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Liu Y, Esposto D, Mahdi LK, Porzel A, Stark P, Hussain H, Scherr-Henning A, Isfort S, Bathe U, Acosta IF, Zuccaro A, Balcke GU, Tissier A. Hordedane diterpenoid phytoalexins restrict Fusarium graminearum infection but enhance Bipolaris sorokiniana colonization of barley roots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1307-1327. [PMID: 39001606 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant immunity is a multilayered process that includes recognition of patterns or effectors from pathogens to elicit defense responses. These include the induction of a cocktail of defense metabolites that typically restrict pathogen virulence. Here, we investigate the interaction between barley roots and the fungal pathogens Bipolaris sorokiniana (Bs) and Fusarium graminearum (Fg) at the metabolite level. We identify hordedanes, a previously undescribed set of labdane-related diterpenoids with antimicrobial properties, as critical players in these interactions. Infection of barley roots by Bs and Fg elicits hordedane synthesis from a 600-kb gene cluster. Heterologous reconstruction of the biosynthesis pathway in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana produced several hordedanes, including one of the most functionally decorated products 19-β-hydroxy-hordetrienoic acid (19-OH-HTA). Barley mutants in the diterpene synthase genes of this cluster are unable to produce hordedanes but, unexpectedly, show reduced Bs colonization. By contrast, colonization by Fusarium graminearum, another fungal pathogen of barley and wheat, is 4-fold higher in the mutants completely lacking hordedanes. Accordingly, 19-OH-HTA enhances both germination and growth of Bs, whereas it inhibits other pathogenic fungi, including Fg. Analysis of microscopy and transcriptomics data suggest that hordedanes delay the necrotrophic phase of Bs. Taken together, these results show that adapted pathogens such as Bs can subvert plant metabolic defenses to facilitate root colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Liu
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Dario Esposto
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Lisa K Mahdi
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Pauline Stark
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Anja Scherr-Henning
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Simon Isfort
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Ulschan Bathe
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Iván F Acosta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd U Balcke
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany.
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Zhong J, Wang Y, Chen Z, Yalikun Y, He L, Liu T, Ma G. Engineering cyanobacteria as a new platform for producing taxol precursors directly from carbon dioxide. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:99. [PMID: 39014505 PMCID: PMC11253407 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Taxol serves as an efficient natural anticancer agent with extensive applications in the treatment of diverse malignancies. Although advances in synthetic biology have enabled the de novo synthesis of taxol precursors in various microbial chassis, the total biosynthesis of taxol remains challengable owing to the restricted oxidation efficiency in heterotrophic microbes. Here, we engineered Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 with modular metabolic pathways consisting of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway enzymes and taxol biosynthetic enzymes for production of taxadiene-5α-ol (T5α-ol), the key oxygenated intermediate of taxol. The best strain DIGT-P560 produced up to 17.43 mg/L of oxygenated taxanes and 4.32 mg/L of T5α-ol. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of DIGT-P560 revealed that establishing a oxygenated taxane flux may enhance photosynthetic electron transfer efficiency and central metabolism in the engineered strain to ameliorate the metabolic disturbances triggered by the incorporation of exogenous genes. This is the first demonstration of photosynthetic production of taxadiene-5α-ol from CO2 in cyanobacteria, highlighting the broad prospects of engineered cyanobacteria as bio-solar cell factories for valuable terpenoids production and expanding the ideas for further rational engineering and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushu Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyang Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaliqin Yalikun
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ma
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Hendrickson H, Islam M, Wabo GF, Mafu S. Biochemical analysis of the TPS-a subfamily in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349009. [PMID: 38425791 PMCID: PMC10902008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Terpenes are important mediators of plant chemical response to environmental cues. Here, we describe the genome-wide identification and biochemical characterization of TPS-a members in Medicago truncatula, a model legume crop. Genome mining identified thirty-nine full-length terpene synthases with a significant number predicted to produce monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Biochemical characterization of the TPS-a subfamily associated with sesquiterpene biosynthesis revealed such compounds, that exhibit substantial biological activity in other plants. Gene expression analysis using qPCR and the Medicago gene atlas illustrated distinct tissue and time-based variation in expression in leaves and roots. Together our work establishes the gene-to-metabolite relationships for sesquiterpene synthases in M. truncatula. Understanding the biosynthetic capacity is a foundational step to defining the ecological roles of this important family of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hendrickson
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Monirul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Life Science Laboratories, Amherst, MA, United States
| | | | - Sibongile Mafu
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Life Science Laboratories, Amherst, MA, United States
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Xu M, Xie W, Luo Z, Li CX, Hua Q, Xu J. Improving solubility and copy number of taxadiene synthase to enhance the titer of taxadiene in Yarrowia lipolytica. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:331-338. [PMID: 37215159 PMCID: PMC10196790 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxadiene is an important precursor for the biosynthesis of highly effective anticancer drug paclitaxel, but its microbial biosynthesis yield is very low. In this study, we employed Yarrowia lipolytica as a microbial host to produce taxadiene. First, a "push-pull" strategy was adopted to increase taxadiene production by 234%. Then taxadiene synthase was fused with five solubilizing tags respectively, leading a maximum increase of 62.3% in taxadiene production when fused with SUMO. Subsequently, a multi-copy iterative integration method was used to further increase taxadiene titer, achieving the maximum titer of 23.7 mg/L in shake flask culture after three rounds of integration. Finally, the taxadiene titer was increased to 101.4 mg/L by optimization of the fed-batch fermentation conditions. This is the first report of taxadiene biosynthesis accomplished in Y. lipolytica, serving as a good example for the sustainable production of taxadiene and other terpenoids in this oleaginous yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianhe Xu
