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Liu Z, Zhou S, Wang F, Xie H, Zhang J, Wu C, Xu D, Zhu Q. C5b-9 promotes ferritinophagy leading to ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells of trichloroethylene-sensitized mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171378. [PMID: 38447712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a common environmental contaminant that can cause a severe allergic reaction called TCE hypersensitivity syndrome, which often implicates the patient's kidneys. Our previous study revealed that C5b-9-induced tubular ferroptosis is involved in TCE-caused kidney damage. However, the study did not explain how tubule-specific C5b-9 causes free iron overload, a key event in ferroptosis. Here, we aimed to explore the role of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in C5b-9-induced iron overload and ferroptosis in TCE-sensitized mice. Our results showed that TCE sensitization does not affect iron import or export, but does affect iron storage, causing ferritin degradation and free iron overload. In addition, mitochondrial ROS was upregulated, and these changes were blocked by C5b-9 inhibition. Interestingly, TCE-induced ferritin degradation and ferroptosis were significantly antagonized by the application of the mitochondrial ROS inhibitor, Mito-TEMPO. Moreover, all of these modes of action were further verified in C5b-9-attack signalling HK-2 cells. Further investigation demonstrated that C5b-9-upregulated mitochondrial ROS induced a marked increase in nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), a master regulator of ferritinophagy. In addition, the application of NCOA4 small interfering RNA not only significantly reversed ferritinophagy caused by C5b-9 but also reduced C5b-9-induced ferroptosis in HK-2 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that tubule-specific C5b-9 deposition activates NCOA4 through the upregulation of mitochondrial ROS, causing ferritin degradation and elevated free iron, which ultimately leads to tubular epithelial cell ferroptosis and kidney injury in TCE-sensitized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sifan Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Dermatology Venereology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haibo Xie
- Department of Nephropathy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Changhao Wu
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Dexiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qixing Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.
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Li Y, Liang K, Yuan L, Gao J, Wei L, Zhao L. The role of thioredoxin and glutathione systems in arsenic-induced liver injury in rats under glutathione depletion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:547-563. [PMID: 36528894 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2159016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant systems like thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) maintain oxidative stress balance. These systems have cross-talk supported by some in vitro studies. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of arsenic-induced liver injury in glutathione-deficient rats and whether there was any cross-talk between the Trx and Grx systems. The rats in arsenic-treated groups were administered with sodium arsenite (10, 20 mg/kg b w/d) for four weeks. In buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, an inhibitor of GSH) and 20 mg/kg arsenic combined groups, rats were injected with 2 mmol/kg BSO intraperitoneally twice per week. BSO exacerbated arsenic-induced liver injury by increasing arsenic accumulation in urine, serum, and liver while decreasing glutathione activity and resulting in upregulated mRNA expression of the Trx system and downregulation of Grx mRNA expression. The impact of Trx lasted longer than that of the Grx. The Trx system remained highly expressed, while GSH, Grx1, and Grx2 levels were decreased. The inhibitory effect of only BSO treatment on Grx1 and Grx2 was not pronounced. However, the combined impact of arsenic and BSO upregulated Trx expression, primarily related to further reduction of GSH. As a result, the suppressed Grxs were protected by the upregulated Trxs, which serve as a backup antioxidant defense system in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health and Family Planning Commission (23618504), Harbin, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health and Family Planning Commission (23618504), Harbin, China
- Department of Science and Education, Bayan Nur Hospital, Bayan Nur, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health and Family Planning Commission (23618504), Harbin, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health and Family Planning Commission (23618504), Harbin, China
- Department of Public Health, Dalian Health Development Center, Dalian, China
| | - Linquan Wei
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health and Family Planning Commission (23618504), Harbin, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & National Health and Family Planning Commission (23618504), Harbin, China
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Zhao X, He Z, Gao Y, Kan Y, Jiao Y, Liu Y, Huang S, Luo Z, Zhang Y. Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein, BbSre1, Controls Oxidative Stress Response, Peroxisome Division, and Lipid Homeostasis in an Insect Fungal Pathogen. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12250-12263. [PMID: 37493643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein, Sre1, regulates sterol biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, hypoxia adaptation, and virulence in some fungi, even though its roles are varied in fungal species. However, few studies report its other functions in fungi. Here, we report novel roles of Sre1 homolog, BbSre1, in the insect fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, that regulates oxidative stress response, peroxisome division, and redox homeostasis. The gene disruption stain showed increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, which was in line with oxidative stress-induced-BbSre1 nuclear import and control of antioxidant and detoxification-involved genes. The gene mutation also inhibited peroxisome division, affected redox homeostasis, and impaired lipid/fatty acid metabolism and sterol biosynthesis, which was verified by downregulation of their associated genes. These data broaden our understanding of role of Sre1, which regulates peroxisome division, antioxidant, and detoxification-involved genes for control of redox homeostasis and oxidative stress response that links to lipid/fatty acid metabolism and sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhangjiang He
- Biochemical Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 50025, China
| | - Yifei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yanze Kan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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Pang J, Peng Y, Di T, Du G, Chen B. Virulence of Metarhizium rileyi Is Determined by Its Growth and Antioxidant Stress and the Protective and Detoxifying Enzymes of Spodoptera frugiperda. INSECTS 2023; 14:260. [PMID: 36975945 PMCID: PMC10051772 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the most destructive crop pests in the world. Metarhizium rileyi is an entomopathogenic fungus specific for noctuid pests and is a very promising prospect in biological control against S. frugiperda. Two M. rileyi strains (XSBN200920 and HNQLZ200714) isolated from infected S. frugiperda were used to evaluate the virulence and biocontrol potential to different stages and instars of S. frugiperda. The results showed that XSBN200920 was significantly more virulent than HNQLZ200714 to eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of S. frugiperda. In the larvae infected with the two M. rileyi strains, the activity of three protective enzymes (including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)) and two detoxifying enzymes (including glutathione-S transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE)) increased firstly and then decreased. The expression levels of protective enzymes and detoxification enzymes in larvae treated with XSBN200920 were greater than with HNQLZ200714. Furthermore, antioxidant stress-related gene (MrSOD and MrCAT family genes) expression in the two strains was measured by RT-qPCR (real-time quantitative PCR). The expression of these genes was significantly higher in the XSBN200920 strain compared to HNQLZ200714. There were also significant differences in the sensitivity of the two strains to the growth of different carbon and nitrogen sources and oxidative stress agents. In addition, the activity expression of antioxidant enzymes on the third day of culturing in XSBN200920 was significantly higher than with HNQLZ200714. In summary, the high virulence of M. rileyi XSBN200920 was not only determined by the expression levels of protective and detoxifying enzymes of the host but also regulated by the growth of entomogenic fungi and the resistance to the oxidative stress against S. frugiperda at different stages and instars. This study provides a theoretical fundament for the systematic control of Spodoptera frugiperda using Metarhizium rileyi.
