variety of environmental signals and downstream pathways in OTA biosynthesis. The verification of this inference will result in a more controllable GPCR target for control of fungal contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Xinge Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Martínez-Culebras PV, Gandía M, Boronat A, Marcos JF, Manzanares P. Differential susceptibility of mycotoxin-producing fungi to distinct antifungal proteins (AFPs). Food Microbiol 2021; 97:103760. [PMID: 33653530 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The global challenge to prevent fungal spoilage and mycotoxin contamination on foods and feeds require the development of new antifungal strategies. Filamentous fungi encode diverse antifungal proteins (AFPs), which offer a great potential for the control of contaminant fungi. In this study, four AFPs from Penicillium digitatum (PdAfpB) and Penicillium expansum (PeAfpA, PeAfpB and PeAfpC) belonging to classes A, B and C, were tested against a representative panel of mycotoxin-producing fungi. They included a total of 38 strains representing 32 different species belonging to the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, Fusarium and Penicillium. PeAfpA exhibited a potent antifungal activity, since the growth of all tested fungi was completely inhibited by concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 16 μg/mL. PdAfpB and PeAfpB, although less effective than PeAfpA, showed significant activity against most of the mycotoxigenic fungi tested. Importantly, PeAfpC previously described as inactive, showed a powerful inhibition against B. spectabilis strains, which are important spoilage and mycotoxin fungi in pasteurized foods. Although less effective than in liquid media, AFPs affected fungal growth on solid media. This study also underlines the potential of these AFPs, in particular PeAfpA, as future antifungal agents for applications in foods, on growing crops or during postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro V Martínez-Culebras
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal. Universitat de València, Vicente Andrès Estellès S/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología. Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mónica Gandía
- Departamento de Biotecnología. Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Boronat
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal. Universitat de València, Vicente Andrès Estellès S/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Departamento de Biotecnología. Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Manzanares
- Departamento de Biotecnología. Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
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23
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Sánchez-Arreguin JA, Ruiz-Herrera J, Mares-Rodriguez FDJ, León-Ramírez CG, Sánchez-Segura L, Zapata-Morín PA, Coronado-Gallegos J, Aréchiga-Carvajal ET. Acid pH Strategy Adaptation through NRG1 in Ustilago maydis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:91. [PMID: 33525315 PMCID: PMC7912220 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the Ustilago maydis putative homolog of the transcriptional repressor ScNRG1, previously described in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, was analyzed by means of its mutation. In S. cerevisiae this gene regulates a set of stress-responsive genes, and in C. neoformans it is involved in pathogenesis. It was observed that the U. maydisNRG1 gene regulates several aspects of the cell response to acid pH, such as the production of mannosyl-erythritol lipids, inhibition of the expression of the siderophore cluster genes, filamentous growth, virulence and oxidative stress. A comparison of the gene expression pattern of the wild type strain versus the nrg1 mutant strain of the fungus, through RNA Seq analyses, showed that this transcriptional factor alters the expression of 368 genes when growing at acid pH (205 up-regulated, 163 down-regulated). The most relevant genes affected by NRG1 were those previously reported as the key ones for particular cellular stress responses, such as HOG1 for osmotic stress and RIM101 for alkaline pH. Four of the seven genes included WCO1 codifying PAS domain ( These has been shown as the key structural motif involved in protein-protein interactions of the circadian clock, and it is also a common motif found in signaling proteins, where it functions as a signaling sensor) domains sensors of blue light, two of the three previously reported to encode opsins, one vacuolar and non-pH-responsive, and another one whose role in the acid pH response was already known. It appears that all these light-reactive cell components are possibly involved in membrane potential equilibrium and as virulence sensors. Among previously described specific functions of this transcriptional regulator, it was found to be involved in glucose repression, metabolic adaptation to adverse conditions, cellular transport, cell rescue, defense and interaction with an acidic pH environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Sánchez-Arreguin
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Unidad de Manipulación Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José Ruiz-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km 9.6, Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - F de Jesus Mares-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Unidad de Manipulación Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Claudia Geraldine León-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km 9.6, Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Lino Sánchez-Segura
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km 9.6, Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Patricio Adrián Zapata-Morín
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Unidad de Manipulación Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jordan Coronado-Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Unidad de Manipulación Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Elva Teresa Aréchiga-Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Unidad de Manipulación Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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24