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Zhao L, Oyagbenro R, Feng Y, Xu M, Peters RJ. Oryzalexin S biosynthesis: a cross-stitched disappearing pathway. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:1-7. [PMID: 37220540 PMCID: PMC10199973 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-022-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rice produces many diterpenoid phytoalexins and, reflecting the importance of these natural products in this important cereal crop plant, its genome contains three biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for such metabolism. The chromosome 4 BGC (c4BGC) is largely associated with momilactone production, in part due to the presence of the initiating syn-copalyl diphosphate (CPP) synthase gene (OsCPS4). Oryzalexin S is also derived from syn-CPP. However, the relevant subsequently acting syn-stemarene synthase gene (OsKSL8) is not located in the c4BGC. Production of oryzalexin S further requires hydroxylation at carbons 2 and 19 (C2 and C19), presumably catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases. Here it is reported the closely related CYP99A2 and CYP99A3, whose genes are also found in the c4BGC catalyze the necessary C19-hydroxylation, while the closely related CYP71Z21 and CYP71Z22, whose genes are found in the recently reported chromosome 7 BGC (c7BGC), catalyze subsequent hydroxylation at C2α. Thus, oryzalexin S biosynthesis utilizes two distinct BGCs, in a pathway cross-stitched together by OsKSL8. Notably, in contrast to the widely conserved c4BGC, the c7BGC is subspecies (ssp.) specific, being prevalent in ssp. japonica and only rarely found in the other major ssp. indica. Moreover, while the closely related syn-stemodene synthase OsKSL11 was originally considered to be distinct from OsKSL8, it has now been reported to be a ssp. indica derived allele at the same genetic loci. Intriguingly, more detailed analysis indicates that OsKSL8(j) is being replaced by OsKSL11 (OsKSL8i), suggesting introgression from ssp. indica to (sub)tropical japonica, with concurrent disappearance of oryzalexin S production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-022-00092-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhao
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Richard Oyagbenro
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Yiling Feng
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Meimei Xu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Wang Z, Nelson DR, Zhang J, Wan X, Peters RJ. Plant (di)terpenoid evolution: from pigments to hormones and beyond. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:452-469. [PMID: 36472136 PMCID: PMC9945934 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2014-2022.Diterpenoid biosynthesis in plants builds on the necessary production of (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) for photosynthetic pigment production, with diterpenoid biosynthesis arising very early in land plant evolution, enabling stockpiling of the extensive arsenal of (di)terpenoid natural products currently observed in this kingdom. This review will build upon that previously published in the Annual Review of Plant Biology, with a stronger focus on enzyme structure-function relationships, as well as additional insights into the evolution of (di)terpenoid metabolism since generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.,Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA.
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Shunde Innovation School, Research Center of Biology and Agriculture, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA.
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Werck-Reichhart D. Promiscuity, a Driver of Plant Cytochrome P450 Evolution? Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020394. [PMID: 36830762 PMCID: PMC9953472 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were long considered to be highly substrate-specific, regioselective and stereoselective enzymes, in this respect differing from their animal counterparts. The functional data that have recently accumulated clearly counter this initial dogma. Highly promiscuous P450 enzymes have now been reported, mainly in terpenoid pathways with functions in plant adaptation, but also some very versatile xenobiotic/herbicide metabolizers. An overlap and predictable interference between endogenous and herbicide metabolism are starting to emerge. Both substrate preference and permissiveness vary between plant P450 families, with high promiscuity seemingly favoring retention of gene duplicates and evolutionary blooms. Yet significant promiscuity can also be observed in the families under high negative selection and with essential functions, usually enhanced after gene duplication. The strategies so far implemented, to systematically explore P450 catalytic capacity, are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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8
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Wang Z, Li X, Dai Y, Yin L, Azi F, Zhou J, Dong M, Xia X. Sustainable production of genistin from glycerol by constructing and optimizing Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2022; 74:206-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Jiang M, Yu N, Zhang Y, Liu L, Li Z, Wang C, Cheng S, Cao L, Liu Q. Deletion of Diterpenoid Biosynthetic Genes CYP76M7 and CYP76M8 Induces Cell Death and Enhances Bacterial Blight Resistance in Indica Rice ‘9311’. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137234. [PMID: 35806236 PMCID: PMC9266670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) are ideal materials for studying cell death and resistance mechanisms. Here, we identified and mapped a novel rice LMM, g380. The g380 exhibits a spontaneous hypersensitive response-like cell death phenotype accompanied by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated expression of pathogenesis-related genes, as well as enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Using a map-based cloning strategy, a 184,916 bp deletion on chromosome 2 that overlaps with the diterpenoid biosynthetic gene cluster was identified in g380. Accordingly, the content of diterpenoids decreased in g380. In addition, lignin, one of the physical lines of plant defense, was increased in g380. RNA-seq analysis showed 590 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEG) between the wild-type 9311 and g380, 585 of which were upregulated in g380. Upregulated genes in g380 were mainly enriched in the monolignol biosynthesis branches of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, the plant–pathogen interaction pathway and the phytoalexin-specialized diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Taken together, our results indicate that the diterpenoid biosynthetic gene cluster on chromosome 2 is involved in immune reprogramming, which in turn regulates cell death in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Ning Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Shihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Liyong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Northern Center for China National Rice Research Institute, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qunen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (M.J.); (N.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.L.); (C.W.); (S.C.)
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (Q.L.)
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10
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Wang Y, Zhu R, Shi M, Huang Q, Zhang S, Kai G, Guo S. Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Analysis of WRKY Transcription Factors Related to Momilactone Biosynthesis in Calohypnum plumiforme. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.809729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Momilactones are diterpenoid phytoalexins with allelopathic functions, which have been found in the widely distributed bryophyte Calohypnum plumiforme. Clustered genes containing CpDTC1/HpDTC1, CpCYP970A14, CpCYP964A1, and CpMAS are involved in momilactone biosynthesis. Besides, momilactone concentration in C. plumiforme is affected by heavy metal treatment such as CuCl2. However, transcription factors which might regulate momilactone biosynthesis are unclear. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) regulate phytoalexin biosynthesis in many plant species. In this study, a systematic analysis of the WRKY TFs was performed according to the C. plumiforme genome. A total of 19 CpWRKY genes were identified and categorized into five subgroups based on their phylogenetic relationship. Conserved domain and motif analysis suggested that the WRKY domain was highly conserved, but there were some variations. Cis-acting elements and binding sites analysis implied that CpWRKY genes might be induced by stress and further regulate the biosynthesis of momilactones. Our study lays a foundation for further functional characterization of the candidate CpWRKY genes involved in the regulation of momilactone biosynthesis, and provides new strategies for increasing momilactone production.
