1
|
Schultes FPJ, Welter L, Hufnagel D, Heghmanns M, Kasanmascheff M, Mügge C. An Active and Versatile Electron Transport System for Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases from the Alkane Degrading Organism Acinetobacter sp. OC4. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400098. [PMID: 38787654 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are valuable biocatalysts for the oxyfunctionalization of non-activated carbon-hydrogen bonds. Most CYPs rely on electron transport proteins as redox partners. In this study, the ferredoxin reductase (FdR) and ferredoxin (FD) for a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Acinetobacter sp. OC4 are investigated. Upon heterologous production of both proteins independently in Escherichia coli, spectral analysis showed their reduction capability towards reporter electron acceptors, e. g., cytochrome c. The individual proteins' specific activity towards cytochrome c reduction was 25 U mg-1. Furthermore, the possibility to enhance electron transfer by artificial fusion of the units was elucidated. FdR and FD were linked by helical linkers [EAAAK]n, flexible glycine linkers [GGGGS]n or rigid proline linkers [EPPPP]n of n=1-4 sequence repetitions. The system with a glycine linker (n=4) reached an appreciable specific activity of 19 U mg-1 towards cytochrome c. Moreover, their ability to drive different members of the CYP153A subfamily is demonstrated. By creating artificial self-sufficient P450s with FdR, FD, and a panel of four CYP153A representatives, effective hydroxylation of n-hexane in a whole-cell system was achieved. The results indicate this protein combination to constitute a functional and versatile surrogate electron transport system for this subfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Peter Josef Schultes
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Leon Welter
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doreen Hufnagel
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie Heghmanns
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Müge Kasanmascheff
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schultes FPJ, Welter L, Schmidtke M, Tischler D, Mügge C. A tailored cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2 for selective aliphatic monooxygenation. Biol Chem 2024:hsz-2024-0041. [PMID: 39331465 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2024-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are recognized as versatile biocatalysts due to their broad reaction capabilities. One important reaction is the hydroxylation of non-activated C-H bonds. The subfamily CYP153A is known for terminal hydroxylation reactions, giving access to functionalized aliphatics. Whilst fatty derivatives may be converted by numerous enzyme classes, midchain aliphatics are seldomly accepted, a prime property of CYP153As. We report here on a new CYP153A member from the genome of the mesophilic actinobacterium Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2 as an efficient biocatalyst. The gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and fused with a surrogate electron transport system from Acinetobacter sp. OC4. This chimeric self-sufficient whole-cell system could perform hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions: conversions of C6-C14 alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and of cyclic compounds were observed, yielding production rates of, e.g., 2.69 mM h-1 for 1-hexanol and 4.97 mM h-1 for 1,2-epoxyhexane. Optimizing the linker compositions between the protein units led to significantly altered activity. Balancing linker length and flexibility with glycine-rich and helix-forming linker units increased 1-hexanol production activity to 350 % compared to the initial linker setup with entirely helical linkers. The study shows that strategic coupling of efficient electron supply and a selective enzyme enables previously challenging monooxygenation reactions of midchain aliphatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Peter Josef Schultes
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, 9142 Ruhr University Bochum , D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Leon Welter
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, 9142 Ruhr University Bochum , D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Myra Schmidtke
