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Yan X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Cui J, Mayo KH, Zhou Y, Cui L. Preparation of β-galacto-oligosaccharides using a novel endo-1,4-β-galactanase from Penicillium oxalicum. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127966. [PMID: 37944726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Endo-1,4-β-galactanase is an indispensable tool for preparing prebiotic β-galacto-oligosaccharides (β-GOS) from pectic galactan resources. In the present study, a novel endo-1,4-β-galactanase (PoβGal53) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 53 from Penicillium oxalicum sp. 68 was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. Upon purification by affinity chromatography, recombinant PoβGal53 exhibited a single band on SDS-PAGE with a molecular weight of 45.0 kDa. Using potato galactan as substrate, PoβGal53 showed optimal reaction conditions of pH 4.0, 40 °C, and was thermostable, retaining >80 % activity after incubating below 45 °C for 12 h. Significantly, PoβGal53 exhibited relatively conserved substrate specificity for (1 → 4)-β-D-galactan with an activity of 6244 ± 282 U/mg. In this regard, the enzyme is in effect the most efficient endo-1,4-β-galactanase identified to date. By using PoβGal53, β-GOS monomers were prepared from potato galactan and separated using medium pressure liquid chromatography. HPAEC-PAD, MALDI-TOF-MS and ESI-MS/MS analyses demonstrated that these β-GOS species ranged from 1,4-β-D-galactobiose to 1,4-β-D-galactooctaose (DP 2-8) with high purity. This work provides not only a highly active tool for enzymatic degradation of pectic galactan, but an efficient protocol for preparing β-GOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecui Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yunxia Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Institute of innovation science & technology, Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130031, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Liangnan Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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Chen B, Zhou Y, Duan L, Gong X, Liu X, Pan K, Zeng D, Ni X, Zeng Y. Complete genome analysis of Bacillus velezensis TS5 and its potential as a probiotic strain in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1322910. [PMID: 38125573 PMCID: PMC10731255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1322910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that Bacillus velezensis has the potential as an animal feed additive, and its potential probiotic properties have been gradually explored. Methods In this study, Illumina NovaSeq PE150 and Oxford Nanopore ONT sequencing platforms were used to sequence the genome of Bacillus velezensis TS5, a fiber-degrading strain isolated from Tibetan sheep. To further investigate the potential of B. velezensis TS5 as a probiotic strain, in vivo experiments were conducted using 40 five-week-old male specific pathogen-free C57BL/6J mice. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: high fiber diet control group (H group), high fiber diet probiotics group (HT group), low fiber diet control group (L group), and low fiber diet probiotics group (LT group). The H and HT groups were fed high-fiber diet (30%), while the L and LT groups were fed low-fiber diet (5%). The total bacteria amount in the vegetative forms of B. velezensis TS5 per mouse in the HT and LT groups was 1 × 109 CFU per day, mice in the H and L groups were given the same volume of sterile physiological saline daily by gavage, and the experiment period lasted for 8 weeks. Results The complete genome sequencing results of B. velezensis TS5 showed that it contained 3,929,788 nucleotides with a GC content of 46.50%. The strain encoded 3,873 genes that partially related to stress resistance, adhesion, and antioxidants, as well as the production of secondary metabolites, digestive enzymes, and other beneficial nutrients. The genes of this bacterium were mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, vitamin and cofactor metabolism, biological process, and molecular function, as revealed by KEGG and GO databases. The results of mouse tests showed that B. velezensis TS5 could improve intestinal digestive enzyme activity, liver antioxidant capacity, small intestine morphology, and cecum microbiota structure in mice. Conclusion These findings confirmed the probiotic effects of B. velezensis TS5 isolated from Tibetan sheep feces and provided the theoretical basis for the clinical application and development of new feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benhao Chen
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixiao Duan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Gong
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingmei Liu
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