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11
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Muchlinski A, Jia M, Tiedge K, Fell JS, Pelot KA, Chew L, Davisson D, Chen Y, Siegel J, Lovell JT, Zerbe P. Cytochrome P450-catalyzed biosynthesis of furanoditerpenoids in the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1053-1068. [PMID: 34514645 PMCID: PMC9292899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Specialized diterpenoid metabolites are important mediators of plant-environment interactions in monocot crops. To understand metabolite functions in plant environmental adaptation that ultimately can enable crop improvement strategies, a deeper knowledge of the underlying species-specific biosynthetic pathways is required. Here, we report the genomics-enabled discovery of five cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP71Z25-CYP71Z29) that form previously unknown furanoditerpenoids in the monocot bioenergy crop Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Combinatorial pathway reconstruction showed that CYP71Z25-CYP71Z29 catalyze furan ring addition directly to primary diterpene alcohol intermediates derived from distinct class II diterpene synthase products. Transcriptional co-expression patterns and the presence of select diterpenoids in switchgrass roots support the occurrence of P450-derived furanoditerpenoids in planta. Integrating molecular dynamics, structural analysis and targeted mutagenesis identified active site determinants that contribute to the distinct catalytic specificities underlying the broad substrate promiscuity of CYP71Z25-CYP71Z29 for native and non-native diterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muchlinski
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Present address:
Firmenich Inc.4767 Nexus Center Dr.San DiegoCalifornia9212USA
| | - Meirong Jia
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Present address:
State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural ProductsInstitute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing100050China
| | - Kira Tiedge
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Jason S. Fell
- Genome CenterUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Kyle A. Pelot
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Lisl Chew
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Danielle Davisson
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Justin Siegel
- Genome CenterUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular MedicineUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - John T. Lovell
- Genome Sequencing CenterHudson Alpha Institute for BiotechnologyHuntsvilleAlabama35806USA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCalifornia95616USA
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Gao K, Zha WL, Zhu JX, Zheng C, Zi JC. A review: biosynthesis of plant-derived labdane-related diterpenoids. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:666-674. [PMID: 34561077 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived labdane-related diterpenoids (LRDs) represent a large group of terpenoids. LRDs possess either a labdane-type bicyclic core structure or more complex ring systems derived from labdane-type skeletons, such as abietane, pimarane, kaurane, etc. Due to their various pharmaceutical activities and unique properties, many of LRDs have been widely used in pharmaceutical, food and perfume industries. Biosynthesis of various LRDs has been extensively studied, leading to characterization of a large number of new biosynthetic enzymes. The biosynthetic pathways of important LRDs and the relevant enzymes (especially diterpene synthases and cytochrome P450 enzymes) were summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen-Long Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Xun Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Jia-Chen Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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13
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Liang J, Shen Q, Wang L, Liu J, Fu J, Zhao L, Xu M, Peters RJ, Wang Q. Rice contains a biosynthetic gene cluster associated with production of the casbane-type diterpenoid phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:85-93. [PMID: 33892515 PMCID: PMC9044444 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diterpenoids play important roles in rice microbial disease resistance as phytoalexins, as well as acting in allelopathy and abiotic stress responses. Recently, the casbane-type phytoalexin ent-10-oxodepressin was identified in rice, but its biosynthesis has not yet been elucidated. Here ent-10-oxodepressin biosynthesis was investigated via co-expression analysis and biochemical characterisation, with use of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for genetic analysis. The results identified a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) on rice chromosome 7 (c7BGC), containing the relevant ent-casbene synthase (OsECBS), and four cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes from the CYP71Z subfamily. Three of these CYPs were shown to act on ent-casbene, with CYP71Z2 able to produce a keto group at carbon-5 (C5), while the closely related paralogues CYP71Z21 and CYP71Z22 both readily produce a keto group at C10. Together these C5 and C10 oxidases can elaborate ent-casbene to ent-10-oxodepressin (5,10-diketo-ent-casbene). OsECBS knockout lines no longer produce casbane-type diterpenoids and exhibit impaired resistance to the rice fungal blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Elucidation of ent-10-oxodepressin biosynthesis and the associated c7BGC provides not only a potential target for molecular breeding, but also, gives the intriguing parallels to the independently assembled BGCs for casbene-derived diterpenoids in the Euphorbiaceae, further insight into plant BGC evolution, as discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Qinqin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jingye Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Meimei Xu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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14
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Serra Serra N, Shanmuganathan R, Becker C. Allelopathy in rice: a story of momilactones, kin recognition, and weed management. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4022-4037. [PMID: 33647935 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the struggle to secure nutrient access and to outperform competitors, some plant species have evolved a biochemical arsenal with which they inhibit the growth or development of neighbouring plants. This process, known as allelopathy, exists in many of today's major crops, including rice. Rice synthesizes momilactones, diterpenoids that are released into the rhizosphere and inhibit the growth of numerous plant species. While the allelopathic potential of rice was recognized decades ago, many questions remain unresolved regarding the biosynthesis, exudation, and biological activity of momilactones. Here, we review current knowledge on momilactones, their role in allelopathy, and their potential to serve as a basis for sustainable weed management. We emphasize the gaps in our current understanding of when and how momilactones are produced and of how they act in plant cells, and outline what we consider the next steps in momilactone and rice allelopathy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Serra Serra
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reshi Shanmuganathan
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Genetics, LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Claude Becker
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Genetics, LMU Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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15
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Kitaoka N, Zhang J, Oyagbenro RK, Brown B, Wu Y, Yang B, Li Z, Peters RJ. Interdependent evolution of biosynthetic gene clusters for momilactone production in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:290-305. [PMID: 33793769 PMCID: PMC8136919 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants can contain biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that nominally resemble those found in microbes. However, while horizontal gene transmission is often observed in microbes, plants are limited to vertical gene transmission, implying that their BGCs may exhibit distinct inheritance patterns. Rice (Oryza sativa) contains two unlinked BGCs involved in diterpenoid phytoalexin metabolism, with one clearly required for momilactone biosynthesis, while the other is associated with production of phytocassanes. Here, in the process of elucidating momilactone biosynthesis, genetic evidence was found demonstrating a role for a cytochrome P450 (CYP) from the other "phytocassane" BGC. This CYP76M8 acts after the CYP99A2/3 from the "momilactone" BGC, producing a hemiacetal intermediate that is oxidized to the eponymous lactone by a short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase also from this BGC. Thus, the "momilactone" BGC is not only incomplete, but also fractured by the need for CYP76M8 to act in between steps catalyzed by enzymes from this BGC. Moreover, as supported by similar activity observed with orthologs from the momilactone-producing wild-rice species Oryza punctata, the presence of CYP76M8 in the other "phytocassane" BGC indicates interdependent evolution of these two BGCs, highlighting the distinct nature of BGC assembly in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kitaoka