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, 9142 Ruhr University Bochum , D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, 9142 Ruhr University Bochum , D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, 9142 Ruhr University Bochum , D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tüllinghoff A, Toepel J, Bühler B. Enlighting Electron Routes In Oxyfunctionalizing Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300475. [PMID: 37994522 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Phototrophic microorganisms, like cyanobacteria, are gaining attention as host organisms for biocatalytic processes with light as energy source and water as electron source. Redox enzymes, especially oxygenases, can profit from in-situ supply of co-substrates, i. e., reduction equivalents and O2 , by the photosynthetic light reaction. The electron transfer downstream of PS I to heterologous electron consuming enzymes in principle can involve NADPH, NADH, and/or ferredoxin, whereas most direct and efficient transfer is desirable. Here, we use the model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to investigate, to what extent host and/or heterologous constituents are involved in electron transfer to a heterologous cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Acidovorax sp. CHX100. Interestingly, in this highly active light-fueled cycloalkane hydroxylating biocatalyst, host-intrinsic enzymes were found capable of completely substituting the function of the Acidovorax ferredoxin reductase. To a certain extent (20 %), this also was true for the Acidovorax ferredoxin. These results indicate the presence of a versatile set of electron carriers in cyanobacteria, enabling efficient and direct coupling of electron consuming reactions to photosynthetic water oxidation. This will both simplify and promote the use of phototrophic microorganisms for sustainable production processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tüllinghoff
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Toepel
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dong YL, Chong GG, Li CX, Chen Q, Pan J, Li AT, Xu JH. Carving the Active Site of CYP153A7 Monooxygenase for Improving Terminal Hydroxylation of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200063. [PMID: 35257464 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The P450-mediated terminal hydroxylation of non-activated C-H bonds is a chemically challenging reaction. CYP153A7 monooxygenase discovered in Sphingomonas sp. HXN200 belongs to the CYP153A subfamily and shows a pronounced terminal selectivity. Herein, we report the significantly improved terminal hydroxylation activity of CYP153A7 by redesign of the substrate binding pocket based on molecular docking of CYP153A7-C 8:0 and sequence alignments. Some of the resultant single mutants were advantageous over the wild-type enzyme with higher reaction rates, achieving a complete conversion of n- octanoic acid (C 8:0. 1 mM) in a shorter period. Especially, a single-mutation variant, D258E, showed 3.8-fold higher catalytic efficiency than the wild type toward the terminal hydroxylation of medium-chain fatty acid C 8:0 into the high value-added product 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Dong
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, CHINA
| | - Gang-Gang Chong
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China, 200237, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, CHINA
| | - Qi Chen
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, CHINA
| | - Jiang Pan
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, CHINA
| | - Ai-Tao Li
- Hubei University, College of Life Science, CHINA
| | - Jian-He Xu
- East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park H, Bak D, Jeon W, Jang M, Ahn JO, Choi KY. Engineering of CYP153A33 With Enhanced Ratio of Hydroxylation to Overoxidation Activity in Whole-Cell Biotransformation of Medium-Chain 1-Alkanols. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:817455. [PMID: 35059390 PMCID: PMC8764613 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.817455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α,ω-Dodecanediol is a versatile material that has been widely used not only as an adhesive and crosslinking reagent, but also as a building block in the pharmaceutical and polymer industries. The biosynthesis of α,ω-dodecanediol from fatty derivatives, such as dodecane and dodecanol, requires an ω-specific hydroxylation step using monooxygenase enzymes. An issue with the whole-cell biotransformation of 1-dodecanol using cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) with ω-specific hydroxylation activity was the low conversion and production of the over-oxidized product of dodecanoic acid. In this study, CYP153A33 from Marinobacter aquaeolei was engineered to obtain higher ω-specific hydroxylation activity through site-directed mutagenesis. The target residue was mutated to increase flux toward α,ω-dodecanediol synthesis, while reducing the generation of the overoxidation product of dodecanoic acid and α,ω-dodecanedioic acid. Among the evaluated variants, CYP153A33 P136A showed a significant increase in 1-dodecanol conversion, i.e., 71.2% (7.12 mM from 10 mM 1-dodecanol), with an increased hydroxylation to over-oxidation activity ratio, i.e., 32.4. Finally, the applicability of this engineered enzyme for ω-specific hydroxylation against several 1-alkanols, i.e., from C6 to C16, was investigated and discussed based on the structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Doyeong Bak