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Saburi W, Ota T, Kato K, Tagami T, Yamashita K, Yao M, Mori H. Function and Structure of Lacticaseibacillus casei GH35 β-Galactosidase LBCZ_0230 with High Hydrolytic Activity to Lacto- N-biose I and Galacto- N-biose. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2023; 70:43-52. [PMID: 37599861 PMCID: PMC10432377 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2022_0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) hydrolyzes β-D-galactosidic linkages at the non-reducing end of substrates to produce β-D-galactose. Lacticaseibacillus casei is one of the most widely utilized probiotic species of lactobacilli. It possesses a putative β-galactosidase belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 35 (GH35). This enzyme is encoded by the gene included in the gene cluster for utilization of lacto-N-biose I (LNB; Galβ1-3GlcNAc) and galacto-N-biose (GNB; Galβ1-3GalNAc) via the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system. The GH35 protein (GnbG) from L. casei BL23 is predicted to be 6-phospho-β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.85). However, its 6-phospho-β-galactosidase activity has not yet been examined, whereas its hydrolytic activity against LNB and GNB has been demonstrated. In this study, L. casei JCM1134 LBCZ_0230, homologous to GnbG, was characterized enzymatically and structurally. A recombinant LBCZ_0230, produced in Escherichia coli, exhibited high hydrolytic activity toward o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside, LNB, and GNB, but not toward o-nitrophenyl 6-phospho-β-D-galactopyranoside. Crystal structure analysis indicates that the structure of subsite -1 of LBCZ_0230 is very similar to that of Streptococcus pneumoniae β-galactosidase BgaC and not suitable for binding to 6-phospho-β-D-galactopyranoside. These biochemical and structural analyses indicate that LBCZ_0230 is a β-galactosidase. According to the prediction of LNB's binding mode, aromatic residues, Trp190, Trp240, Trp243, Phe244, and Tyr458, form hydrophobic interactions with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue of LNB at subsite +1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Saburi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Tomoya Ota
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
| | - Koji Kato
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University
| | | | | | - Min Yao
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Haruhide Mori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
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Link T, Ehrmann MA. Transcriptomic profiling reveals differences in the adaptation of two Tetragenococcus halophilus strains to a lupine moromi model medium. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:14. [PMID: 36639757 PMCID: PMC9840258 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetragenococcus (T.) halophilus is a common member of the microbial consortia of food fermented under high salt conditions. These comprises salty condiments based on soy or lupine beans, fish sauce, shrimp paste and brined anchovies. Within these fermentations this lactic acid bacterium (LAB) is responsible for the formation of lactic and other short chain acids that contribute to the flavor and lower the pH of the product. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic profile of the two T. halophilus strains TMW 2.2254 and TMW 2.2256 in a lupine moromi model medium supplied with galactose. To get further insights into which genomic trait is important, we used a setup with two strains. That way we can determine if strain dependent pathways contribute to the overall fitness. These strains differ in the ability to utilize L-arginine, L-aspartate, L-arabinose, D-sorbitol, glycerol, D-lactose or D-melibiose. The lupine moromi model medium is an adapted version of the regular MRS medium supplied with lupine peptone instead of casein peptone and meat extract, to simulate the amino acid availabilities in lupine moromi. RESULTS The transcriptomic profiles of the T. halophilus strains TMW 2.2254 and TMW 2.2256 in a lupine peptone-based model media supplied with galactose, used as simulation media for a lupine seasoning sauce fermentation, were compared to the determine potentially important traits. Both strains, have a great overlap in their response to the culture conditions but some strain specific features such as the utilization of glycerol, sorbitol and arginine contribute to the overall fitness of the strain TMW 2.2256. Interestingly, although both strains have two non-identical copies of the tagatose-6P pathway and the Leloir pathway increased under the same conditions, TMW 2.2256 prefers the degradation via the tagatose-6P pathway while TMW 2.2254 does not. Furthermore, TMW 2.2256 shows an increase in pathways required for balancing out the intracellular NADH/NADH+ ratios. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals for the first time, that both versions of tagatose-6P pathways encoded in both strains are simultaneously active together with the Leloir pathway and contribute to the degradation of galactose. These findings will help to understand the strain dependent features that might be required for a starter strain in lupine moromi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Link
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias A. Ehrmann
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Cloning, Expression, Purification and Characterization of the β-galactosidase PoβGal35A from Penicillium oxalicum. Mol Biotechnol 2022:10.1007/s12033-022-00620-y. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zeng C, Shu Y, Wang X, Liang S, Wang S, Zhan R, Wang K. Characterization of two novel highly active glycoside hydrolase family 53 endo-1,4-β-galactanases and their synergism with other carbohydrases in plant polysaccharide decomposition. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:653-666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Shang Z, Liu S, Duan Y, Bao C, Wang J, Dong B, Cao Y. Complete genome sequencing and investigation on the fiber-degrading potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TL106 from the tibetan pig. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:186. [PMID: 35906551 PMCID: PMC9336001 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellulolytic microorganisms are considered a key player in the degradation of feed fiber. These microorganisms can be isolated from various resources, such as animal gut, plant surfaces, soil and oceans. A new strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, TL106, was isolated from faeces of a healthy Tibetan pigs. This strain can produce cellulase and shows strong antimicrobial activity in mice. Thus, in this study, to better understand the strain of B. amyloliquefaciens TL106 on degradation of cellulose, the genome of the strain TL106 was completely sequenced and analyzed. In addition, we also explored the cellulose degradation ability of strain TL106 in vitro. Results TL106 was completely sequenced with the third generation high-throughput DNA sequencing. In vitro analysis with enzymatic hydrolysis identified the activity of cellulose degradation. TL106 consisted of one circular chromosome with 3,980,960 bp and one plasmid with 16,916 bp, the genome total length was 3.99 Mb and total of 4,130 genes were predicted. Several genes of cellulases and hemicellulase were blasted in Genbank, including β-glucosidase, endoglucanase, ß-glucanase and xylanase genes. Additionally, the activities of amylase (20.25 U/mL), cellulase (20.86 U/mL), xylanase (39.71 U/mL) and β-glucanase (36.13 U/mL) in the fermentation supernatant of strain TL106 were higher. In the study of degradation characteristics, we found that strain TL106 had a better degradation effect on crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, starch, arabinoxylan and β-glucan of wheat and highland barley . Conclusions The genome of B. amyloliquefaciens TL106 contained several genes of cellulases and hemicellulases, can produce carbohydrate-active enzymes, amylase, cellulase, xylanase and β-glucanase. The supernatant of fermented had activities of strain TL106. It could degrade the fiber fraction and non-starch polysaccharides (arabinoxylans and β-glucan) of wheat and highland barley. The present study demonstrated that the degradation activity of TL106 to crude fiber which can potentially be applied as a feed additive to potentiate the digestion of plant feed by monogastric animals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02599-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenda Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China
| | - Suozhu Liu
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhen Duan
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, 860000, Nyingchi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengling Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Corrêa TLR, Román EKB, da Silva Cassoli J, dos Santos LV, Pereira GAG. Secretome analysis of Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and Penicillium oxalicum reveals their synergic potential to deconstruct sugarcane and energy cane biomasses. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Link T, Vogel RF, Ehrmann MA. The diversity among the species Tetragenococcus halophilus including new isolates from a lupine seed fermentation. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:320. [PMID: 34798831 PMCID: PMC8605565 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetragenococcus (T.) halophilus can be isolated from a variety of fermented foods, such as soy sauce, different soy pastes, salted fish sauce and from cheese brine or degraded sugar beet thick juice. This species contributes by the formation of short chain acids to the flavor of the product. Recently, T. halophilus has been identified as a dominant species in a seasoning sauce fermentation based on koji made with lupine seeds. RESULTS In this study we characterized six strains of T. halophilus isolated from lupine moromi fermentations in terms of their adaptation towards this fermentation environment, salt tolerance and production of biogenic amines. Phylogenic and genomic analysis revealed three distinctive lineages within the species T. halophilus with no relation to their isolation source, besides the lineage of T. halophilus subsp. flandriensis. All isolated strains from lupine moromi belong to one lineage in that any of the type strains are absent. The strains form lupine moromi could not convincingly be assigned to one of the current subspecies. Taken together with strain specific differences in the carbohydrate metabolism (arabinose, mannitol, melibiose, gluconate, galactonate) and amino acid degradation pathways such as arginine deiminase pathway (ADI) and the agmatine deiminase pathway (AgDI) the biodiversity in the species of T. halophilus is greater than expected. Among the new strains, some strains have a favorable combination of traits wanted in a starter culture. CONCLUSIONS Our study characterized T. halophilus strains that were isolated from lupine fermentation. The lupine moromi environment appears to select strains with specific traits as all of the strains are phylogenetically closely related, which potentially can be used as a starter culture for lupine moromi. We also found that the strains can be clearly distinguished phylogenetically and phenotypically from the type strains of both subspecies T. halophilus subsp. halophilus and T. halophilus subsp. flandriensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Link
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi F Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias A Ehrmann
