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Zhang J, Leng S, Huang C, Li K, Li J, Chen X, Feng Y, Kai G. Characterization of a group of germacrene A synthases involved in the biosynthesis of β-elemene from Atractylodis macrocephala. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132467. [PMID: 38763249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
β-Elemene, an important component of the volatile oil of Atractylodis macrocephala, has been widely utilized as an antitumor drug for over 20 years. However, the germacrene A synthase (GAS) genes responsible for the biosynthesis of β-elemene in A. macrocephala were previously unidentified. In this study, two new AmGASs were identified from the A. macrocephala transcriptome, demonstrating their capability to convert farnesyl pyrophosphate into germacrene A, which subsequently synthesizes β-elemene through Cope rearrangement. Additionally, two highly catalytic AmGAS1 mutations, I307A and E392A, resulted in a 2.23-fold and 1.57-fold increase in β-elemene synthesis, respectively. Furthermore, precursor supply and fed-batch strategies were employed to enhance the precursor supply, resulting in β-elemene yields of 7.3 mg/L and 33.3 mg/L, respectively. These findings identify a promising candidate GAS for β-elemene biosynthesis and lay the foundation for further functional studies on terpene synthases in A. macrocephala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Leng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Huang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kunlun Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Chen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Sundaram SS, Kannan A, Chintaluri PG, Sreekala AGV, Nathan VK. Thermostable bacterial L-asparaginase for polyacrylamide inhibition and in silico mutational analysis. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00493-y. [PMID: 38519776 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The L-asparaginase (ASPN) enzyme has received recognition in various applications including acrylamide degradation in the food industry. The synthesis and application of thermostable ASPN enzymes is required for its use in the food sector, where thermostable enzymes can withstand high temperatures. To achieve this goal, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis was isolated from the hot springs of Tapovan for screening the production of thermostable ASPN enzyme. Thus, ASPN with a maximal specific enzymatic activity of 0.896 U/mg and a molecular weight of 66 kDa was produced from the isolated bacteria. The kinetic study of the enzyme yielded a Km value of 1.579 mM and a Vmax of 5.009 µM/min with thermostability up to 100 min at 75 °C. This may have had a positive indication for employing the enzyme to stop polyacrylamide from being produced. The current study has also been extended to investigate the interaction of native and mutated ASPN enzymes with acrylamide. This concluded that the M10 (with 10 mutations) has the highest protein and thermal stability compared to the wild-type ASPN protein sequence. Therefore, in comparison to a normal ASPN and all other mutant ASPNs, M10 is the most favorable mutation. This research has also demonstrated the usage of ASPN in food industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aravind Kannan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pratham Gour Chintaluri
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vinod Kumar Nathan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Shafqat I, Shahzad S, Yasmin A, Chaudhry MT, Ahmed S, Javed A, Afzal I, Bibi M. Characterization and applications of glutaminase free L-asparaginase from indigenous Bacillus halotolerans ASN9. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288620. [PMID: 38015853 PMCID: PMC10683992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a versatile anticancer and acrylamide reduction enzyme predominantly used in medical and food industries. However, the high specificity of L-asparaginase formulations for glutamine, low thermostability, and blood clearance are the major disadvantages. Present study describes production, characterization, and applications of glutaminase free extracellular L-asparaginase from indigenous Bacillus halotolerans ASN9 isolated from soil sample. L-asparaginase production was optimized in M9 medium (containing 0.2% sucrose and 1% L-asparagine) that yielded maximum L-ASNase with a specific activity of 256 U mg-1 at pH 6 and 37°C. L-asparaginase was purified through acetone precipitation and Sephadex G-100 column, yielding 48.9 and 24% recovery, respectively. Enzyme kinetics revealed a Vmax of 466 mM min-1 and Km of 0.097 mM. Purified L-ASNase showed no activity against glutamine. The purified glutaminase free L-ASNase has a molecular mass of 60 kDa and an optimum specific activity of 3083 U mg-1 at pH 7 and 37°C. The enzyme retains its activity and stability over a wide range of pH and temperature, in the presence of selected protein inhibitors (SDS, β-mercaptoethanol), CoCl2, KCl, and NaCl. The enzyme also exhibited antioxidant activity against DPPH radical (IC50 value 70.7 μg mL-1) and anticancer activity against U87 human malignant glioma (IC50 55 μg mL-1) and Huh7 human hepatocellular carcinoma (IC50 37 μg mL-1) cell lines. Normal human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) had greater than 80% cell viability with purified L-ASNase indicating its least cytotoxicity against normal cells. The present work identified potent glutaminase free L-ASNase from B. halotolerans ASN9 that performs well in a wide range of environmental conditions indicating its suitability for various commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Shafqat
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Shahzad
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azra Yasmin
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Safia Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Javed
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Afzal
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Monaza Bibi
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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4
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Wang B, van der Kloet F, Hamoen LW. Induction of the CtsR regulon improves Xylanase production in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:231. [PMID: 37946188 PMCID: PMC10633939 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterium Bacillus subtilis is extensively used for the commercial production of enzymes due to its efficient protein secretion capacity. However, the efficiency of secretion varies greatly between enzymes, and despite many years of research, optimization of enzyme production is still largely a matter of trial-and-error. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis seems a useful tool to identify relevant secretion bottlenecks, yet to this day, only a limited number of transcriptome studies have been published that focus on enzyme secretion in B. subtilis. Here, we examined the effect of high-level expression of the commercially important enzyme endo-1,4-β-xylanase XynA on the B. subtilis transcriptome using RNA-seq. RESULTS Using the novel gene-set analysis tool GINtool, we found a reduced activity of the CtsR regulon when XynA was overproduced. This regulon comprises several protein chaperone genes, including clpC, clpE and clpX, and is controlled by transcriptional repression. CtsR levels are directly controlled by regulated proteolysis, involving ClpC and its cognate protease ClpP. When we abolished this negative feedback, by inactivating the repressor CtsR, the XynA production increased by 25%. CONCLUSIONS Overproduction of enzymes can reduce the pool of Clp protein chaperones in B. subtilis, presumably due to negative feedback regulation. Breaking this feedback can improve enzyme production yields. Considering the conserved nature of Clp chaperones and their regulation, this method might benefit high-yield enzyme production in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biwen Wang
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, C3.108, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans van der Kloet
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, C3.108, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert W Hamoen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, C3.108, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Miranda J, Lefin N, Beltran JF, Belén LH, Tsipa A, Farias JG, Zamorano M. Enzyme Engineering Strategies for the Bioenhancement of L-Asparaginase Used as a Biopharmaceutical. BioDrugs 2023; 37:793-811. [PMID: 37698749 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been a surge in the industrial production of recombinant enzymes from microorganisms due to their catalytic characteristics being highly efficient, selective, and biocompatible. L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme belonging to the class of amidohydrolases that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia. It has been widely investigated as a biologic agent for its antineoplastic properties in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The demand for L-ASNase is mainly met by the production of recombinant type II L-ASNase from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, the presence of immunogenic proteins in L-ASNase sourced from prokaryotes has been known to result in adverse reactions in patients undergoing treatment. As a result, efforts are being made to explore strategies that can help mitigate the immunogenicity of the drug. This review gives an overview of recent biotechnological breakthroughs in enzyme engineering techniques and technologies used to improve anti-leukemic L-ASNase, taking into account the pharmacological importance of L-ASNase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Miranda
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Nicolás Lefin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Jorge F Beltran
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Argyro Tsipa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jorge G Farias
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Mauricio Zamorano
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile.