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El Hajj Assaf C, Zetina-Serrano C, Tahtah N, Khoury AE, Atoui A, Oswald IP, Puel O, Lorber S. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in the Penicillium Genus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9462. [PMID: 33322713 PMCID: PMC7763326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium, one of the most common fungi occurring in a diverse range of habitats, has a worldwide distribution and a large economic impact on human health. Hundreds of the species belonging to this genus cause disastrous decay in food crops and are able to produce a varied range of secondary metabolites, from which we can distinguish harmful mycotoxins. Some Penicillium species are considered to be important producers of patulin and ochratoxin A, two well-known mycotoxins. The production of these mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites is controlled and regulated by different mechanisms. The aim of this review is to highlight the different levels of regulation of secondary metabolites in the Penicillium genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle El Hajj Assaf
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), member of Food2Know, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Chrystian Zetina-Serrano
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Nadia Tahtah
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 5, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Lorber
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
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25
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Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
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26
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Gautier C, Pinson-Gadais L, Verdal-Bonnin MN, Ducos C, Tremblay J, Chéreau S, Atanasova V, Richard-Forget F. Investigating the Efficiency of Hydroxycinnamic Acids to Inhibit the Production of Enniatins by Fusarium avenaceum and Modulate the Expression of Enniatins Biosynthetic Genes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120735. [PMID: 33255199 PMCID: PMC7760901 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enniatins (ENNs) that belong to the group of emerging mycotoxins are widespread contaminants of agricultural commodities. There is currently insufficient evidence to rule out health concerns associated with long-term exposure to ENNs and efforts must be strengthened to define a control strategy. While the potential of plant compounds to counteract the contamination with legislated mycotoxins has been reported, little remains known regarding ENNs. The present study evidenced for the first time the efficiency of hydroxycinnamic acids to inhibit the fungal growth and ENNs yield by Fusarium avenaceum. Notably, 0.5 mM of exogenous ferulic, caffeic, and p-coumaric acids led to a drastic reduction of ENNs synthesis in pH4 broths, with ferulic acid being the most potent. The ENNs production inhibitory activity of ferulic acid was shown to be associated with a significant down-regulation of the expression of ENNs biosynthetic genes. To further investigate the bioactivity of ferulic acid, its metabolic fate was characterized in fungal broths and the capacity of F. avenaceum to metabolize it through a C2-cleavage type degradation was demonstrated. Overall, our data support the promising use of ferulic acid in ENNs control strategies, either as part of an environmentally friendly plant-care product or as a biomarker of plant resistance.
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27
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Boonmee S, Atanasova V, Chéreau S, Marchegay G, Hyde KD, Richard-Forget F. Efficiency of Hydroxycinnamic Phenolic Acids to Inhibit the Production of Ochratoxin A by Aspergillus westerdijkiae and Penicillium verrucosum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8548. [PMID: 33202726 PMCID: PMC7696880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the worldwide most important mycotoxins in terms of health and agroeconomic consequences. With the aim to promote the use of phytochemicals as alternatives to synthetic fungicides, the effect of hydroxycinnamic acids on the fungal growth and OTA yield by two major OTA-producing species was investigated. After a first step dedicated to the definition of most suitable culture conditions, the impact of 0.5 mM ferulic (FER), p-coumaric (COUM), caffeic and chlorogenic acids was evaluated on Aspergillus westerdijkiae and Penicillium verrucosum. Whereas no fungal growth reduction was observed regardless of the phenolic acid and fungal isolate, our results demonstrated the capacity of FER and COUM to inhibit OTA production. The most efficient compound was FER that led to a 70% reduction of OTA yielded by P. verrucosum and, although not statistically significant, a 35% inhibition of OTA produced by A. westerdijkiae. To further investigate the bioactivity of FER and COUM, their metabolic fate was characterized in fungal broths. The capacity of P. verrucosum to metabolize FER and COUM through a C2-clivage type degradation was demonstrated. Overall, our data support the potential use of FER to prevent OTA contamination and reduce the use of synthetic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranyaphat Boonmee
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.B.); (K.D.H.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Vessela Atanasova
- UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety Research Unit (MycSA), INRAE Research Centre, F-22882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (S.C.); (G.M.); (F.R.-F.)
| | - Sylvain Chéreau
- UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety Research Unit (MycSA), INRAE Research Centre, F-22882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (S.C.); (G.M.); (F.R.-F.)
| | - Gisèle Marchegay
- UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety Research Unit (MycSA), INRAE Research Centre, F-22882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (S.C.); (G.M.); (F.R.-F.)
