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Cao Z, Yan W, Ding M, Yuan Y. Construction of microbial consortia for microbial degradation of complex compounds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1051233. [PMID: 36561050 PMCID: PMC9763274 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1051233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly complex synthetic environmental pollutants are prompting further research into bioremediation, which is one of the most economical and safest means of environmental restoration. From the current research, using microbial consortia to degrade complex compounds is more advantageous compared to using isolated bacteria, as the former is more adaptable and stable within the growth environment and can provide a suitable catalytic environment for each enzyme required by the biodegradation pathway. With the development of synthetic biology and gene-editing tools, artificial microbial consortia systems can be designed to be more efficient, stable, and robust, and they can be used to produce high-value-added products with their strong degradation ability. Furthermore, microbial consortia systems are shown to be promising in the degradation of complex compounds. In this review, the strategies for constructing stable and robust microbial consortia are discussed. The current advances in the degradation of complex compounds by microbial consortia are also classified and detailed, including plastics, petroleum, antibiotics, azo dyes, and some pollutants present in sewage. Thus, this paper aims to support some helps to those who focus on the degradation of complex compounds by microbial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibei Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenlong Yan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingzhu Ding
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Mingzhu Ding,
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Ivshina I, Bazhutin G, Tyumina E. Rhodococcus strains as a good biotool for neutralizing pharmaceutical pollutants and obtaining therapeutically valuable products: Through the past into the future. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:967127. [PMID: 36246215 PMCID: PMC9557007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.967127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients present a substantial risk when they reach the environment and drinking water sources. As a new type of dangerous pollutants with high chemical resistance and pronounced biological effects, they accumulate everywhere, often in significant concentrations (μg/L) in ecological environments, food chains, organs of farm animals and humans, and cause an intense response from the aquatic and soil microbiota. Rhodococcus spp. (Actinomycetia class), which occupy a dominant position in polluted ecosystems, stand out among other microorganisms with the greatest variety of degradable pollutants and participate in natural attenuation, are considered as active agents with high transforming and degrading impacts on pharmaceutical compounds. Many representatives of rhodococci are promising as unique sources of specific transforming enzymes, quorum quenching tools, natural products and novel antimicrobials, biosurfactants and nanostructures. The review presents the latest knowledge and current trends regarding the use of Rhodococcus spp. in the processes of pharmaceutical pollutants’ biodegradation, as well as in the fields of biocatalysis and biotechnology for the production of targeted pharmaceutical products. The current literature sources presented in the review can be helpful in future research programs aimed at promoting Rhodococcus spp. as potential biodegraders and biotransformers to control pharmaceutical pollution in the environment.
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Żur J, Marchlewicz A, Piński A, Guzik U, Wojcieszyńska D. Degradation of diclofenac by new bacterial strains and its influence on the physiological status of cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:124000. [PMID: 33265034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most commonly utilized non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which is known to pose an ecotoxicological threat. In this study, from activated sludge and contaminated soil, we isolated four new bacterial strains able to degrade DCF under mono-substrate and co-metabolic conditions with glucose supplementation. We found that the effectiveness of DCF removal is strictly strain-specific and the addition of the primary substrate is not always beneficial. To assess the multidirectional influence of DCF on bacterial cells we evaluated the alterations of increasing concentrations of this drug on membrane structure. A significant increase was observed in the content of 17:0 cyclo fatty acid, which is responsible for reduced fluidity and profound changes in membrane rigidity. The cell injury and oxidative stress were assessed with biomarkers used as endpoints of toxicity, i.e. catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipids peroxidation (LPX), and both intra- and extracellular alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. Results indicated that DCF induced oxidative stress, frequently intensified by the addition of glucose. However, the response of the microbial cells to the presence of DCF should not be generalized, since the overall picture of the particular alterations greatly varied for each of the examined strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Żur
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ariel Marchlewicz
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.
| | - Artur Piński
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.
| | - Urszula Guzik
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.
| | - Danuta Wojcieszyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland.
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Żur J, Piński A, Wojcieszyńska D, Smułek W, Guzik U. Diclofenac Degradation-Enzymes, Genetic Background and Cellular Alterations Triggered in Diclofenac-Metabolizing Strain Pseudomonas moorei KB4. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186786. [PMID: 32947916 PMCID: PMC7555183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) constitutes one of the most significant ecopollutants detected in various environmental matrices. Biological clean-up technologies that rely on xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms are considered as a valuable alternative for chemical oxidation methods. Up to now, the knowledge about DCF multi-level influence on bacterial cells is fragmentary. In this study, we evaluate the degradation potential and impact of DCF on Pseudomonas moorei KB4 strain. In mono-substrate culture KB4 metabolized 0.5 mg L−1 of DCF, but supplementation with glucose (Glc) and sodium acetate (SA) increased degraded doses up to 1 mg L−1 within 12 days. For all established conditions, 4′-OH-DCF and DCF-lactam were identified. Gene expression analysis revealed the up-regulation of selected genes encoding biotransformation enzymes in the presence of DCF, in both mono-substrate and co-metabolic conditions. The multifactorial analysis of KB4 cell exposure to DCF showed a decrease in the zeta-potential with a simultaneous increase in the cell wall hydrophobicity. Magnified membrane permeability was coupled with the significant increase in the branched (19:0 anteiso) and cyclopropane (17:0 cyclo) fatty acid accompanied with reduced amounts of unsaturated ones. DCF injures the cells which is expressed by raised activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases as well as formation of lipids peroxidation products (LPX). The elevated activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) testified that DCF induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Żur
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (A.P.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Ż.); (U.G.); Tel.: +48-32-2009-462 (J.Ż.); +48-32-2009-567 (U.G.)
