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Giergiel M, Chakkumpulakkal Puthan Veettil T, Rossetti A, Kochan K. Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy and Bacteriophages Team Up: Dynamic Synergy for Medical and Environmental Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8148. [PMID: 39125718 PMCID: PMC11311505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are emerging as a promising alternative in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria amidst the escalating global antimicrobial resistance crisis. Recently, there has been a notable resurgence of interest in phages, prompting extensive research into their therapeutic potential. Beyond conventional microbiology and virology techniques, such as genomics and proteomics, novel phenotypic and chemical characterization methods are being explored. Among these, there is a growing interest in vibrational spectroscopy, especially in advanced modalities such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), and atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), which offer improved sensitivity and spatial resolution. This review explores the spectrum of uses of vibrational spectroscopy for bacteriophages, including its role in diagnostics, biosensing, phage detection, assistance in phage-based therapy, and advancing basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kamila Kochan
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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2
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Martínez-Gallardo MJ, Villicaña C, Yocupicio-Monroy M, Alcaraz-Estrada SL, León-Félix J. Current knowledge in the use of bacteriophages to combat infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:1-16. [PMID: 35931928 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is considered the first causal agent of morbidity and mortality in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) disease. Multi-resistant strains have emerged due to prolonged treatment with specific antibiotics, so new alternatives have been sought for their control. In this context, there is a renewed interest in therapies based on bacteriophages (phages) supported by several studies suggesting that therapy based on lytic phages and biofilm degraders may be promising for the treatment of lung infections in CF patients. However, there is little clinical data about phage studies in CF and the effectiveness and safety in patients with this disease has not been clear. Therefore, studies regarding on phage characterization, selection, and evaluation in vitro and in vivo models will provide reliable information for designing effective cocktails, either using mixed phages or in combination with antibiotics, making a great progress in clinical research. Hence, this review focuses on the most relevant and recent findings on the activity of lytic phages against PA strains isolated from CF patients and hospital environments, and discusses perspectives on the use of phage therapy on the treatment of PA in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Martínez-Gallardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Culiacán, Sinaloa, A.C. (CIAD), Mexico
| | - Claudia Villicaña
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Martha Yocupicio-Monroy
- Postgraduate in Genomic Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Josefina León-Félix
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Culiacán, Sinaloa, A.C. (CIAD), Mexico.
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3
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Stipniece L, Rezevska D, Kroica J, Racenis K. Effect of the Biopolymer Carrier on Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriophage Lytic Activity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1875. [PMID: 36551303 PMCID: PMC9775117 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of implant materials is always associated with the risk of infection. Moreover, the effectiveness of antibiotics is reduced due to antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Thus, selecting the appropriate alternative antimicrobials for local delivery systems is correlated with successful infection management. We evaluated immobilization of the S. aureus specific bacteriophages in clinically recognized biopolymers, i.e., chitosan and alginate, to control the release profile of the antimicrobials. The high-titre S. aureus specific bacteriophages were prepared from commercial bacteriophage cocktails. The polymer mixtures with the propagated bacteriophages were then prepared. The stability of the S. aureus bacteriophages in the biopolymer solutions was assessed. In the case of chitosan, no plaques indicating the presence of the lytic bacteriophages were observed. The titre reduction of the S. aureus bacteriophages in the Na-alginate was below 1 log unit. Furthermore, the bacteriophages retained their lytic activity in the alginate after crosslinking with Ca2+ ions. The release of the lytic S. aureus bacteriophages from the Ca-alginate matrices in the TRIS-HCl buffer solution (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) was determined. After 72 h-0.292 ± 0.021% of bacteriophages from the Ca-alginate matrices were released. Thus, sustained release of the lytic S. aureus bacteriophages can be ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Stipniece
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre, Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Rezevska
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
- Joint Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
| | - Juta Kroica
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Racenis
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
- Centre of Nephrology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
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4
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Hong P, Zhang K, Dai Y, Yuen CNT, Gao Y, Gu Y, Mei Yee Leung K. Application of aerobic denitrifier for simultaneous removal of nitrogen, zinc, and bisphenol A from wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 354:127192. [PMID: 35452828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of heavy metals and other pollutants affect microbial activity in the wastewater treatment system and impede biological denitrification process. In this study, a novel Zn(II)-resistant aerobic denitrifier (Pseudomonas stutzeri KY-37) was isolated with potential in Bisphenol A (BPA) biodegradation and removal. The capability of this denitrifier in removing nitrogen, zinc, and BPA was tested. Using 56 mg/L nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, its removal efficiency achieved 98.5% in 12 h. This novel denitrifier had a strong auto-aggregation (maximum 65.8%), a high hydrophobicity rate (maximum 88.2%), and a massive amount (maximum 41.1 mg/g cell dry weight) of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production. Moreover, Zn(II) removal efficiency reached more than 95% with the initial high concentrations of 200 mg/L. The maximum BPA removal efficiency reached 88.8% with initial 10 mg/L. The removal mechanism of BPA was further explored in terms of microbial degradation, EPS adsorption, and intermediate degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Calista N T Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yali Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Erol HB, Kaskatepe B, Ozturk S, Safi Oz Z. The comparison of lytic activity of isolated phage and commercial Intesti bacteriophage on ESBL producer E. coli and determination of Ec_P6 phage efficacy with in vivo Galleria mellonella larvae model. Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105563. [PMID: 35513294 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the crucial public health challenges. As a result of rising resistance, as an alternative to antimicrobials, demands for bacteriophage therapy have increased significantly over the years. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize potentially therapeutic phages active against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and compare the efficacy with commercial Intesti bacteriophage on the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positive E. coli (ESBL-EC) and performed the effectiveness of bacteriophage using the Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella) larvae model. Intesti bacteriophage is a polyvalent bacteriophage-based drug. The isolated bacteriophages were obtained from the river and clinical isolates of E. coli were used for the enrichment of bacteriophage isolation. The phages were first screened based on plaque morphology and host ranges determined on clinical strains. The susceptibility of phages was determined against 50 clinical isolates of E. coli and eight different laboratory isolates using the spot test technique. E. coli lytic phage Ec_P6 was used to determine the therapeutic and preventive effects on the G. mellonella larvae model. The slides were prepared by G. mellonella hemolymph for cytologic examination, stained with May Grünwald Giemsa (MGG), and evaluated by light microscopy. The results of the activities revealed lytic spectra ranging from 24% to 97%. Overall strains were susceptible to one or more phages from the panel. It was proved that Intesti bacteriophage is very effective in a wide variety of strains of E. coli including test strains, also showed that isolated Ec_P6 phage is as effective as commercial phage. The best MOI of this phage was 0.01, and infectivity decreased above 60 °C. The results suggest that phage is stable at pH values ranging between 5.0 and 9.0. In vivo study was found that in E. coli infection to achieve a survival high rate the infected larvae should be after 2 hours treated with 0.01 MOI phage (10 μL, 106 PFU/mL) and colistin doses (10 μL, 2.5 mg/kg). It also prevented infection, increasing the survival of the larvae compared to the untreated control group. Ec_P6 phage was found to have a potential for the treatment of E. coli infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Basak Erol
- Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Kaskatepe
- Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sukran Ozturk
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Zehra Safi Oz
- Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Heterogenous Susceptibility to R-Pyocins in Populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sourced from Cystic Fibrosis Lungs. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00458-21. [PMID: 33947755 PMCID: PMC8262887 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00458-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are proteinaceous antimicrobials produced by bacteria that are active against other strains of the same species. R-type pyocins are phage tail-like bacteriocins produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Due to their antipseudomonal activity, R-pyocins have potential as therapeutics in infection. P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and is particularly problematic for individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). P. aeruginosa organisms from CF lung infections develop increasing resistance to antibiotics, making new treatment approaches essential. P. aeruginosa populations become phenotypically and genotypically diverse during infection; however, little is known of the efficacy of R-pyocins against heterogeneous populations. R-pyocins vary by subtype (R1 to R5), distinguished by binding to different residues on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Each type varies in killing spectrum, and each strain produces only one R-type. To evaluate the prevalence of different R-types, we screened P. aeruginosa strains from the International Pseudomonas Consortium Database (IPCD) and from our biobank of CF strains. We found that (i) R1-types were the most prevalent R-type among strains from respiratory sources, (ii) a large number of strains lack R-pyocin genes, and (iii) isolates collected from the same patient have the same R-type. We then assessed the impact of intrastrain diversity on R-pyocin susceptibility and found a heterogenous response to R-pyocins within populations, likely due to differences in the LPS core. Our work reveals that heterogeneous populations of microbes exhibit variable susceptibility to R-pyocins and highlights that there is likely heterogeneity in response to other types of LPS-binding antimicrobials, including phage.IMPORTANCE R-pyocins have potential as alternative therapeutics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic infection; however, little is known about the efficacy of R-pyocins in heterogeneous bacterial populations. P. aeruginosa is known to become resistant to multiple antibiotics and to evolve phenotypic and genotypic diversity over time; thus, it is particularly difficult to eradicate in chronic cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infections. In this study, we found that P. aeruginosa populations from CF lungs maintain the same R-pyocin genotype but exhibit heterogeneity in susceptibility to R-pyocins from other strains. Our findings suggest there is heterogeneity in response to other types of LPS-binding antimicrobials, such as phage, highlighting the necessity of further studying the potential of LPS-binding antimicrobial particles as alternative therapies in chronic infections.
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Antoine C, Laforêt F, Blasdel B, Glonti T, Kutter E, Pirnay JP, Mainil J, Delcenserie V, Thiry D. Efficacy assessment of PEV2 phage on Galleria mellonella larvae infected with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa dog otitis isolate. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:598-601. [PMID: 33895568 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa is the most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria in dog otitis. Antimicrobial resistance is particularly prevalent in P. aeruginosa and phage therapy represents a promising alternative therapeutic strategy. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of the PEV2 phage against a clinical P. aeruginosa isolate from a canine otitis using a Galleria (G.) mellonella larvae model. The genomic DNA of PAV237 P. aeruginosa isolate was sequenced and analysed. In a first main experiment, the efficacy of PEV2 phage against PAV237 was assessed at different multiplicities of infection (MOI) (50,000, 5000, 500, 50) by analyzing the larvae survival rate during 4 days. In a second experiment, the bacterial and phage titer evolutions were assessed depending on two MOIs (50,000, 5000). No significant survival increase was observed with PEV2 therapy in the infected larvae groups. The generated Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the rate of alive larvae was significantly higher in the non-infected larvae compared to the infected-treated ones irrespective of phage MOIs. An increase of the phage titer was observed at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation (HPI) with both MOIs and the P. aeruginosa titers were lower with MOI 50,000 and 5000 compared to the infectivity control at 24 and 48 HPI. Even if an ineffectiveness of the PEV2 phage was observed on the larvae survival, PEV2 is active against P. aeruginosa in this model and PEV2 replication is correlated with a lower bacterial proliferation in the phage treated larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Antoine
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - F Laforêt
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - B Blasdel
- Vésale Bioscience, Vésale Pharmaceutica, 5310, Noville sur Mehaigne, Belgium
| | - T Glonti
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology (LabMCT), Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Neder-over-Heembeek, Belgium
| | - E Kutter
- Evergreen Phage Lab, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - J P Pirnay
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology (LabMCT), Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Neder-over-Heembeek, Belgium
| | - J Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - V Delcenserie
- Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - D Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Ssekatawa K, Byarugaba DK, Kato CD, Wampande EM, Ejobi F, Tweyongyere R, Nakavuma JL. A review of phage mediated antibacterial applications. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2020.1851441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ssekatawa
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University-Western Campus, Bushenyi
- African Center of Excellence in Materials Product Development and Nanotechnology (MAPRONANO ACE), College of Engineering Design Art and Technology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis K. Byarugaba
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles D. Kato
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eddie M. Wampande
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Ejobi
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jesca L. Nakavuma
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Szymczak M, Grygorcewicz B, Karczewska-Golec J, Decewicz P, Pankowski JA, Országh-Szturo H, Bącal P, Dołęgowska B, Golec P. Characterization of a Unique Bordetella bronchiseptica vB_BbrP_BB8 Bacteriophage and Its Application as an Antibacterial Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041403. [PMID: 32093105 PMCID: PMC7073063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica, an emerging zoonotic pathogen, infects a broad range of mammalian hosts. B. bronchiseptica-associated atrophic rhinitis incurs substantial losses to the pig breeding industry. The true burden of human disease caused by B. bronchiseptica is unknown, but it has been postulated that some hypervirulent B. bronchiseptica isolates may be responsible for undiagnosed respiratory infections in humans. B. bronchiseptica was shown to acquire antibiotic resistance genes from other bacterial genera, especially Escherichia coli. Here, we present a new B. bronchiseptica lytic bacteriophage—vB_BbrP_BB8—of the Podoviridae family, which offers a safe alternative to antibiotic treatment of B. bronchiseptica infections. We explored the phage at the level of genome, physiology, morphology, and infection kinetics. Its therapeutic potential was investigated in biofilms and in an in vivoGalleria mellonella model, both of which mimic the natural environment of infection. The BB8 is a unique phage with a genome structure resembling that of T7-like phages. Its latent period is 75 ± 5 min and its burst size is 88 ± 10 phages. The BB8 infection causes complete lysis of B. bronchiseptica cultures irrespective of the MOI used. The phage efficiently removes bacterial biofilm and prevents the lethality induced by B. bronchiseptica in G. mellonella honeycomb moth larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Szymczak
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (J.A.P.); (H.O.-S.)
| | - Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (B.D.)
| | - Joanna Karczewska-Golec
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.-G.); (P.D.)
| | - Przemysław Decewicz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.-G.); (P.D.)