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.B.); (K.D.H.)
| | - Florence Richard-Forget
- UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety Research Unit (MycSA), INRAE Research Centre, F-22882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (S.C.); (G.M.); (F.R.-F.)
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28
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Transcriptomic Insights into the Antifungal Effects of Magnolol on the Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Alternaria alternata. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100665. [PMID: 33092244 PMCID: PMC7594048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is an important phytopathogen causing fruit black rot and also producing a variety of mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) as two main contaminants. This could lead to economic losses of agricultural products as well as human health risks. In this study, magnolol extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, Mangnolia officinalis, exhibited an obvious antifungal property and could completely suppress the mycelial growth at 100 μM. Morphological differences of A. alternata were observed to be significantly shrunk and wrinkled after the exposure to magnolol. Furthermore, AOH and AME were no longer produced in response to 50 μM of magnolol. To uncover the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic mechanisms, the transcriptomic profiles of A. alternata—treated with or without magnolol—were evaluated. The clustered genes responsible for AOH and AME biosynthesis were obviously less transcribed under magnolol stress and this was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. The global regulators of carbon and nitrogen utilization, such as CreA and NmrA, were significantly down-regulated and this possibly caused the reduction in mycotoxins. In addition, fatty acid β-oxidation was regarded to contribute to polyketide mycotoxin production for the supply of precursor acetyl-CoA while the expression of these related genes was inhibited. The response to magnolol led to the marked alteration of oxidative stress and the down-expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway from the transcriptome data and the determination of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) assays. This above might be the very reason for the growth supression and mycotoxin production of A. alternata by magnolol. This study provides new insights into its potential as an important active ingredient for the control of A. alternata and its mycotoxins in fruits and their products.
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Pang G, Sun T, Yu Z, Yuan T, Liu W, Zhu H, Gao Q, Yang D, Kubicek CP, Zhang J, Shen Q. Azaphilones biosynthesis complements the defence mechanism of
Trichoderma guizhouense
against oxidative stress. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4808-4824. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Pang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Zhenzhong Yu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Tao Yuan
- The Laboratory of Effective Substances of Jiangxi Genuine Medicinal Materials, College of Life Sciences Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiang xi 330022 China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application at Universities of Education Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Yili Normal University Yining Xinjiang 835000 China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Department of Public Health Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu 210023 China
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering TU Wien Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based Fertilizers Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 China
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30
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The bZIP Transcription Factor AflRsmA Regulates Aflatoxin B 1 Biosynthesis, Oxidative Stress Response and Sclerotium Formation in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040271. [PMID: 32340099 PMCID: PMC7232220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites play important roles not only in fungal ecology but also in humans living as beneficial medicine or harmful toxins. In filamentous fungi, bZIP-type transcription factors (TFs) are associated with the proteins involved in oxidative stress response and secondary metabolism. In this study, a connection between a bZIP TF and oxidative stress induction of secondary metabolism is uncovered in an opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus flavus, which produces carcinogenic and mutagenic aflatoxins. The bZIP transcription factor AflRsmA was identified by a homology research of A. flavus genome with the bZIP protein RsmA, involved in secondary metabolites production in Aspergillusnidulans. The AflrsmA deletion strain (ΔAflrsmA) displayed less sensitivity to the oxidative reagents tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) in comparison with wild type (WT) and AflrsmA overexpression strain (AflrsmAOE), while AflrsmAOE strain increased sensitivity to the oxidative reagents menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) compared to WT and ΔAflrsmA strains. Without oxidative treatment, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production of ΔAflrsmA strains was consistent with that of WT, but AflrsmAOE strain produced more AFB1 than WT; tBOOH and MSB treatment decreased AFB1 production of ΔAflrsmA compared to WT. Besides, relative to WT, ΔAflrsmA strain decreased sclerotia, while AflrsmAOE strain increased sclerotia. The decrease of AFB1 by ΔAflrsmA but increase of AFB1 by AflrsmAOE was on corn. Our results suggest that AFB1 biosynthesis is regulated by AflRsmA by oxidative stress pathways and provide insights into a possible function of AflRsmA in mediating AFB1 biosynthesis response host defense in pathogen A. flavus.