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6
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Arredondo-Nuñez A, Monteiro G, Flores-Fernández CN, Antenucci L, Permi P, Zavaleta AI. Characterization of a Type II L-Asparaginase from the Halotolerant Bacillus subtilis CH11. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2145. [PMID: 38004285 PMCID: PMC10672034 DOI: 10.3390/life13112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginases from bacterial sources have been used in antineoplastic treatments and the food industry. A type II L-asparaginase encoded by the N-truncated gene ansZP21 of halotolerant Bacillus subtilis CH11 isolated from Chilca salterns in Peru was expressed using a heterologous system in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)pLysS. The recombinant protein was purified using one-step nickel affinity chromatography and exhibited an activity of 234.38 U mg-1 and a maximum catalytic activity at pH 9.0 and 60 °C. The enzyme showed a homotetrameric form with an estimated molecular weight of 155 kDa through gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme half-life at 60 °C was 3 h 48 min, and L-asparaginase retained 50% of its initial activity for 24 h at 37 °C. The activity was considerably enhanced by KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, mercaptoethanol, and DL-dithiothreitol (p-value < 0.01). Moreover, the Vmax and Km were 145.2 µmol mL-1 min-1 and 4.75 mM, respectively. These findings evidence a promising novel type II L-asparaginase for future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annsy Arredondo-Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 01, Peru;
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Carol N. Flores-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 01, Peru;
| | - Lina Antenucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (L.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland; (L.A.); (P.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amparo Iris Zavaleta
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 01, Peru;
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7
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Shishparenok AN, Gladilina YA, Zhdanov DD. Engineering and Expression Strategies for Optimization of L-Asparaginase Development and Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15220. [PMID: 37894901 PMCID: PMC10607044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering for heterologous expression has advanced in recent years. Model systems such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pichia pastoris are often used as host microorganisms for the enzymatic production of L-asparaginase, an enzyme widely used in the clinic for the treatment of leukemia and in bakeries for the reduction of acrylamide. Newly developed recombinant L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) may have a low affinity for asparagine, reduced catalytic activity, low stability, and increased glutaminase activity or immunogenicity. Some successful commercial preparations of L-ASNase are now available. Therefore, obtaining novel L-ASNases with improved properties suitable for food or clinical applications remains a challenge. The combination of rational design and/or directed evolution and heterologous expression has been used to create enzymes with desired characteristics. Computer design, combined with other methods, could make it possible to generate mutant libraries of novel L-ASNases without costly and time-consuming efforts. In this review, we summarize the strategies and approaches for obtaining and developing L-ASNase with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya N. Shishparenok
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Yulia A. Gladilina
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Chen JP, Gong JS, Su C, Li H, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Improving the soluble expression of difficult-to-express proteins in prokaryotic expression system via protein engineering and synthetic biology strategies. Metab Eng 2023; 78:99-114. [PMID: 37244368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Solubility and folding stability are key concerns for difficult-to-express proteins (DEPs) restricted by amino acid sequences and superarchitecture, resolved by the precise distribution of amino acids and molecular interactions as well as the assistance of the expression system. Therefore, an increasing number of tools are available to achieve efficient expression of DEPs, including directed evolution, solubilization partners, chaperones, and affluent expression hosts, among others. Furthermore, genome editing tools, such as transposons and CRISPR Cas9/dCas9, have been developed and expanded to construct engineered expression hosts capable of efficient expression ability of soluble proteins. Accounting for the accumulated knowledge of the pivotal factors in the solubility and folding stability of proteins, this review focuses on advanced technologies and tools of protein engineering, protein quality control systems, and the redesign of expression platforms in prokaryotic expression systems, as well as advances of the cell-free expression technologies for membrane proteins production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, PR China.
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, PR China
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9
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Lefin N, Miranda J, Beltrán JF, Belén LH, Effer B, Pessoa A, Farias JG, Zamorano M. Current state of molecular and metabolic strategies for the improvement of L-asparaginase expression in heterologous systems. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1208277. [PMID: 37426818 PMCID: PMC10323146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1208277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression of L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) has become an important area of research due to its clinical and food industry applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular and metabolic strategies that can be used to optimize the expression of L-ASNase in heterologous systems. This article describes various approaches that have been employed to increase enzyme production, including the use of molecular tools, strain engineering, and in silico optimization. The review article highlights the critical role that rational design plays in achieving successful heterologous expression and underscores the challenges of large-scale production of L-ASNase, such as inadequate protein folding and the metabolic burden on host cells. Improved gene expression is shown to be achievable through the optimization of codon usage, synthetic promoters, transcription and translation regulation, and host strain improvement, among others. Additionally, this review provides a deep understanding of the enzymatic properties of L-ASNase and how this knowledge has been employed to enhance its properties and production. Finally, future trends in L-ASNase production, including the integration of CRISPR and machine learning tools are discussed. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers looking to design effective heterologous expression systems for L-ASNase production as well as for enzymes production in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Lefin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Javiera Miranda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge F. Beltrán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brian Effer
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge G. Farias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mauricio Zamorano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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10
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Xu K, Tong Y, Li Y, Tao J, Rao S, Li J, Zhou J, Liu S. Autoinduction AND Gate Inhibits Cell Lysis to Enhance Protein Production in Bacillus subtilis Controlled by Population Density and Cell Physiological State. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:842-851. [PMID: 36881491 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular protease-deficient strain Bacillus subtilis WB600 is commonly used as a chassis cell for the production of industrial proteins. However, B. subtilis WB600 exhibits an increased susceptibility to cell lysis and a reduction in biomass. Inhibition of cell lysis by knocking out lytic genes will impair physiological function. Here, we dynamically inhibited cell lysis in B. subtilis WB600 to balance the impairment of physiological function with the accumulation of biomass. First, the inducible protein degradation systems (IPDSs) were constructed and used to investigate the effects of inhibiting cell lysis on biomass, cell morphology, and protein production at different times (using pullulanase as a test). The highest pullulanase activity was obtained at 20 h of inhibiting cell lysis, 184.8 U/mL, which was 44% higher than the activity of B. subtilis WB600. Then, to avoid addition of inducers, we introduced orthogonal quorum sensing and constructed autoinduction protein degradation systems (AIPDSs). The optimized AIPDS showed similar pullulanase activity to the optimal IPDS (20 h), 181.3 U/mL. Next, we constructed dual-signal input autoinduction protein degradation systems (DSI-AIPDSs) via AND gate to further address two deficiencies of AIPDS, one-time activation and damage to new cells. These DSI-AIPDSs were controlled by quorum sensing and stationary phase promoters that respond to population density and single-cell physiological state, respectively. Finally, the OD600 and pullulanase activity of the strain with optimal DSI-AIPDS were 51% and 115% higher than those of B. subtilis WB600 in pullulanase production, respectively. We provided a B. subtilis chassis strain with considerable potential for biomass accumulation and enhanced protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuidong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jin Tao
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Shengqi Rao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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11
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Liao Y, Xiong M, Miao Z, Ishaq AR, Zhang M, Li B, Zhan Y, Cai D, Yang Z, Chen J, Chen S. Modular Engineering to Enhance Keratinase Production for Biotransformation of Discarded Feathers. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1752-1769. [PMID: 36394712 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation of wasted feathers via feather-degrading enzyme has gained immense popularity, low conversion efficiency hinders its scale application, and the main purpose of this study is to improve feather-degrading enzyme production in Bacillus licheniformis. Firstly, keratinase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K11 was attained with the best performance for feather hydrolysis, via screening several extracellular proteases from Bacillus; also, feather powder was proven as the most suitable substrate for determination of feather-degrading enzyme activity. Then, expression elements, including signal peptides and promoters, were optimized, and the combination of signal peptide SPSacC with promoter Pdual3 owned the best performance, keratinase activity aggrandized by 6.21-fold. According to amino acid compositions of keratinase and feeding assays, Ala, Val, and Ser were proven as critical precursors, and strengthening these precursors' supplies via metabolic pathway optimization resulted in a 33.59% increase in the keratinase activity. Furthermore, keratinase activity reached 2210.66 U/mL, up to 56.74-fold from the original activity under the optimized fermentation condition in 3-L fermentor. Finally, the biotransformation process of discarded feathers by the fermented keratinase was optimized, and our results indicated that 90.94% of discarded feathers (16%, w/v) were decomposed in 12 h. Our results suggested that strengthening precursor amino acids' supplies was an efficient strategy for enhanced production of keratinase, and this research provided an efficient strain as well as the biotransformation process for discarded feather re-utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqi Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ali Raza Ishaq