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Wooyoung Jeon
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Korea Research Institute of Biosceince and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Minjung Jang
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Korea Research Institute of Biosceince and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jung-Oh Ahn
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Korea Research Institute of Biosceince and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, South Korea.,Department of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A multi-enzyme cascade reaction for the production of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids from free fatty acids. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
Buergler MB, Dennig A, Nidetzky B. Process intensification for cytochrome P450 BM3-catalyzed oxy-functionalization of dodecanoic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2377-2388. [PMID: 32369187 PMCID: PMC7384007 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxy‐functionalization of nonactivated C‐H bonds is a long‐standing “dream reaction” of organic synthesis for which chemical methodology is not well developed. Mono‐oxygenase enzymes are promising catalysts for such oxy‐functionalization to establish. Limitation on their applicability arises from low reaction output. Here, we showed an integrated approach of process engineering to the intensification of the cytochrome P450 BM3‐catalyzed hydroxylation of dodecanoic acid (C12:0). Using P450 BM3 together with glucose dehydrogenase for regeneration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), we compared soluble and co‐immobilized enzymes in O2‐gassed and pH‐controlled conversions at high final substrate concentrations (≥40mM). We identified the main engineering parameters of process output (i.e., O2 supply; mixing correlated with immobilized enzyme stability; foam control correlated with product isolation; substrate solubilization) and succeeded in disentangling their complex interrelationship for systematic process optimization. Running the reaction at O2‐limited conditions at up to 500‐ml scale (10% dimethyl sulfoxide; silicone antifoam), we developed a substrate feeding strategy based on O2 feedback control. Thus, we achieved high reaction rates of 1.86g·L−1·hr−1 and near complete conversion (≥90%) of 80mM (16g/L) C12:0 with good selectivity (≤5% overoxidation). We showed that “uncoupled reaction” of the P450 BM3 (~95% utilization of NADPH and O2 not leading to hydroxylation) with the C12:0 hydroxylated product limited the process efficiency at high product concentration. Hydroxylated product (~7g; ≥92% purity) was recovered from 500ml reaction in 82% yield using ethyl‐acetate extraction. Collectively, these results demonstrate key engineering parameters for the biocatalytic oxy‐functionalization and show their integration into a coherent strategy for process intensification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz B Buergler
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park HA, Choi KY. α, ω-Oxyfunctionalization of C12 alkanes via whole-cell biocatalysis of CYP153A from Marinobacter aquaeolei and a new CYP from Nocardia farcinica IFM10152. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
9
|
Whole-cell biocatalysis using cytochrome P450 monooxygenases for biotransformation of sustainable bioresources (fatty acids, fatty alkanes, and aromatic amino acids). Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107504. [PMID: 31926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme-thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of CH bonds in a regio and stereoselective manner. Activation of the non-activated carbon atom can be further enhanced by multistep chemo-enzymatic reactions; moreover, several useful chemicals can be synthesized to provide alternative organic synthesis routes. Given their versatile functionality, CYPs show promise in a number of biotechnological fields. Recently, various CYPs, along with their sequences and functionalities, have been identified owing to rapid developments in sequencing technology and molecular biotechnology. In addition to these discoveries, attempts have been made to utilize CYPs to industrially produce biochemicals from available and sustainable bioresources such as oil, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lignin. Here, these accomplishments, particularly those involving the use of CYP enzymes as whole-cell biocatalysts for bioresource biotransformation, will be reviewed. Further, recently developed biotransformation pathways that result in gram-scale yields of fatty acids and fatty alkanes as well as aromatic amino acids, which depend on the hosts used for CYP expression, and the nature of the multistep reactions will be discussed. These pathways are similar regardless of whether the hosts are CYP-producing or non-CYP-producing; the limitations of these methods and the ways to overcome them are reviewed here.