| | - Jarosław Adam Pankowski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (J.A.P.); (H.O.-S.)
| | - Hanna Országh-Szturo
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (J.A.P.); (H.O.-S.)
| | - Paweł Bącal
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ksiecia Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland;
- Laboratory of Theory and Applications of Electrodes, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.G.); (B.D.)
| | - Piotr Golec
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.); (J.A.P.); (H.O.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225-541-414
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10
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Olszak T, Danis-Wlodarczyk K, Arabski M, Gula G, Maciejewska B, Wasik S, Lood C, Higgins G, Harvey BJ, Lavigne R, Drulis-Kawa Z. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA5oct Jumbo Phage Impacts Planktonic and Biofilm Population and Reduces Its Host Virulence. Viruses 2019; 11:E1089. [PMID: 31771160 PMCID: PMC6950013 DOI: 10.3390/v11121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of phage-resistant mutants is a key aspect of lytic phages-bacteria interaction and the main driver for the co-evolution between both organisms. Here, we analyze the impact of PA5oct jumbo phage treatment on planktonic/cell line associated and sessile P. aeruginosa population. Besides its broad-spectrum activity and efficient bacteria reduction in both airway surface liquid (ASL) model, and biofilm matrix degradation, PA5oct appears to persist in most of phage-resistant clones. Indeed, a high percentage of resistance (20/30 clones) to PA5oct is accompanied by the presence of phage DNA within bacterial culture. Moreover, the maintenance of this phage in the bacterial population correlates with reduced P. aeruginosa virulence, coupled with a sensitization to innate immune mechanisms, and a significantly reduced growth rate. We observed rather unusual consequences of PA5oct infection causing an increased inflammatory response of monocytes to P. aeruginosa. This phenomenon, combined with the loss or modification of the phage receptor, makes most of the phage-resistant clones significantly less pathogenic in in vivo model. These findings provide new insights into the general knowledge of giant phages biology and the impact of their application in phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Olszak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Danis-Wlodarczyk
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Michal Arabski
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Gula
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
| | - Barbara Maciejewska
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
| | - Slawomir Wasik
- Department of Molecular Physics, Institute of Physics, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Cédric Lood
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (C.L.); (R.L.)
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gerard Higgins
- National Children Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, 12 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, 9 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Brian J. Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, 9 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; (C.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.O.); (K.D.-W.); (G.G.); (B.M.)
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11
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Shlezinger M, Friedman M, Houri-Haddad Y, Hazan R, Beyth N. Phages in a thermoreversible sustained-release formulation targeting E. faecalis in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219599. [PMID: 31291645 PMCID: PMC6620107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterococcus faecalis is a key pathogen recovered from root canals when conventional treatment fails. Phage therapy has generated new interest in combating pathogens. A sustained-release formulation using specific phages against E. faecalis may offer an alternative approach. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of anti-E. faecalis phages formulated in a thermo- sustained-release system against E. faecalis in vitro and in vivo. Methods EFDG1 and EFLK1 phages were formulated with poloxamer P407. Gelation time, phage survival, activity and toxicity were evaluated. Lytic activity was evaluated in vitro against E. faecalis at various growth phases, including anti-biofilm activity. Methods included viable bacterial count (CFU/mL), biofilm biomass determination and electron microscopy (live/dead staining). Further evaluation included infected incisors in an in vivo rat model. Anti-E. faecalis phage-cocktail suspension and sustained-release phage formulation were evaluated by viable bacterial count (CFU/mL), histology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 16S genome sequencing of the microbiota of the root canal. Results Gelation time for clinical use was established. Low toxicity and a high phage survival rate were recorded. Sustained-release phages reduced E. faecalis in logarithmic (4 logs), stationary (3 logs) and biofilm (4 logs) growth phases. Prolonged anti-biofilm activity of 88% and 95% reduction in biomass and viable counts, respectively, was recorded. Reduction of intracanal viable bacterial counts was observed (99% of enterococci) also seen in SEM. Phage treatment increased Proteobacteria and decreased Firmicutes. Histology showed reduced periapical inflammation and improved healing following phage treatment. Conclusion Poloxamer P407 formulated with phages has an effective and long-lasting effect in vitro and in vivo targeting E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Shlezinger
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Friedman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Hazan
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nurit Beyth
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Two Novel Bacteriophages Improve Survival in Galleria mellonella Infection and Mouse Acute Pneumonia Models Infected with Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02900-18. [PMID: 30824445 PMCID: PMC6495756 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02900-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, two novel P. aeruginosa phages, Bϕ-R656 and Bϕ-R1836, were evaluated in vitro, in silico, and in vivo for therapeutic efficacy and safety as an alternative antibacterial agent to control XDR-PA strains collected from pneumonia patients. Both phages exhibited potent bacteriolytic activity and greatly improved survival in G. mellonella larva infection and a mouse acute pneumonia model. Based on these results, we strongly predict that these two new phages could be used as fast-acting and safe alternative biological weapons against XDR-PA infections. Extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (XDR-PA) is a life-threatening pathogen that causes serious global problems. Here, we investigated two novel P. aeruginosa bacteriophages (phages), Bϕ-R656 and Bϕ-R1836, in vitro, in silico, and in vivo to evaluate the potential of phage therapy to control XDR-PA clinical strains. Bϕ-R656 and Bϕ-R1836 belong to the Siphoviridae family and exhibited broad host ranges which could lyse 18 (64%) and 14 (50%) of the 28 XDR-PA strains. In addition, the two phages showed strong bacteriolytic activity against XDR-PA host strains from pneumonia patients. The whole genomes of Bϕ-R656 and Bϕ-R1836 have linear double-stranded DNA of 60,919 and 37,714 bp, respectively. The complete sequence of Bϕ-R656 had very low similarity to the previously discovered P. aeruginosa phages in GenBank, but phage Bϕ-R1836 exhibited 98% and 91% nucleotide similarity to Pseudomonas phages YMC12/01/R24 and PA1/KOR/2010, respectively. In the two in vivo infection models, treatment with Bϕ-R656 and Bϕ-R1836 enhanced the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae (50% and 60%, respectively) at 72 h postinfection and pneumonia-model mice (66% and 83%, respectively) at 12 days postinfection compared with untreated controls. Treatment with Bϕ-R656 or Bϕ-R1836 also significantly decreased the bacterial load in the lungs of the mouse pneumonia model (>6 log10 CFU and >4 log10 CFU, respectively) on day 5. IMPORTANCE In this study, two novel P. aeruginosa phages, Bϕ-R656 and Bϕ-R1836, were evaluated in vitro, in silico, and in vivo for therapeutic efficacy and safety as an alternative antibacterial agent to control XDR-PA strains collected from pneumonia patients. Both phages exhibited potent bacteriolytic activity and greatly improved survival in G. mellonella larva infection and a mouse acute pneumonia model. Based on these results, we strongly predict that these two new phages could be used as fast-acting and safe alternative biological weapons against XDR-PA infections.