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Juan Zhang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- State Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Richard K Oyagbenro
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Benjamin Brown
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Yisheng Wu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Authors for correspondence: ,
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Authors for correspondence: ,
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16
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De La Peña R, Sattely ES. Rerouting plant terpene biosynthesis enables momilactone pathway elucidation. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:205-212. [PMID: 33106662 PMCID: PMC7990393 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Momilactones from rice have allelopathic activity, the ability to inhibit growth of competing plants. Transferring momilactone production to other crops is a potential approach to combat weeds, yet a complete momilactone biosynthetic pathway remains elusive. Here, we address this challenge through rapid gene screening in Nicotiana benthamiana, a heterologous plant host. This required us to solve a central problem: diminishing intermediate and product yields remain a bottleneck for multistep diterpene pathways. We increased intermediate and product titers by rerouting diterpene biosynthesis from the chloroplast to the cytosolic, high-flux mevalonate pathway. This enabled the discovery and reconstitution of a complete route to momilactones (>10-fold yield improvement in production versus rice). Pure momilactone B isolated from N. benthamiana inhibited germination and root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana, validating allelopathic activity. We demonstrated the broad utility of this approach by applying it to forskolin, a Hedgehog inhibitor, and taxadiene, an intermediate in taxol biosynthesis (~10-fold improvement in production versus chloroplast expression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo De La Peña
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA.
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17
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Peters RJ. Doing the gene shuffle to close synteny: dynamic assembly of biosynthetic gene clusters. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:992-994. [PMID: 32433781 PMCID: PMC7856633 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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18
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Liu X, Zhu X, Wang H, Liu T, Cheng J, Jiang H. Discovery and modification of cytochrome P450 for plant natural products biosynthesis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:187-199. [PMID: 32637672 PMCID: PMC7332504 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are widespread in nature and play key roles in the diversification and functional modification of plant natural products. Over the last few years, there has been remarkable progress in plant P450s identification with the rapid development of sequencing technology, "omics" analysis and synthetic biology. However, challenges still persist in respect of crystal structure, heterologous expression and enzyme engineering. Here, we reviewed several research hotspots of P450 enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant natural products, including P450 databases, gene mining, heterologous expression and protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
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19
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Karunanithi PS, Berrios DI, Wang S, Davis J, Shen T, Fiehn O, Maloof JN, Zerbe P. The foxtail millet (Setaria italica) terpene synthase gene family. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:781-800. [PMID: 32282967 PMCID: PMC7497057 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoid metabolism plays vital roles in stress defense and the environmental adaptation of monocot crops. Here, we describe the identification of the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family of the panicoid food and bioenergy model crop foxtail millet (Setaria italica). The diploid S. italica genome contains 32 TPS genes, 17 of which were biochemically characterized in this study. Unlike other thus far investigated grasses, S. italica contains TPSs producing all three ent-, (+)- and syn-copalyl pyrophosphate stereoisomers that naturally occur as central building blocks in the biosynthesis of distinct monocot diterpenoids. Conversion of these intermediates by the promiscuous TPS SiTPS8 yielded different diterpenoid scaffolds. Additionally, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP99A17), which genomically clustered with SiTPS8, catalyzes the C19 hydroxylation of SiTPS8 products to generate the corresponding diterpene alcohols. The presence of syntenic orthologs to about 19% of the S. italica TPSs in related grasses supports a common ancestry of selected pathway branches. Among the identified enzyme products, abietadien-19-ol, syn-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol and germacrene-d-4-ol were detectable in planta, and gene expression analysis of the biosynthetic TPSs showed distinct and, albeit moderately, inducible expression patterns in response to biotic and abiotic stress. In vitro growth-inhibiting activity of abietadien-19-ol and syn-pimara-7,15-dien-19-ol against Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium subglutinans may indicate pathogen defensive functions, whereas the low antifungal efficacy of tested sesquiterpenoids supports other bioactivities. Together, these findings expand the known chemical space of monocot terpenoid metabolism to enable further investigations of terpenoid-mediated stress resilience in these agriculturally important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema S. Karunanithi
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - David I. Berrios
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Sadira Wang
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - John Davis
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Tong Shen
- West Coast Metabolomics CenterUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics CenterUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Julin N. Maloof
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of California–DavisOne Shields AvenueDavis95616CAUSA
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20
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Why are momilactones always associated with biosynthetic gene clusters in plants? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13867-13869. [PMID: 32487731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007934117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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21
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Genomic evidence for convergent evolution of gene clusters for momilactone biosynthesis in land plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12472-12480. [PMID: 32409606 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914373117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Momilactones are bioactive diterpenoids that contribute to plant defense against pathogens and allelopathic interactions between plants. Both cultivated and wild grass species of Oryza and Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) produce momilactones using a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in their genomes. The bryophyte Calohypnum plumiforme (formerly Hypnum plumaeforme) also produces momilactones, and the bifunctional diterpene cyclase gene CpDTC1/HpDTC1, which is responsible for the production of the diterpene framework, has been characterized. To understand the molecular architecture of the momilactone biosynthetic genes in the moss genome and their evolutionary relationships with other momilactone-producing plants, we sequenced and annotated the C. plumiforme genome. The data revealed a 150-kb genomic region that contains two cytochrome P450 genes, the CpDTC1/HpDTC1 gene and the "dehydrogenase momilactone A synthase" gene tandemly arranged and inductively transcribed following stress exposure. The predicted enzymatic functions in yeast and recombinant assay and the successful pathway reconstitution in Nicotiana benthamiana suggest that it is a functional BGC responsible for momilactone production. Furthermore, in a survey of genomic sequences of a broad range of plant species, we found that momilactone BGC is limited to the two grasses (Oryza and Echinochloa) and C. plumiforme, with no synteny among these genomes. These results indicate that while the gene cluster in C. plumiforme is functionally similar to that in rice and barnyard grass, it is likely a product of convergent evolution. To the best of our knowledge, this report of a BGC for a specialized plant defense metabolite in bryophytes is unique.