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yoo HW, Kim J, Patil MD, Park BG, Joo SY, Yun H, Kim BG. Production of 12-hydroxy dodecanoic acid methyl ester using a signal peptide sequence-optimized transporter AlkL and a novel monooxygenase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121812. [PMID: 31376668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a signal peptide of AlkL was replaced with other signal peptides to improve the soluble expression and thereby facilitate the transport of dodecanoic acid methyl ester (DAME) substrate into the E. coli. Consequently, AlkL with signal peptide FadL (AlkLf) showed higher transport activity toward DAME. Furthermore, the promoter optimization for the efficient heterologous expression of the transporter AlkLf and alkane monooxygenase (AlkBGT) system was conducted and resulted in increased ω-oxygenation activity of AlkBGT system. Moreover, bioinformatic studies led to the identification of novel monooxygenase from Pseudomonas pelagia (Pel), which exhibited 20% higher activity towards DAME as substrate compared to AlkB. Finally, the construction of a chimeric transporter and the expression of newly identified monooxygenase enabled the production of 44.8 ± 7.5 mM of 12-hydroxy dodecanoic acid methyl ester (HADME) and 31.8 ± 1.7 mM of dodecanedioic acid monomethyl ester (DDAME) in a two-phase reaction system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Wang Yoo
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwon Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh D Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Gi Park
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Joo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Enzymatic Synthesis of ω-Hydroxydodecanoic Acid By Employing a Cytochrome P450 from Limnobacter sp. 105 MED. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ω-Hydroxylated fatty acids are valuable and versatile building blocks for the production of various adhesives, lubricants, cosmetic intermediates, etc. The biosynthesis of ω-hydroxydodecanoic acid from vegetable oils is one of the important green pathways for their chemical-based synthesis. In the present study, the novel monooxygenase CYP153AL.m from Limnobacter sp. 105 MED was used for the whole-cell biotransformations. We constructed three-component system that was comprised of CYP153AL.m, putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase from Pseudomonas putida. This in vivo study demonstrated that CYP153AL.m is a powerful catalyst for the biosynthesis of ω-hydroxydodecanoic acid. Under optimized conditions, the application of a solid-state powdered substrate rather than a substrate dissolved in DMSO significantly enhanced the overall reaction titer of the process. By employing this efficient system, 2 g/L of 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid (12-OHDDA) was produced from 4 g/L of its corresponding fatty acid, which was namely dodecanoic acid. Furthermore, the system was extended to produce 3.28 g/L of 12-OHDDA using 4 g/L of substrate by introducing native redox partners. These results demonstrate the utility of CYP153AL.m-catalyzed biotransformations in the industrial production of 12-OHDDA and other valuable building blocks.
Collapse
|
12
|
Enzyme-catalyzed regio-selective demethylation of papaverine by CYP105D1. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 41:171-180. [PMID: 30465135 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the regio-selective demethylation of papaverine by CYP105D1 and develop a whole-cell biocatalytic system for the preparative synthesis of 6-O-demethyl-papaverine. RESULTS CYP105D1 from Streptomyces griseus ATCC 13273 was used for the regioselective demethylation of papaverine at C-6 using putidaredoxin reductase (PDR) and putidaredoxin (Pdx) as the electron transport system. The Km value of CYP105D1 towards papaverine was estimated to be 92.24 μM. Furthermore, a CYP105D1-based whole-cell system was established in E. coli BL21(DE3). The whole cell biotransformation condition was optimized as 25 °C, pH 7.5, 8 g (cell dry weight) L-1 whole cell biomass and 3% (v/v) PEG-200 as cosolvent. Under the optimal condition, the conversion yield of papaverine reached to 61.15% within 24 h. CONCLUSIONS The selective demethylation of papaverine by CYP105D1 was accomplished. The CYP105D1-based whole-cell biocatalyst has a potential used for the efficient synthesis of 6-O-demethyl-papaverine.
Collapse
|
13
|