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Chang RYK, Das T, Manos J, Kutter E, Morales S, Chan HK. Bacteriophage PEV20 and Ciprofloxacin Combination Treatment Enhances Removal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Isolated from Cystic Fibrosis and Wound Patients. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:49. [PMID: 30949776 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms necessitates the need for novel antimicrobial therapy with anti-biofilm properties. Bacteriophages (phages) are recognized as an ideal biopharmaceutical for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria especially when used in combination with antibiotics. However, previous studies primarily focused on using phages against of P. aeruginosa biofilms of laboratory strains. In the present study, biofilms of six P. aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis and wound patients, and one laboratory strain was treated singly and with combinations of anti-Pseudomonas phage PEV20 and ciprofloxacin. Of these strains, three were highly susceptible to the phage, while one was partially resistant and one was completely resistant. Combination treatment with PEV20 and ciprofloxacin enhanced biofilm eradication compared with single treatment. Phage and ciprofloxacin synergy was found to depend on phage-resistance profile of the target bacteria. Furthermore, phage and ciprofloxacin combination formulation protected the lung epithelial and fibroblast cells from P. aeruginosa and promoted cell growth. The results demonstrated that thorough screening of phage-resistance is crucial for designing phage-antibiotic formulation. The addition of highly effective phage could reduce the ciprofloxacin concentration required to combat P. aeruginosa infections associated with biofilm in cystic fibrosis and wound patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Theerthankar Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Manos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sandra Morales
- AmpliPhi Biosciences AU, 7/27 Dale Street, Brookvale, Sydney, NSW, 2100, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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14
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Hyman P. Phages for Phage Therapy: Isolation, Characterization, and Host Range Breadth. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E35. [PMID: 30862020 PMCID: PMC6469166 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
For a bacteriophage to be useful for phage therapy it must be both isolated from the environment and shown to have certain characteristics beyond just killing strains of the target bacterial pathogen. These include desirable characteristics such as a relatively broad host range and a lack of other characteristics such as carrying toxin genes and the ability to form a lysogen. While phages are commonly isolated first and subsequently characterized, it is possible to alter isolation procedures to bias the isolation toward phages with desirable characteristics. Some of these variations are regularly used by some groups while others have only been shown in a few publications. In this review I will describe (1) isolation procedures and variations that are designed to isolate phages with broader host ranges, (2) characterization procedures used to show that a phage may have utility in phage therapy, including some of the limits of such characterization, and (3) results of a survey and discussion with phage researchers in industry and academia on the practice of characterization of phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hyman
- Department of Biology/Toxicology, Ashland University, 401 College Ave., Ashland, OH 44805, USA.
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15
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Vadekeetil A, Chhibber S, Harjai K. Efficacy of intravesical targeting of novel quorum sensing inhibitor nanoparticles against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-associated murine pyelonephritis. J Drug Target 2019; 27:995-1003. [PMID: 30741037 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1574802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-associated pyelonephritis is a severe infection that can lead to mortality. There are no strategies that can effectively manage this infection since the pathogenesis is controlled by quorum sensing (QS) regulated virulence and recalcitrant biofilms. QS inhibitors (QSIs) are emerging therapeutics against such infections but are associated with cytotoxicity or low bioactivity. Hence, we developed novel quorum sensing inhibitor loaded nanoparticles (QSINPs) using the biopolymers, chitosan (CS) and dextran sulphate (DS) and were intravesically targeted against biofilm-associated murine pyelonephritis. The in-vivo targeting of QSINPs was confirmed by tracking the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) tagged QSINPs in bladder and kidney of mice. On characterising, the QSINPs showed a size of 685.7 nm with a zeta potential of 37.9 and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.5. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated spherical shape and bioactivity assays indicated QSI activity till 8 months. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis indicated possibility of isothiocyanate bonding in CS with DS and with QSI. The QSINPs showed excellent in vitro antivirulence activity by reducing the virulence factors and biofilm of P. aeruginosa and in vivo therapeutic efficacy with ciprofloxacin (CIP). Hence, we propose a novel next-generation therapeutic and its appropriate targeting route against biofilm-associated pyelonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Vadekeetil
- a Department of Microbiology, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- a Department of Microbiology, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- a Department of Microbiology, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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16
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Manohar P, Tamhankar AJ, Lundborg CS, Ramesh N. Isolation, characterization and in vivo efficacy of Escherichia phage myPSH1131. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206278. [PMID: 30356310 PMCID: PMC6200275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is the use of lytic bacteriophages to cure infections caused by bacteria. The aim of this study is to isolate and to characterize the bacteriophages against Escherichia coli isolated from clinical samples. For isolation of bacteriophages, water samples were collected from the Ganges River, and phage enrichment method was followed for phage isolation. Microbiological, genomic and lyophilization experiments were carried out to characterize the bacteriophage. Galleria mellonella was used to study the potential of phages against E. coli infection. Escherichia phage myPSH1131 belonging to Podoviridae family and found to have broad host range infectivity (n = 31) to infect Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (n = 9), Enteropathogenic E. coli (n = 6), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (n = 3), Enteroaggregative E. coli (n = 3), Uropathogenic E. coli (n = 9) and one unknown E. coli. The genome size is 76,163 base pairs (97 coding regions) and their genes show high similarity to SU10 phage. Lyophilization studies showed that the use of 1M sucrose, 2% gelatin and the combination of both 0.5M sucrose plus 1% gelatin could restore phage viability up to 20 months at 4°C. For in vivo studies, it was observed that a single phage dose can reduce the E. coli infection but to achieve 100% survival rate the infected larvae should be treated with three phage doses (20 μL, 103 PFU/mL) at 6 hours interval. The characterized Escherichia phage myPSH1131 was found to have broad host range activity against E. coli pathogens and in vivo studies showed that multiple doses are required for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashok J. Tamhankar
- Global Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance, Deonar, Mumbai, India
| | - Cecilia Stalsby Lundborg
- Global Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines, focusing antibiotics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nachimuthu Ramesh
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail:
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17
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Furfaro LL, Payne MS, Chang BJ. Bacteriophage Therapy: Clinical Trials and Regulatory Hurdles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:376. [PMID: 30406049 PMCID: PMC6205996 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing reports of antimicrobial resistance and limited new antibiotic discoveries and development have fuelled innovation in other research fields and led to a revitalization of bacteriophage (phage) studies in the Western world. Phage therapy mainly utilizes obligately lytic phages to kill their respective bacterial hosts, while leaving human cells intact and reducing the broader impact on commensal bacteria that often results from antibiotic use. Phage therapy is rapidly evolving and has resulted in cases of life-saving therapeutic use and multiple clinical trials. However, one of the biggest challenges this antibiotic alternative faces relates to regulations and policy surrounding clinical use and implementation beyond compassionate cases. This review discusses the multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogens of highest critical priority and summarizes the current state-of-the-art in phage therapy targeting these organisms. It also examines phage therapy in humans in general and the approaches different countries have taken to introduce it into clinical practice and policy. We aim to highlight the rapidly advancing field of phage therapy and the challenges that lie ahead as the world shifts away from complete reliance on antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy L Furfaro
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Matthew S Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Barbara J Chang