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31
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Penicillin and cephalosporin biosyntheses are also regulated by reactive oxygen species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:1773-1783. [PMID: 31900551 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In an earlier work on lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus, we found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration increased to high levels precisely at the start of the production phase (idiophase) and that these levels were sustained during all idiophase. Moreover, it was shown that ROS regulate lovastatin biosynthesis. ROS regulation has also been reported for aflatoxins. It has been suggested that, due to their antioxidant activity, aflatoxins are regulated and synthesized like a second line of defense against oxidative stress. To study the possible ROS regulation of other industrially important secondary metabolites, we analyzed the relationship between ROS and penicillin biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum and cephalosporin biosynthesis by Acremonium chrysogenum. Results revealed a similar ROS accumulation in idiophase in penicillin and cephalosporin fermentations. Moreover, when intracellular ROS concentrations were decreased by the addition of antioxidants to the cultures, penicillin and cephalosporin production were drastically reduced. When intracellular ROS were increased by the addition of exogenous ROS (H2O2) to the cultures, proportional increments in penicillin and cephalosporin biosyntheses were obtained. It was also shown that lovastatin, penicillin, and cephalosporin are not antioxidants. Taken together, our results provide evidence that ROS regulation is a general mechanism controlling secondary metabolism in fungi.
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Wang G, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu F, Li E, Ma J, Yang B, Zhang C, Li L, Liu Y. Requirement of LaeA, VeA, and VelB on Asexual Development, Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis, and Fungal Virulence in Aspergillus ochraceus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2759. [PMID: 31849898 PMCID: PMC6892948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus ochraceus is reported to be the major contributor of ochratoxin A (OTA), classified as one of the possible human carcinogen (group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The heterotrimeric velvet complex proteins, LaeA/VeA/VelB, have been most studied in fungi to clarify the relation between light-dependent morphology and secondary metabolism. To explore possible genetic targets to control OTA contamination, we have identified laeA, veA, and velB in A. ochraceus. The loss of laeA, veA, and velB yielded mutants with differences in vegetative growth and conidial production. Especially, ΔlaeA almost lost the ability to generate conidiaphore under dark condition. The deletion of laeA, veA, and velB drastically reduced the production of OTA. The wild-type A. ochraceus produced about 1 and 7 μg/cm2 OTA under light and dark conditions on media, whereas the three gene deletion mutants produced less than 20 ng/cm2 OTA, which was correlated with a down regulation of OTA biosynthetic genes. Pathogenicity studies of ΔlaeA, ΔveA, and ΔvelB showed their reduction in disease severity in pears. Furthermore, 66.1% of the backbone genes in secondary metabolite gene cluster were significantly regulated, among which 81.6% were downregulated. Taking together, these results revealed that velvet complex proteins played crucial roles in asexual development, secondary metabolism, and fungal virulence in A. ochraceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erfeng Li
- Horticulture and Landscape College, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junning Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bolei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Guan X, Zhao Y, Liu X, Shang B, Xing F, Zhou L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Bhatnagar D, Liu Y. The bZIP transcription factor Afap1 mediates the oxidative stress response and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Rev Argent Microbiol 2019; 51:292-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lu C, Ma Y, Wang J. Lanthanum elicitation on hypocrellin A production in mycelium cultures of Shiraia bambusicola is mediated by ROS generation. J RARE EARTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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35
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Genetic regulation of aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, trichothecene, and fumonisin biosynthesis: A review. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:89-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Fang Y, Klosterman SJ, Tian C, Wang Y. Insights into VdCmr1-mediated protection against high temperature stress and UV irradiation in Verticillium dahliae. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2977-2996. [PMID: 31136051 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on more than 200 plant species worldwide. This fungus can survive for years in soil as melanized microsclerotia. We found that VdCmr1, a transcription factor, is required for the melanin production and increased survival following UV irradiation in V. dahliae but not for microsclerotia production or virulence. Here, we provided evidence how VdCmr1 protects against high temperature (HT) and UV irradiation in V. dahliae. The results indicate that VdCmr1 mediates entry to the diapause period in V. dahliae in response to HT and contributes to the expression of proteins to minimize protein misfolding and denaturation. VdCmr1 deletion results in the misregulation of DNA repair machinery, suggestive of reduced DNA repair capacity following UV irradiation and in correlation with the low survival rate of UV-treated VdCmr1 mutants. We discovered a putative VdCmr1-dependent gene cluster associated with secondary metabolism and stress responses. We also functionally characterized two VdCmr1-responsive genes participating in HT and UV response. These results shed further light on the roles of VdCmr1 in protection from HT or UV irradiation, and the additional insights into the mechanisms of this protection may be useful to exploit for more effective disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Chengming Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Improved hypocrellin A production in Shiraia bambusicola by light-dark shift. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 182:100-107. [PMID: 29656218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellin A (HA) is a major bioactive perylenequinone from the fruiting body of Shiraia bambusicola used for the treatment of skin diseases and developed as a photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent against cancers and viruses. The mycelial culture of S. bambusicola under dark is a biotechnological alternative for HA production but with low yield. In this study, light and dark conditions were investigated to develop effective elicitation on HA production in the cultures. Our results showed the constant light at 200 lx stimulated HA production without any growth retardation of mycelia. A light/dark shift (24: 24 h) not only increased HA content in mycelia by 65%, but stimulated HA release into the medium with the highest total HA production 181.67 mg/L on day 8, about 73% increase over the dark control. Moreover, light/dark shifting induced the formation of smaller and more compact fungal pellets, suggesting a new effective strategy for large-scale production of HA in mycelium cultures. The light/dark shift up-regulated the expression levels of two reactive oxygen species (ROS) related genes including superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox) and cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP), and induced the generation of ROS. With the treatment of vitamin C, we found that ROS was involved in the up-regulated expression of key biosynthetical genes for hypocrellins and improved HA production. These results provide a basis for understanding the influence of light/dark shift on fungal metabolism and the application of a novel strategy for enhancing HA production in submerged Shiraia cultures.
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Song Z, Yin Y, Lin Y, Du F, Ren G, Wang Z. The bZIP transcriptional factor activator protein-1 regulates Metarhizium rileyi morphology and mediates microsclerotia formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4577-4588. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lee Y, Son H, Shin JY, Choi GJ, Lee Y. Genome-wide functional characterization of putative peroxidases in the head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:715-730. [PMID: 28387997 PMCID: PMC6638050 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with various developmental processes and host-pathogen interactions in pathogenic fungi. Peroxidases are a group of ROS-detoxifying enzymes that are involved in the oxidative stress response and in a variety of physiological processes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide functional characterization of putative peroxidase genes in Fusarium graminearum, a head blight pathogen of cereal crops. We identified 31 putative peroxidase genes and generated deletion mutants for these genes. Twenty-six of the deletion mutants showed developmental phenotypes indistinguishable from that of the wild-type, and five deletion mutants exhibited phenotypic changes in at least one phenotypic category. Four deletion mutants, fca6, fca7, fpx1 and fpx15, showed increased sensitivity to extracellular H2 O2 . Deletion mutants of FCA7 also exhibited reduced virulence and increased trichothecene production compared with those of the wild-type strain, suggesting that Fca7 may play an important role in the host-pathogen interaction in F. graminearum. To identify the transcription factors (TFs) regulating FCA6, FCA7, FPX1 and FPX15 in response to oxidative stress, we screened an F. graminearum TF mutant library for growth in the presence of H2 O2 and found that multiple TFs co-regulated the expression of FCA7 under oxidative stress conditions. These results demonstrate that a complex network of transcriptional regulators of antioxidant genes is involved in oxidative stress responses in this fungus. Moreover, our study provides insights into the roles of peroxidases in developmental processes and host-pathogen interactions in plant-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Center for Food and BioconvergenceSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Ji Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Eco‐friendly New Materials Research Group, Research Center for Biobased Chemistry, Division of Convergence ChemistryKorea Research Institute of Chemical TechnologyDaejeon34114South Korea
| | - Yin‐Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826South Korea
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40
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Activation of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis Alleviates Total ROS in Aspergillus parasiticus. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020057. [PMID: 29382166 PMCID: PMC5848158 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An aspect of mycotoxin biosynthesis that remains unclear is its relationship with the cellular management of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we conduct a comparative study of the total ROS production in the wild-type strain (SU-1) of the plant pathogen and aflatoxin producer, Aspergillus parasiticus, and its mutant strain, AFS10, in which the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway is blocked by disruption of its pathway regulator, aflR. We show that SU-1 demonstrates a significantly faster decrease in total ROS than AFS10 between 24 h to 48 h, a time window within which aflatoxin synthesis is activated and reaches peak levels in SU-1. The impact of aflatoxin synthesis in alleviation of ROS correlated well with the transcriptional activation of five superoxide dismutases (SOD), a group of enzymes that protect cells from elevated levels of a class of ROS, the superoxide radicals (O₂-). Finally, we show that aflatoxin supplementation to AFS10 growth medium results in a significant reduction of total ROS only in 24 h cultures, without resulting in significant changes in SOD gene expression. Our findings show that the activation of aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. parasiticus alleviates ROS generation, which in turn, can be both aflR dependent and aflatoxin dependent.