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, People's Republic of China
| | - Bichan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Gladilina YA, Shishparenok AN, Zhdanov DD. [Approaches for improving L-asparaginase expression in heterologous systems]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:19-38. [PMID: 36857424 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236901019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) is one of the most demanded enzymes used in the pharmaceutical industry as a drug and in the food industry to prevent the formation of toxic acrylamide. Researchers aimed to improve specific activity and reduce side effects to create safer and more potent enzyme products. However, protein modifications and heterologous expression remain problematic in the production of asparaginases from different species. Heterologous expression in optimized producer strains is rationally organized; therefore, modified and heterologous protein expression is enhanced, which is the main strategy in the production of asparaginase. This strategy solves several problems: incorrect protein folding, metabolic load on the producer strain and codon misreading, which affects translation and final protein domains, leading to a decrease in catalytic activity. The main approaches developed to improve the heterologous expression of L-asparaginases are considered in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D D Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Patel P, Patel A, Agarwal-Rajput R, Rawal R, Dave B, Gosai H. Characterization, Anti-proliferative Activity, and Bench-Scale Production of Novel pH-Stable and Thermotolerant L-Asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis PPD37. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:3122-3141. [PMID: 36564676 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial L-asparaginase (LA) is a chemotherapeutic drug that has remained mainstay of cancer treatment for several decades. LA has been extensively used worldwide for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A halotolerant bacterial strain Bacillus licheniformis sp. isolated from marine environment was used for LA production. The enzyme produced was subjected to purification and physico-chemical characterisation. Purified LA was thermotolerant and demonstrated more than 90% enzyme activity after 1 h of incubation at 80 °C. LA has also proved to be resistant against pH gradient and retained activity at pH ranging from 3.0 to 10. The enzyme also had high salinity tolerance with 90% LA activity at 10% NaCl concentration. Detergents like Triton X-100 and Tween-80 were observed to inhibit LA activity while more than 70% catalytic activity was maintained in the presence of metals. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that LA is a heterodimer (~ 63 and ~ 65 kDa) and has molecular mass of around 130 kDa in native form. The kinetic parameters of LA were tested with LA having low Km value of 1.518 µM and Vmax value of 6.94 µM/min/mL. Purified LA has also exhibited noteworthy antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines-HeLa, SiHa, A549, and SH-SY-5Y. In addition, bench-scale LA production was conducted in a 5-L bioreactor using moringa leaves as cost-effective substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Patel
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Ajay Patel
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Reena Agarwal-Rajput
- Immunology Lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research (IIAR), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bharti Dave
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India
| | - Haren Gosai
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, 382740, India.
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14
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Research Progress on the Effect of Autolysis to Bacillus subtilis Fermentation Bioprocess. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive bacterium, a promising microorganism due to its strong extracellular protein secretion ability, non-toxic, and relatively mature industrial fermentation technology. However, cell autolysis during fermentation restricts the industrial application of B. subtilis. With the fast advancement of molecular biology and genetic engineering technology, various advanced procedures and gene editing tools have been used to successfully construct autolysis-resistant B. subtilis chassis cells to manufacture various biological products. This paper first analyses the causes of autolysis in B. subtilis from a mechanistic perspective and outlines various strategies to address autolysis in B. subtilis. Finally, potential strategies for solving the autolysis problem of B. subtilis are foreseen.
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15
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Chi H, Xia B, Shen J, Zhu X, Lu Z, Lu F, Zhu P. Characterization of a novel and glutaminase-free type II L-asparaginase from Corynebacterium glutamicum and its acrylamide alleviation efficiency in potato chips. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1384-1393. [PMID: 36130640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type II L-asparaginase as a pivotal enzyme agent has been applied to treating for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and efficient mitigation of acrylamide formed in fried and baked foods. However, low activity, narrow range of pH stability, as well as undesirable glutaminase activity hinder the applications of this enzyme. In our work, A novel type II L-asparaginase (CgASNase) from Corynebacterium glutamicum with molecular mass of about 35 kDa was chosen to express in E. coli. CgASNase shared only 27 % structural identity with the reported L-asparaginase from Helicobacter pylori. The purified CgASNase showed the highest specific activity of 1979.08 IU mg-1 to L-asparagine, compared with reported type II ASNases in the literature. CgASNase displayed superior stability at a wide pH range from 5.0 to 11.0, and retained about 76 % of its activity at 30 °C for 30 min. The kinetic parameters Km (Michaelis constant), kcat (turnover number), and kcat/Km (catalytic efficiency) values of 4.66 mM, 79,697.40 min-1, and 17,102.45 mM-1 min-1, respectively. More importantly, CgASNase exhibited strict substrate specificity towards L-asparagine, no detectable activity to l-glutamine. To explore its ability to catalyze L-asparagine, CgASNase was supplied in frying potato chips, which produced the fries with 84 % less acrylamide content compared with no supply. These findings suggest that CgASNase presents excellent properties for chemotherapy against diseases and great potential in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibing Chi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bingjie Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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16
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Enhancing the Catalytic Activity of Type II L-Asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis through Semi-Rational Design. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179663. [PMID: 36077061 PMCID: PMC9456134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Low catalytic activity is a key factor limiting the widespread application of type II L-asparaginase (ASNase) in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, smart libraries were constructed by semi-rational design to improve the catalytic activity of type II ASNase from Bacillus licheniformis. Mutants with greatly enhanced catalytic efficiency were screened by saturation mutations and combinatorial mutations. A quintuple mutant ILRAC was ultimately obtained with specific activity of 841.62 IU/mg and kcat/Km of 537.15 min−1·mM−1, which were 4.24-fold and 6.32-fold more than those of wild-type ASNase. The highest specific activity and kcat/Km were firstly reported in type II ASNase from Bacillus licheniformis. Additionally, enhanced pH stability and superior thermostability were both achieved in mutant ILRAC. Meanwhile, structural alignment and molecular dynamic simulation demonstrated that high structure stability and strong substrate binding were beneficial for the improved thermal stability and enzymatic activity of mutant ILRAC. This is the first time that enzymatic activity of type II ASNase from Bacillus licheniformis has been enhanced by the semi-rational approach, and results provide new insights into enzymatic modification of L-asparaginase for industrial applications.
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17
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Aliivibrio fischeri L-Asparaginase production by engineered Bacillus subtilis: a potential new biopharmaceutical. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1635-1644. [PMID: 35974197 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme applied in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. However, an innovative L-ASNase with high yield and lower side effects than the commercially available preparations are still a market requirement. Here, a new-engineered Bacillus subtilis strain was evaluated for Aliivibrio fischeri L-ASNase II production, being the bioprocess development and the enzyme characterization studied. The pBS0E plasmid replicative in Bacillus sp and containing PxylA promoter inducible by xylose and its repressive molecule sequence (XylR) was used for the genetic modification. Initially, cultivations were carried out in orbital shaker, and then the process was scaled up to stirred tank bioreactor (STB). After the bioprocess, the cells were recovered and submitted to ultrasound sonication for cells disruption and intracellular enzyme recovery. The enzymatic extract was characterized to assess its biochemical, kinetic and thermal properties using L-Asparagine and L-Glutamine as substrates. The results indicated the potential enzyme production in STB achieving L-ASNase activity up to 1.539 U mL-1. The enzymatic extract showed an optimum pH of 7.5, high L-Asparagine affinity (Km = 1.2275 mmol L-1) and low L-Glutaminase activity (0.568-0.738 U mL-1). In addition, thermal inactivation was analyzed by two different Kinect models to elucidate inactivation mechanisms, low kinetic thermal inactivation constants for 25 ºC and 37 ºC (0.128 and 0.148 h-1, respectively) indicate an elevated stability. The findings herein show that the produced recombinant L-ASNase has potential to be applied for pharmaceutical purposes.