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Yamada H, Kubo S, Kunishige Y, Azuma H, Kotani Y, Handa S, Nakazawa M, Ueda M, Hasegawa Y, Sakamoto T. Homogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan region specificity of self-cloning vector-expressed pectin methylesterases (AoPME1-3) in Aspergillus oryzae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109894. [PMID: 34489047 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae is a safe microorganism that is commonly used in food production. We constructed a self-cloning vector capable of high expression in A. oryzae. Using the vector, three putative pectin methylesterase (PME) genes belonging to Carbohydrate Esterase family 8 derived from A. oryzae were expressed, and several characteristics of the gene products were examined. The effects of temperature and pH on the three enzymes (AoPME1, 2, and 3) were similar, with optimal reaction temperatures of 50 - 60 °C and optimal reaction pH range of 5 - 6. The specific activities of AoPME1, 2, and 3 for apple pectin were significantly different (34, 7,601, and 2 U/mg, respectively). When the substrate specificity was examined, AoPME1 showed high activity towards pectin derived from soybean and pea. Although AoPME2 showed little activity towards these pectins, it showed very high activity towards apple- and citrus-derived pectins. AoPME3 showed low specific activity towards all substrates tested. Sugar composition analysis revealed that apple- and citrus-derived pectins were rich in homogalacturonan, while soybean- and pea-derived pectins were rich in xylogalacturonan. When pea pectin was treated with endo-polygalacturonase or endo-xylogalacturonase in the presence of each PME, specific synergistic actions were observed (endo-polygalacturonase with AoPME1 or AoPME2 and endo-xylogalacturonase with AoPME1 or AoPME3). Thus, AoPME1 and AoPME3 hydrolyzed the methoxy group in xylogalacturonan. This is the first report of this activity in microbial enzymes. Our findings on the substrate specificity of PMEs should lead to the determination of the distribution of methoxy groups in pectin and the development of new applications in the field of food manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamada
- General Research Laboratory, Ozeki Corporation, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8227, Japan
| | - Shoko Kubo
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuika Kunishige
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hotaru Azuma
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuka Kotani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Satoshi Handa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masami Nakazawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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Kondo T, Kichijo M, Nakaya M, Takenaka S, Arakawa T, Kotake T, Fushinobu S, Sakamoto T. Biochemical and structural characterization of a novel 4‐
O
‐α‐
l
‐rhamnosyl‐β‐
d
‐glucuronidase from
Fusarium oxysporum. FEBS J 2021; 288:4918-4938. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kondo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
| | - Miyu Kichijo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
| | - Makoto Nakaya
- Center for Research and Development of Bioresources, Organization for Research Promotion Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
- Department of Nutrition Otemae College of Nutrition and Confectionery Osaka Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation Osaka Prefecture University Habikino Japan
| | - Takatoshi Arakawa
- Department of Biotechnology The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama University Saitama Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Japan
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Noguchi M, Hasegawa Y, Suzuki S, Nakazawa M, Ueda M, Sakamoto T. Determination of chemical structure of pea pectin by using pectinolytic enzymes. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 231:115738. [PMID: 31888846 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structure of pea pectin was delineated using pectin-degrading enzymes and biochemical methods. The molecular weight of the pea pectin preparation was 488,000, with 50 % arabinose content, and neutral sugar side chains attached to approximately 60 % of the rhamnose residues in rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I). Arabinan, an RG-I side chain, was highly branched, and the main chain was comprised of α-1,5-l-arabinan. Galactose and galactooligosaccharides were attached to approximately 35 % of the rhamnose residues in RG-I. Long chain β-1,4-galactan was also present. The xylose substitution rate in xylogalacturonan (XGA) was 63 %. The molar ratio of RG-I/homogalacturonan (HG)/XGA in the backbone of the pea pectin was approximately 3:3:4. When considering neutral sugar side chain content (arabinose, galactose, and xylose), the molar ratio of RG-I/HG/XGA regions in the pea pectin was 7:1:2. These data will help understand the properties of pea pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Noguchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | | | - Shiho Suzuki
- Center for Research and Development of Bioresources, Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
| | - Masami Nakazawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Kondo T, Nishimura Y, Matsuyama K, Ishimaru M, Nakazawa M, Ueda M, Sakamoto T. Characterization of three GH35 β-galactosidases, enzymes able to shave galactosyl residues linked to rhamnogalacturonan in pectin, from Penicillium chrysogenum 31B. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:1135-1148. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Phuengmaung P, Sunagawa Y, Makino Y, Kusumoto T, Handa S, Sukhumsirichart W, Sakamoto T. Identification and characterization of ferulic acid esterase from Penicillium chrysogenum 31B: de-esterification of ferulic acid decorated with l-arabinofuranoses and d-galactopyranoses in sugar beet pectin. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 131:109380. [PMID: 31615673 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously described the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum 31B, which has high performance to produce the ferulic acid esterase (FAE) for de-esterifying ferulic acids (FAs) from sugar beet pulp. However, the characteristics of this fungus have not yet been determined. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the molecular characteristics and natural substrate specificity of the Pcfae1 gene from Penicillium chrysogenum and examined its synergistic effects on sugar beet pectin. The Pcfae1 gene was cloned and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris KM71H, and the recombinant enzyme, named PcFAE1, was characterized. The 505 amino acids of PcFAE1 possessed a GCSTG motif (Gly164 to Gly168), characteristic of the serine esterase family. By comparing the amino acid sequence of PcFAE1 with that of the FAE (AoFaeB) of Aspergillus oryzae, Ser166, Asp379, and His419 were identified as the catalytic triad. PcFAE1 was purified through two steps using anion-exchange column chromatography. Its molecular mass without the signal peptide was 75 kDa. Maximum PcFAE1 activity was achieved at pH 6.0-7.0 and 50 °C. The enzyme was stable up to 37 °C and at a pH range of 3-8. PcFAE1 activity was only inhibited by Hg2+, and the enzyme had activity toward methyl FA, methyl caffeic acid, and methyl p-coumaric acid, with specific activities of 6.97, 4.65, and 9.32 U/mg, respectively, but not on methyl sinapinic acid. These results indicated that PcFAE1 acted similar to FaeB type according the Crepin classification. PcFAE1 de-esterified O-[6-O-feruloyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)]-d-galactopyranose, O-[2-O-feruloyl-α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→5)]-l-arabinofuranose, and O-[5-O-feruloyl-α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-xylopyranose, indicating that the enzyme could de-esterify FAs decorated with both β-d-galactopyranosidic and α-l-arabinofuranosidic residues in pectin and xylan. PcFAE1 acted in synergy with endo-α-1,5-arabinanase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase, which releases FA linked to arabinan, to digest the sugar beet pectin. Moreover, when PcFAE1 was allowed to act on sugar beet pectin together with Driselase, approximately 90% of total FA in the substrate was released. Therefore, PcFAE1 may be an interesting candidate for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials and could have applications as a tool for production of FA from natural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Phuengmaung
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, 114 Sukhumvit 23, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
| | - Yoichi Sunagawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Makino
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Kusumoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Handa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Wasana Sukhumsirichart
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, 114 Sukhumvit 23, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Maruta A, Yamane M, Matsubara M, Suzuki S, Nakazawa M, Ueda M, Sakamoto T. A novel α-galactosidase from Fusarium oxysporum and its application in determining the structure of the gum arabic side chain. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 103:25-33. [PMID: 28554382 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that Fusarium oxysporum 12S produces two bifunctional proteins, FoAP1 and FoAP2, with α-d-galactopyranosidase (GPase) and β-l-arabinopyranosidase (APase) activities. The aim of this paper was to purify a third GPase, FoGP1, from culture supernatant of F. oxysporum 12S, to characterize it, and to determine its mode of action towards gum arabic. A cDNA encoding FoGP1 was cloned and the protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Module sequence analysis revealed the presence of a GH27 domain in FoGP1. The recombinant enzyme (rFoGP1) showed a GPase/APase activity ratio of 330, which was quite different from that of FoAP1 (1.7) and FoAP2 (0.2). Among the natural substrates tested, rFoGP1 showed the highest activity towards gum arabic. In contrast to other well-characterized GPases, rFoGP1 released a small amount of galactose from α-galactosyl oligosaccharides such as raffinose and exhibited no activity toward galactomannans, which are highly substituted with α-galactosyl side chains. This indicated that FoGP1 is an unusual type of GPase. rFoGP1 released 30% of the total galactose from gum arabic, suggesting the existence of a large number of α-galactosyl residues at the non-reducing ends of gum arabic side chains. Together, rFoGP1 and α-l-arabinofuranosidase released four times more arabinose than α-l-arabinofuranosidase acting alone. This suggested that a large number of α-l-arabinofuranosyl residues is capped by α-galactosyl residues. 1H NMR experiments revealed that rFoGP1 hydrolyzed the α-1,3-galactosidic linkage within the side chain structure of [α-d-Galp-(1→3)-α-l-Araf-(1→] in gum arabic. In conclusion, rFoGP1 is highly active toward α-1,3-galactosyl linkages but negligibly or not active toward α-1,6-galactosyl linkages. The novel FoGP1 might be used to modify the physical properties of gum arabic, which is an industrially important polysaccharide used as an emulsion stabilizer and coating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiho Maruta
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Mirei Yamane
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Midori Matsubara
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Shiho Suzuki
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; International Polysaccharide Engineering Inc., Center for R&D of Bioresources, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan.
