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Üzülmez Ö, Kalic T, Mayr V, Lengger N, Tscheppe A, Radauer C, Hafner C, Hemmer W, Breiteneder H. The Major Peanut Allergen Ara h 2 Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Contains Hydroxyprolines and Is a Viable Alternative to the E. Coli Product in Allergy Diagnosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:723363. [PMID: 34671372 PMCID: PMC8522509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.723363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is a potentially life-threatening disease that is mediated by allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. The major peanut allergen Ara h 2, a 2S albumin seed storage protein, is one of the most dangerous and potent plant allergens. Ara h 2 is posttranslationally modified to harbor four disulfide bridges and three hydroxyprolines. These hydroxyproline residues are required for optimal IgE-binding to the DPYSPOHS motifs representing an immunodominant IgE epitope. So far, recombinant Ara h 2 has been produced in Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Trichoplusia ni insect cell, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast expression systems, which were all incapable of proline hydroxylation. However, molecular diagnosis of peanut allergy is performed using either natural or E. coli-produced major peanut allergens. As IgE from the majority of patients is directed to Ara h 2, it is of great importance that the recombinant Ara h 2 harbors all of its eukaryotic posttranslational modifications. We produced hydroxyproline-containing and correctly folded Ara h 2 in the endoplasmic reticulum of leaf cells of Nicotiana benthamiana plants, using the plant virus-based magnICON® transient expression system with a yield of 200 mg/kg fresh biomass. To compare prokaryotic with eukaryotic expression methods, Ara h 2 was expressed in E. coli together with the disulfide-bond isomerase DsbC and thus harbored disulfide bridges but no hydroxyprolines. The recombinant allergens from N. benthamiana and E. coli were characterized and compared to the natural Ara h 2 isolated from roasted peanuts. Natural Ara h 2 outperformed both recombinant proteins in IgE-binding and activation of basophils via IgE cross-linking, the latter indicating the potency of the allergen. Interestingly, significantly more efficient IgE cross-linking by the N. benthamiana-produced allergen was observed in comparison to the one induced by the E. coli product. Ara h 2 from N. benthamiana plants displayed a higher similarity to the natural allergen in terms of basophil activation due to the presence of hydroxyproline residues, supporting so far published data on their contribution to the immunodominant IgE epitope. Our study advocates the use of N. benthamiana plants instead of prokaryotic expression hosts for the production of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Öykü Üzülmez
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Kalic
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Pölten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Vanessa Mayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Lengger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Tscheppe
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Radauer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital St. Pölten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for Dermatological Research, St. Pölten, Austria
| | | | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Oral Immunotherapy Using Probiotic Ice Cream Containing Recombinant Food-Grade Lactococcus lactis Which Inhibited Allergic Responses in a BALB/c Mouse Model. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2635230. [PMID: 33029537 PMCID: PMC7532367 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2635230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of recombinant probiotic bacteria as a candidate for oral vaccine with the potential of treating allergy to Amaranthus retroflexus pollens. The main gene of this allergen, Ama r 2, was cloned into the food grade plasmid pNZ7025 and then was electrotransformed into the food grade Lactococcus lactis NZ1330. No expression was observed in the primary structure due to the distance between the ribosome binding site and the start codon. Therefore, the vector structure was corrected using the site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) technique. The cell extract of this strain was used for assessing the expression of the recombinant allergen in western blot analysis, and the existence of this protein with a molecular weight of 14.2 kDa was confirmed. To evaluate the efficacy of this strain in the treatment of allergies as an oral vaccine, probiotic ice cream was prepared. After the sensitization of mice, the treatment was performed by oral immunotherapy for 4 weeks, 4 to 5 times per week. 20 μl of functional ice cream with 1012 CFU/ml of r-L. lactis NZ1330 significantly reduced the serum IgE level. The levels of IFN-γ and TGF-β cytokines increased in the 20 μl ice cream treatment group as well as 40 μg/ml pure allergen compared with the PBS-treated group, and IL-4 cytokine levels decreased compared with the PBS-treated group. Overall, 20 μl ice cream with 1012 CFU/ml of the recombinant bacteria resulted in the best performance in terms of improving allergies to Th1 and Treg responses.