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Manohar P, Nachimuthu R, Lopes BS. The therapeutic potential of bacteriophages targeting gram-negative bacteria using Galleria mellonella infection model. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:97. [PMID: 30170558 PMCID: PMC6119258 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phage therapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat highly drug resistant bacterial infections. The current surge in bacteriophage therapy is motivated mainly because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in clinics. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of three bacteriophages isolated against Escherichia coli ec311, Klebsiella pneumoniae kp235 and Enterobacter cloacae el140 strains using Galleria mellonella. The in vitro activity of three different phages belonging to Podoviridae and Myoviridae families was studied by the double agar overlay method against multi-drug resistant strains. Larval survivability studies were performed to evaluate the potential of phages against infection using G. mellonella. RESULTS All the three phages were found to have potential to infect the host bacterial strains. For in vivo studies it was observed that E. coli and E. cloacae infected larvae, should be treated with three phage doses (20 μL, 104 PFU/mL) at 6 h interval to achieve 100% survival rate. But in the case of K. pneumoniae, a single phage dose treatment showed promising outcome. When mixed bacterial infections (all three bacterial cultures at 108 CFU/mL) were tested, minimum of four doses of phage cocktail (three phages) at 6 h interval was necessary to recover the larvae. All the results were confirmed by enumerating bacteria from the larvae. CONCLUSION Our data shows that although in vitro studies showed high infectivity of phages, for in vivo models multiple phage doses were required for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Bruno S Lopes
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Medical Microbiology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Design of a Broad-Range Bacteriophage Cocktail That Reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms and Treats Acute Infections in Two Animal Models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02573-17. [PMID: 29555626 PMCID: PMC5971607 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02573-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming diffusion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains requires investigations on nonantibiotic therapies. Among such therapies, the use of bacteriophages (phages) as antimicrobial agents, namely, phage therapy, is a promising treatment strategy supported by the findings of recent successful compassionate treatments in Europe and the United States. In this work, we combined host range and genomic information to design a 6-phage cocktail killing several clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including those collected from Italian cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and analyzed the cocktail performance. We demonstrated that the cocktail composed of four novel phages (PYO2, DEV, E215 and E217) and two previously characterized phages (PAK_P1 and PAK_P4) was able to lyse P. aeruginosa both in planktonic liquid cultures and in biofilms. In addition, we showed that the phage cocktail could cure acute respiratory infection in mice and treat bacteremia in wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae. Furthermore, administration of the cocktail to larvae prior to bacterial infection provided prophylaxis. In this regard, the efficiency of the phage cocktail was found to be unaffected by the MDR or mucoid phenotype of the pseudomonal strain. The cocktail was found to be superior to the individual phages in destroying biofilms and providing a faster treatment in mice. We also found the Galleria larva model to be cost-effective for testing the susceptibility of clinical strains to phages, suggesting that it could be implemented in the frame of developing personalized phage therapies.
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20
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Scarascia G, Yap SA, Kaksonen AH, Hong PY. Bacteriophage Infectivity Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Saline Conditions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:875. [PMID: 29770130 PMCID: PMC5942161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous member of marine biofilm, and reduces thiosulfate to produce toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. In this study, lytic bacteriophages were isolated and applied to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa in planktonic mode at different temperature, pH, and salinity. Bacteriophages showed optimal infectivity at a multiplicity of infection of 10 in saline conditions, and demonstrated lytic abilities over all tested temperature (25, 30, 37, and 45°C) and pH 6–9. Planktonic P. aeruginosa exhibited significantly longer lag phase and lower specific growth rates upon exposure to bacteriophages. Bacteriophages were subsequently applied to P. aeruginosa-enriched biofilm and were determined to lower the relative abundance of Pseudomonas-related taxa from 0.17 to 5.58% in controls to 0.01–0.61% in treated microbial communities. The relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, Pseudoalteromonas, and Planococcaceae decreased, possibly due to the phage-induced disruption of the biofilm matrix. Lastly, when applied to mitigate biofouling of ultrafiltration membranes, bacteriophages were determined to reduce the transmembrane pressure increase by 18% when utilized alone, and by 49% when used in combination with citric acid. The combined treatment was more effective compared with the citric acid treatment alone, which reported ca. 30% transmembrane pressure reduction. Collectively, the findings demonstrated that bacteriophages can be used as a biocidal agent to mitigate undesirable P. aeruginosa-associated problems in seawater applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giantommaso Scarascia
- Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Scott A Yap
- Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna H Kaksonen
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Pei-Ying Hong
- Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Rossitto M, Fiscarelli EV, Rosati P. Challenges and Promises for Planning Future Clinical Research Into Bacteriophage Therapy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cystic Fibrosis. An Argumentative Review. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:775. [PMID: 29780361 PMCID: PMC5945972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although early aggressive and prolonged treatment with specific antibiotics can extend survival in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) colonized by opportunistic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), antibiotics fail to eradicate the infecting multidrug-resistant (MDR) PA strains in CF. Century-long research has suggested treating patients with bacteriophages (phages, prokaryotic viruses) naturally hosted by bacteria. Although the only phage types used in therapy, lytic phages, lyse PA aggregated in biofilm matrix by depolymerase degrading enzymes, how they can effectively, safely, and persistently do so in patients with CF is unclear. Even though advanced techniques for formulating phage cocktails, training phages and collecting phage libraries have improved efficacy in vitro, whether personalized or ready-to-use therapeutic approaches or phages and antibiotics combined are effective and safe in vivo, and can reduce PA biofilms, remains debatable. Hence, to advance clinical research on phage therapy in clinical trials, also involving mucoid and non-mucoid multidrug-resistant PA in CF, and overcome problems in Western international regulations, we need reliable and repeatable information from experiments in vitro and in vivo on phage characterization, cocktail selection, personalized approaches, and phages combined with antibiotics. These findings, challenges, and promises prompted us to undertake this argumentative review to seek up-to-date information from papers describing lytic phage activity tested in vitro on PA laboratory strains, and PA strains from chronic infections including CF. We also reviewed in vivo studies on phage activity on pulmonary and non-pulmonary animal host models infected by laboratory or CF PA strains. Our argumentative review provides essential information showing that future phage clinical research in CF should use well-characterized and selected phages isolated against CF PA, tested in vitro under dynamic conditions in cocktails or combined with antibiotics, and in vivo on non-pulmonary and pulmonary host models infected with mucoid and non-mucoid CF MDR PA. Our findings should encourage pharmaceutical industries to conduct clinical trials in vitro and in vivo testing patented genomic engineered phages from phage libraries combined with antibiotics to treat or even prevent multidrug-resistant PA in CF, thus helping international regulatory agencies to plan future clinical research on phage therapy in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rossitto
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology, Laboratory Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ersilia V. Fiscarelli
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology, Laboratory Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rosati
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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22
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Olszak T, Shneider MM, Latka A, Maciejewska B, Browning C, Sycheva LV, Cornelissen A, Danis-Wlodarczyk K, Senchenkova SN, Shashkov AS, Gula G, Arabski M, Wasik S, Miroshnikov KA, Lavigne R, Leiman PG, Knirel YA, Drulis-Kawa Z. The O-specific polysaccharide lyase from the phage LKA1 tailspike reduces Pseudomonas virulence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16302. [PMID: 29176754 PMCID: PMC5701251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas phage LKA1 of the subfamily Autographivirinae encodes a tailspike protein (LKA1gp49) which binds and cleaves B-band LPS (O-specific antigen, OSA) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The crystal structure of LKA1gp49 catalytic domain consists of a beta-helix, an insertion domain and a C-terminal discoidin-like domain. The putative substrate binding and processing site is located on the face of the beta-helix whereas the C-terminal domain is likely involved in carbohydrates binding. NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analyses of degraded LPS (OSA) fragments show an O5 serotype-specific polysaccharide lyase specificity. LKA1gp49 reduces virulence in an in vivo Galleria mellonella infection model and sensitizes P. aeruginosa to serum complement activity. This enzyme causes biofilm degradation and does not affect the activity of ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. This is the first comprehensive report on LPS-degrading lyase derived from a Pseudomonas phage. Biological properties reveal a potential towards its applications in antimicrobial design and as a microbiological or biotechnological tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Olszak