| | - Masami Nakazawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Matsumoto S, Yamada H, Kunishige Y, Takenaka S, Nakazawa M, Ueda M, Sakamoto T. Identification of a novel Penicillium chrysogenum rhamnogalacturonan rhamnohydrolase and the first report of a rhamnogalacturonan rhamnohydrolase gene. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 98:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Penicillium purpurogenum produces a highly stable endo-β-(1,4)-galactanase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:1313-1327. [PMID: 27339187 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The polysaccharides of galactose present in the pectin of the plant cell wall are degraded by endo-β-1,4-galactanases. The filamentous fungus Penicillium purpurogenum, which grows on a number of natural carbon sources, among them sugar beet pulp which contains pectin, has a gene (ppgal1) coding an endo-β-1,4-galactanase (PpGAL1). This enzyme was expressed heterologously in Pichia pastoris. It has a molecular mass of 38 kDa, a pH optimum of 4-4.5, and an optimal temperature of 60 °C. It is 100 % stable for up to 24 h at pH 4-4.5 and 40 °C. These stability properties, which exceed those from other endo-β-1,4-galactanases reported to date, make it particularly suitable for industrial processes requiring acidic conditions and temperatures up to 40 °C. PpGAL1 is, therefore, a potentially effective tool in the food industry and in other biotechnological applications.
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Shinozaki A, Hosokawa S, Nakazawa M, Ueda M, Sakamoto T. Identification and characterization of three Penicillium chrysogenum α-l-arabinofuranosidases (PcABF43B, PcABF51C, and AFQ1) with different specificities toward arabino-oligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 73-74:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Iwai M, Kawakami T, Ikemoto T, Fujiwara D, Takenaka S, Nakazawa M, Ueda M, Sakamoto T. Molecular characterization of a Penicillium chrysogenum exo-rhamnogalacturonan lyase that is structurally distinct from other polysaccharide lyase family proteins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8515-25. [PMID: 25921806 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously described an endo-acting rhamnogalacturonan (RG) lyase, termed PcRGL4A, of Penicillium chrysogenum 31B. Here, we describe a second RG lyase, called PcRGLX. We determined the cDNA sequence of the Pcrglx gene, which encodes PcRGLX. Based on analyses using a BLAST search and a conserved domain search, PcRGLX was found to be structurally distinct from known RG lyases and might belong to a new polysaccharide lyase family together with uncharacterized fungal proteins of Nectria haematococca, Aspergillus oryzae, and Fusarium oxysporum. The Pcrglx cDNA gene product (rPcRGLX) expressed in Escherichia coli demonstrated specific activity against RG but not against homogalacturonan. Divalent cations were not essential for the enzymatic activity of rPcRGLX. rPcRGLX mainly released unsaturated galacturonosyl rhamnose (ΔGR) from RG backbones used as the substrate from the initial stage of the reaction, indicating that the enzyme can be classified as an exo-acting RG lyase (EC 4.2.2.24). This is the first report of an RG lyase with this mode of action in Eukaryota. rPcRGLX acted synergistically with PcRGL4A to degrade soybean RG and released ΔGR. This ΔGR was partially decorated with galactose (Gal) residues, indicating that rPcRGLX preferred oligomeric RGs to polymeric RGs, that the enzyme did not require Gal decoration of RG backbones for degradation, and that the enzyme bypassed the Gal side chains of RG backbones. These characteristics of rPcRGLX might be useful in the determination of complex structures of pectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Iwai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takuya Kawakami