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Larsen JM, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Qvortrup K, Sancho AI, Hansen AH, Andersen KIH, Thacker SSN, Eiwegger T, Upton J, Bøgh KL. Production of allergen-specific immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of food allergy. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:881-894. [PMID: 32515236 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1772194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT) is emerging as a viable avenue for the treatment of food allergies. Clinical trials currently investigate raw or slightly processed foods as therapeutic agents, as trials using food-grade agents can be performed without the strict regulations to which conventional drugs are subjected. However, this limits the ability of standardization and may affect clinical trial outcomes and reproducibility. Herein, we provide an overview of methods used in the production of immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of food allergies, including processed foods, allergen extracts, recombinant allergens, and synthetic peptides, as well as the physical and chemical processes for the reduction of protein allergenicity. Commercial interests currently favor producing standardized drug-grade allergen extracts for therapeutic use, and clinical trials are ongoing. In the near future, recombinant production could replace purification strategies since it allows the manufacturing of pure, native allergens or sequence-modified allergens with reduced allergenicity. A recurring issue within this field is the inadequate reporting of production procedures, quality control, product physicochemical characteristics, allergenicity, and immunological properties. This information is of vital importance in assessing therapeutic standardization and clinical safety profile, which are central parameters for the development of future therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Madura Larsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Katrine Qvortrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ana Isabel Sancho
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Translational Medicine Program, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Upton
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Chan CJ, Yong YS, Song AAL, Abdul Rahim R, In LLA, Lim RLH. Lactococcus lactis harbouring Ara h 2.02 alleviates allergen-specific Th2-associated responses in sensitized mice. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:862-874. [PMID: 31758869 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the prophylactic effect of recombinant Lactococcus lactis (rLl) harbouring Ara h 2.02 peanut allergen, in sensitized and challenged mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Ara h 2.02 cDNA was cloned into pNZ8048 for heterologous expression in L. lactis. The purified recombinant allergen showed IgE binding comparable with native Ara h 2. Balb/c mice were fed with either recombinant (rLl), nonrecombinant L. lactis (Ll) or NaHCO3 (Sham) prior to sensitization and challenged with rAra h 2.02, whereas the baseline group was only fed with Ll. Allergen-specific immunoglobulin and splenocyte cytokines responses were determined for each mouse. Mice fed with either Ll or rLl showed significant alleviation of IgE and IgG1 compared to the Sham group. Despite no significant decrease in Th2 (IL-4, IL-13, IL-6) or increase in Th1 (IFN-γ) cytokines, both groups showed lower IL-10 level, while the IL-4 : IFN-γ ratio was significantly lower for rLl compared to Ll group. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of rLl harbouring Ara h 2.02 demonstrated alleviation of Th2-associated responses in allergen-challenged mice and a possible added allergen-specific prophylactic effect. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Ara h 2.02 coupled with the intrinsic properties of probiotic L. lactis as a delivery vehicle can be explored for the development of a commercially scalable vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Chan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y S Yong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A A L Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - L L A In
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R L H Lim
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lew MH, Norazmi MN, Tye GJ. Enhancement of immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis HspX antigen by incorporation of combined molecular adjuvant (CASAC). Mol Immunol 2019; 117:54-64. [PMID: 31739193 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest human diseases worldwide caused by mycobacterial infection in the lung. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine protects against disseminated TB in children, but its effectiveness is still questionable due to highly variable protections in adolescence and elderly individuals. Targeting the latency M.tb antigen is a recent therapeutic approach to eradicate dormant pathogen that could possibly lead to disease activation. In this study, we aimed to potentiate immune responses elicited against 16 kDa α-crystalline (HspX) tuberculosis latency antigen by incorporation of Combined Adjuvant for Synergistic Activation of Cellular immunity (CASAC). Histidine-tagged recombinant HspX protein was initially produced in Escherichia coli and purified using Ni-NTA chromatography. To evaluate its adjuvanticity, C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) were initially primed and intradermally immunised in 2-weeks interval for 4 rounds with recombinant HspX, formulated with and without CASAC. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses elicited against HspX antigen were evaluated using ELISA and Flow Cytometry. Our findings showed that CASAC improved humoral immunity with increased antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody response. Stronger CD8+ and Th1-driven immunity was induced by CASAC formulation as supported by elevated level of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-17A; and with low IL-10 secretion. Interestingly, adjuvanted HspX vaccine triggered a higher percentage of effector memory T-cell population than those immunised with unadjuvanted vaccine. In conclusion, CASAC adjuvant has great potential to enhance immunogenicity elicited against HspX antigen, which could be an alternative regimen to improve the efficacy of future therapeutic vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Han Lew
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Joo Chan C, Richardo T, Lim RLH. Current Trend in Immunotherapy for Peanut Allergy. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 37:279-290. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1509967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Joo Chan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Timmy Richardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (i3L), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Renee Lay Hong Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lew MH, Noordin R, Monsur Alam Khan M, Tye GJ. Immune Stimulation of RAP domain binding protein (rTgRA15) from Toxoplasma gondii. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:387-394. [PMID: 30332344 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1536854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease in human and animals, is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Our previous study has led to the discovery of a novel RAP domain binding protein antigen (TgRA15), an apparent in-vivo induced antigen recognised by antibodies in acutely infected individuals. This study is aimed to evaluate the humoral response and cytokine release elicited by recombinant TgRA15 protein in C57BL/6 mice, demonstrating its potential as a candidate vaccine for Toxoplasma gondii infection. In this study, the recombinant TgRA15 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and refolded into soluble form. C57BL/6 mice were immunised intradermally with the antigen and CASAC (Combined Adjuvant for Synergistic Activation of Cellular immunity). Antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses were evaluated using Western blot and ELISA. The total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies specific to the antigen were significantly increased in treatment group compare to control group. A higher level of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretion was demonstrated in the mice group receiving booster doses of rTgRA15 protein, suggesting a potential Th1-mediated response. In conclusion, the rTgRA15 protein has the potential to generate specific antibody response and elicit cellular response, thus potentially serve as a vaccine candidate against T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Han Lew