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18
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Freitas M, Souza P, Homem-de-Mello M, Fonseca-Bazzo YM, Silveira D, Ferreira Filho EX, Pessoa Junior A, Sarker D, Timson D, Inácio J, Magalhães PO. L-Asparaginase from Penicillium sizovae Produced by a Recombinant Komagataella phaffii Strain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060746. [PMID: 35745665 PMCID: PMC9227789 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an important enzyme in the pharmaceutical field used as treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia due to its ability to hydrolyze L-asparagine, an essential amino acid synthesized by normal cells, but not by neoplastic cells. Adverse effects of L-asparaginase formulations are associated with its glutaminase activity and bacterial origin; therefore, it is important to find new sources of L-asparaginase produced by eukaryotic microorganisms with low glutaminase activity. This work aimed to identify the L-asparaginase gene sequence from Penicillium sizovae, a filamentous fungus isolated from the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) soil with low glutaminase activity, and to biosynthesize higher yields of this enzyme in the yeast Komagataella phaffii. The L-asparaginase gene sequence of P. sizovae was identified by homology to L-asparaginases from species of Penicillium of the section Citrina: P. citrinum and P. steckii. Partial L-asparaginase from P. sizovae, lacking the periplasmic signaling sequence, was cloned, and expressed intracellularly with highest enzymatic activity achieved by a MUT+ clone cultured in BMM expression medium; a value 5-fold greater than that obtained by native L-asparaginase in P. sizovae cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first literature report of the heterologous production of an L-asparaginase from a filamentous fungus by a yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Freitas
- Health Sciences School, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (M.F.); (P.S.); (M.H.-d.-M.); (Y.M.F.-B.); (D.S.)
| | - Paula Souza
- Health Sciences School, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (M.F.); (P.S.); (M.H.-d.-M.); (Y.M.F.-B.); (D.S.)
| | - Mauricio Homem-de-Mello
- Health Sciences School, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (M.F.); (P.S.); (M.H.-d.-M.); (Y.M.F.-B.); (D.S.)
| | - Yris M. Fonseca-Bazzo
- Health Sciences School, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (M.F.); (P.S.); (M.H.-d.-M.); (Y.M.F.-B.); (D.S.)
| | - Damaris Silveira
- Health Sciences School, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (M.F.); (P.S.); (M.H.-d.-M.); (Y.M.F.-B.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Adalberto Pessoa Junior
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Dipak Sarker
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (D.S.); (D.T.); (J.I.)
| | - David Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (D.S.); (D.T.); (J.I.)
| | - João Inácio
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (D.S.); (D.T.); (J.I.)
| | - Pérola O. Magalhães
- Health Sciences School, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (M.F.); (P.S.); (M.H.-d.-M.); (Y.M.F.-B.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Niu J, Yan R, Shen J, Zhu X, Meng F, Lu Z, Lu F. Cis-Element Engineering Promotes the Expression of Bacillus subtilis Type I L-Asparaginase and Its Application in Food. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126588. [PMID: 35743032 PMCID: PMC9224341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I L-asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis Z-1 (BlAase) was efficiently produced and secreted in Bacillus subtilis RIK 1285, but its low yield made it unsuitable for industrial use. Thus, a combined method was used in this study to boost BlAase synthesis in B. subtilis. First, fifteen single strong promoters were chosen to replace the original promoter P43, with PyvyD achieving the greatest BlAase activity (436.28 U/mL). Second, dual-promoter systems were built using four promoters (PyvyD, P43, PaprE, and PspoVG) with relatively high BlAase expression levels to boost BlAase output, with the engine of promoter PaprE-PyvyD reaching 502.11 U/mL. The activity of BlAase was also increased (568.59 U/mL) by modifying key portions of the PaprE-PyvyD promoter. Third, when the ribosome binding site (RBS) sequence of promoter PyvyD was replaced, BlAase activity reached 790.1 U/mL, which was 2.27 times greater than the original promoter P43 strain. After 36 h of cultivation, the BlAase expression level in a 10 L fermenter reached 2163.09 U/mL, which was 6.2 times greater than the initial strain using promoter P43. Moreover, the application potential of BlAase on acrylamide migration in potato chips was evaluated. Results showed that 89.50% of acrylamide in fried potato chips could be removed when combined with blanching and BlAase treatment. These findings revealed that combining transcription and translation techniques are effective strategies to boost recombinant protein output, and BlAase can be a great candidate for controlling acrylamide in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengxia Lu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8439-5963
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20
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Li K, Chen X, Zhang J, Wang C, Xu Q, Hu J, Kai G, Feng Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Stephania tetrandra and Characterization of Norcoclaurine-6-O-Methyltransferase Involved in Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:874583. [PMID: 35432428 PMCID: PMC9009073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.874583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stephania tetrandra (S. Moore) is a source of traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used to treat rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, edema, and hypertension. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are the main bioactive compounds. However, the current understanding of the biosynthesis of BIAs in S. tetrandra is poor. Metabolite and transcriptomic analyses of the stem, leaf, xylem, and epidermis of S. tetrandra were performed to identify candidate genes associated with BIAs biosynthesis. According to the metabolite analysis, the majority of the BIAs accumulated in the root, especially in the epidermis. Transcriptome sequencing revealed a total of 113,338 unigenes that were generated by de novo assembly. Among them, 79,638 unigenes were successfully annotated, and 42 candidate structural genes associated with 15 steps of BIA biosynthesis identified. Additionally, a new (S)-norcoclaurine-6-O-methyltransferase (6OMT) gene was identified in S. tetrandra, named St6OMT2. Recombinant St6OMT2 catalyzed (S)-norcoclaurine methylation to form (S)-coclaurine in vitro. Maximum activity of St6OMT2 was determined at 30°C and pH 6.0 in NaAc-HAc buffer. Its half-life at 50°C was 22 min with the Km and kcat of 28.2 μM and 1.5 s-1, respectively. Our results provide crucial transcriptome information for S. tetrandra, shedding light on the understanding of BIAs biosynthesis and further gene functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlun Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Chen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Xu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangning Hu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Liu L, Ji Z, Zhao K, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Huang S. Validation of housekeeping genes as internal controls for gene expression studies on biofilm formation in Bacillus velezensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2079-2089. [PMID: 35171340 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis is an important bacterium widely applied in agriculture and industry, and biofilms play critical roles in its environmental tolerance. The appropriate choice of reference genes is essential for key gene expression studies. Multiple internal control genes were selected and validated from the 21 housekeeping genes of B. velezensis by expression stability evaluation during biofilm formation and were used to study the expression of key genes involved in the process. The results showed that pyk, gyrA, recA, and gyrB were stably expressed, and the expression of pyk was the most stable during biofilm formation. A pair of two genes, pyk and gyrA, provided high-quality data when used as internal controls, and the combination of three genes, pyk, gyrA, and recA, was even better. The expression levels of pyk, gyrA, and recA approximated those of five key genes, abrB, epsD, kinC, sinR, and tasA, in biofilm formation, meeting the requirements of ideal internal control genes. The expression patterns of 5 key genes were studied with 16S, pyk, the pair of 2 genes, pyk and gyrA, and the combination of 3 genes, pyk, gyrA, and recA, as internal controls during the biofilm formation process. The results proved that pyk was a suitable internal control, as were the pair of 2 genes, pyk and gyrA, and the combination of 3 genes, pyk, gyrA, and recA. This study provided genes and gene combinations which were validated as suitable internal controls for gene expression studies, especially those on the mechanism of biofilm formation in B. velezensis or even other Bacillus spp. KEY POINTS: • Reference genes is necessary for gene expression study in biofilm formation of Bacillus velezensis • Pyk and 2 gene combinations were selected and validated from 21 common used genes • Expression of key genes in biofilm formation was normalized with the selected internal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 311400, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiming Ji
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Kehan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 311400, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 311400, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 311400, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 311400, Hangzhou, China. .,College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 530003, Nanning, China.