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland
| | - Mikhail M Shneider
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Galveston, TX, 77555-0647, USA
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland
| | - Barbara Maciejewska
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland
| | | | - Lada V Sycheva
- Affinivax Inc., Cambridge, 02139-3543, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Katarzyna Danis-Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Sofya N Senchenkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Grzegorz Gula
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland
| | - Michal Arabski
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, 25-406, Poland
| | - Slawomir Wasik
- Department of Molecular Physics, Institute of Physics, The Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, 25-406, Poland
| | - Konstantin A Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Petr G Leiman
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Galveston, TX, 77555-0647, USA
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland.
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Latz S, Krüttgen A, Häfner H, Buhl EM, Ritter K, Horz HP. Differential Effect of Newly Isolated Phages Belonging to PB1-Like, phiKZ-Like and LUZ24-Like Viruses against Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa under Varying Growth Conditions. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110315. [PMID: 29077053 PMCID: PMC5707522 DOI: 10.3390/v9110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterize three phages (SL1 SL2, and SL4), isolated from hospital sewage with lytic activity against clinical isolates of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA). The host spectrum ranged from 41% to 54%, with all three phages together covering 79% of all tested clinical isolates. Genome analysis revealed that SL1 (65,849 bp, 91 open reading frames ORFs) belongs to PB1-like viruses, SL2 (279,696 bp, 354 ORFs) to phiKZ-like viruses and SL4 (44,194 bp, 65 ORFs) to LUZ24-like viruses. Planktonic cells of four of five selected MDR-PA strains were suppressed by at least one phage with multiplicities of infection (MOIs) ranging from 1 to 10−6 for 16 h without apparent regrowth of bacterial populations. While SL2 was most potent in suppressing planktonic cultures the strongest anti-biofilm activity was observed with SL4. Phages were able to rescue bacteria-infected wax moth larvae (Galleria melonella) for 24 h, whereby highest survival rates (90%) were observed with SL1. Except for the biofilm experiments, the effect of a cocktail with all three phages was comparable to the action of the best phage alone; hence, there are no synergistic but also no antagonistic effects among phages. The use of a cocktail with these phages is therefore expedient for increasing host range and minimizing the development of phage resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Latz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alex Krüttgen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Helga Häfner
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Peter Horz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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24
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Chang RY, Wong J, Mathai A, Morales S, Kutter E, Britton W, Li J, Chan HK. Production of highly stable spray dried phage formulations for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 121:1-13. [PMID: 28890220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The potential of bacteriophage therapy for the treatment of pulmonary infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been well recognised. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of excipients on stabilisation and aerosolisation of spray dried powders of morphologically different phages - PEV podovirus and PEV myovirus. Seven anti-pseudomonal phages were screened against 90 clinical strains of bacterial hosts and three of the phages were selected for formulation study based on the host range. Design of experiments was utilised to assess the effect of different excipients on the stabilisation and aerosolisation of spray dried phages. Both podovirus and myovirus phages were stable in spray dried formulations containing trehalose or lactose and leucine as excipients with less than 1-log10 titre reduction during spray drying, with lactose providing superior phage protection over trehalose. Furthermore, the spray dried phage formulations dispersed in an Osmohaler at 85L/min produced a high fine particle fraction of over 50%. The results showed that the phages in this study can form respirable dry powder phage formulations using the same excipient composition. Spray dried various types of lytic phages hold significant potential for the treatment of pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Y Chang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jennifer Wong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ash Mathai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sandra Morales
- AmpliPhi Biosciences AU, 7/27 Dale Street, Brookvale, Sydney, NSW 2100, Australia
| | | | - Warwick Britton
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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25
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26
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Al-Wrafy F, Brzozowska E, Górska S, Gamian A. Pathogenic factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa – the role of biofilm in pathogenicity and as a target for phage therapy. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2017; 71:78-91. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<i>Pseudomonas</i> aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause several acute and chronic infections in humans, and it has become an important cause of nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistance. Biofilm represents an important virulence factor for these bacteria, plays a role in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infections and avoidance of immune defence mechanisms, and has the ability to protect the bacteria from antibiotics. Alginate, Psl and Pel, three exopolysaccharides, are the main components in biofilm matrix, with many biological functions attributed to them, especially with respect to the protection of the bacterial cell from antibiotics and the immune system. <i>Pseudomonas</i> infections, biofilm formation and development of resistance to antibiotics all require better understanding to achieve the best results using alternative treatment with phage therapy. This review describes the <i>P. aeruginosa</i> pathogenicity and virulence factors with a special focus on the biofilm and its role in infection and resistance to antibiotics and summarizes phage therapy as an alternative approach in treatment of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairoz Al-Wrafy
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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27
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Roszniowski B, Latka A, Maciejewska B, Vandenheuvel D, Olszak T, Briers Y, Holt GS, Valvano MA, Lavigne R, Smith DL, Drulis-Kawa Z. The temperate Burkholderia phage AP3 of the Peduovirinae shows efficient antimicrobial activity against B. cenocepacia of the IIIA lineage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:1203-1216. [PMID: 27770178 PMCID: PMC5247547 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia phage AP3 (vB_BceM_AP3) is a temperate virus of the Myoviridae and the Peduovirinae subfamily (P2likevirus genus). This phage specifically infects multidrug-resistant clinical Burkholderia cenocepacia lineage IIIA strains commonly isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. AP3 exhibits high pairwise nucleotide identity (61.7 %) to Burkholderia phage KS5, specific to the same B. cenocepacia host, and has 46.7-49.5 % identity to phages infecting other species of Burkholderia. The lysis cassette of these related phages has a similar organization (putative antiholin, putative holin, endolysin, and spanins) and shows 29-98 % homology between specific lysis genes, in contrast to Enterobacteria phage P2, the hallmark phage of this genus. The AP3 and KS5 lysis genes have conserved locations and high amino acid sequence similarity. The AP3 bacteriophage particles remain infective up to 5 h at pH 4-10 and are stable at 60 °C for 30 min, but are sensitive to chloroform, with no remaining infective particles after 24 h of treatment. AP3 lysogeny can occur by stable genomic integration and by pseudo-lysogeny. The lysogenic bacterial mutants did not exhibit any significant changes in virulence compared to wild-type host strain when tested in the Galleria mellonella moth wax model. Moreover, AP3 treatment of larvae infected with B. cenocepacia revealed a significant increase (P < 0.0001) in larvae survival in comparison to AP3-untreated infected larvae. AP3 showed robust lytic activity, as evidenced by its broad host range, the absence of increased virulence in lysogenic isolates, the lack of bacterial gene disruption conditioned by bacterial tRNA downstream integration site, and the absence of detected toxin sequences. These data suggest that the AP3 phage is a promising potent agent against bacteria belonging to the most common B. cenocepacia IIIA lineage strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Roszniowski
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Latka
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Maciejewska
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomasz Olszak
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yves Briers
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giles S Holt
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Ellison Building EBD222, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd., Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, box 2462, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Darren L Smith
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Ellison Building EBD222, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.