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikemoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujiwara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Division of Veterinary science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Masami Nakazawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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Thermostability enhancement of an endo-1,4-β-galactanase from Talaromyces stipitatus by site-directed mutagenesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:4245-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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A novel GH43 α-l-arabinofuranosidase of Penicillium chrysogenum that preferentially degrades single-substituted arabinosyl side chains in arabinan. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 58-59:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Bonnin E, Garnier C, Ralet MC. Pectin-modifying enzymes and pectin-derived materials: applications and impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:519-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sakamoto T, Ishimaru M. Peculiarities and applications of galactanolytic enzymes that act on type I and II arabinogalactans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5201-13. [PMID: 23666442 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactans (AGs) are branched galactans to which arabinose residues are bound as side chains and are widely distributed in plant cell walls. They can be grouped into two types based on the structures of their backbones. Type I AGs have β-1,4-galactan backbones and are often covalently linked to the rhamnogalacturonan-I region of pectins. Type II AGs have β-1,3-galactan backbones and are often covalently linked to proteins. The main enzymes involved in the degradation of AGs are endo-β-galactanases, exo-β-galactanases, and β-galactosidases, although other enzymes such as α-L-arabinofuranosidases, β-L-arabinopyranosidases, and β-D-glucuronidases are required to remove the side chains for efficient degradation of the polysaccharides. Galactanolytic enzymes have a wide variety of potential uses, including the bioconversion of AGs to fermentable sugars for production of commodity chemicals like ethanol, biobleaching of cellulose pulp, modulation of pectin properties, improving animal feed, and determining the chemical structure of AGs. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the biochemical properties and potential applications of AG-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Okawa M, Fukamachi K, Tanaka H, Sakamoto T. Identification of an exo-ß-1,3-D-galactanase from Fusarium oxysporum and the synergistic effect with related enzymes on degradation of type II arabinogalactan. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9685-94. [PMID: 23429923 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An exo-ß-1,3-D-galactanase (Fo/1,3Gal) was purified from the culture filtrate of Fusarium oxysporum 12S. A cDNA encoding Fo/1,3Gal was isolated by in vitro cloning. Module sequence analysis revealed a "GH43_6" domain and a "CBM35_galactosidase-like" domain in Fo/1,3Gal. The recombinant enzyme (rFo/1,3Gal) expressed in Pichia pastoris degraded ß-1,3-galactan and ß-1,3-galactobiose (Gal2), and released only galactose (Gal). In contrast, the enzyme did not hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl ß-D-galactopyranoside, ß-1,4-Gal2, or ß-1,6-Gal2. The enzyme also showed low activity towards native type II arabinogalactans such as larchwood arabinogalactan (LWAG) and gum arabic. Using LWAG as substrate, rFo/1,3Gal released Gal, ß-1,6-Gal2, ß-1,6-galactotriose (Gal3), and ß-1,6-Gal3 substituted with a single arabinofuranose residue accompanied with unidentified oligosaccharides, indicating that the enzyme can by-pass the branching points of ß-1,3-galactan backbones. A time course analysis of products released by rFo/1,3Gal on LWAG revealed that ß-1,6-Gal2 is the main side chain in LWAG and that the activity of rFo/1,3Gal was decreased when degrees of polymerization of side chains increase. rFo/1,3Gal worked synergistically with three other recombinant F. oxysporum enzymes (ß-1,6-galactanase, ß-L-arabinopyranosidase, and α-L-arabinofuranosidase) that degrade side chains, on the degradation of LWAG. However, the synergism was much lower than anticipated, probably because LWAG have longer side chains than the three enzymes used are able to remove or ß-1,3-galactan main chain is interrupted with glycosidic linkages that are different from the ß-1,3-galactosyl linkage. Affinity gel electrophoresis revealed that rFo/1,3Gal specifically bound to ß-1,3-galactan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Okawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
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