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Gene complementation strategies for filamentous fungi biotechnology. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Gubert P, Gubert G, de Oliveira RC, Fernandes ICO, Bezerra IC, de Ramos B, de Lima MF, Rodrigues DT, da Cruz AFN, Pereira EC, Ávila DS, Mosca DH. Caenorhabditis elegans as a Prediction Platform for Nanotechnology-Based Strategies: Insights on Analytical Challenges. TOXICS 2023; 11:239. [PMID: 36977004 PMCID: PMC10059662 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based strategies have played a pivotal role in innovative products in different technological fields, including medicine, agriculture, and engineering. The redesign of the nanometric scale has improved drug targeting and delivery, diagnosis, water treatment, and analytical methods. Although efficiency brings benefits, toxicity in organisms and the environment is a concern, particularly in light of global climate change and plastic disposal in the environment. Therefore, to measure such effects, alternative models enable the assessment of impacts on both functional properties and toxicity. Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode model that poses valuable advantages such as transparency, sensibility in responding to exogenous compounds, fast response to perturbations besides the possibility to replicate human disease through transgenics. Herein, we discuss the applications of C. elegans to nanomaterial safety and efficacy evaluations from one health perspective. We also highlight the directions for developing appropriate techniques to safely adopt magnetic and organic nanoparticles, and carbon nanosystems. A description was given of the specifics of targeting and treatment, especially for health purposes. Finally, we discuss C. elegans potential for studying the impacts caused by nanopesticides and nanoplastics as emerging contaminants, pointing out gaps in environmental studies related to toxicity, analytical methods, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Gubert
- Keizo Asami Institute, iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, POSQUIPA, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Bahia 47808-021, Brazil
| | - Greici Gubert
- Postdoctoral Program in Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Isabel Cristina Oliveira Fernandes
- Keizo Asami Institute, iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna de Ramos
- Oceanography Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Milena Ferreira de Lima
- Keizo Asami Institute, iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Daniela Teixeira Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ernesto Chaves Pereira
- Postdoctoral Program in Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana 97501-970, Brazil
| | - Dante Homero Mosca
- Postdoctoral Program in Physics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-000, Brazil
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Monothiol Glutaredoxin Is Essential for Oxidative Stress Protection and Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0171422. [PMID: 36533942 PMCID: PMC9888271 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01714-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs), ubiquitous redox enzymes belonging to the thioredoxin family, catalyze the reduction of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions in a glutathione-dependent manner. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa ΔgrxD mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to oxidative stress-generating agents, such as paraquat (PQ) and cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). In vitro studies showed that P. aeruginosa GrxD acts as an electron donor for organic hydroperoxide resistance enzyme (Ohr) during CHP degradation. The ectopic expression of iron-sulfur cluster ([Fe-S]) carrier proteins, including ErpA, IscA, and NfuA, complements the function of GrxD in the ΔgrxD mutant under PQ toxicity. Constitutively high expression of iscR, nfuA, tpx, and fprB was observed in the ΔgrxD mutant. These results suggest that GrxD functions as a [Fe-S] cluster carrier protein involved in [Fe-S] cluster maturation. Moreover, the ΔgrxD mutant demonstrates attenuated virulence in a Drosophila melanogaster host model. Altogether, the data shed light on the physiological role of GrxD in oxidative stress protection and virulence of the human pathogen, P. aeruginosa. IMPORTANCE Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are ubiquitous disulfide reductase enzymes. Monothiol Grxs, containing a CXXS motif, play an essential role in iron homeostasis and maturation of [Fe-S] cluster proteins in various organisms. We now establish that the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa GrxD is crucial for bacterial virulence, maturation of [Fe-S] clusters and facilitation of Ohr enzyme activity. GrxD contains a conserved signature monothiol motif (C29GFS), in which C29 is essential for its function in an oxidative stress protection. Our findings reveal the physiological roles of GrxD in oxidative stress protection and virulence of P. aeruginosa.
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Stuart AKDC, Furuie JL, Cataldi TR, Stuart RM, Zawadneak MAC, Labate CA, Pimentel IC. Fungal consortium of two Beauveria bassiana strains increases their virulence, growth, and resistance to stress: A metabolomic approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271460. [PMID: 35834517 PMCID: PMC9282594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of two or more microorganisms in a microbial consortium has been increasingly applied in the biological control of diseases and pests. Beauveria bassiana is one of the most widely studied fungal species in biological control, yet little is known about its role in fungal consortiums. In a previous study, our group found that a consortium formed by two strains of B. bassiana had significantly greater biocontrol potential against the polyphagous caterpillars Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) than either strain on its own. In this study, we use GC-MS and LC-MS/MS to evaluate and discuss the metabolomics of the consortium. A total of 21 consortium biomarkers were identified, corresponding to 14 detected by LC-MS/MS and seven by GC-MS. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms are the main properties of the metabolites produced by the consortium. These metabolites can depress the insect’s immune system, increasing its vulnerability and, hence, the fungal virulence of the consortium. In light of these results, we propose an action model of insect mortality due to the metabolites secreted by the consortium. The model includes the inhibition of defense mechanisms such as pro-inflammatory interleukin secretion, cell migration, cell aggregation, Dif, Dorsal and Relish gene transcription, and JAK/STAT and JNK signaling pathways. It also promotes the cleaning of oxidative molecules, like ROS, NOS, and H2O2, and the induction of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Katiski da Costa Stuart
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Jason Lee Furuie
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thais Regiani Cataldi
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética de Plantas Max Feffer, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz – Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Makowiecky Stuart
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Cassilha Zawadneak
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanitaríssimo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética de Plantas Max Feffer, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz – Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ida Chapaval Pimentel
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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9
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Cellular Responses Required for Oxidative Stress Tolerance of the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria alternata, Causal Agent of Pear Black Spot. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030621. [PMID: 35336198 PMCID: PMC8951605 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish successful infections in host plants, pathogenic fungi must sense and respond to an array of stresses, such as oxidative stress. In this study, we systematically analyzed the effects of 30 mM H2O2 treatment on reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in Alternaria alternata. Results showed that 30 mM H2O2 treatment lead to increased O2− generation rate and H2O2 content, and simultaneously, increased the activities and transcript levels of NADPH oxidase (NOX). The activities and gene expression levels of enzymes related with ascorbic acid-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH cycle) and thioredoxin systems, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (AXP) and thioredoxin (TrxR), were remarkably enhanced by 30 mM H2O2 stress treatment. Additionally, 30 mM H2O2 treatment decreased the glutathione (GSH) content, whereas it increased the amount of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), dehydroascorbate (DHA) and ascorbic acid (AsA). These results revealed that cellular responses are required for oxidative stress tolerance of the necrotrophic fungus A. alternata.