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22
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Shen Q, Pu Q, Liang J, Mao H, Liu J, Wang Q. CYP71Z18 overexpression confers elevated blast resistance in transgenic rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:579-589. [PMID: 31093900 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CYP71Z18 exhibited plastic substrate specificity to catalyze oxidation of multiple rice diterpenes and elevated chemical defense against the blast fungus in transgenic rice. Diversified plant specialized metabolism relies on corresponding biosynthetic enzymes with differential substrate specificity. CYP71Z18 catalyzed formation of maize phytoalexins including zealexin A1, the sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin, and diterpenoid phytoalexin dolabralexin, indicating catalytic promiscuity on different terpene substrates. Here substrate specificity of CYP71Z18 was further explored through microbial metabolic engineering and it was identified to accept multiple rice diterpenes as substrates for oxidation. One CYP71Z18 enzymatic product derived from syn-pimaradiene was identified as 15,16-epoxy-syn-pimaradiene by NMR analysis, which was further elaborated by CYP99A3 to generate C19 hydroxylated product. 15,16-epoxy-syn-pimaradien-19-ol exhibited inhibitory effect on spore germination and appressorium formation of the blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Overexpression of CYP71Z18 in rice resulted in accumulation of several new diterpenoids, indicating promiscuous activity in planta. Transgenic rice also showed stronger resistance against M. oryzae infection, suggesting elevated chemical defense through changed diterpenoid metabolism by CYP71Z18 overexpression. This investigation sheds light on plant metabolic engineering using plastic substrate specificity of P450s to strengthen disease resistance and potentially provide abundant lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Shen
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qingyu Pu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jin Liang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hongjie Mao
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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23
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Karunanithi PS, Dhanota P, Addison JB, Tong S, Fiehn O, Zerbe P. Functional characterization of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP71AU87 indicates a role in marrubiin biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Marrubium vulgare. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:114. [PMID: 30909879 PMCID: PMC6434833 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horehound (Marrubium vulgare) is a medicinal plant whose signature bioactive compounds, marrubiin and related furanoid diterpenoid lactones, have potential applications for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes. Lack of scalable plant cultivation and the complex metabolite profile of M. vulgare limit access to marrubiin via extraction from plant biomass. Knowledge of the marrubiin-biosynthetic enzymes can enable the development of metabolic engineering platforms for marrubiin production. We previously identified two diterpene synthases, MvCPS1 and MvELS, that act sequentially to form 9,13-epoxy-labd-14-ene. Conversion of 9,13-epoxy-labd-14-ene by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) enzymes can be hypothesized to facilitate key functional modification reactions in the formation of marrubiin and related compounds. RESULTS Mining a M. vulgare leaf transcriptome database identified 95 full-length P450 candidates. Cloning and functional analysis of select P450 candidates showing high transcript abundance revealed a member of the CYP71 family, CYP71AU87, that catalyzed the hydroxylation of 9,13-epoxy-labd-14-ene to yield two isomeric products, 9,13-epoxy labd-14-ene-18-ol and 9,13-epoxy labd-14-ene-19-ol, as verified by GC-MS and NMR analysis. Additional transient Nicotiana benthamiana co-expression assays of CYP71AU87 with different diterpene synthase pairs suggested that CYP71AU87 is specific to the sequential MvCPS1 and MvELS product 9,13-epoxy-labd-14-ene. Although the P450 products were not detectable in planta, high levels of CYP71AU87 gene expression in marrubiin-accumulating tissues supported a role in the formation of marrubiin and related diterpenoids in M. vulgare. CONCLUSIONS In a sequential reaction with the diterpene synthase pair MvCPS1 and MvELS, CYP71AU87 forms the isomeric products 9,13-epoxy labd-14-ene-18/19-ol as probable intermediates in marrubiin biosynthesis. Although its metabolic relevance in planta will necessitate further genetic studies, identification of the CYP71AU87 catalytic activity expands our knowledge of the functional landscape of plant P450 enzymes involved in specialized diterpenoid metabolism and can provide a resource for the formulation of marrubiin and related bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema S. Karunanithi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Puja Dhanota
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - J. Bennett Addison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
| | - Shen Tong
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA
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24
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Yuan Y, Litzenburger M, Cheng S, Bian G, Hu B, Yan P, Cai Y, Deng Z, Bernhardt R, Liu T. Sesquiterpenoids Produced by Combining Two Sesquiterpene Cyclases with Promiscuous Myxobacterial CYP260B1. Chembiochem 2019; 20:677-682. [PMID: 30484946 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes represent a class of important terpenoids with high structural diversity and a wide range of applications. The cyclized core skeletons are generated by sesquiterpene cyclases, and the structural diversity is further increased by a series of modification steps. Cytochromes P450 (P450s) are a class of monooxygenases and one of the main contributors to the structural diversity of natural products. Some of these P450s show a broad substrate range and might be promising candidates for the implementation of cascade reactions. In this study, a combinatorial biosynthesis approach was utilized by the combination of a promiscuous myxobacterial P450 (CYP260B1) with two sesquiterpene cyclases (FgJ01056, FgJ09920) of filamentous fungi. Two oxygenated products, culmorin and culmorone, and a new compound, koraidiol, were successfully generated and characterized. This approach suggests the potential use of noncognate P450s to produce novel oxygenated terpenoids, or to generate a novel biosynthetic route for known terpenoids by a combinatorial biosynthesis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Martin Litzenburger