Deconstruction of the CYP153A6 Alkane Hydroxylase System: Limitations and Optimization of In Vitro Alkane Hydroxylation. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8110531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the most promising results for bacterial alkane hydroxylation to alcohols have been obtained with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP153A6. CYP153A6 belongs to the class I CYPs and is generally expressed from an operon that also encodes the ferredoxin (Fdx) and ferredoxin reductase (FdR) which transfer electrons to CYP153A6. In this study, purified enzymes (CYP, Fdx, FdR and dehydrogenases for cofactor regeneration) were used to deconstruct the CYP153A6 system into its separate components, to investigate the factors limiting octane hydroxylation in vitro. Proteins in the cytoplasm (cell-free extract) were found to better enhance and stabilize hydroxylase activity compared to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and catalase. Optimization of the CYP:Fdx:FdR ratio also significantly improved both turnover frequencies (TFs) and total turnover numbers (TTNs) with the ratio of 1:1:60 giving the highest values of 3872 h−1 and 45,828 moloctanol molCYP−1, respectively. Choice and concentration of dehydrogenase for cofactor regeneration also significantly influenced the reaction. Glucose dehydrogenase concentrations had to be as low as possible to avoid fast acidification of the reaction medium, which in the extreme caused precipitation of the CYP and other proteins. Cofactor regeneration based on glycerol failed, likely due to accumulation of dihydroxyacetone. Scaling the reactions up from 1 mL in vials to 60 mL in shake flasks and 120 mL in bioreactors showed that mixing and shear forces will be important obstacles to overcome in preparative scale reactions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fiorentini F, Hatzl AM, Schmidt S, Savino S, Glieder A, Mattevi A. The Extreme Structural Plasticity in the CYP153 Subfamily of P450s Directs Development of Designer Hydroxylases. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6701-6714. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fiorentini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Anna-Maria Hatzl
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Simone Savino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 9, Pavia 27100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biochemical Characterization of CYP505D6, a Self-Sufficient Cytochrome P450 from the White-Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01091-18. [PMID: 30171007 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01091-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of a self-sufficient cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP505D6, from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium was characterized. Recombinant CYP505D6 was produced in Escherichia coli and purified. In the presence of NADPH, CYP505D6 used a series of saturated fatty alcohols with C9-18 carbon chain lengths as the substrates. Hydroxylation occurred at the ω-1 to ω-6 positions of such substrates with C9-15 carbon chain lengths, except for 1-dodecanol, which was hydroxylated at the ω-1 to ω-7 positions. Fatty acids were also substrates of CYP505D6. Based on the sequence alignment, the corresponding amino acid of Tyr51, which is located at the entrance to the active-site pocket in CYP102A1, was Val51 in CYP505D6. To understand the diverse hydroxylation mechanism, wild-type CYP505D6 and its V51Y variant and wild-type CYP102A1 and its Y51V variant were generated, and the products of their reaction with dodecanoic acid were analyzed. Compared with wild-type CYP505D6, its V51Y variant generated few products hydroxylated at the ω-4 to ω-6 positions. The products generated by wild-type CYP102A1 were hydroxylated at the ω-1 to ω-4 positions, whereas its Y51V variant generated ω-1 to ω-7 hydroxydodecanoic acids. These observations indicated that Val51 plays an important role in determining the regiospecificity of fatty acid hydroxylation, at least that at the ω-4 to ω-6 positions. Aromatic compounds, such as naphthalene and 1-naphthol, were also hydroxylated by CYP505D6. These findings highlight a unique broad substrate spectrum of CYP505D6, rendering it an attractive candidate enzyme for the biotechnological industry.IMPORTANCE Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a white-rot fungus whose metabolism of lignin, aromatic pollutants, and lipids has been most extensively studied. This fungus harbors 154 cytochrome P450-encoding genes in the genome. As evidenced in this study, P. chrysosporium CYP505D6, a fused protein of P450 and its reductase, hydroxylates fatty alcohols (C9-15) and fatty acids (C9-15) at the ω-1 to ω-7 or ω-1 to ω-6 positions, respectively. Naphthalene and 1-naphthol were also hydroxylated, indicating that the substrate specificity of CYP505D6 is broader than those of the known fused proteins CYP102A1 and CYP505A1. The substrate versatility of CYP505D6 makes this enzyme an attractive candidate for biotechnological applications.