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Morão IFC, Lemos MFL, Félix R, Vieira S, Barata C, Novais SC. Stress response markers in the blood of São Tomé green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and their relation with accumulated metal levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118490. [PMID: 34780755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metals are persistent worldwide being harmful for diverse organisms and having complex and combined effects with other contaminants in the environment. Sea turtles accumulate these contaminants being considered good bioindicator species for marine pollution. However, very little is known on how this is affecting these charismatic animals. São Tomé and Príncipe archipelago harbours important green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) nesting and feeding grounds. The main goal of this study was to determine metal and metalloid accumulation in the blood of females C. mydas nesting in São Tomé Island, and evaluate the possible impacts of this contamination by addressing molecular stress responses. Gene expression analysis was performed in blood targeting genes involved in detoxification/sequestration and metal transport (mt, mtf and fer), and in antioxidant and oxidative stress responses (cat, sod, gr, tdx, txrd, selp and gclc). Micronuclei analysis in blood was also addressed as a biomarker of genotoxicity. Present results showed significant correlations between different gene expressions with the metals evaluated. The best GLM models and significant relationships were found for mt expression, for which 78% of the variability was attributed to metal levels (Al, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb and Zn), followed by micronuclei count (65% - Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn and Zn), tdx expression (52% - Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb and Se), and cat expression (52% - As, Fe, Se and Cd x Hg). Overall, this study demonstrates that these green sea turtles are trying to adapt to the oxidative stress and damage produced by metals through the increased expression of antioxidants and other protectors, which raises concerns about the impacts on these endangered organisms' fitness. Furthermore, promising biomarker candidates associated to metal stress were identified in this species that may be used in future biomonitoring studies using C. mydas' blood, allowing for a temporal follow-up of the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês F C Morão
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Rafael Félix
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal
| | - Sara Vieira
- Associação Programa Tatô, Avenida Marginal 12 de Julho, Cidade de São Tomé, São Tomé e Príncipe, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barata
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal.
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11
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Tong SM, Feng MG. Molecular basis and regulatory mechanisms underlying fungal insecticides' resistance to solar ultraviolet irradiation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:30-42. [PMID: 34397162 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is crucial for field-persistent control efficacies of fungal formulations against arthropod pests, because their active ingredients are formulated conidia very sensitive to solar UV wavelengths. This review seeks to summarize advances in studies aiming to quantify, understand and improve conidial UV resistance. One focus of studies has been on the many sets of genes that have been revealed in the postgenomic era to contribute to or mediate UV resistance in the insect pathogens serving as main sources of fungal insecticides. Such genetic studies have unveiled the broad basis of UV-resistant molecules including cytosolic solutes, cell wall components, various antioxidant enzymes, and numerous effectors and signaling proteins, that function in developmental, biosynthetic and stress-responsive pathways. Another focus has been on the molecular basis and regulatory mechanisms underlying photorepair of UV-induced DNA lesions and photoreactivation of UV-impaired conidia. Studies have shed light upon a photoprotective mechanism depending on not only one or two photorepair-required photolyases, but also two white collar proteins and other partners that play similar or more important roles in photorepair via interactions with photolyases. Research hotspots are suggested to explore a regulatory network of fungal photoprotection and to improve the development and application strategies of UV-resistant fungal insecticides. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Miao Tong
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Xiao B, Chen S, Huang Q, Tan J, Zeng J, Yao J, Feng T, Wang G, Zhang Y. The lipid lowering and antioxidative stress potential of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula prepared by enzymatic method. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:651-663. [PMID: 34303740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient extraction method of Auricularia auricula polysaccharides (AAPs) by neutral protease was developed and optimized by response surface methodology. AAPs were graded by stepwise ethanol precipitation, the fraction with high recovery rate and strong radical scavenging rate were obtained, then its antioxidant and lipid lowering effect were studied using Caenorhabditis elegans as model organism. The extract yield and ABTS+ scavenging rates of AAPs could reach 14.90% and 86.0% at 50 °C, 75 mL/g of liquid-to-material ratio and pH 9.0. AAP3 obtained by 15% ethanol was a heteropolysaccharide comprised of mannose, glucose, glucuronic acid, xylose, galactose and glucosamine. AAP3 could significantly prolong the lifespan of C. elegans and enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalases (CAT) at 0.25 mg/mL (p < 0.05). The qRT-PCR results showed that AAP3 could up regulate mRNA expression levels of daf-16 and skn-1 (>1.6 fold) at 0.25 mg/mL. Besides, AAP3 could significantly reduce the level of body fat and triglyceride in C. elegans (p < 0.05). These studies demonstrated that A. auricula polysaccharides prepared by neutral protease had a prominent protective effect to the damage induced by the intracellular free radical generating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiao
- Liang Xin College, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qiqi Huang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jingjing Tan
- Liang Xin College, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jiangying Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Liang Xin College, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Tao Feng
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Ge Wang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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Guo X, Sun XT, Liang L, Shi LK, Liu RJ, Chang M, Wang XG. Physical Stability, Oxidative Stability, and Bioactivity of Nanoemulsion Delivery Systems Incorporating Lipophilic Ingredients: Impact of Oil Saturation Degree. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5405-5415. [PMID: 33882671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in the application of a lipid-based delivery system (like nanoemulsion) to improve the bioavailability of lipophilic components. Although emulsion characteristics are believed to be influenced by oil types, there is still a lack of systematic research concentrating on the effect of oil saturation degree on the nanoemulsion quality, especially for evaluation of the bioactivity. Here, we aimed to test the effect of oil saturation degree on the physical stability, oxidative stability, and bioactivity of the designed nanoemulision system. Our findings suggest that the oxidative stability and bioactivity of a nanoemulsion incorporating tocopherol and sesamol highly depend on the oil saturation. A nanoemulsion with an oil with a high degree of unsaturation was more susceptible to oxidation, and addition of tocopherol and sesamol could retard the lipid oxidation. Sesamol exhibited better bioactivity during the experiment compared with tocopherol in the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. The lipid-lowering effect of tocopherol and sesamol increased with lower saturation oil groups. The antioxidant activity of tocopherol and sesamol was higher in the high saturation oil groups. Overall, the obtained data is meaningful for applications using the designed systems to deliver lipophilic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Long-Kai Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rui-Jie Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xing-Guo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Rosana ARR, Pokorny S, Klutsch JG, Ibarra-Romero C, Sanichar R, Engelhardt D, van Belkum MJ, Erbilgin N, Bohlmann J, Carroll AL, Vederas JC. Selection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the biocontrol of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Western Canada. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021. [PMID: 33590267 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11172-7/published] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, has infested over ~16 Mha of pine forests in British Columbia killing >50% of mature lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, trees in affected stands. At present, it is functionally an invasive species in Alberta, killing and reproducing in evolutionarily naïve populations of lodgepole pine (P. contorta), novel jack pine (P. banksiana), and their hybrids. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has shown some potential as a biocontrol agent of several bark beetle species. In this study, nine isolates of B. bassiana were examined for insect virulence characteristics, including conidiation rate, pigmentation, and infection rate in laboratory-reared D. ponderosae, to assess for their potential as biocontrol agents. The strains were categorized into three phenotypic groups based on pigmentation, conidial density, and myceliation rate. Virulence screening utilizing insect-based agar medium (D. ponderosae and European honeybee Apis mellifera carcasses) revealed no difference in selection of fungal growth. However, infection studies on D. ponderosae and A. mellifera showed contrasting results. In vivo A. mellifera infection model revealed ~5% mortality, representing the natural death rate of the hive population, whereas laboratory-reared D. ponderosae showed 100% mortality and mycosis. The LT50 (median lethal time 50) ranges from 2 to 5 ± 0.33 days, and LT100 ranges from 4 to 6 ± 0.5 days. We discuss the selective advantages of the three phenotypic groups in terms of virulence, pigmentation, conidial abundance, and tolerance to abiotic factors like UV and host tree monoterpenes. These results can further provide insights into the development of several phenotypically diverse B. bassiana strains in controlling the spread of the invasive D. ponderosae in Western Canada. KEY POINTS: • Three B. bassiana morphotype groups have been demonstrated to kill D. ponderosae. • A range of effective lethal times (LT50 and LT100) was established against D. ponderosae. • Variable tolerance to UV light and pine monoterpenes were observed in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley Pokorny
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | | | - Randy Sanichar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Daniel Engelhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Marco J van Belkum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Allan L Carroll
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Selection of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the biocontrol of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Western Canada. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2541-2557. [PMID: 33590267 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, has infested over ~16 Mha of pine forests in British Columbia killing >50% of mature lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, trees in affected stands. At present, it is functionally an invasive species in Alberta, killing and reproducing in evolutionarily naïve populations of lodgepole pine (P. contorta), novel jack pine (P. banksiana), and their hybrids. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has shown some potential as a biocontrol agent of several bark beetle species. In this study, nine isolates of B. bassiana were examined for insect virulence characteristics, including conidiation rate, pigmentation, and infection rate in laboratory-reared D. ponderosae, to assess for their potential as biocontrol agents. The strains were categorized into three phenotypic groups based on pigmentation, conidial density, and myceliation rate. Virulence screening utilizing insect-based agar medium (D. ponderosae and European honeybee Apis mellifera carcasses) revealed no difference in selection of fungal growth. However, infection studies on D. ponderosae and A. mellifera showed contrasting results. In vivo A. mellifera infection model revealed ~5% mortality, representing the natural death rate of the hive population, whereas laboratory-reared D. ponderosae showed 100% mortality and mycosis. The LT50 (median lethal time 50) ranges from 2 to 5 ± 0.33 days, and LT100 ranges from 4 to 6 ± 0.5 days. We discuss the selective advantages of the three phenotypic groups in terms of virulence, pigmentation, conidial abundance, and tolerance to abiotic factors like UV and host tree monoterpenes. These results can further provide insights into the development of several phenotypically diverse B. bassiana strains in controlling the spread of the invasive D. ponderosae in Western Canada. KEY POINTS: • Three B. bassiana morphotype groups have been demonstrated to kill D. ponderosae. • A range of effective lethal times (LT50 and LT100) was established against D. ponderosae. • Variable tolerance to UV light and pine monoterpenes were observed in B. bassiana.
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16
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The critical role of MetR/ MetB/ MetC/ MetX in cysteine and methionine metabolism, fungal development and virulence of Alternaria alternata. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.01911-20. [PMID: 33277273 PMCID: PMC7851696 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01911-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine is a unique sulfur-containing amino acid, which plays an important role in biological protein synthesis and various cellular processes. Here, we characterized the biological functions of AaMetB, AaMetC, and AaMetX in the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata Morphological analysis showed that the mutants lacking AaMetB, AaMetC, or AaMetX resulted in less aerial hypha and fewer conidia in artificial media. Pathogenicity analysis showed that AaMetB, AaMetC, and AaMetX are required for full virulence. The defects in vegetative growth, conidiation and virulence of ΔMetB, ΔMetC, and ΔMetX can be restored by exogenous methionine and homocysteine, indicating that AaMetB, AaMetC, and AaMetX are required for methionine biosynthesis. However, exogenous cysteine only restored the growth and virulence defects of ΔMetR but not ΔMetB/C/X, suggesting that AaMetR is essential for cysteine biosynthesis. Oxidant sensitivity assay showed that only ΔMetR is sensitive to H2O2 and many ROS-generating compounds, indicating that AaMetR is essential for oxidative tolerance. Interestingly, fungicides indoor bioassays showed that only the ΔMetR mutants are susceptive to chlorothalonil, a fungicide that could bind to the cysteine of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the inactivation of MetB, MetC, MetX, or MetR significantly affected the expression of methionine metabolism-related genes. Moreover, the inactivation of AaMetR significantly affected the expression of many genes related to glutathione metabolism, which is essential for ROS tolerance. Taken together, our study provides genetic evidence to define the critical roles of AaMetB, AaMetC, AaMetX, and AaMetR in cysteine and methionine metabolism, fungal development and virulence of Alternaria alternata IMPORTANCE The transcription factor METR regulating methionine metabolism is essential for reactive oxygen species (ROS) tolerance and virulence in many phytopathogenic fungi. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of METR involved in this process is still unclear. In the present study, we generated AaMetB, AaMetC and AaMetX deletion mutants and compared these mutants with AaMetR disrupted mutants. Interestingly, we found that AaMetB, AaMetC and AaMetX are required for vegetative growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity in Alternaria alternata, but not for ROS tolerance and cysteine metabolism. Furthermore, we found that METR is involved in the biosynthesis of cysteine, which is an essential substrate for the biosynthesis of methionine and glutathione. This study emphasizes the critical roles of MetR, MetB, MetC, MetX in the regulation of cysteine and methionine metabolism, as well as the cross-link with glutathione-mediated ROS tolerance in phytopathogenic fungi, which provides a foundation for future investigations.
