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Varghese M, Rokosh RS, Haller CA, Chin SL, Chen J, Dai E, Xiao R, Chaikof EL, Grinstaff MW. Sulfated poly-amido-saccharides (sulPASs) are anticoagulants in vitro and in vivo. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12719-12725. [PMID: 34703558 PMCID: PMC8494039 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02302k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant therapeutics are a mainstay of modern surgery and of clotting disorder management such as venous thrombosis, yet performance and supply limitations exist for the most widely used agent - heparin. Herein we report the first synthesis, characterization, and performance of sulfated poly-amido-saccharides (sulPASs) as heparin mimetics. sulPASs inhibit the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, specifically FXa and FXIa, as revealed by ex vivo human plasma clotting assays and serine protease inhibition assays. sulPASs activity positively correlates with molecular weight and degree of sulfation. Importantly, sulPASs are not degraded by heparanases and are non-hemolytic. In addition, their activity is reversed by protamine sulfate, unlike small molecule anticoagulants. In an in vivo murine model, sulPASs extend clotting time in a dose dependent manner with bleeding risk comparable to heparin. These findings support continued development of synthetic anticoagulants to address the clinical risks and shortages associated with heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Varghese
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Rae S Rokosh
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Carolyn A Haller
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Stacy L Chin
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Erbin Dai
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Ruiqing Xiao
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering of Harvard University Boston MA USA mailto:
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
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Enhanced human lysozyme production by Pichia pastoris via periodic glycerol and dissolved oxygen concentrations control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1041-1050. [PMID: 33443631 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In human lysozyme (hLYZ) production by Pichia pastoris, the glycerol fed-batch phase was generally implemented under the environment of "oxygen sufficient-glycerol limited" to achieve high cell-density cultivation during the cell growth phase. However, the structural and functional components in P. pastoris cells were irreversible damaged with more and more reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation when cells were exposed to the oxygen sufficient environments for long time, leading to a failure of hLYZ expression. In this study, a novel periodic glycerol and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) control strategy was proposed to solve these problems. This strategy periodically switched the cultivation environments from "oxygen sufficient-glycerol limited" to "oxygen limited-glycerol sufficient" for 5 cycles. When using this strategy: (1) the highest dry cell weight (DCW) of 143.02 g-DCW/L and the lowest distribution of glycerol towards to cell maintenance (0.0400 1/h) were achieved during the glycerol feeding phase by maintaining ROS levels below 48.39 Fluorescence intensity/g-DCW; (2) the adaption time of P. pastoris cells to methanol induction environments was shortened for about 50%; (3) P. pastoris cell metabolic activities reflected by the activities of alcohol oxidase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, and methanol consumption rate, etc., in the successive induction phase were largely enhanced; (4) hLYZ activity reached the highest level of 2.45 × 105 IU/mL, which was about 2-fold than that obtained with the strategy of "oxygen sufficient-glycerol limited," when the same methanol induction strategy was adopted. KEY POINTS: • A novel periodic glycerol feeding strategy proposed/used for P. pastoris cell growth. • Higher cell density was obtained by controlling ROS at low level via this strategy. • The highest hLYZ activity was achieved when initiating induction at higher cell density.
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Xie L, Xiao D, Wang X, Wang C, Bai J, Yue Q, Yue H, Li Y, Molnár I, Xu Y, Zhang L. Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Sulfated Benzenediol Lactones with a Phenolic Sulfotransferase from Fusarium graminearum PH-1. mSphere 2020; 5:e00949-20. [PMID: 33239367 PMCID: PMC7690957 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00949-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Total biosynthesis or whole-cell biocatalytic production of sulfated small molecules relies on the discovery and implementation of appropriate sulfotransferase enzymes. Although fungi are prominent biocatalysts and have been used to sulfate drug-like phenolics, no gene encoding a sulfotransferase enzyme has been functionally characterized from these organisms. Here, we identify a phenolic sulfotransferase, FgSULT1, by genome mining from the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum PH-1. We expressed FgSULT1 in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae chassis to modify a broad range of benzenediol lactones and their nonmacrocyclic congeners, together with an anthraquinone, with the resulting unnatural natural product (uNP) sulfates displaying increased solubility. FgSULT1 shares low similarity with known animal and plant sulfotransferases. Instead, it forms a sulfotransferase family with putative bacterial and fungal enzymes for phase II detoxification of xenobiotics and allelochemicals. Among fungi, putative FgSULT1 homologues are encoded in the genomes of Fusarium spp. and a few other genera in nonsyntenic regions, some of which may be related to catabolic sulfur recycling. Computational structure modeling combined with site-directed mutagenesis revealed that FgSULT1 retains the key catalytic residues and the typical fold of characterized animal and plant sulfotransferases. Our work opens the way for the discovery of hitherto unknown fungal sulfotransferases and provides a synthetic biological and enzymatic platform that can be adapted to produce bioactive sulfates, together with sulfate ester standards and probes for masked mycotoxins, precarcinogenic toxins, and xenobiotics.IMPORTANCE Sulfation is an expedient strategy to increase the solubility, bioavailability, and