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Optimal Secretory Expression of Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase from Issatchenkia terricola in Bacillus subtilis through a Combined Strategy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030747. [PMID: 35164011 PMCID: PMC8838704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases are potential enzyme preparations that can be used to detoxify acetaldehyde and other exogenous aldehydes from pharmaceuticals, food, and biofuel production. In this study, we enhanced the expression of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase sourced from Issatchenkia terricola (istALDH) in Bacillus subtilis using a combinatorial strategy for the optimization of signal peptides, promoters, and growth conditions. First, a library of various signal peptides was constructed to identify the optimal signal peptides for efficient istALDH secretion. The signal peptide yqzG achieved the highest extracellular istALDH activity (204.85 ± 3.31 U/mL). Second, the aprE promoter was replaced by a constitutive promoter (i.e., P43) and an inducible promoter (i.e., Pglv), resulting in 12.40% and 19.97% enhanced istALDH, respectively. Furthermore, the tandem promoter P43-Pglv provided a better performance, resulting in 30.96% enhanced istALDH activity. Third, the production of istALDH was optimized by testing one factor at a time. Physical parameters were optimized including the inducer (e.g., maltose) concentrations, incubation temperatures, and inoculation amounts, and the results were 2.0%, 35 °C, and 2.0%, respectively. The optimized medium results were 2.0% glucose, 1.5% peptone, 2.5% yeast extract, 1% NaCl, and 0.5% (NH4)2SO4. The extracellular istALDH activity was 331.19 ± 4.19 U/mL, yielding the highest production reported in the literature to date.
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Xu K, Tong Y, Li Y, Tao J, Rao S, Li J, Zhou J, Liu S. Efficient, Flexible Autoinduction Expression Systems with Broad Initiation in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:3084-3093. [PMID: 34699187 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Low expression levels and inflexible induction initiation have been the main obstacles to produce proteins using bacterial quorum sensing (QS). The typical QS system in Bacillus subtilis, ComQXPA, activates the promoter PsrfA using ComX and ComA as an auto-inducer and a promoter activator, respectively. Here, we developed a series of flexible autoinduction expression systems in B. subtilis WB600 based on ComQXPA using a super-folder green fluorescent protein as the reporter. The -35 region of PsrfA was replaced with corresponding conserved sequences of σA-dependent promoters, yielding P1 with 85% enhanced strength. We then applied a semi-rational design within the spacer between the -35 and -15 regions of P1 to generate the QS promoter PS1E, which generated 8.22-fold more expression than PsrfA. Based on PS1E, we finally obtained three types of autoinduction expression systems with initiation ranging from 1.5-9.5 h by optimizing the combination of the promoters for ComX and ComA. The yield of Bacillus deramificans pullulanase generated using autoinduction expression systems in B. subtilis reached 80.2 U/mL, which was 36% more than that of the most powerful constitutive promoter P566. Flexible autoinduction expression systems with diverse dynamic features have considerable potential for improving protein expression and metabolite production in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuidong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jin Tao
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Shengqi Rao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 214122 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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24
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Wang Y, Xu W, Wu H, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Microbial production, molecular modification, and practical application of l-Asparaginase: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:975-983. [PMID: 34293360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase, EC 3.5.1.1), an antitumor drug for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy, is widely used in the clinical field. Similarly, L-ASNase is also a powerful and significant biological tool in the food industry to inhibit acrylamide (AA) formation. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest achievements and improvements in the production, modification, and application of microbial L-ASNase. To date, the expression levels and optimization of expression hosts such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pichia pastoris, have made significant progress. In addition, examples of successful modification of L-ASNase such as decreasing glutaminase activity, increasing the in vivo stability, and enhancing thermostability have been presented. Impressively, the application of L-ASNase as a food addition aid, as well as its commercialization in the pharmaceutical field, and cutting-edge biosensor application developments have been summarized. The presented results and proposed ideas could be a good guide for other L-ASNase researchers in both scientific and practical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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25
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A thermostable glycosyltransferase from Paenibacillus polymyxa NJPI29: recombinant expression, characterization, and application in synthesis of glycosides. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:314. [PMID: 34109099 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a prominent biological mechanism, affecting the structural and functional diversity of many natural products. In this study, a novel thermostable uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase gene PpGT1 was cloned from Paenibacillus polymyxa NJPI29 and recombinantly expressed in B. subtilis WB600. The purified PpGT1 had a molecular weight of 45 kDa, as estimated using SDS-PAGE. The PpGT1 could catalyze the glycosylation of vanillic acid, methyl vanillate, caffeic acid, cinnamic alcohol, and ferulic acid. Moreover, PpGT1 possessed good thermostability and retained 80% of its original activity even after 12 h of incubation at 45 °C. In addition, PpGT1 remained stable within a neutral to alkaline pH range as well as in the presence of metal ions. The synthesis of methyl vanillate 4-O-β-D-glucoside by purified PpGT1 reached a yield 3.58 mM in a system with pH 8.0, 45 °C, 12 mM UDP-Glc, and 4 mM methyl vanillate. 3D-structure-based amino acid sequence alignments revealed that the catalytic residues and C-terminated PSPG motif were conserved. These unusual properties indicated that PpGT1 is a candidate UGT for valuable natural product industrial applications. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02855-z.
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26
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Castro D, Marques ASC, Almeida MR, de Paiva GB, Bento HBS, Pedrolli DB, Freire MG, Tavares APM, Santos-Ebinuma VC. L-asparaginase production review: bioprocess design and biochemical characteristics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4515-4534. [PMID: 34059941 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, the production of biopharmaceuticals has gained high interest due to its great sensitivity, specificity, and lower risk of negative effects to patients. Biopharmaceuticals are mostly therapeutic recombinant proteins produced through biotechnological processes. In this context, L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, L-ASNase (E.C. 3.5.1.1)) is a therapeutic enzyme that has been abundantly studied by researchers due to its antineoplastic properties. As a biopharmaceutical, L-ASNase has been used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and other lymphoid malignancies, in combination with other drugs. Besides its application as a biopharmaceutical, this enzyme is widely used in food processing industries as an acrylamide mitigation agent and as a biosensor for the detection of L-asparagine in physiological fluids at nano-levels. The great demand for L-ASNase is supplied by recombinant enzymes from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, production processes are associated to low yields and proteins associated to immunogenicity problems, which leads to the search for a better enzyme source. Considering the L-ASNase pharmacological and food importance, this review provides an overview of the current biotechnological developments in L-ASNase production and biochemical characterization aiming to improve the knowledge about its production. KEY POINTS: • Microbial enzyme applications as biopharmaceutical and in food industry • Biosynthesis process: from the microorganism to bioreactor technology • Enzyme activity and kinetic properties: crucial for the final application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia C Marques
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mafalda R Almeida
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gabriela B de Paiva
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Heitor B S Bento
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Danielle B Pedrolli
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mara G Freire
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana P M Tavares
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Valéria C Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.
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27
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Non-classical secretion of a type I L-asparaginase in Bacillus subtilis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:677-683. [PMID: 33757855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) showed great commercial value owing to its effective treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), lymphoid system malignancies and Hodgkin disease, and also to its use in the prevention of acrylamide formation in fried and baked foods. In this study, a type I L-asparaginase gene from Bacillus licheniformis Z-1 (BlAase) was cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis RIK 1285. Results showed that even without the mediation of any N-terminal signal peptides, BlAase can efficiently secrete into the medium. Further investigation indicated that the secretion of the BlAase was via neither Sec- nor Tat-dependent secretion pathway, and both the N- and C-terminal regions of the BlAase were essential for its expression and secretion, implying that BlAase might be secreted via a non-classical secretion pathway. To explore its secretion ability, BlAase was used as a signal peptide to direct the secretion of various heterologous proteins, where two of five proteins were successfully secreted with the mediation of BlAase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to achieve extracellular expression of L-asparaginase via non-classical protein secretion pathway in B. subtilis, and provide a potential tool for secretion of recombinant proteins expressed in B. subtilis using BlAase as a signal peptide.