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Zhao X, Luo T, Huang S, Peng N, Yin Y, Luo Z, Zhang Y. A novel transcription factor negatively regulates antioxidant response, cell wall integrity and virulence in the fungal insect pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4908-4924. [PMID: 33432709 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genomic data have identified a class of fungal specific transcription factors (FsTFs) that are thought to regulate unique aspects of fungal gene expression, although the functions of many of these proteins remain unknown. Here, a novel FsTF (BbStf1), which features a leucine zipper dimerization domain and a fungal transcription factor regulatory middle homology region, was characterized in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous insect fungal pathogen. Transcriptional activation and nuclear localization were experimentally confirmed for BbStf1. Disruption of Bbstf1 resulted in increased tolerance to oxidative stress and cell wall perturbation, accompanied by increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and by thickened cell wall and altered composition. Gene expression profile analysis revealed that transcription patterns of antioxidant enzyme and cell wall integrity-involved genes were altered in the ∆Bbstf1, including some BbStf1-targeted genes clarified with evidence. The ∆Bbstf1 strain displayed greater virulence to Galleria mellonella in the bioassays through both topical infection and intrahaemocoel injection due to more rapid proliferation in the haemocoel as compared to the wild-type strain. Altogether, BbStf1 acts as a negative regulator of antioxidant response, cell wall integrity and virulence in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingying Luo
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Peng
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yin
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Chen J, Hu Y, Ying SH, Feng MG. Roles of six Hsp70 genes in virulence, cell wall integrity, antioxidant activity and multiple stress tolerance of Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Photoprotective Role of Photolyase-Interacting RAD23 and Its Pleiotropic Effect on the Insect-Pathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00287-20. [PMID: 32245759 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00287-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD23 can repair yeast DNA lesions through nucleotide excision repair (NER), a mechanism that is dependent on proteasome activity and ubiquitin chains but different from photolyase-depending photorepair of UV-induced DNA damages. However, this accessory NER protein remains functionally unknown in filamentous fungi. In this study, orthologous RAD23 in Beauveria bassiana, an insect-pathogenic fungus that is a main source of fungal insecticides, was found to interact with the photolyase PHR2, enabling repair of DNA lesions by degradation of UVB-induced cytotoxic (6-4)-pyrimidine-pyrimidine photoproducts under visible light, and it hence plays an essential role in the photoreactivation of UVB-inactivated conidia but no role in reactivation of such conidia through NER in dark conditions. Fluorescence-labeled RAD23 was shown to normally localize in the cytoplasm, to migrate to vacuoles in the absence of carbon, nitrogen, or both, and to enter nuclei under various stresses, which include UVB, a harmful wavelength of sunlight. Deletion of the rad23 gene resulted in an 84% decrease in conidial UVB resistance, a 95% reduction in photoreactivation rate of UVB-inactivated conidia, and a drastic repression of phr2 A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed a positive RAD23-PHR2 interaction. Overexpression of phr2 in the Δrad23 mutant largely mitigated the severe defect of the Δrad23 mutant in photoreactivation. Also, the deletion mutant was severely compromised in radial growth, conidiation, conidial quality, virulence, multiple stress tolerance, and transcriptional expression of many phenotype-related genes. These findings unveil not only the pleiotropic effects of RAD23 in B. bassiana but also a novel RAD23-PHR2 interaction that is essential for the photoprotection of filamentous fungal cells from UVB damage.IMPORTANCE RAD23 is able to repair yeast DNA lesions through nucleotide excision in full darkness, a mechanism distinct from photolyase-dependent photorepair of UV-induced DNA damage but functionally unknown in filamentous fungi. Our study unveils that the RAD23 ortholog in a filamentous fungal insect pathogen varies in subcellular localization according to external cues, interacts with a photolyase required for photorepair of cytotoxic (6-4)-pyrimidine-pyrimidine photoproducts in UV-induced DNA lesions, and plays an essential role in conidial UVB resistance and reactivation of UVB-inactivated conidia under visible light rather than in the dark, as required for nucleotide excision repair. Loss-of-function mutations of RAD23 exert pleiotropic effects on radial growth, aerial conidiation, multiple stress responses, virulence, virulence-related cellular events, and phenotype-related gene expression. These findings highlight a novel mechanism underlying the photoreactivation of UVB-impaired fungal cells by RAD23 interacting with the photolyase, as well as its essentiality for filamentous fungal life.
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Phenotypic and molecular insights into heat tolerance of formulated cells as active ingredients of fungal insecticides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5711-5724. [PMID: 32405755 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Formulated conidia of insect-pathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria and Metarhizium, serve as the active ingredients of fungal insecticides but are highly sensitive to persistent high temperatures (32-35 °C) that can be beyond their upper thermal limits especially in tropical areas and during summer months. Fungal heat tolerance and inter- or intra-specific variability are critical factors and limitations to field applications of fungal pesticides during seasons favoring outbreaks of pest populations. The past decades have witnessed tremendous advances in improving fungal pesticides through selection of heat-tolerant strains from natural isolates, improvements and innovations in terms of solid-state fermentation technologies for the production of more heat-tolerant conidia, and the use of genetic engineering of candidate strains for enhancing heat tolerance. More recently, with the entry into a post-genomic era, a large number of signaling and effector genes have been characterized as important sustainers of heat tolerance in both Beauveria and Metarhizium, which represent the main species used as fungal pesticides worldwide. This review focuses on recent advances and provides an overview into the broad molecular basis of fungal heat tolerance and its multiple regulatory pathways. Emphases are placed on approaches for screening of heat-tolerant strains, methods for optimizing conidial quality linked to virulence and heat tolerance particularly involving cell wall architecture and optimized trehalose/mannitol contents, and how molecular determinants can be exploited for genetic improvement of heat tolerance and pest-control potential. Examples of fungal pesticides with different host spectra and their appropriateness for use in apiculture are given. KEY POINTS: • Heat tolerance is critical for field stability and efficacy of fungal insecticides. • Inter- and intra-specific variability exists in insect-pathogenic fungi. • Optimized production technology and biotechnology can improve heat tolerance. • Fungal heat tolerance is orchestrated by multiple molecular pathways.