bioactivity of nutraceuticals and clinically important drugs. However, chemical or biological synthesis of sulfoconjugates is challenging. Genome mining, heterologous expression, homology structural modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis identified FgSULT1 of Fusarium graminearum PH-1 as a cytosolic sulfotransferase with the typical fold and active site architecture of characterized animal and plant sulfotransferases, despite low sequence similarity. FgSULT1 homologues are sparse in fungi but form a distinct clade with bacterial sulfotransferases. This study extends the functionally characterized sulfotransferase superfamily to the kingdom Fungi and demonstrates total biosynthetic and biocatalytic synthetic biological platforms to produce unnatural natural product (uNP) sulfoconjugates. Such uNP sulfates may be utilized for drug discovery in human and veterinary medicine and crop protection. Our synthetic biological methods may also be adapted to generate masked mycotoxin standards for food safety and environmental monitoring applications and to expose precarcinogenic xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Microbial Pharmacology Laboratory, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Bai
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Yue
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yue
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Li
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- National Engineering Lab for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - István Molnár
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Sarnaik A, Abernathy MH, Han X, Ouyang Y, Xia K, Chen Y, Cress B, Zhang F, Lali A, Pandit R, Linhardt RJ, Tang YJ, Koffas MA. Metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria for photoautotrophic production of heparosan, a pharmaceutical precursor of heparin. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Jia L, Gao M, Yan J, Chen S, Sun J, Hua Q, Ding J, Shi Z. Evaluation of the sub-optimal induction strategies for heterologous proteins production by Pichia pastoris Mut+/MutS strains and related transcriptional and metabolic analysis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:180. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zepeda AB, Pessoa A, Farías JG. Carbon metabolism influenced for promoters and temperature used in the heterologous protein production using Pichia pastoris yeast. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1:119-127. [PMID: 29858140 PMCID: PMC6328845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is necessary to search for different high-scale production strategies to produce recombinant proteins of economic interest. Only a few microorganisms are industrially relevant for recombinant protein production: methylotrophic yeasts are known to use methanol efficiently as the sole carbon and energy source. Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast characterized as being an economical, fast and effective system for heterologous protein expression. Many factors can affect both the product and the production, including the promoter, carbon source, pH, production volume, temperature, and many others; but to control all of them most of the time is difficult and this depends on the initial selection of each variable. Therefore, this review focuses on the selection of the best promoter in the recombination process, considering different inductors, and the temperature as a culture medium variable in methylotrophic Pichia pastoris yeast. The goal is to understand the effects associated with different factors that influence its cell metabolism and to reach the construction of an expression system that fulfills the requirements of the yeast, presenting an optimal growth and development in batch, fed-batch or continuous cultures, and at the same time improve its yield in heterologous protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Zepeda
- Universidad de La Frontera, Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias y Administración, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Temuco, Chile; Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge G Farías
- Universidad de La Frontera, Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias y Administración, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Temuco, Chile.
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Badri A, Williams A, Linhardt RJ, Koffas MAG. The road to animal-free glycosaminoglycan production: current efforts and bottlenecks. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 53:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Metabolic engineering for the production of chitooligosaccharides: advances and perspectives. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:377-388. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitin oligosaccharides (CTOs) and its related compounds chitosan oligosaccharides (CSOs), collectively known as chitooligosaccharides (COs), exhibit numerous biological activities in applications in the nutraceutical, cosmetics, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. COs are currently produced by acid hydrolysis of chitin or chitosan, or enzymatic techniques with uncontrollable polymerization. Microbial fermentation by recombinant Escherichia coli, as an alternative method for the production of COs, shows new potential because it can produce a well-defined COs mixture and is an environmentally friendly process. In addition, Bacillus subtilis, a nonpathogenic, endotoxin-free, GRAS status bacterium, presents a new opportunity as a platform to produce COs. Here, we review the applications of COs and differences between CTOs and CSOs, summarize the current preparation approaches of COs, and discuss the future research potentials and challenges in the production of well-defined COs in B. subtilis by metabolic engineering.
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Kang Z, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Huang H, Du G, Chen J. Bio-Based Strategies for Producing Glycosaminoglycans and Their Oligosaccharides. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:806-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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He W, Zhu Y, Shirke A, Sun X, Liu J, Gross RA, Koffas MAG, Linhardt RJ, Li M. Expression of chondroitin-4-O-sulfotransferase in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6919-6928. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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