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28
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Xu K, Tong Y, Li Y, Tao J, Li J, Zhou J, Liu S. Rational Design of the N-Terminal Coding Sequence for Regulating Enzyme Expression in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:265-276. [PMID: 33464830 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synonymous mutation of the N-terminal coding sequence (NCS) has been used to regulate gene expression. We here developed a statistical model to predict the effect of the NCSs on protein expression in Bacillus subtilis WB600. First, a synonymous mutation was performed within the first 10 residues of a superfolder green fluorescent protein to generate a library of 172 NCS synonymous mutants with different expression levels. A prediction model was then developed, which adopted G/C frequency at the third position of each codon and minimum free energy of mRNA as the independent variables, using multiple regression analysis between the 11 sequence parameters of the NCS and their fluorescence intensities. By designing the NCS of the 10 signal peptides de novo according to the model, the extracellular yield of B. subtilis pullulanase fused to each signal peptide was up-regulated by up to 515% or down-regulated by at most 79%. This work provided a candidate tool for fine-tuning gene expression or enzyme production in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuidong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jin Tao
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, Jilin COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd., Changchun 130033, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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29
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Wu F, Ma J, Cha Y, Lu D, Li Z, Zhuo M, Luo X, Li S, Zhu M. Using inexpensive substrate to achieve high-level lipase A secretion by Bacillus subtilis through signal peptide and promoter screening. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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El-Fakharany E, Orabi H, Abdelkhalek E, Sidkey N. Purification and biotechnological applications of L-asparaginase from newly isolated Bacillus halotolerans OHEM18 as antitumor and antioxidant agent. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3837-3849. [PMID: 33228468 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1851300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a new bacterial strain, Bacillus halotolerans OHEM18 was significantly found to produce extracellular L-asparaginase. L-asparaginase was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and QFF column to 3.84-fold with specific activity of 215.33 U/mg and its molecular mass was assessed to be 41.5 kDa. Maximum enzyme activity was determined at pH 8.2 and 40 °C and with retaining 70% of its activity after incubation for 1 h at 50 °C. Km and Vmax values were determined to be 0.0047 M and 92.74, respectively. Cytotoxicity test indicated a significant safety of L-asparaginase on Vero cells with selectivity against leukemia, breast cancer and hepatoma cells. NFS-60 cells was the most sensitive tumor cells to L-asparaginase with IC50 of 10.29 µg/ml and selectivity index of 30.61. This selectivity was recognized to be an apoptosis-dependent mechanism proven via cell cycle arrest in sub-G1 phase and fragmentation of genomic DNA. L-asparaginase showed antioxidant activity against both DPPH and ABTS radicals with IC50 values of 64.07 and 177.1 mg/ml, respectively. These competitive advantage of bacterial L-asparaginase over than other sources is that it might be produced in large amounts through production in large-scale biofermenters, which decreases costs, besides having a sustainable bacterial source. Our findings established that the potent cytotoxic effect of L-asparaginase isolated from B. halotolerans OHEM18 may be a promise candidate for further medicinal applications as an antioxidant and antitumor drug.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmail El-Fakharany
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Orabi
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Abdelkhalek
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Sidkey
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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31
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Li R, Zhang Z, Pei X, Xia X. Covalent Immobilization of L-Asparaginase and Optimization of Its Enzyme Reactor for Reducing Acrylamide Formation in a Heated Food Model System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:584758. [PMID: 33178677 PMCID: PMC7593842 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.584758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide is a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin that is mainly formed by the Maillard reaction of asparagine with starch at high temperatures. In this work, a food safety immobilization system for L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) consisting of food-grade agarose (Aga) spheres and N-hydroxysuccinimide esters was developed to decrease the formation of acrylamide in a fluid food model system. L-asparaginase was successfully immobilized with a maximum immobilization efficiency of 68.43%. The immobilized enzymes exhibited superior storage stability and reusability with 93.21 and 72.25% of the initial activity retained after six consecutive cycles and storage for 28 days, indicating its high industrial application potential. Meanwhile, a simplified mathematical model of the enzyme reactor was developed and verified with experiments, which demonstrated its auxiliary role in the design and optimization of reactors. In addition, simulated fluidized food components were continuously catalyzed in the designed packed bed reactor, achieving a reduction rate of nearly 89%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaole Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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32
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Pang B, Zhou L, Cui W, Liu Z, Zhou Z. Production of a Thermostable Pullulanase in
Bacillus subtilis
by Optimization of the Expression Elements. STARCH-STARKE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhongmei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
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33
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Mu D, Li H, Chen Q, Zhu J, Wu X, Luo S, Zhao Y, Wang L, Jiang S, Li X, Zheng Z. Secretion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus subtilis and Its Application in Enzymatic Synthesis of l-Theanine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:14129-14136. [PMID: 31747270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the gene of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BaGGT) controlled by the Plac promoter was cloned into Bacillus subtilis to construct two recombinant vectors with either one or two signal peptides to drive extracellular secretion. After optimization, 90 ± 0.2 mg/L BaGGT was obtained when the inducing conditions were 24 h and 80 μM (IPTG). The properties of BaGGT were measured, showing that the optimal reaction conditions were 40 °C and pH 9.0 with 55.0 ± 0.5 U/mg enzymatic activity. Km and Vmax were 0.214 mM and 88.13 μmol/min/mg. BaGGT could be stored for 72 h with 90% of the initial activity at 40 °C and retained more than 50% of the initial activity after being maintained at different pH values for 24 h. Finally, enzymatic synthesis of l-theanine was performed with the optimal conditions: 20 mM l-Gln, 100 mM ethylamine HCl, 0.5 U/mL BaGGT, incubated at 40 °C for 6 h, 200 rpm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Mu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Haowen Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Science , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei 230036 , China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Shuizhong Luo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Lei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230001 , China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Xingjiang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
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34
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Sharma D, Singh K, Singh K, Mishra A. Insights into the Microbial L-Asparaginases: from Production to Practical Applications. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:452-464. [PMID: 30426897 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666181114111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is a valuable protein therapeutic drug utilized for the treatment of leukemia and lymphomas. Administration of asparaginase leads to asparagine starvation causing inhibition of protein synthesis, growth, and proliferation of tumor cells. Besides its clinical significance, the enzyme also finds application in the food sector for mitigation of a cancer-causing agent acrylamide. The numerous applications ensue huge market demands and create a continued interest in the production of costeffective, more specific, less immunogenic and stable formulations which can cater both the clinical and food processing requirements. The current review article approaches the process parameters of submerged and solid-state fermentation strategies for the microbial production of the L-asparaginase from diverse sources, genetic engineering approaches used for the production of L-asparaginase enzyme and major applications in clinical and food sectors. The review also addresses the immunological issues associated with the L-asparaginase usage and the immobilization strategies, drug delivery systems employed to circumvent the toxicity complications are also discussed. The future prospects for microbial Lasparaginase production are discussed at the end of the review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepankar Sharma
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Kushagri Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221005, India
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35