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41
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Gil-Serna J, García-Díaz M, González-Jaén MT, Vázquez C, Patiño B. Description of an orthologous cluster of ochratoxin A biosynthetic genes in Aspergillus and Penicillium species. A comparative analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 268:35-43. [PMID: 29324288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most important mycotoxins due to its toxic properties and worldwide distribution which is produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species. The knowledge of OTA biosynthetic genes and understanding of the mechanisms involved in their regulation are essential. In this work, we obtained a clear picture of biosynthetic genes organization in the main OTA-producing Aspergillus and Penicillium species (A. steynii, A. westerdijkiae, A. niger, A. carbonarius and P. nordicum) using complete genome sequences obtained in this work or previously available on databases. The results revealed a region containing five ORFs which predicted five proteins: halogenase, bZIP transcription factor, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase in all the five species. Genetic synteny was conserved in both Penicillium and Aspergillus species although genomic location seemed to be different since the clusters presented different flanking regions (except for A. steynii and A. westerdijkiae); these observations support the hypothesis of the orthology of this genomic region and that it might have been acquired by horizontal transfer. New real-time RT-PCR assays for quantification of the expression of these OTA biosynthetic genes were developed. In all species, the five genes were consistently expressed in OTA-producing strains in permissive conditions. These protocols might favour futures studies on the regulation of biosynthetic genes in order to develop new efficient control methods to avoid OTA entering the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gil-Serna
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta García-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa González-Jaén
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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43
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Mitra C, Gummadidala PM, Afshinnia K, Merrifield RC, Baalousha M, Lead JR, Chanda A. Citrate-Coated Silver Nanoparticles Growth-Independently Inhibit Aflatoxin Synthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8085-8093. [PMID: 28618218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Manufactured silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have long been used as antimicrobials. However, little is known about how these NPs affect fungal cell functions. While multiple previous studies reveal that Ag NPs inhibit secondary metabolite syntheses in several mycotoxin producing filamentous fungi, these effects are associated with growth repression and hence need sublethal to lethal NP doses, which besides stopping fungal growth, can potentially accumulate in the environment. Here we demonstrate that citrate-coated Ag NPs of size 20 nm, when applied at a selected nonlethal dose, can result in a >2 fold inhibition of biosynthesis of the carcinogenic mycotoxin and secondary metabolite, aflatoxin B1 in the filamentous fungus and an important plant pathogen, Aspergillus parasiticus, without inhibiting fungal growth. We also show that the observed inhibition was not due to Ag ions, but was specifically associated with the mycelial uptake of Ag NPs. The NP exposure resulted in a significant decrease in transcript levels of five aflatoxin genes and at least two key global regulators of secondary metabolism, laeA and veA, with a concomitant reduction of total reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, the depletion of Ag NPs in the growth medium allowed the fungus to regain completely its ability of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Our results therefore demonstrate the feasibility of Ag NPs to inhibit fungal secondary metabolism at nonlethal concentrations, hence providing a novel starting point for discovery of custom designed engineered nanoparticles that can efficiently prevent mycotoxins with minimal risk to health and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Mitra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Phani M Gummadidala
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Kamelia Afshinnia
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Ruth C Merrifield
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jamie R Lead
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Anindya Chanda
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
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Lei XY, Zhang MY, Ma YJ, Wang JW. Transcriptomic responses involved in enhanced production of hypocrellin A by addition of Triton X-100 in submerged cultures of Shiraia bambusicola. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1415-1429. [PMID: 28685359 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The addition of surfactant is a useful strategy to enhance the product yield in submerged fermentation process. In this study, we sought to explore the mechanism for the elicitation of Triton X-100 on production of hypocrellin A (HA) in cultures of Shiraia bambusicola through transcriptomic analysis. Triton X-100 at 2.5% (w/v) not only induced HA biosynthesis in mycelia, but also stimulated the release of HA into the medium. We found 23 of 2463 transcripts, possible candidate genes for HA biosynthesis under Triton X-100 induction. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed Triton X-100 treatment changed expression of genes involved in transmembrane transport and oxidation-reduction process, indicating that enhanced HA production was mainly due to both elicited biosynthesis in mycelium and the increased membrane permeability for HA release. These data provided new insights into elicitation of surfactants in submerged cultures of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Yun Lei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Ye Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Jun Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China.