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen C, Shan T, Zhao W, Ou C, Li L, Liu X, Liu J, Yu B. Regio- and enantioselective O-demethylation of tetrahydroprotoberberines by cytochrome P450 enzyme system from Streptomyces griseus ATCC 13273. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:761-776. [PMID: 30368581 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroprotoberberines (THPBs), a class of naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloids, contain substituent methoxyl or hydroxyl groups which play a significant role in the pharmacological properties of these molecules. In this study, we report a biocatalytic strategy for selective O-demethylation of THPBs. CYP105D1, a cytochrome P450 from Streptomyces griseus ATCC 13273, exhibited markedly regioselective demethylation of nonhydroxyl-THPBs and monohydroxyl-THPBs on the D-ring. A possible binding mode of THPBs with CYP105D1 was investigated by docking analysis, and the results revealed that the D-rings of THPBs were with the minimum distance to the heme iron. Tetrahydropalmatine was used as a model substrate and enantioselective demethylation was demonstrated. (S)-Tetrahydropalmatine was only demethylated at C-10, while (R)-tetrahydropalmatine was first demethylated at C-10 and then subsequently demethylated at C-9. The kcat/Km value for demethylation of (R)-tetrahydropalmatine by CYP105D1 was 3.7 times greater than that for demethylation of (S)-tetrahydropalmatine. Furthermore, selective demethylation of (S)-tetrahydropalmatine by the CYP105D1-based whole-cell system was demonstrated for the highly efficient production of (S)-corydalmine which has distinct pharmacological applications, such as providing relief from bone cancer pain and reducing morphine tolerance. Moreover, a homologous redox partner was identified to enhance the catalytic efficiency of the CYP105D1-based whole-cell system. This is the first enzymatic characterization of a cytochrome P450 that has regio- and enantioselective demethylation activity of THPBs for application purpose. The cytochrome P450 system could be a promising strategy for selective demethylation in the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyue Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanli Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenhui Ou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufeng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jihua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Boyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dangi B, Park H, Oh TJ. Effects of Alternative Redox Partners and Oxidizing Agents on CYP154C8 Catalytic Activity and Product Distribution. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2273-2282. [PMID: 30136363 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CYP154C8 catalyzes the hydroxylation of diverse steroids, as has previously been demonstrated, by using an NADH-dependent system including putidaredoxin and putidaredoxin reductase as redox partner proteins carrying electrons from NADH. In other reactions, CYP154C8 reconstituted with spinach ferredoxin and NADPH-dependent ferredoxin reductase displayed catalytic activity different from that of the NADH-dependent system. The NADPH-dependent system showed multistep oxidation of progesterone and other substrates including androstenedione, testosterone, and nandrolone. (Diacetoxyiodo)benzene was employed to generate compound I (FeO3+ ), actively supporting the redox reactions catalyzed by CYP154C8. In addition to 16α-hydroxylation, progesterone and 11-oxoprogesterone also underwent hydroxylation at the 6β-position in reactions supported by (diacetoxyiodo)benzene. CYP154C8 was active in the presence of high concentrations (>10 mm) of H2 O2 , with optimum conversion surprisingly being achieved at ≈75 mm H2 O2 . More importantly, H2 O2 tolerance by CYP154C8 was evident in the very low heme oxidation rate constant (K) even at high concentrations of H2 O2 . Our results demonstrate that alternative redox partners and oxidizing agents influence the catalytic efficiency and product distribution of a cytochrome P450 enzyme. More importantly, these choices affected the type and selectivity of reaction catalyzed by the P450 enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Dangi
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.,Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, SunMoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea.,Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Biosynthesis of Nylon 12 Monomer, ω-Aminododecanoic Acid Using Artificial Self-Sufficient P450, AlkJ and ω-TA. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8090400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ω-Aminododecanoic acid is considered as one of the potential monomers of Nylon 12, a high-performance member of the bioplastic family. The biosynthesis of ω-aminododecanoic acid from renewable sources is an attractive process in the polymer industry. Here, we constructed three artificial self-sufficient P450s (ArtssP450s) using CYP153A13 from Alcanivorax borkumensis and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) domains of natural self-sufficient P450s (CYP102A1, CYP102A5, and 102D1). Among them, artificial self-sufficient P450 (CYP153A13BM3CPR) with CYP102A1 CPR showed the highest catalytically activity for dodecanoic acid (DDA) substrate. This form of ArtssP450 was further co-expressed with ω-TA from Silicobacter pomeroyi and AlkJ from Pseudomonas putida GPo1. This single-cell system was used for the biotransformation of dodecanoic acid (DDA) to ω-aminododecanoic acid (ω-AmDDA), wherein we could successfully biosynthesize 1.48 mM ω-AmDDA from 10 mM DDA substrate in a one-pot reaction. The productivity achieved in the present study was five times higher than that achieved in our previously reported multistep biosynthesis method (0.3 mM).