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Deng J, Gu L, Chen T, Huang H, Yin X, Lv X, Liu Y, Li N, Liu Z, Li J, Du G, Liu L. Engineering the Substrate Transport and Cofactor Regeneration Systems for Enhancing 2'-Fucosyllactose Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:2418-2427. [PMID: 31550146 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been proven to be beneficial to infants' intestinal health and immune systems. 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is the most abundant and thoroughly studied HMO and has been approved to be an additive of infant formula. How to construct efficient and safe microbial cell factories for the production of 2'-FL attracts increasing attention. In this work, we engineered the Bacillus subtilis as an efficient 2'-FL producer by engineering the substrate transport and cofactor guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) regeneration systems. First, we constructed a synthesis pathway for the 2'-FL precursor guanosine 5'-diphosphate-l-fucose (GDP-l-fucose) by introducing the salvage pathway gene fkp from Bacteriodes fragilis and improved the fucose importation by overexpressing the transporters. Then, the complete synthesis pathway of 2'-FL was constructed by introducing the heterologous fucosyltransferases from different sources, and it was found that the gene from Helicobacter pylori was the best one for 2'-FL synthesis. We also improved the substrate lactose importation by introducing heterologous lactose permeases and eliminated endogenous β-galactosidase (yesZ) to block the lactose degradation. Next, the production of 2'-FL and GDP-l-fucose was improved by fine-tuning the expression of cofactor guanosine 5'-triphosphate regeneration module genes gmd, ndk, guaA, guaC, ykfN, deoD, and xpt. Finally, a 3 L fed-batch fermentation was performed, and the highest 2'-FL titer reached 5.01 g/L with a yield up to 0.85 mol/mol fucose. We optimized the synthesis modules of 2'-FL in B. subtilis, and this provides a good starting point for metabolic engineering to further improve 2'-FL production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liuyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Taichi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co, Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co, Ltd., Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Liu Y, Shi C, Li D, Chen X, Li J, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Li Y, Lu F. Engineering a highly efficient expression system to produce BcaPRO protease in Bacillus subtilis by an optimized promoter and signal peptide. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:903-911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Secretory Expression Fine-Tuning and Directed Evolution of Diacetylchitobiose Deacetylase by Bacillus subtilis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01076-19. [PMID: 31253675 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01076-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacetylchitobiose deacetylase has great application potential in the production of chitosan oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. This work aimed to achieve high-level secretory production of diacetylchitobiose deacetylase by Bacillus subtilis and perform molecular engineering to improve catalytic performance. First, we screened 12 signal peptides for diacetylchitobiose deacetylase secretion in B. subtilis, and the signal peptide YncM achieved the highest extracellular diacetylchitobiose deacetylase activity of 13.5 U/ml. Second, by replacing the HpaII promoter with a strong promoter, the P43 promoter, the activity was increased to 18.9 U/ml. An unexpected mutation occurred at the 5' untranslated region of plasmid, and the extracellular activity reached 1,548.1 U/ml, which is 82 times higher than that of the original strain. Finally, site-directed saturation mutagenesis was performed for the molecular engineering of diacetylchitobiose deacetylase to further improve the catalytic efficiency. The extracellular activity of mutant diacetylchitobiose deacetylase R157T reached 2,042.8 U/ml in shake flasks. Mutant R157T exhibited much higher specific activity (3,112.2 U/mg) than the wild type (2,047.3 U/mg). The Km decreased from 7.04 mM in the wild type to 5.19 mM in the mutant R157T, and the V max increased from 5.11 μM s-1 in the wild type to 7.56 μM s-1 in the mutant R157T.IMPORTANCE We successfully achieved efficient secretory production and improved the catalytic efficiency of diacetylchitobiose deacetylase in Bacillus subtilis, and this provides a good foundation for the application of diacetylchitobiose deacetylase in the production of chitosan oligosaccharides and monosaccharides.
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Improvement of menaquinone-7 production by Bacillus subtilis natto in a novel residue-free medium by increasing the redox potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7519-7535. [PMID: 31378837 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis natto is a GRAS bacterium. Nattokinase, with fibrinolytic and antithrombotic activities, is one of the major products of this organism. It is being gradually recognized that B. subtilis natto can also be used as a biosynthetic strain for vitamin K2, which has phenomenal benefits, such as effects in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis along with antitumor effects. Knocking out of the aprN gene by homologous recombination could improve the redox potential and slightly increase the concentration of MK-7. By detecting the change in redox potential during the growth of B. subtilis natto, a good oxygen supply and state of the cell membrane were found to be beneficial to vitamin K2 synthesis. A two-step RSM was used to optimize the operation parameters and substrate concentration in the new residue-free fermentation culture. The optimal conditions for the residue-free medium and control were determined. The optimum concentrations of soybean flour, corn flour, and peptone were 78.9, 72.4, and 24.8 g/L, respectively. The optimum rotational speed and volume of the culture medium using a shaking flask were 117 rpm and 10%, respectively. The state and composition of the cell membranes were more stable when engineered bacteria were cultured in this residue-free fermentation medium. Finally, the concentration of MK-7 increased by 37% to 18.9 mg/L, and the fermentation time was shortened by 24 h.
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Optimized chromogenic dyes-based identification and quantitative evaluation of bacterial l-asparaginase with low/no glutaminase activity bioprospected from pristine niches in Indian trans-Himalaya. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:275. [PMID: 31245239 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the isolation of bacterial isolates from Himalayan niches, which produced extracellular l-asparaginase with low/no glutaminase activity. From the 235 isolates, 85 asparaginase positive bacterial isolates were identified by qualitative screening using optimized chromogenic dyes assay. Optimized concentration of different dyes revealed maximum color visualization in phenol red (0.003%). The diversity analysis of asparaginase positive isolates revealed that Proteobacteria (83%) are the most dominant, followed by Actinobacteria (12%), Firmicutes (3%), and Bacteriodetes (2%). Eleven isolates, which represented seven Pseudomonas species, one species each of the genus Arthrobacter, Janthinobacterium, Lelliottia, and Rahnella, were selected for further studies based on highest zone ratio and novel aspects for l-asparaginase production. Of these, five isolates, namely, Pseudomonas sp. PCH133, Pseudomonas sp. PCH146, Pseudomonas sp. PCH182, Rahnella sp. PCH162, and Arthrobacter sp. PCH138, produced l-asparaginase without glutaminase activity after 55 h of growth with the former isolate showing the highest l-asparaginase activity (1.67 U/ml). Interestingly, this is the first report of l-asparaginase production by members of the genera Janthinobacterium, Rahnella, and Lelliottia.
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Zhao W, Liu S, Du G, Zhou J. An efficient expression tag library based on self-assembling amphipathic peptides. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:91. [PMID: 31133014 PMCID: PMC6535861 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-assembling amphipathic peptides (SAPs) may improve protein production or induce the formation of inclusion bodies by fusing them to the N-terminus of proteins. However, they do not function uniformly well with all target enzymes and systematic research on how the composition of SAPs influence the production of fusion protein is still limited. Results To improve the efficiency of SAPs, we studied factors that might be involved in SAP-mediated protein production using S1 (AEAEAKAK)2 as the original SAP and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the reporter. The results indicate that hydrophobicity and net charges of SAPs play a key role in protein expression. As hydrophobicity regulation tend to cause the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies of protein, an expression tag library composed of SAPs, which varied in net charge (from + 1 to + 20), was constructed based on the random amplification of S1nv1 (ANANARAR)10. The efficiency of the library was validated by polygalacturonate lyase (PGL), lipoxygenase (LOX), l-asparaginase (ASN) and transglutaminase (MTG). To accelerate preliminary screening, each enzyme was fused at the C-terminus with GFP. Among the four enzyme fusions, the SAPs with + 2 – + 6 net charges were optimal for protein expression. Finally, application of the library improved the expression of PGL, LOX, ASN, and MTG by 8.3, 3.5, 2.64, and 3.68-fold relative to that of the corresponding wild-type enzyme, respectively. Conclusions This is the first report to study key factors of SAPs as an expression tag to enhance recombinant enzyme production. The SAP library could be used as a novel plug-and-play protein-engineering method to screen for enzymes or proteins with enhanced production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1142-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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41
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Feng Y, Liu S, Jiao Y, Wang Y, Wang M, Du G. Gene cloning and expression of the l-asparaginase from Bacillus cereus BDRD-ST26 in Bacillus subtilis WB600. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:418-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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42
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Feng Y, Liu S, Pang C, Gao H, Wang M, Du G. Improvement of catalytic efficiency and thermal stability of l-asparaginase from Bacillus subtilis 168 through reducing the flexibility of the highly flexible loop at N-terminus. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Li X, Xu S, Zhang X, Xu M, Yang T, Wang L, Zhang H, Fang H, Osire T, Yang S, Rao Z. Design of a high-efficiency synthetic system for l-asparaginase production in Bacillus subtilis. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:229-239. [PMID: 32625005 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
l-asparaginase has high application value in medicine and food industry, but the low yield limits its application. In this study, we designed a synthetic system in Bacillus subtilis to produce l-asparaginase by improving gene expression and optimizing the fermentation agitation speed. Gene expression was improved by respectively increasing transcription levels and translation speeds through screening promoters and RBS sequences. With the optimal promoter, P43, and the synthetic RBS sequence, the yield obtained in a shake flask was 371.87 U/mL, which was 2.09 times that with the original strain. To further enhance production in a 5-L fermenter, a multistage agitation speed control strategy was adopted, involving agitation at 600 rpm for the first 12 h, followed by a gradual increase in speed to 900 rpm, which resulted in the highest yield of l-asparaginase, 5321 U/mL, after 42 h of fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- School of Agriculture Ningxia University Yinchuan P. R. China
| | - Haitian Fang
- School of Agriculture Ningxia University Yinchuan P. R. China