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28
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Characterization of the first double-stranded RNA bacteriophage infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38795. [PMID: 27934909 PMCID: PMC5146939 DOI: 10.1038/srep38795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are widely distributed in the biosphere and play a key role in modulating microbial ecology in the soil, ocean, and humans. Although the role of DNA bacteriophages is well described, the biology of RNA bacteriophages is poorly understood. More than 1900 phage genomes are currently deposited in NCBI, but only 6 dsRNA bacteriophages and 12 ssRNA bacteriophages genome sequences are reported. The 6 dsRNA bacteriophages were isolated from legume samples or lakes with Pseudomonas syringae as the host. Here, we report the first Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage phiYY with a three-segmented dsRNA genome. phiYY was isolated from hospital sewage in China with the clinical P. aeruginosa strain, PAO38, as a host. Moreover, the dsRNA phage phiYY has a broad host range, which infects 99 out of 233 clinical P. aeruginosa strains isolated from four provinces in China. This work presented a detailed characterization of the dsRNA bacteriophage infecting P. aeruginosa.
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29
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Sasikala D, Srinivasan P. Characterization of potential lytic bacteriophage against Vibrio alginolyticus and its therapeutic implications on biofilm dispersal. Microb Pathog 2016; 101:24-35. [PMID: 27793690 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus is a leading cause of vibriosis, presenting opportunistic infections to humans associated with raw seafood contamination. At present, phage therapy that acts as an alternative sanitizing agent is explored for targeting V. alginolyticus. The study outcome revealed that the phage VP01 with its extreme lytic effect showed a high potential impact on the growth of V. alginolyticus as well as biofilm formation. Electron microscopy revealed the phage resemblance to Myoviridae, based on its morphology. Further study clarified that the phage VP01 possesses a broad host spectrum and amazing phage sensitivity at different pH, high thermal stability, and high burst size of 415 PFU/cell. In addition, the investigation of phage co-culturing against this pathogen resulted in a significant growth reduction even at less MOIs 0.1 and 1. These results suggest that the phage could be a promising candidate for the control of V. alginolyticus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshinamurthy Sasikala
- Department of Bioinformatics, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pappu Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
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30
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Krylov V, Shaburova O, Pleteneva E, Bourkaltseva M, Krylov S, Kaplan A, Chesnokova E, Kulakov L, Magill D, Polygach O. Modular Approach to Select Bacteriophages Targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa for Their Application to Children Suffering With Cystic Fibrosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1631. [PMID: 27790211 PMCID: PMC5062033 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the potential application of bacterial viruses (phage therapy) toward the eradication of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). In this regard, several potential relationships between bacteria and their bacteriophages are considered. The most important aspect that must be addressed with respect to phage therapy of bacterial infections in the lungs of CF patients is in ensuring the continuity of treatment in light of the continual occurrence of resistant bacteria. This depends on the ability to rapidly select phages exhibiting an enhanced spectrum of lytic activity among several well-studied phage groups of proven safety. We propose a modular based approach, utilizing both mono-species and hetero-species phage mixtures. With an approach involving the visual recognition of characteristics exhibited by phages of well-studied phage groups on lawns of the standard P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain, the simple and rapid enhancement of the lytic spectrum of cocktails is permitted, allowing the development of tailored preparations for patients capable of circumventing problems associated with phage resistant bacterial mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Krylov
- Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, Department of Microbiology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Shaburova
- Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, Department of Microbiology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Pleteneva
- Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, Department of Microbiology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Bourkaltseva
- Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, Department of Microbiology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Krylov
- Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, Department of Microbiology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla Kaplan
- Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, Department of Microbiology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Chesnokova
- Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, Department of Microbiology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Kulakov
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, UK
| | - Damian Magill
- Medical Biology Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast Belfast, UK
| | - Olga Polygach
- Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, Department of Microbiology, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera Moscow, Russia
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31
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Nale JY, Chutia M, Carr P, Hickenbotham PT, Clokie MRJ. 'Get in Early'; Biofilm and Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) Models Reveal New Insights into the Therapeutic Potential of Clostridium difficile Bacteriophages. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1383. [PMID: 27630633 PMCID: PMC5005339 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a global health threat associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Conventional antibiotic CDI therapy can result in treatment failure and recurrent infection. C. difficile produces biofilms which contribute to its virulence and impair antimicrobial activity. Some bacteriophages (phages) can penetrate biofilms and thus could be developed to either replace or supplement antibiotics. Here, we determined the impact of a previously optimized 4-phage cocktail on C. difficile ribotype 014/020 biofilms, and additionally as adjunct to vancomycin treatment in Galleria mellonella larva CDI model. The phages were applied before or after biofilm establishment in vitro, and the impact was analyzed according to turbidity, viability counts and topography as observed using scanning electron and confocal microscopy. The infectivity profiles and efficacies of orally administered phages and/or vancomycin were ascertained by monitoring colonization levels and larval survival rates. Phages prevented biofilm formation, and penetrated established biofilms. A single phage application reduced colonization causing extended longevity in the remedial treatment and prevented disease in the prophylaxis group. Multiple phage doses significantly improved the larval remedial regimen, and this treatment is comparable to vancomycin and the combined treatments. Taken together, our data suggest that the phages significantly reduce C. difficile biofilms, and prevent colonization in the G. mellonella model when used alone or in combination with vancomycin. The phages appear to be highly promising therapeutics in the targeted eradication of CDI and the use of these models has revealed that prophylactic use could be a propitious therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y Nale
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| | - Mahananda Chutia
- Pathology and Microbiology Division, Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute Assam, India
| | - Philippa Carr
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| | - Peter T Hickenbotham
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| | - Martha R J Clokie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
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32
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Dryahina K, Sovová K, Nemec A, Španěl P. Differentiation of pulmonary bacterial pathogens in cystic fibrosis by volatile metabolites emitted by their in vitro cultures: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and the Burkholderia cepacia complex. J Breath Res 2016; 10:037102. [PMID: 27506232 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/037102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As a contribution to the continuing search for breath biomarkers of lung and airways infection in patients with cystic fibrosis, CF, we have analysed the volatile metabolites released in vitro by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria involved in respiratory infections in these patients, i.e. those belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, Staphylococcus aureus or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. These opportunistic pathogens are generally harmless to healthy people but they may cause serious infections in patients with severe underlying disease or impaired immunity such as CF patients. Volatile organic compounds emitted from the cultures of strains belonging to the above-mentioned four taxa were analysed by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. In order to minimize the effect of differences in media composition all strains were cultured in three different liquid media. Multivariate statistical analysis reveals that the four taxa can be well discriminated by the differences in the headspace VOC concentration profiles. The compounds that should be targeted in breath as potential biomarkers of airway infection were identified for each of these taxa of CF pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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33