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González D, Álamos P, Rivero M, Orellana O, Norambuena J, Chávez R, Levicán G. Deciphering the Role of Multiple Thioredoxin Fold Proteins of Leptospirillum sp. in Oxidative Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1880. [PMID: 32164170 PMCID: PMC7084401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin fold proteins (TFPs) form a family of diverse proteins involved in thiol/disulfide exchange in cells from all domains of life. Leptospirillum spp. are bioleaching bacteria naturally exposed to extreme conditions like acidic pH and high concentrations of metals that can contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently the induction of thiol oxidative damage. Bioinformatic studies have predicted 13 genes that encode for TFP proteins in Leptospirillum spp. We analyzed the participation of individual tfp genes from Leptospirillum sp. CF-1 in the response to oxidative conditions. Genomic context analysis predicted the involvement of these genes in the general thiol-reducing system, cofactor biosynthesis, carbon fixation, cytochrome c biogenesis, signal transduction, and pilus and fimbria assembly. All tfp genes identified were transcriptionally active, although they responded differentially to ferric sulfate and diamide stress. Some of these genes confer oxidative protection to a thioredoxin-deficient Escherichia coli strain by restoring the wild-type phenotype under oxidative stress conditions. These findings contribute to our understanding of the diversity and complexity of thiol/disulfide systems, and of adaptations that emerge in acidophilic microorganisms that allow them to thrive in highly oxidative environments. These findings also give new insights into the physiology of these microorganisms during industrial bioleaching operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela González
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central Santiago 917022, Chile; (D.G.); (P.Á.); (M.R.); (J.N.); (R.C.)
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Pamela Álamos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central Santiago 917022, Chile; (D.G.); (P.Á.); (M.R.); (J.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Matías Rivero
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central Santiago 917022, Chile; (D.G.); (P.Á.); (M.R.); (J.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Omar Orellana
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Javiera Norambuena
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central Santiago 917022, Chile; (D.G.); (P.Á.); (M.R.); (J.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central Santiago 917022, Chile; (D.G.); (P.Á.); (M.R.); (J.N.); (R.C.)
| | - Gloria Levicán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central Santiago 917022, Chile; (D.G.); (P.Á.); (M.R.); (J.N.); (R.C.)
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Wang DY, Tong SM, Guan Y, Ying SH, Feng MG. The velvet protein VeA functions in asexual cycle, stress tolerance and transcriptional regulation of Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 127:1-11. [PMID: 30807832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
VeA is a key velvet protein that regulates sexual/asexual development and secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi, particularly Aspergilli, but has not been explored yet in asexual insect mycopathogens, such as Beauveria bassiana. Here, we report a localization of B. bassiana VeA in the cytoplasm of hyphal cells exposed to either light or dark cue and its migration to the nucleus only in darkness. Deletion of veA resulted in facilitated hyphal growth and decreased cell length on rich media, light growth defects on scant media, and increased sensitivities to oxidation, high osmolarity and prolonged heat shock during colony growth. Compared to wild-type, the deletion mutant was much more triggered in conidiation at optimal 25 °C in darkness than in a light/dark (L:D) cycle of 12:12, indicating the role of VeA acting as a negative regulator of conidiation in a light-dependent manner. The mutant conidia produced at L:D 12:12 showed defects in germination, thermotolerance and UVB resistance but no change in virulence, contrasting to attenuated virulence for the mutant conidia produced in darkness. Intriguingly, fungal outgrowth and conidiation were markedly suppressed on the surfaces of the mutant-mummified insect cadavers, suggesting a significant role of VeA in fungal survival, dispersal and prevalence in host habitats. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 1248 and 1183 differentially expressed genes in the deletion mutant versus wild-type grown at L:D 0:24 and 12:12 respectively, including those involved in central developmental pathway and secondary metabolism. Altogether, VeA is functionally involved in asexual cycle, stress tolerance and transcriptional regulation of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yi Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Sen-Miao Tong
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Yi Guan
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Two Photolyases Repair Distinct DNA Lesions and Reactivate UVB-Inactivated Conidia of an Insect Mycopathogen under Visible Light. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02459-18. [PMID: 30552186 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02459-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal conidia serve as active ingredients of fungal insecticides but are sensitive to solar UV irradiation, which impairs double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by inducing the production of cytotoxic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4)-pyrimidine-pyrimidine photoproducts (6-4PPs). This study aims to elucidate how CPD photolyase (Phr1) and 6-4PP photolyase (Phr2) repair DNA damage and photoreactivate UVB-inactivated cells in Beauveria bassiana, a main source of fungal insecticides. Both Phr1 and Phr2 are proven to exclusively localize in the fungal nuclei. Despite little influence on growth, conidiation, and virulence, singular deletions of phr1 and phr2 resulted in respective reductions of 38% and 19% in conidial tolerance to UVB irradiation, a sunlight component most harmful to formulated conidia. CPDs and 6-4PPs accumulated significantly more in the cells of Δphr1 and Δphr2 mutants than in those of a wild-type strain under lethal UVB irradiation and were largely or completely repaired by Phr1 in the Δphr2 mutant and Phr2 in the Δphr1 mutant after optimal 5-h exposure to visible light. Consequently, UVB-inactivated conidia of the Δphr1 and Δphr2 mutants were much less efficiently photoreactivated than were the wild-type counterparts. In contrast, overexpression of either phr1 or phr2 in the wild-type strain resulted in marked increases in both conidial UVB resistance and photoreactivation efficiency. These findings indicate essential roles of Phr1 and Phr2 in photoprotection of B. bassiana from UVB damage and unveil exploitable values of both photolyase genes for improved UVB resistance and application strategy of fungal insecticides.IMPORTANCE Protecting fungal cells from damage from solar UVB irradiation is critical for development and application of fungal insecticides but is mechanistically not understood in Beauveria bassiana, a classic insect pathogen. We unveil that two intranuclear photolyases, Phr1 and Phr2, play essential roles in repairing UVB-induced dsDNA lesions through respective decomposition of cytotoxic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and (6-4)-pyrimidine-pyrimidine photoproducts, hence reactivating UVB-inactivated cells effectively under visible light. Our findings shed light on the high potential of both photolyase genes for use in improving UVB resistance and application strategy of fungal insecticides.