| | - Tolbert Osire
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Shangtian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi P. R. China
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An efficient thermostabilization strategy based on self-assembling amphipathic peptides for fusion tags. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 121:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Calero P, Nikel PI. Chasing bacterial chassis for metabolic engineering: a perspective review from classical to non-traditional microorganisms. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:98-124. [PMID: 29926529 PMCID: PMC6302729 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have witnessed an unprecedented increase in the number of novel bacterial species that hold potential to be used for metabolic engineering. Historically, however, only a handful of bacteria have attained the acceptance and widespread use that are needed to fulfil the needs of industrial bioproduction - and only for the synthesis of very few, structurally simple compounds. One of the reasons for this unfortunate circumstance has been the dearth of tools for targeted genome engineering of bacterial chassis, and, nowadays, synthetic biology is significantly helping to bridge such knowledge gap. Against this background, in this review, we discuss the state of the art in the rational design and construction of robust bacterial chassis for metabolic engineering, presenting key examples of bacterial species that have secured a place in industrial bioproduction. The emergence of novel bacterial chassis is also considered at the light of the unique properties of their physiology and metabolism, and the practical applications in which they are expected to outperform other microbial platforms. Emerging opportunities, essential strategies to enable successful development of industrial phenotypes, and major challenges in the field of bacterial chassis development are also discussed, outlining the solutions that contemporary synthetic biology-guided metabolic engineering offers to tackle these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Calero
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark2800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Pablo I. Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for BiosustainabilityTechnical University of Denmark2800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
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Tian J, Long X, Tian Y, Shi B. Enhanced extracellular recombinant keratinase activity in Bacillus subtilis SCK6 through signal peptide optimization and site-directed mutagenesis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:33337-33344. [PMID: 35529123 PMCID: PMC9073338 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular recombinant keratinase activity in Bacillus subtilis SCK6 was enhanced by signal peptide optimization and site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University)
- Department of Biomass and Leather Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering (Sichuan University)
- Sichuan University
| | - Xiufeng Long
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University)
- Department of Biomass and Leather Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering (Sichuan University)
- Sichuan University
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University)
- Department of Biomass and Leather Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering (Sichuan University)
- Sichuan University
| | - Bi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University)
- Department of Biomass and Leather Engineering
- Ministry of Education
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering (Sichuan University)
- Sichuan University
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Huang X, Cao L, Qin Z, Li S, Kong W, Liu Y. Tat-Independent Secretion of Polyethylene Terephthalate Hydrolase PETase in Bacillus subtilis 168 Mediated by Its Native Signal Peptide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13217-13227. [PMID: 30465427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Widespread utilization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has caused critical environmental pollution. The enzymatic degradation of PET is a promising solution to this problem. In this study, PETase, which exhibits much higher PET-hydrolytic activity than other enzymes, was successfully secreted into extracellular milieu from Bacillus subtilis 168 under the direction of its native signal peptide (named SPPETase). SPPETase is predicted to be a twin-arginine signal peptide. Intriguingly, inactivation of twin-arginine translocation (Tat) complexes improved the secretion amount by 3.8-fold, indicating that PETase was exported via Tat-independent pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the improvement of Tat-independent secretion by inactivating Tat components of B. subtilis 168 in LB medium. Furthermore, PET film degradation assay showed that the secreted PETase was fully active. This study paves the first step to construct an efficient engineered strain for PET degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, National Engineering Center for Marine Biotechnology of South China Sea , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Lichuang Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, National Engineering Center for Marine Biotechnology of South China Sea , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Zongmin Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, National Engineering Center for Marine Biotechnology of South China Sea , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Shuifeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, National Engineering Center for Marine Biotechnology of South China Sea , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, National Engineering Center for Marine Biotechnology of South China Sea , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, National Engineering Center for Marine Biotechnology of South China Sea , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
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Meng F, Zhu X, Nie T, Lu F, Bie X, Lu Y, Trouth F, Lu Z. Enhanced Expression of Pullulanase in Bacillus subtilis by New Strong Promoters Mined From Transcriptome Data, Both Alone and in Combination. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2635. [PMID: 30450090 PMCID: PMC6224515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanase plays an important role as a starch hydrolysis enzyme in the production of bio-fuels and animal feed, and in the food industry. Compared to the methods currently used for pullulanase production, synthesis by Bacillus subtilis would be safer and easier. However, the current yield of pullulanase from B. subtilis is low to meet industrial requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the yield of pullulanase by B. subtilis. In this study, we mined 10 highly active promoters from B. subtilis based on transcriptome and bioinformatic data. Individual promoters and combinations of promoters were used to improve the yield of pullulanase in B. subtilis BS001. Four recombinant strains with new promoters (Phag, PtufA, PsodA, and PfusA) had higher enzyme activity than the control (PamyE). The strain containing PsodA+fusA (163 U/mL) and the strain containing PsodA+fusA+amyE (336 U/mL) had the highest activity among the analyzed dual- and triple-promoter construct stains in shake flask, which were 2.29 and 4.73 times higher than that of the strain with PamyE, respectively. Moreover, the activity of the strain containing PsodA+fusA+amyE showed a maximum activity of 1,555 U/mL, which was 21.9 times higher than that of the flask-grown PamyE strain in a 50-liter fermenter. Our work showed that these four strong promoters mined from transcriptome data and their combinations could reliably increase the yield of pullulanase in quantities suitable for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqiang Meng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Nie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingjian Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Frances Trouth
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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49
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Advances and prospects of Bacillus subtilis cellular factories: From rational design to industrial applications. Metab Eng 2018; 50:109-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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50
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Liu X, Wang H, Wang B, Pan L. Efficient production of extracellular pullulanase in Bacillus subtilis ATCC6051 using the host strain construction and promoter optimization expression system. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:163. [PMID: 30348150 PMCID: PMC6196424 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus subtilis has been widely used as a host for heterologous protein expression in food industry. B. subtilis ATCC6051 is an alternative expression host for the production of industrial enzymes, and exhibits favorable growth properties compared to B. subtilis 168. Extracellular expression of pullulanase from recombinant B. subtilis is still limited due to the issues on promoters of B. subtilis expression system. This study was undertaken to develop a new, high-level expression system in B. subtilis ATCC6051. Results To further optimize B. subtilis ATCC6051 as a expression host, eight extracellular proteases (aprE, nprE, nprB, epr, mpr, bpr, vpr and wprA), the sigma factor F (spoIIAC) and a surfactin (srfAC) were deleted, yielding the mutant B. subtilis ATCC6051∆10. ATCC6051∆10 showed rapid growth and produced much more extracellular protein compared to the widetype strain ATCC6051, due to the inactivation of multiple proteases. Using this mutant as the host, eleven plasmids equipped with single promoters were constructed for recombinant expression of pullulanase (PUL) from Bacillus naganoensis. The plasmid containing the PspovG promoter produced the highest extracellular PUL activity, which achieved 412.9 U/mL. Subsequently, sixteen dual-promoter plasmids were constructed and evaluated using this same method. The plasmid containing the dual promoter PamyL–PspovG produced the maximum extracellular PUL activity (625.5 U/mL) and showed the highest expression level (the dry cell weight of 18.7 g/L). Conclusions Taken together, we constructed an effective B. subtilis expression system by deleting multiple proteases and screening strong promoters. The dual-promoter PamyL–PspovG system was found to support superior expression of extracellular proteins in B. subtilis ATCC6051. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1011-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Building B6, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Building B6, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Building B6, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Pan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China University of Technology, Building B6, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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