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A proposed integrated approach for the preclinical evaluation of phage therapy in Pseudomonas infections. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28115. [PMID: 27301427 PMCID: PMC4908380 DOI: 10.1038/srep28115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy is currently resurging as a potential complement/alternative to antibiotic treatment. However, preclinical evaluation lacks streamlined approaches. We here focus on preclinical approaches which have been implemented to assess bacteriophage efficacy against Pseudomonas biofilms and infections. Laser interferometry and profilometry were applied to measure biofilm matrix permeability and surface geometry changes, respectively. These biophysical approaches were combined with an advanced Airway Surface Liquid infection model, which mimics in vitro the normal and CF lung environments, and an in vivo Galleria larvae model. These assays have been implemented to analyze KTN4 (279,593 bp dsDNA genome), a type-IV pili dependent, giant phage resembling phiKZ. Upon contact, KTN4 immediately disrupts the P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm and reduces pyocyanin and siderophore production. The gentamicin exclusion assay on NuLi-1 and CuFi-1 cell lines revealed the decrease of extracellular bacterial load between 4 and 7 logs and successfully prevents wild-type Pseudomonas internalization into CF epithelial cells. These properties and the significant rescue of Galleria larvae indicate that giant KTN4 phage is a suitable candidate for in vivo phage therapy evaluation for lung infection applications.
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34
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Langdon A, Crook N, Dantas G. The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome throughout development and alternative approaches for therapeutic modulation. Genome Med 2016; 8:39. [PMID: 27074706 PMCID: PMC4831151 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics in the past 80 years has saved millions of human lives, facilitated technological progress and killed incalculable numbers of microbes, both pathogenic and commensal. Human-associated microbes perform an array of important functions, and we are now just beginning to understand the ways in which antibiotics have reshaped their ecology and the functional consequences of these changes. Mounting evidence shows that antibiotics influence the function of the immune system, our ability to resist infection, and our capacity for processing food. Therefore, it is now more important than ever to revisit how we use antibiotics. This review summarizes current research on the short-term and long-term consequences of antibiotic use on the human microbiome, from early life to adulthood, and its effect on diseases such as malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, and Clostridium difficile infection. Motivated by the consequences of inappropriate antibiotic use, we explore recent progress in the development of antivirulence approaches for resisting infection while minimizing resistance to therapy. We close the article by discussing probiotics and fecal microbiota transplants, which promise to restore the microbiota after damage of the microbiome. Together, the results of studies in this field emphasize the importance of developing a mechanistic understanding of gut ecology to enable the development of new therapeutic strategies and to rationally limit the use of antibiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Langdon
- Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8510, 4515 McKinley Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- Clinical Research Training Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8051, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Nathan Crook
- Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8510, 4515 McKinley Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8510, 4515 McKinley Research Building, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Campus Box 1097, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8230, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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35
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Latino L, Midoux C, Hauck Y, Vergnaud G, Pourcel C. Pseudolysogeny and sequential mutations build multiresistance to virulent bacteriophages in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:748-763. [PMID: 26921273 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution between bacteriophages (phages) and their prey is the result of mutualistic interactions. Here, we show that pseudolysogeny is a frequent outcome of infection by virulent phages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and that selection of resistant bacterial mutants is favoured by continuous production of phages. We investigated the frequency and characteristics of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 variants resisting infection by different combinations of virulent phages belonging to four genera. The frequency of resistant bacteria was 10- 5 for single phage infection and 10- 6 for infections with combinations of two or four phages. The genome of 27 variants was sequenced and the comparison with the genome of the parental PAO1 strain allowed the identification of point mutations or small indels. Four additional variants were characterized by a candidate gene approach. In total, 27 independent mutations were observed affecting 14 genes and a regulatory region. The mutations affected genes involved in biosynthesis of type IV pilus, alginate, LPS and O-antigen. Half of the variants possessed changes in homopolymer tracts responsible for frameshift mutations and these phase variation mutants were shown to be unstable. Eleven double mutants were detected. The presence of free phage DNA was observed in association with exclusion of superinfection in half of the variants and no chromosomal mutation could be found in three of them. Upon further growth of these pseudolysogens, some variants with new chromosomal mutations were recovered, presumably due to continuous evolutionary pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libera Latino
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay,91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex,France
| | - Cédric Midoux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay,91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex,France
| | - Yolande Hauck
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay,91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex,France
| | - Gilles Vergnaud
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay,91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex,France
| | - Christine Pourcel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay,91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex,France
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Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Proft T. Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing. Virulence 2016; 7:214-29. [PMID: 26730990 PMCID: PMC4871635 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1135289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth or honeycomb moth) has been introduced as an alternative model to study microbial infections. G. mellonella larvae can be easily and inexpensively obtained in large numbers and are simple to use as they don't require special lab equipment. There are no ethical constraints and their short life cycle makes them ideal for large-scale studies. Although insects lack an adaptive immune response, their innate immune response shows remarkable similarities with the immune response in vertebrates. This review gives a current update of what is known about the immune system of G. mellonella and provides an extensive overview of how G. mellonella is used to study the virulence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the use of G. mellonella to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and experimental phage therapy are also discussed. The review concludes with a critical assessment of the current limitatons of G. mellonella infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jia-Yun Tsai
- a Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology , School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,b Maurice Wilkins Center, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jacelyn Mei San Loh
- a Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology , School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,b Maurice Wilkins Center, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Thomas Proft
- a Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology , School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,b Maurice Wilkins Center, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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