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Depletion of thiol reducing capacity impairs cytosolic but not mitochondrial iron-sulfur protein assembly machineries. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:240-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fang Z, Chen Y, Wang G, Feng T, Shen M, Xiao B, Gu J, Wang W, Li J, Zhang Y. Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of acid hydrolysates from Auricularia auricular polysaccharides using a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Food Funct 2019; 10:5531-5543. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02589d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is an important model organism for studying stress response mechanisms. In this paper, C. elegans was used to evaluate the antioxidant effects of acid hydrolysates from Auricularia auricular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Fang
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yutao Chen
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Ge Wang
- College of Modern Science and Technology
- China Jiliang University
- Zhejiang Province
- China
| | - Tao Feng
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Meng Shen
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Bin Xiao
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jingyi Gu
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences
- China Jiliang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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26
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Abstract
The acquisition of iron and the maintenance of iron homeostasis are important aspects of virulence for the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans In this study, we characterized the role of the monothiol glutaredoxin Grx4 in iron homeostasis and virulence in C. neoformans Monothiol glutaredoxins are important regulators of iron homeostasis because of their conserved roles in [2Fe-2S] cluster sensing and trafficking. We initially identified Grx4 as a binding partner of Cir1, a master regulator of iron-responsive genes and virulence factor elaboration in C. neoformans We confirmed that Grx4 binds Cir1 and demonstrated that iron repletion promotes the relocalization of Grx4 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. We also found that a grx4 mutant lacking the GRX domain displayed iron-related phenotypes similar to those of a cir1Δ mutant, including poor growth upon iron deprivation. Importantly, the grx4 mutant was avirulent in mice, a phenotype consistent with observed defects in the key virulence determinants, capsule and melanin, and poor growth at 37°C. A comparative transcriptome analysis of the grx4 mutant and the WT strain under low-iron and iron-replete conditions confirmed a central role for Grx4 in iron homeostasis. Dysregulation of iron-related metabolism was consistent with grx4 mutant phenotypes related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and DNA repair. Overall, the phenotypes of the grx4 mutant lacking the GRX domain and the transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the mutant support the hypothesis that Grx4 functions as an iron sensor, in part through an interaction with Cir1, to extensively regulate iron homeostasis.IMPORTANCE Fungal pathogens cause life-threatening diseases in humans, particularly in immunocompromised people, and there is a tremendous need for a greater understanding of pathogenesis to support new therapies. One prominent fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, causes meningitis in people suffering from HIV/AIDS. In the present study, we focused on characterizing mechanisms by which C. neoformans senses iron availability because iron is both a signal and a key nutrient for proliferation of the pathogen in vertebrate hosts. Specifically, we characterized a monothiol glutaredoxin protein, Grx4, that functions as a sensor of iron availability and interacts with regulatory factors to control the ability of C. neoformans to cause disease. Grx4 regulates key virulence factors, and a mutant is unable to cause disease in a mouse model of cryptococcosis. Overall, our study provides new insights into nutrient sensing and the role of iron in the pathogenesis of fungal diseases.
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VanDrisse CM, Escalante-Semerena JC. In Salmonella enterica, OatA (Formerly YjgM) Uses O-Acetyl-Serine and Acetyl-CoA to Synthesize N,O-Diacetylserine, Which Upregulates Cysteine Biosynthesis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2838. [PMID: 30538683 PMCID: PMC6277577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Cysteine biosynthesis has been extensively analyzed in Salmonella enterica. The cysteine regulon contains the genes whose protein products are necessary to convert sulfate to sulfide, which is eventually reacted with O-acetyl-serine (OAS) to generate cysteine. The LysR type regulator, CysB, is required for activation of the cysteine regulon, and its interaction with various cys genes has been thoroughly characterized. Results from previous studies by others, suggested that OAS undergoes a spontaneous O- to N- migration to produce N-acetyl-serine (NAS), and that NAS is the true signal sensed by CysB. It was unclear, however, whether such migration occurred spontaneously in vivo or if NAS was generated enzymatically. Work reported herein characterizes a S. enterica N-acetyltransferase, OatA (formerly YjgM), which acetylates the Nα-amino group of OAS, producing N,O-diacetyl-serine (DAS) at the expense of acetyl-CoA. We isolated OatA to homogeneity and performed its initial biochemical characterization. The product of the OatA reaction was isolated by HPLC and confirmed by mass spectrometry to be DAS; OatA did not acetylate NAS, consistent with the conclusion that OatA is an N-acetyltransferase, not an O-acetyltransferase. Binding of OAS to OatA appears to be positively cooperative with the apparent K0.5 for OAS determined to be 0.74 mM, the kcat was 1.05 s-1, and the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme (kcat/K0.5) was 1.4 × 103 M-1 s-1. Size exclusion chromatography indicated that OatA was a monomer in solution. In S. enterica, overexpression of oatA led to shorter lag times on sulfate-limiting medium and that these delayed lag times were due to increased expression of the cysteine regulon, as indicated by RT-qPCR results. OatA is the first Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (aka GNAT) involved in the regulation of amino acid biosynthetic genes in Salmonella. On the basis of results of transcriptomics studies performed by other investigators, we hypothesize that DAS may play a role in biofilm formation in S. enterica and other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey M VanDrisse
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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28
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Zhu XG, Tong SM, Ying SH, Feng MG. Antioxidant activities of four superoxide dismutases in Metarhizium robertsii and their contributions to pest control potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9221-9230. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Twayana KS, Ravanan P. Eukaryotic cell survival mechanisms: Disease relevance and therapeutic intervention. Life Sci 2018; 205:73-90. [PMID: 29730169 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell responds to stress by activating various modes of stress responses which aim for minimal damage to cells and speedy recovery from the insults. However, unresolved stresses exceeding the tolerance limit lead to cell death (apoptosis, autophagy etc.) that helps to get rid of damaged cells and protect cell integrity. Furthermore, aberrant stress responses are the hallmarks of several pathophysiologies (neurodegeneration, metabolic diseases, cancer etc.). The catastrophic remodulation of stress responses is observed in cancer cells in favor of their uncontrolled growth. Whereas pro-survival stress responses redirected to death signaling provokes excessive cell death in neurodegeneration. Clear understanding of such mechanistic link to disease progression is required in order to modulate these processes for new therapeutic targets. The current review explains this with respect to novel drug discoveries and other breakthroughs in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sundar Twayana
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu-632014, India
| | - Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu-632014, India.