- a Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM) , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Minden , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- a Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM) , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Minden , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Monsur Alam Khan
- a Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM) , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Minden , Penang , Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- a Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM) , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Minden , Penang , Malaysia
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Abstract
Peanut allergens have the potential to negatively impact on the health and quality of life of millions of consumers worldwide. The seeds of the peanut plant Arachis hypogaea contain an array of allergens that are able to induce the production of specific IgE antibodies in predisposed individuals. A lot of effort has been focused on obtaining the sequences and structures of these allergens due to the high health risk they represent. At present, 16 proteins present in peanuts are officially recognized as allergens. Research has also focused on their in-depth immunological characterization as well as on the design of modified hypoallergenic derivatives for potential use in clinical studies and the formulation of strategies for immunotherapy. Detailed research protocols are available for the purification of natural allergens as well as their recombinant production in bacterial, yeast, insect, and algal cells. Purified allergen molecules are now routinely used in diagnostic multiplex protein arrays for the detection of the presence of allergen-specific IgE. This review gives an overview on the wealth of knowledge that is available on individual peanut allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palladino
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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A Quantitative Method for Detecting Ara h 2 by Generation and Utilization of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4894705. [PMID: 29854839 PMCID: PMC5960532 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4894705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most common food allergens that can induce fatal anaphylaxis, and Ara h 2 is one of the major allergen components involved in peanut allergy. The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative method for detecting peanut allergen using monoclonal antibodies against Ara h 2. The splenocytes of immunized mice were fused with myeloma cells (SP2/0), and stable mAb-producing clones were obtained by limiting dilution. mAbs against Ara h 2 were isolated from mouse ascites, and specificity was confirmed by immunoblotting. Five mAbs with high purity and specific reactivity were obtained, which were referred to as 1-2E10, 2-1D5, 3-1C5, 4-1C2, and 5-1G4, respectively. After screening different mAb combinations for development of a sandwich ELISA, we selected 5-1G4 as the capture antibody and 1-2E10 as the detection antibody for the measurement of Ara h 2 from which an optimal correlation between the Ara h 2 concentration and the OD value was obtained. This sandwich ELISA could specifically detect Ara h 2 in peanut extract at concentrations as low as 5 ng/mL and up to 10 μg/mL. These mAbs can, therefore, serve as quantitative diagnostic reagents for peanut and peanut product risk assessment.
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Wu Z, Zhang Y, Zhan S, Lian J, Zhao R, Li K, Tong P, Li X, Yang A, Chen H. Development of immunoaffinity chromatographic method for Ara h 2 isolation. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 131:85-90. [PMID: 27989798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ara h 2 is considered a major allergen in peanut. Due to the difficulty of separation, Ara h 2 had not been fully studied. Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) column can separate target protein with high selectivity, which made it possible to purify Ara h 2 from different samples. In this study, IAC method was developed to purify Ara h 2 and its effect was evaluated. By coupling polyclonal antibody (pAb) on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B, the column for specific extraction was constructed. The coupling efficiency of the IAC column was higher than 90%, which made the capacity of column reached 0.56 mg per 0.15 g medium (dry weight). The recovery of Ara h 2 ranged from 93% to 100% for different concentrations of pure Ara h 2 solutions in 15 min. After using a column 10 times, about 88% of the column capacity remained. When applied to extract Ara h 2 from raw peanut protein extract and boiled peanut protein extract, the IAC column could recovery 94% and 88% target protein from the mixture. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis confirmed the purified protein was Ara h 2, its purity reached about 90%. Significantly, the IAC column could capture dimer of Ara h 2, which made it feasible to prepared derivative of protein after processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shaode Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jun Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ruifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Resources Environment & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Characterisation of a New Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein from Tiger Milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30010. [PMID: 27460640 PMCID: PMC4962085 DOI: 10.1038/srep30010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignosus rhinocerotis (Tiger milk mushroom) is an important folk medicine for indigenous peoples in Southeast Asia. We previously reported its de novo assembled 34.3 Mb genome encoding a repertoire of proteins including a putative bioactive fungal immunomodulatory protein. Here we report the cDNA of this new member (FIP-Lrh) with a homology range of 54–64% to FIPs from other mushroom species, the closest is with FIP-glu (LZ-8) (64%) from Ganoderma lucidum. The FIP-Lrh of 112 amino acids (12.59 kDa) has a relatively hydrophobic N-terminal. Its predicted 3-dimensional model has identical folding patterns to FIP-fve and contains a partially conserved and more positively charged carbohydrates binding pocket. Docking predictions of FIP-Lrh on 14 glycans commonly found on cellular surfaces showed the best binding energy of −3.98 kcal/mol to N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Overexpression of a 14.9 kDa soluble 6xHisFIP-Lrh was achieved in pET-28a(+)/BL21 and the purified recombinant protein was sequence verified by LC-MS/MS (QTOF) analysis. The ability to haemagglutinate both mouse and human blood at concentration ≥0.34 μM, further demonstrated its lectin nature. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of 6xHisFIP-Lrh on MCF-7, HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines was detected at IC50 of 0.34 μM, 0.58 μM and 0.60 μM, respectively.
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