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Shu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Guangkai Bian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ben Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Pan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, 430075, P.R. China
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25
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Forman V, Bjerg-Jensen N, Dyekjær JD, Møller BL, Pateraki I. Engineering of CYP76AH15 can improve activity and specificity towards forskolin biosynthesis in yeast. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:181. [PMID: 30453976 PMCID: PMC6240942 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Forskolin is a high-value diterpenoid produced exclusively by the Lamiaceae plant Coleus forskohlii. Today forskolin is used pharmaceutically for its adenyl-cyclase activating properties. The limited availability of pure forskolin is currently hindering its full utilization, thus a new environmentally friendly, scalable and sustainable strategy is needed for forskolin production. Recently, the entire biosynthetic pathway leading to forskolin was elucidated. The key steps of the pathway are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), which have been shown to be the limiting steps of the pathway. Here we study whether protein engineering of the substrate recognition sites (SRSs) of CYPs can improve their efficiency towards forskolin biosynthesis in yeast. Results As a proof of concept, we engineered the enzyme responsible for the first putative oxygenation step of the forskolin pathway: the conversion of 13R-manoyl oxide to 11-oxo-13R-manoyl oxide, catalyzed by the CYP76AH15. Four CYP76AH15 variants—engineered in the SRS regions—yielded at least a twofold increase of 11-oxo-13R-manoyl oxide when expressed in yeast cells grown in microtiter plates. The highest titers (5.6-fold increase) were observed with the variant A99I, mutated in the SRS1 region. Double or triple CYP76AH15 mutant variants resulted in additional enzymes with optimized performances. Moreover, in planta CYP76AH15 can synthesize ferruginol from miltiradiene. In this work, we showed that the mutants affecting 11-oxo-13R-manoyl oxide synthesis, do not affect ferruginol production, and vice versa. The best performing variant, A99I, was utilized to reconstruct the forskolin biosynthetic pathway in yeast cells. Although these strains showed increased 11-oxo-manoyl oxide production and higher accumulation of other pathway intermediates compared to the native CYP76AH15, lower production of forskolin was observed. Conclusions As demonstrated for CYP76AH15, site-directed mutagenesis of SRS regions of plant CYPs may be an efficient and targeted approach to increase the performance of these enzymes. Although in this work we have managed to achieve higher efficiency and specificity of the first CYP of the pathway, further work is necessary in order to increase the overall production of forskolin in yeast cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1027-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Forman
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Evolva A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,bioSYNergy, Center for Synthetic Biology, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,VILLUM, Research Center for Plant Plasticity, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,bioSYNergy, Center for Synthetic Biology, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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26
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Zhao M, Cheng J, Guo B, Duan J, Che CT. Momilactone and Related Diterpenoids as Potential Agricultural Chemicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7859-7872. [PMID: 29996047 PMCID: PMC6592423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Momilactones are allelochemicals in rice and moss defense. Momilactone-like compounds are therefore considered important secondary metabolites for plant defense. They may serve as promising lead compounds for crop-friendly herbicides as well as antifungal and antibacterial agents. Many of these substances possess potent cytotoxicity property against cancer cell lines as well. The present paper is the first review on these versatile molecules, focusing on the structure, biological activity, chemical synthesis, and biosynthesis of the naturally occurring momilactone-like molecules reported from 1973 to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
- Corresponding Author. Tel: +86-25-85811916. Fax: +86-25-85811916
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Brian Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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27
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Ye Z, Yamazaki K, Minoda H, Miyamoto K, Miyazaki S, Kawaide H, Yajima A, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Okada K. In planta functions of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes in the phytocassane biosynthetic gene cluster on rice chromosome 2. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 82:1021-1030. [PMID: 29157132 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1398067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to environmental stressors such as blast fungal infections, rice produces phytoalexins, an antimicrobial diterpenoid compound. Together with momilactones, phytocassanes are among the major diterpenoid phytoalexins. The biosynthetic genes of diterpenoid phytoalexin are organized on the chromosome in functional gene clusters, comprising diterpene cyclase, dehydrogenase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes. Their functions have been studied extensively using in vitro enzyme assay systems. Specifically, P450 genes (CYP71Z6, Z7; CYP76M5, M6, M7, M8) on rice chromosome 2 have multifunctional activities associated with ent-copalyl diphosphate-related diterpene hydrocarbons, but the in planta contribution of these genes to diterpenoid phytoalexin production remains unknown. Here, we characterized cyp71z7 T-DNA mutant and CYP76M7/M8 RNAi lines to find that potential phytoalexin intermediates accumulated in these P450-suppressed rice plants. The results suggested that in planta, CYP71Z7 is responsible for C2-hydroxylation of phytocassanes and that CYP76M7/M8 is involved in C11α-hydroxylation of 3-hydroxy-cassadiene. Based on these results, we proposed potential routes of phytocassane biosynthesis in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfeng Ye