Collapse
|
19
|
Worsch A, Eggimann FK, Girhard M, von Bühler CJ, Tieves F, Czaja R, Vogel A, Grumaz C, Sohn K, Lütz S, Kittelmann M, Urlacher VB. A novel cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase from Streptomyces platensis resembles activities of human drug metabolizing P450s. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2156-2166. [PMID: 29943426 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases (P450) are versatile enzymes which play essential roles in C-source assimilation, secondary metabolism, and in degradations of endo- and exogenous xenobiotics. In humans, several P450 isoforms constitute the largest part of phase I metabolizing enzymes and catalyze oxidation reactions which convert lipophilic xenobiotics, including drugs, to more water soluble species. Recombinant human P450s and microorganisms are applied in the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of drug metabolites for pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies. Compared to the membrane-bound eukaryotic P450s, prokaryotic ones exhibit some advantageous features, such as high stability and generally easier heterologous expression. Here, we describe a novel P450 from Streptomyces platensis DSM 40041 classified as CYP107L that efficiently converts several commercial drugs of various size and properties. This P450 was identified by screening of actinobacterial strains for amodiaquine and ritonavir metabolizing activities, followed by genome sequencing and expression of the annotated S. platensis P450s in Escherichia coli. Performance of CYP107L in biotransformations of amodiaquine, ritonavir, amitriptyline, and thioridazine resembles activities of the main human metabolizing P450s, namely CYPs 3A4, 2C8, 2C19, and 2D6. For application in the pharmaceutical industry, an E. coli whole-cell biocatalyst expressing CYP107L was developed and evaluated for preparative amodiaquine metabolite production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Worsch
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Marco Girhard
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Clemens J von Bühler
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Present address: Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals DM, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Florian Tieves
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Present address: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Christian Grumaz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Sohn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.,Present address:, Technische Universität Dortmund, Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen, Bioprozesstechnik, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Biochemistry, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim J, Yoo HW, Kim M, Kim EJ, Sung C, Lee PG, Park BG, Kim BG. Rewiring FadR regulon for the selective production of ω-hydroxy palmitic acid from glucose in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2018; 47:414-422. [PMID: 29719215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ω-Hydroxy palmitic acid (ω-HPA) is a valuable compound for an ingredient of artificially synthesized ceramides and an additive for lubricants and adhesives. Production of such a fatty acid derivative is limited by chemical catalysis, but plausible by biocatalysis. However, its low productivity issue, including formations of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) byproducts in host cells, remains as a hurdle toward industrial biological processes. In this study, to achieve selective and high-level production of ω-HPA from glucose in Escherichia coli, FadR, a native transcriptional regulator of fatty acid metabolism, and its regulon were engineered. First, FadR was co-expressed with a thioesterase with a specificity toward palmitic acid production to enhance palmitic acid production yield, but a considerable quantity of UFAs was also produced. In order to avoid the UFA production caused by fadR overexpression, FadR regulon was rewired by i) mutating FadR consensus binding sites of fabA or fabB, ii) integrating fabZ into fabI operon, and iii) enhancing the strength of fabI promoter. This approach led to dramatic increases in both proportion (48.3-83.0%) and titer (377.8 mg/L to 675.8 mg/L) of palmitic acid, mainly due to the decrease in UFA synthesis. Introducing a fatty acid ω-hydroxylase, CYP153A35, into the engineered strain resulted in a highly selective production of ω-HPA (83.5 mg/L) accounting for 87.5% of total ω-hydroxy fatty acids. Furthermore, strategies, such as i) enhancement in CYP153A35 activity, ii) expression of a fatty acid transporter, iii) supplementation of triton X-100, and iv) separation of the ω-HPA synthetic pathway into two strains for a co-culture system, were applied and resulted in 401.0 mg/L of ω-HPA production. For such selective productions of palmitic acid and ω-HPA, the rewiring of FadR regulation in E. coli is a promising strategy to develop an industrial process with economical downstream processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joonwon Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Wang Yoo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsuk Kim
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmin Sung