| | - Artur Piński
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (A.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Danuta Wojcieszyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (A.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Wojciech Smułek
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-695 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Urszula Guzik
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (A.P.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Ż.); (U.G.); Tel.: +48-32-2009-462 (J.Ż.); +48-32-2009-567 (U.G.)
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From Laboratory Tests to the Ecoremedial System: The Importance of Microorganisms in the Recovery of PPCPs-Disturbed Ecosystems. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10103391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a wide variety of emerging pollutants in natural water resources is an important global water quality challenge. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are known as emerging contaminants, widely used by modern society. This objective ensures availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, according to the 2030 Agenda. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) do not always mitigate the presence of these emerging contaminants in effluents discharged into the environment, although the removal efficiency of WWTP varies based on the techniques used. This main subject is framed within a broader environmental paradigm, such as the transition to a circular economy. The research and innovation within the WWTP will play a key role in improving the water resource management and its surrounding industrial and natural ecosystems. Even though bioremediation is a green technology, its integration into the bio-economy strategy, which improves the quality of the environment, is surprisingly rare if we compare to other corrective techniques (physical and chemical). This work carries out a bibliographic review, since the beginning of the 21st century, on the biological remediation of some PPCPs, focusing on organisms (or their by-products) used at the scale of laboratory or scale-up. PPCPs have been selected on the basics of their occurrence in water resources. The data reveal that, despite the advantages that are associated with bioremediation, it is not the first option in the case of the recovery of systems contaminated with PPCPs. The results also show that fungi and bacteria are the most frequently studied microorganisms, with the latter being more easily implanted in complex biotechnological systems (78% of bacterial manuscripts vs. 40% fungi). A total of 52 works has been published while using microalgae and only in 7% of them, these organisms were used on a large scale. Special emphasis is made on the advantages that are provided by biotechnological systems in series, as well as on the need for eco-toxicological control that is associated with any process of recovery of contaminated systems.
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Improvement of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) elimination and inhibition of formations of hydroxylamine-SMX and N4-acetyl-SMX by membrane bioreactor systems. Biodegradation 2018; 29:245-258. [PMID: 29546497 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-018-9826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) has frequently been detected in aquatic environments. In natural environment, not only individual microorganism but also microbial consortia are involved in some biotransformation of pollutants. The competition for space under consortia causing cell-cell contact inhibition changes the cellular behaviors. Herein, the membrane bioreactor system (MBRS) was applied to improve SMX elimination thorough exchanging the cell-free broths (CFB). The removal efficiency of SMX was increased by more than 24% whether under the pure culture of A. faecalis or under the co-culture of A. faecalis and P. denitrificans with MBRS. Meanwhile, MBRS significantly inhibited the formation of HA-SMX, and Ac-SMX from parent compound. Additionally, the cellular growth under MBRS was obviously enhanced, indicating that the increases in the cellular growth under MBRS are possibly related to the decreases in the levels of HA-SMX and Ac-SMX compared to that without MBRS. The intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratios of A. faecalis under MBRS were increased whether thorough itself-recycle of CFB or exchanging CFB between the pure cultures of A. faecalis and P. denitrificans, suggesting that the enhancement in the bioremoval efficiencies of SMX under MBRS by A. faecalis is likely related to the increases in the NADH/NAD+ ratio. Taken together, the regulation of cell-to-cell communication is preferable strategy to improve the bioremoval efficiency of SMX.
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Aissaoui S, Ouled-Haddar H, Sifour M, Harrouche K, Sghaier H. Metabolic and Co-Metabolic Transformation of Diclofenac by Enterobacter hormaechei D15 Isolated from Activated Sludge. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:381-388. [PMID: 28175958 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as diclofenac (DCF), in the environment, is an emerging problem due to their harmful effects on non-target organisms, even at low concentrations. We studied the biodegradation of DCF by the strain D15 of Enterobacter hormaechei. The strain was isolated from an activated sludge, and identified as E. hormaechei based on its physiological characteristics and its 16 S RNA sequence. Using HPTLC and GC-MS methods, we demonstrated that this strain metabolized DCF at an elimination rate of 52.8%. In the presence of an external carbon source (glucose), the elimination rate increased to approximately 82%. GC-MS analysis detected and identified one metabolite as 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one; it was produced as a consequence of dehydration and lactam formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Aissaoui
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mohammed Seddik Benyahia-Jijel, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Houria Ouled-Haddar
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mohammed Seddik Benyahia-Jijel, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Sifour
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mohammed Seddik Benyahia-Jijel, Jijel, Algeria.