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30
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Antioxidant enzymes and their contributions to biological control potential of fungal insect pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4995-5004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Zhang D, Dong Y, Yu Q, Kai Z, Zhang M, Jia C, Xiao C, Zhang B, Zhang B, Li M. Function of glutaredoxin 3 (Grx3) in oxidative stress response caused by iron homeostasis disorder in Candida albicans. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1397-1412. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Glutaredoxin is a conserved oxidoreductase in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This study aimed to determine the role of Grx3 in cell survival, iron homeostasis and the oxidative stress response in Candida albicans. Materials & methods: A grx3Δ/Δ mutant was obtained using PCR-mediated homologs recombination. The function of Grx3 was investigated by a series of biochemical methods. Results: Deletion of GRX3 impaired growth and cell cycle, disturbance of iron homeostasis and activated the oxidative stress response. Furthermore, disruption of GRX3 caused oxidative damage and growth defects of C. albicans. Conclusion: Our findings provide new insights into the role of GRX3 in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yijie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease & Insect Pests, Institute of Plant protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhang Kai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chenpeng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- College of language and culture, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology & Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Liu J, Tong SM, Qiu L, Ying SH, Feng MG. Two histidine kinases can sense different stress cues for activation of the MAPK Hog1 in a fungal insect pathogen. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4091-4102. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Sen-Miao Tong
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Lei Qiu
- School of Bioengineering; Qilu University of Technology; Jinan, Shandong 250353 China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
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Chu ZJ, Sun HH, Zhu XG, Ying SH, Feng MG. Discovery of a new intravacuolar protein required for the autophagy, development and virulence of Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2806-2818. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Jian Chu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Huan Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guan Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang People's Republic of China
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Vital role for cyclophilin B (CypB) in asexual development, dimorphic transition and virulence of Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 105:8-15. [PMID: 28552321 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin B (CypB) was previously revealed as one of many putative secretory proteins in the transcriptome of Beauveria bassiana infection to a lepidopteran pest. Here we show a main localization of CypB in hyphal cell walls and septa and its essential role in the in vitro and in vivo asexual cycles of the fungal insect pathogen. Deletion of cypB reduced colony growth by 16-42% on two rich media and 30 scant media with different carbon or nitrogen sources. The deletion mutant suffered a delayed conidiation on a standard medium and a final 47% reduction in conidial yield, accompanied with drastic transcript depression of several key genes required for conidiation and conidial maturation. The mutant conidia required 10h longer to germinate 50% at optimal 25°C than wild-type conidia. Intriguingly, cultivation of the mutant conidia in a trehalose-peptone broth mimic to insect hemolymph resulted in 83% reduction in blastospore yield but only slight decrease in biomass level, indicating severe defects in transition of hyphae to blastospores. LT50 for the deletion mutant against Galleria mellonella larvae through normal cuticle infection was prolonged to 7.4d from a wild-type estimate of 4.7d. During colony growth, additionally, the deletion mutant displayed hypersensitivity to Congo red, menadione, H2O2 and heat shock but increased tolerance to cyclosporine A and rapamycin. All of changes were restored by targeted gene complementation. Altogether, CypB takes part in sustaining normal growth, aerial conidiation, conidial germination, dimorphic transition, stress tolerance and pathogenicity in B. bassiana.
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35
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Górna K, Perlikowski D, Kosmala A, Stępień Ł. Host extracts induce changes in the proteome of plant pathogen Fusarium proliferatum. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:676-688. [PMID: 28705396 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum is a polyphagous pathogenic fungus able to infect many crop plants worldwide. Differences in proteins accumulated were observed when maize- and asparagus-derived F. proliferatum strains were exposed to host extracts prepared from asparagus, maize, garlic, and pineapple tissues. Seventy-three unique proteins were up-regulated in extract-supplemented cultures compared to the controls. They were all identified using mass spectrometry and their putative functions were assigned. A major part of identified proteins was involved in sugar metabolism and basic metabolic processes. Increased accumulation of proteins typically associated with stress response (heat shock proteins, superoxide dismutases, and glutaredoxins) as well as others, putatively involved in signal transduction, suggests that some metabolites present in plant extracts may act as elicitors inducing similar reaction as the abiotic stress factors. As a case study, thirteen genes encoding the proteins induced by the extracts were identified in the genomes of diverse F. proliferatum strains using gene-specific DNA markers. Extract-induced changes in the pathogen's metabolism are putatively a result of differential gene expression regulation. Our findings suggest that host plant metabolites present in the extracts can cause biotic stress resulting in elevated accumulation of diverse set of proteins, including those associated with pathogen's stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Górna
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Perlikowski
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
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36
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Wang J, Zhu XG, Ying SH, Feng MG. Differential Roles for Six P-Type Calcium ATPases in Sustaining Intracellular Ca 2+ Homeostasis, Asexual Cycle and Environmental Fitness of Beauveria bassiana. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1420. [PMID: 28469160 PMCID: PMC5431182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01570-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A global insight into the roles of multiple P-type calcium ATPase (CA) pumps in sustaining the life of a filamentous fungal pathogen is lacking. Here we elucidated the functions of five CA pumps (Eca1, Spf1 and PmcA/B/C) following previous characterization of Pmr1 in Beauveria bassiana, a fungal insect pathogen. The fungal CA pumps interacted at transcriptional level, at which singular deletions of five CA genes depressed eca1 expression by 76–98% and deletion of spf1 resulted in drastic upregulation of four CA genes by 36–50-fold. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration increased differentially in most deletion mutants exposed to the stresses of Ca2+, EDTA chelator, and/or endoplasmic reticulum and calcineurin inhibitors, accompanied with their changed sensitivities to not only the mentioned agents but also Fe2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. Liquid culture acidification was delayed in the Δspf1, Δpmr1 and ΔpmcA mutants, coinciding well with altered levels of their extracellular lactic and oxalic acids. Moreover, all deletion mutants showed differential defects in conidial germination, vegetative growth, conidiation capacity, antioxidant activity, cell wall integrity, conidial UV-B resistance and/or virulence. Our results provide the first global insight into differential roles for six CA pumps in sustaining intracellular Ca2+ level, asexual cycle and environmental fitness of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Guan Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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