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Gang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Gi Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bowen AM, Johnson EOD, Mercuri F, Hoskins NJ, Qiao R, McCullagh JSO, Lovett JE, Bell SG, Zhou W, Timmel CR, Wong LL, Harmer JR. A Structural Model of a P450-Ferredoxin Complex from Orientation-Selective Double Electron-Electron Resonance Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2514-2527. [PMID: 29266939 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases catalyze the oxidation of chemically inert carbon-hydrogen bonds in diverse endogenous and exogenous organic compounds by atmospheric oxygen. This C-H bond oxy-functionalization activity has huge potential in biotechnological applications. Class I CYPs receive the two electrons required for oxygen activation from NAD(P)H via a ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin. The interaction of Class I CYPs with their cognate ferredoxin is specific. In order to reconstitute the activity of diverse CYPs, structural characterization of CYP-ferredoxin complexes is necessary, but little structural information is available. Here we report a structural model of such a complex (CYP199A2-HaPux) in frozen solution derived from distance and orientation restraints gathered by the EPR technique of orientation-selective double electron-electron resonance (os-DEER). The long-lived oscillations in the os-DEER spectra were well modeled by a single orientation of the CYP199A2-HaPux complex. The structure is different from the two known Class I CYP-Fdx structures: CYP11A1-Adx and CYP101A1-Pdx. At the protein interface, HaPux residues in the [Fe2S2] cluster-binding loop and the α3 helix and the C-terminus residue interact with CYP199A2 residues in the proximal loop and the C helix. These residue contacts are consistent with biochemical data on CYP199A2-ferredoxin binding and electron transfer. Electron-tunneling calculations indicate an efficient electron-transfer pathway from the [Fe2S2] cluster to the heme. This new structural model of a CYP-Fdx complex provides the basis for tailoring CYP enzymes for which the cognate ferredoxin is not known, to accept electrons from HaPux and display monooxygenase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Bowen
- Centre for Applied Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Eachan O D Johnson
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Francesco Mercuri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola J Hoskins
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Ruihong Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - James S O McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Janet E Lovett
- Centre for Applied Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Weihong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Centre for Applied Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Luet Lok Wong
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Applied Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ahsan MM, Jeon H, P. Nadarajan S, Chung T, Yoo HW, Kim BG, Patil MD, Yun H. Biosynthesis of the Nylon 12 Monomer, ω-Aminododecanoic Acid with Novel CYP153A, AlkJ, and ω-TA Enzymes. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700562. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyunwoo Jeon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| | - Saravanan P. Nadarajan
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| | - Taeowan Chung
- School of Biotechnology; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan 38541 South Korea
| | - Hee-Wang Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Mahesh D. Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sowani H, Kulkarni M, Zinjarde S. An insight into the ecology, diversity and adaptations of Gordonia species. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:393-413. [PMID: 29276839 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1418286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Gordonia encompasses a variety of versatile species that have been isolated from a multitude of environments. Gordonia was described as a genus about 20 years ago, and to date, 39 different species have been identified. Gordonia is recognized for symbiotic associations with multiple hosts, including aquatic (marine and fresh water) biological forms and terrestrial invertebrates. Some Gordonia species isolated from clinical specimens are known to be opportunistic human pathogens causing secondary infections in immunocompromised and immunosuppressive individuals. They are also predominant in mangrove ecosystems and terrestrial sites. Members of the genus Gordonia are ecologically adaptable and show marked variations in their properties and products. They generate diverse bioactive compounds and produce a variety of extracellular enzymes. In addition, production of surface active compounds and carotenoid pigments allows this group of microorganisms to grow under different conditions. Several isolates from water and soil have been implicated in bioremediation of different environments and plant associated species have been explored for agricultural applications. This review highlights the prevalence of the members of this versatile genus in diverse environments, details its associations with living forms, summarizes the biotechnologically relevant products that can be obtained and discusses the salient genomic features that allow this Actinomycete to survive in different ecological niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshada Sowani
- a Department of Chemistry , Biochemistry Division Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
| | - Mohan Kulkarni
- a Department of Chemistry , Biochemistry Division Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
| | - Smita Zinjarde
- b Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology , Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India.,c Department of Microbiology , Savitribai Phule Pune University , Pune , India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Biosynthesis of Medium- to Long-Chain α,ω-Diols from Free Fatty Acids Using CYP153A Monooxygenase, Carboxylic Acid Reductase, and E. coli Endogenous Aldehyde Reductases. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
25
|
Jung E, Park BG, Yoo HW, Kim J, Choi KY, Kim BG. Semi-rational engineering of CYP153A35 to enhance ω-hydroxylation activity toward palmitic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:269-277. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|