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Verma S, Gazara RK, Verma PK. Transcription Factor Repertoire of Necrotrophic Fungal Phytopathogen Ascochyta rabiei: Predominance of MYB Transcription Factors As Potential Regulators of Secretome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1037. [PMID: 28659964 PMCID: PMC5470089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are the key players in gene expression and their study is highly significant for shedding light on the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary history of organisms. During host-pathogen interaction, extensive reprogramming of gene expression facilitated by TFs is likely to occur in both host and pathogen. To date, the knowledge about TF repertoire in filamentous fungi is in infancy. The necrotrophic fungus Ascochyta rabiei, that causes destructive Ascochyta blight (AB) disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), demands more comprehensive study for better understanding of Ascochyta-legume pathosystem. In the present study, we performed the genome-wide identification and analysis of TFs in A. rabiei. Taking advantage of A. rabiei genome sequence, we used a bioinformatic approach to predict the TF repertoire of A. rabiei. For identification and classification of A. rabiei TFs, we designed a comprehensive pipeline using a combination of BLAST and InterProScan software. A total of 381 A. rabiei TFs were predicted and divided into 32 fungal specific families of TFs. The gene structure, domain organization and phylogenetic analysis of abundant families of A. rabiei TFs were also carried out. Comparative study of A. rabiei TFs with that of other necrotrophic, biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, symbiotic, and saprotrophic fungi was performed. It suggested presence of both conserved as well as unique features among them. Moreover, cis-acting elements on promoter sequences of earlier predicted A. rabiei secretome were also identified. With the help of published A. rabiei transcriptome data, the differential expression of TF and secretory protein coding genes was analyzed. Furthermore, comprehensive expression analysis of few selected A. rabiei TFs using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed variety of expression patterns during host colonization. These genes were expressed in at least one of the time points tested post infection. Overall, this study illustrates the first genome-wide identification and analysis of TF repertoire of A. rabiei. This work would provide the basis for further studies to dissect role of TFs in the molecular mechanisms during A. rabiei-chickpea interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Praveen K. Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
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Macheleidt J, Mattern DJ, Fischer J, Netzker T, Weber J, Schroeckh V, Valiante V, Brakhage AA. Regulation and Role of Fungal Secondary Metabolites. Annu Rev Genet 2016; 50:371-392. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Macheleidt
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Derek J. Mattern
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Fischer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Tina Netzker
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Jakob Weber
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Schroeckh
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Vito Valiante
- Research Group Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; , , , , , ,
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
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47
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Oakley CE, Ahuja M, Sun WW, Entwistle R, Akashi T, Yaegashi J, Guo CJ, Cerqueira GC, Russo Wortman J, Wang CCC, Chiang YM, Oakley BR. Discovery of McrA, a master regulator of Aspergillus secondary metabolism. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:347-365. [PMID: 27775185 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) are extremely important in medicine and agriculture, but regulation of their biosynthesis is incompletely understood. We have developed a genetic screen in Aspergillus nidulans for negative regulators of fungal SM gene clusters and we have used this screen to isolate mutations that upregulate transcription of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase gene required for nidulanin A biosynthesis. Several of these mutations are allelic and we have identified the mutant gene by genome sequencing. The gene, which we designate mcrA, is conserved but uncharacterized, and it encodes a putative transcription factor. Metabolite profiles of mcrA deletant, mcrA overexpressing, and parental strains reveal that mcrA regulates at least ten SM gene clusters. Deletion of mcrA stimulates SM production even in strains carrying a deletion of the SM regulator laeA, and deletion of mcrA homologs in Aspergillus terreus and Penicillum canescens alters the secondary metabolite profile of these organisms. Deleting mcrA in a genetic dereplication strain has allowed us to discover two novel compounds as well as an antibiotic not known to be produced by A. nidulans. Deletion of mcrA upregulates transcription of hundreds of genes including many that are involved in secondary metabolism, while downregulating a smaller number of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Elizabeth Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Manmeet Ahuja
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Wei-Wen Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Ruth Entwistle
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Tomohiro Akashi
- Division of OMICS analysis, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Junko Yaegashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Gustavo C Cerqueira
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jennifer Russo Wortman