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
| | - Kohei Yamazaki
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
| | - Hiromi Minoda
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan.,b Department of Bioscience , Teikyo University , Utsunomiya , Japan
| | - Sho Miyazaki
- c Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- c Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu , Japan
| | - Arata Yajima
- d Department of Chemistry for Agriculture and Life Sciences , Tokyo University of Agriculture , Setagaya-ku , Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan.,b Department of Bioscience , Teikyo University , Utsunomiya , Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Japan
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28
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Identification of human cytochrome P450 and UGT enzymes involved in the metabolism of ferulic acid, a major bioactive component in traditional Chinese medicines. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:695-702. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Elucidation of terpenoid metabolism in Scoparia dulcis by RNA-seq analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43311. [PMID: 28266568 PMCID: PMC5339715 DOI: 10.1038/srep43311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Scoparia dulcis biosynthesize bioactive diterpenes, such as scopadulcic acid B (SDB), which are known for their unique molecular skeleton. Although the biosynthesis of bioactive diterpenes is catalyzed by a sequence of class II and class I diterpene synthases (diTPSs), the mechanisms underlying this process are yet to be fully identified. To elucidate these biosynthetic machinery, we performed a high-throughput RNA-seq analysis, and de novo assembly of clean reads revealed 46,332 unique transcripts and 40,503 two unigenes. We found diTPSs genes including a putative syn-copalyl diphosphate synthase (SdCPS2) and two kaurene synthase-like (SdKSLs) genes. Besides them, total 79 full-length of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genes were also discovered. The expression analyses showed selected CYP450s associated with their expression pattern of SdCPS2 and SdKSL1, suggesting that CYP450 candidates involved diterpene modification. SdCPS2 represents the first predicted gene to produce syn-copalyl diphosphate in dicots. In addition, SdKSL1 potentially contributes to the SDB biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, these identified genes associated with diterpene biosynthesis lead to the development of genetic engineering focus on diterpene metabolism in S. dulcis.
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30
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Ye Z, Nakagawa K, Natsume M, Nojiri H, Kawaide H, Okada K. Biochemical synthesis of uniformly 13C-labeled diterpene hydrocarbons and their bioconversion to diterpenoid phytoalexins in planta. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1176-1184. [PMID: 28162049 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1285689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytocassanes and momilactones are the major diterpenoid phytoalexins inductively produced in rice as bioactive substances. Regardless of extensive studies on the biosynthetic pathways of these phytoalexins, bioconversion of diterpene hydrocarbons is not shown in planta. To elucidate the entire biosynthetic pathways of these phytoalexins, uniformly 13C-labeled ent-cassadiene and syn-pimaradiene were enzymatically synthesized with structural verification by GC-MS and 13C-NMR. Application of the 13C-labeled substrates on rice leaves led to the detection of 13C-labeled metabolites using LC-MS/MS. Further application of this method in the moss Hypnum plumaeforme and the nearest out-group of Oryza species Leersia perrieri, respectively, resulted in successful bioconversion of these labeled substrates into phytoalexins in these plants. These results demonstrate that genuine biosynthetic pathways from these diterpene hydrocarbons to the end product phytoalexins occur in these plants and that enzymatically synthesized [U-13C20] diterpene substrates are a powerful tool for chasing endogenous metabolites without dilution with naturally abundant unlabeled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfeng Ye
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakagawa
- b Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masahiro Natsume
- b Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- b Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- a Biotechnology Research Center , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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31
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Kitaoka N, Wu Y, Zi J, Peters RJ. Investigating inducible short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases/reductases clarifies rice oryzalexin biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:271-279. [PMID: 27337377 PMCID: PMC5118073 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) produces a variety of labdane-related diterpenoids as phytoalexins and allelochemicals. The production of these important natural products has been partially elucidated. However, the oxidases responsible for production of the keto groups found in many of these diterpenoids have largely remained unknown. Only one short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductases (SDRs), which has been proposed to catalyze the last step in such a pathway, has been characterized to date. While rice contains >220 SDRs, only the transcription of five has been shown to be induced by the fungal cell wall elicitor chitin. This includes the momilactone A synthase (OsMAS/SDR110C-MS1), with the other four all falling in the same SDR110C family, further suggesting roles in diterpenoid biosynthesis. Here, biochemical characterization with simplified substrate analogs was first used to indicate potential functions, which were then supported by further analyses with key biosynthetic intermediates. Kinetic studies were then employed to further clarify these roles. Surprisingly, OsSDR110C-MS2 more efficiently catalyzes the final oxidation to produce momilactone A that was previously assigned to OsMAS/SDR110C-MS1, and we speculate that this latter SDR may have an alternative function instead. Conversely, two of these SDRs clearly appear to act in oryzalexin biosynthesis, with OsSDR110C-MI3 readily oxidizing the 3α-hydroxyl of oryzalexin D, while OsSDR110C-MS3 can also oxidize the accompanying 7β-hydroxyl. Together, these SDRs then serve to produce oryzalexins A-C from oryzalexin D, essentially completing elucidation of the biosynthesis of this family of rice phytoalexins.