| | - Kamel Harrouche
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Mohammed Seddik Benyahia-Jijel, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Haitham Sghaier
- National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (CNSTN), Sidi Thabet Technopark, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Gu L, Huang B, Xu Z, Ma X, Pan X. Dissolved organic matter as a terminal electron acceptor in the microbial oxidation of steroid estrogen. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:26-33. [PMID: 27543904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroid estrogen in natural waters may be biodegraded by quinone-reducing bacteria, dissolved organic matter (DOM) may serve as a terminal electron acceptor in this process. The influence of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and light illumination on the reduction efficiency of anthraquinone-2-disulfonate (AQS) was investigated using 17β-estradiol (E2) as the target species. The optimum reduction conditions were found to be in the dark under anaerobic conditions at pH 8.0 and 30 °C. Quinone-reducing bacteria can use the quinone structure of DOM components as a terminal electron acceptor coupling with microbial growth to promote biodegradation. Compared with other DOM models, AQS best stimulated E2 biodegradation and the mediating effect was improved as the AQS concentration increased from 0 to 0.5 mM. However, further increase had an inhibiting effect. Natural DOM containing lake humic acid (LHA) and lake fulvic acid (LFA) had a very important accelerating effect on the degradation of E2, the action mechanism of which was consistent with that defined using DOM models. The natural DOM contained more aromatic compounds, demonstrating their greater electron-accepting capacity and generally more effective support for microorganism growth and E2 oxidation than Aldrich humic acid (HA). These results provide a more comprehensive understanding of microbial degradation of steroid estrogens in anaerobic environments and confirm DOM as an important terminal electron acceptor in pollutant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Gu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Bin Huang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China.
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, PR China
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Naddeo V, Uyguner-Demirel CS, Prado M, Cesaro A, Belgiorno V, Ballesteros F. Enhanced ozonation of selected pharmaceutical compounds by sonolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:1876-1883. [PMID: 25655135 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1014864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In search of new options to achieve removal of pharmaceuticals in the environment, combined ultrasound and ozonation has become a focus of intense investigation for wastewater treatment. In this study, three pharmaceuticals were selected as model compounds for degradation experiments: diclofenac (DCF), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and carbamazepine (CBZ). Comparison of the degradation rates for both ozonation and combined ultrasound/ozonation treatments was performed on single synthetic solutions as well as on a mixture of the selected pharmaceuticals, under different experimental conditions. For single synthetic solutions, the efficiency removal for ozonation reached 73%, 51% and 59% after 40 min for DCF, SMX and CBZ, respectively. Comparable results were obtained for pharmaceuticals in mixture. However, the combined ultrasound/ozone treatment was found to increase degradation efficiencies for both DCF and SMX single solutions up to 94% and 61%, respectively, whereas lower removal yields, up to 56%, was noted for CBZ. Likewise, when the combined treatment was applied to the mixture, relatively low removal efficiencies was found for CBZ (44%) and 90% degradation yield was achieved for DCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Naddeo
- a Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering , University of Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano , SA , Italy
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Majewsky M, Wagner D, Delay M, Bräse S, Yargeau V, Horn H. Antibacterial Activity of Sulfamethoxazole Transformation Products (TPs): General Relevance for Sulfonamide TPs Modified at the para Position. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1821-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500267x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Majewsky
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Danny Wagner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus Delay
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz
1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Quebec J3N 1V3, Canada
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Chair of Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Rodayan A, Segura PA, Yargeau V. Ozonation of wastewater: removal and transformation products of drugs of abuse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:763-770. [PMID: 24315025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), ketamine (KET) and oxycodone (OXY) in wastewater at concentrations of 100 μgL(-1) were subjected to ozone to determine their removals as a function of ozone dose and to identify significant oxidation transformation products (OTPs) produced as a result of ozonation. A method based on high resolution mass spectrometry and differential analysis was used to facilitate and accelerate the identification and structural elucidation of the transformation products. The drug removal ranged from 3 to 50% depending on the complexity of the matrix and whether a mixture or individual drugs were ozonated. Both transient and persistent oxidation transformation products were identified for MDMA, COC and OXY and their chemical formulae were determined. Three possible structures of the persistent transformation product of MDMA (OTP-213) with chemical formula C10H16O4N, were determined based on MS(n) mass spectra and the most plausible structure (OTP-213a) was determined based on the chemistry of ozone. These results indicate that ozone is capable of removing drugs of abuse from wastewater to varying extents and that persistent transformation products are produced as a result of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rodayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2
| | - Pedro Alejandro Segura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B2.
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