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Dornsife Colleges of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Yi-Ming Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City, Taiwan, 71710, Republic of China
| | - Berl R Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
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Zhang F, Xu G, Geng L, Lu X, Yang K, Yuan J, Nie X, Zhuang Z, Wang S. The Stress Response Regulator AflSkn7 Influences Morphological Development, Stress Response, and Pathogenicity in the Fungus Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070202. [PMID: 27399770 PMCID: PMC4963835 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on AflSkn7, which is a stress response regulator in the aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus. The ΔAflSkn7 mutants exhibited partially defective conidial formation and a complete inability to generate sclerotia, indicating AflSkn7 affects A. flavus asexual and sexual development. The mutants tolerated osmotic stress but were partially susceptible to the effects of cell wall stress. Additionally, the ΔAflSkn7 mutants were especially sensitive to oxidative stress. These observations confirmed that AflSkn7 influences oxidative stress responses rather than osmotic stress responses. Additionally, AflSkn7 was observed to increase aflatoxin biosynthesis and seed infection rates. These results indicate AflSkn7 affects A. flavus morphological development, stress response, aflatoxin production, and pathogenicity. The results of this study may facilitate the development of new methods to manage A. flavus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Gaopo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Longpo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Kunlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xinyi Nie
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhenhong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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49
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Wang Y, Wang L, Liu F, Wang Q, Selvaraj JN, Xing F, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Ochratoxin A Producing Fungi, Biosynthetic Pathway and Regulatory Mechanisms. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E83. [PMID: 27007394 PMCID: PMC4810228 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), mainly produced by Aspergillus and Penicillum species, is one of the most important mycotoxin contaminants in agricultural products. It is detrimental to human health because of its nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and immunosuppression. OTA structurally consists of adihydrocoumarin moiety linked with l-phenylalanine via an amide bond. OTA biosynthesis has been putatively hypothesized, although several contradictions exist on some processes of the biosynthetic pathway. We discuss recent information on molecular studies of OTA biosynthesis despite insufficient genetic background in detail. Accordingly, genetic regulation has also been explored with regard to the interaction between the regulators and the environmental factors. In this review, we focus on three aspects of OTA: OTA-producing strains, OTA biosynthetic pathway and the regulation mechanisms of OTA production. This can pave the way to assist in protecting food and feed from OTA contamination by understanding OTA biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yueju Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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50
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Crespo-Sempere A, Selma-Lázaro C, Palumbo JD, González-Candelas L, Martínez-Culebras PV. Effect of oxidant stressors and phenolic antioxidants on the ochratoxigenic fungus Aspergillus carbonarius. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:169-177. [PMID: 25644738 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies dealing with the relationship between oxidative stress and ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis. In this work, we analyzed the effect of the oxidant stressor menadione and the antioxidants 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), catechin, resveratrol and a polyphenolic extract on growth, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), OTA production and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes of Aspergillus carbonarius. RESULTS Exposure to menadione concentrations higher than 20 µmol L(-1) led to increases in ROS and OTA levels and a decrease in growth rate. Exposure to 2.5-10 mmol L(-1) BHT also led to higher ROS and OTA levels, although growth rate was only affected above 5 mmol L(-1). Naturally occurring concentrations of catechin, resveratrol and polyphenolic extract barely affected growth rate, but they produced widely different effects on OTA production level depending on the antioxidant concentration used. In general, gene expression of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxiredoxin (PRX) was downregulated after exposure to oxidant and antioxidant concentrations that enhanced OTA production level. CONCLUSION Aspergillus carbonarius responds to oxidative stress, increasing OTA production. Nevertheless, the use of naturally occurring concentrations of antioxidant phenolic compounds to reduce oxidative stress is not a valid approach by itself for OTA contamination control in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Crespo-Sempere
- Departamento de Ciencias de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Selma-Lázaro
- Departamento de Ciencias de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jeffrey D Palumbo
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Departamento de Ciencias de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro V Martínez-Culebras
- Departamento de Ciencias de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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