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32
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Biggs BW, Rouck JE, Kambalyal A, Arnold W, Lim CG, De Mey M, O’Neil-Johnson M, Starks CM, Das A, Ajikumar PK. Orthogonal Assays Clarify the Oxidative Biochemistry of Taxol P450 CYP725A4. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1445-51. [PMID: 26930136 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural product metabolic engineering potentially offers sustainable and affordable access to numerous valuable molecules. However, challenges in characterizing and assembling complex biosynthetic pathways have prevented more rapid progress in this field. The anticancer agent Taxol represents an excellent case study. Assembly of a biosynthetic pathway for Taxol has long been stalled at its first functionalization, putatively an oxygenation performed by the cytochrome P450 CYP725A4, due to confounding characterizations. Here, through combined in vivo (Escherichia coli), in vitro (lipid nanodisc), and metabolite stability assays, we verify the presence and likely cause of this enzyme's inherent promiscuity. Thereby, we remove the possibility that promiscuity simply existed as an artifact of previous metabolic engineering approaches. Further, spontaneous rearrangement and the stabilizing effect of a hydrophobic overlay suggest a potential role for nonenzymatic chemistry in Taxol's biosynthesis. Taken together, this work confirms taxadiene-5α-ol as a primary enzymatic product of CYP725A4 and provides direction for future Taxol metabolic and protein engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Walters Biggs
- Manus Biosynthesis, 1030 Massachusetts
Avenue, Suite 300, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering (Masters in Biotechnology Program), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John Edward Rouck
- Department
of Comparative Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department
of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amogh Kambalyal
- Department
of Comparative Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department
of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William Arnold
- Department
of Comparative Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department
of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chin Giaw Lim
- Manus Biosynthesis, 1030 Massachusetts
Avenue, Suite 300, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Marjan De Mey
- Manus Biosynthesis, 1030 Massachusetts
Avenue, Suite 300, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Centre
for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Ghent University, Coupure
Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mark O’Neil-Johnson
- Sequoia Sciences, 1912 Innerbelt
Business Center Dr., Saint Louis, Missouri 63114, United States
| | - Courtney M. Starks
- Sequoia Sciences, 1912 Innerbelt
Business Center Dr., Saint Louis, Missouri 63114, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department
of Comparative Biosciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department
of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Parayil Kumaran Ajikumar
- Manus Biosynthesis, 1030 Massachusetts
Avenue, Suite 300, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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33
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Overcoming heterologous protein interdependency to optimize P450-mediated Taxol precursor synthesis in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3209-14. [PMID: 26951651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515826113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in metabolic engineering have demonstrated the potential to exploit biological chemistry for the synthesis of complex molecules. Much of the progress to date has leveraged increasingly precise genetic tools to control the transcription and translation of enzymes for superior biosynthetic pathway performance. However, applying these approaches and principles to the synthesis of more complex natural products will require a new set of tools for enabling various classes of metabolic chemistries (i.e., cyclization, oxygenation, glycosylation, and halogenation) in vivo. Of these diverse chemistries, oxygenation is one of the most challenging and pivotal for the synthesis of complex natural products. Here, using Taxol as a model system, we use nature's favored oxygenase, the cytochrome P450, to perform high-level oxygenation chemistry in Escherichia coli. An unexpected coupling of P450 expression and the expression of upstream pathway enzymes was discovered and identified as a key obstacle for functional oxidative chemistry. By optimizing P450 expression, reductase partner interactions, and N-terminal modifications, we achieved the highest reported titer of oxygenated taxanes (∼570 ± 45 mg/L) in E. coli. Altogether, this study establishes E. coli as a tractable host for P450 chemistry, highlights the potential magnitude of protein interdependency in the context of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, and points to a promising future for the microbial synthesis of complex chemical entities.
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34
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Probing the promiscuity of ent-kaurene oxidases via combinatorial biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2526-31. [PMID: 26884192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512096113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The substrate specificity of enzymes from natural products' metabolism is a topic of considerable interest, with potential biotechnological use implicit in the discovery of promiscuous enzymes. However, such studies are often limited by the availability of substrates and authentic standards for identification of the resulting products. Here, a modular metabolic engineering system is used in a combinatorial biosynthetic approach toward alleviating this restriction. In particular, for studies of the multiply reactive cytochrome P450, ent-kaurene oxidase (KO), which is involved in production of the diterpenoid plant hormone gibberellin. Many, but not all, plants make a variety of related diterpenes, whose structural similarity to ent-kaurene makes them potential substrates for KO. Use of combinatorial biosynthesis enabled analysis of more than 20 such potential substrates, as well as structural characterization of 12 resulting unknown products, providing some insight into the underlying structure-function relationships. These results highlight the utility of this approach for investigating the substrate specificity of enzymes from complex natural products' biosynthesis.
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35
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Mao H, Liu J, Ren F, Peters RJ, Wang Q. Characterization of CYP71Z18 indicates a role in maize zealexin biosynthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 121:4-10. [PMID: 26471326 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) produces zealexins as phytoalexins, with the inducible production of these antibiotics providing biochemical protection against fungal infection. However, the biosynthesis of these sesquiterpenoids has remained unclear. In particular, it is unclear how the olefinic precursor, (S)-β-macrocarpene produced by the characterized maize sesquiterpene synthases TPS6/11, is further elaborated to form the bioactive zealexins. The first step is likely to be conversion of carbon-15 (C15) from a methyl group to a carboxylic acid by a cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase (CYP). In this study, CYP71Z18, whose transcription is strongly induced by fungal infection, was found to catalyze oxidation of C15 in (S)-β-macrocarpene, forming zealexin A1. The inducible transcription of CYP71Z18 matches that observed for TPS6/11 and the accumulation of zealexins, which is consistent with a role for CYP71Z18 in sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin production. This completes identification of zealexin A1 biosynthesis, and represents the initial CYP identified for the production of maize terpenoid phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Mao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Fei Ren
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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36
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Kitaoka N, Lu X, Yang B, Peters RJ. The application of synthetic biology to elucidation of plant mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenoid metabolism. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:6-16. [PMID: 25578268 PMCID: PMC5120878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize a huge variety of terpenoid natural products, including photosynthetic pigments, signaling molecules, and defensive substances. These are often produced as complex mixtures, presumably shaped by selective pressure over evolutionary timescales, some of which have been found to have pharmaceutical and other industrial uses. Elucidation of the relevant biosynthetic pathways can provide increased access (e.g., via molecular breeding or metabolic engineering) and enable reverse genetic approaches toward understanding the physiological role of these natural products in plants as well. While such information can be obtained via a variety of approaches, this review describes the emerging use of synthetic biology to recombinantly reconstitute plant terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in heterologous host organisms as a functional discovery tool, with a particular focus on incorporation of the historically problematic cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases. Also falling under the synthetic biology rubric and discussed here is the nascent application of genome-editing tools to probe physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kitaoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Xuan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Developmental & Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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