1
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Yang Y, Zhou B, Zheng C. The Fast Quantification of Vitamin B12 in Milk Powder by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:1795. [PMID: 38675615 PMCID: PMC11051938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a new technique for determining vitamin B12 in milk powder using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). We used ultrasonics with potassium ferrocyanide and zinc acetate solutions to extract the samples. 59Co was employed as the analytical target for cyanocobalamin. It was separated using a Phenomenex Luna 5 μm C18 (250 × 4.6 mm) chromatographic column with a mobile phase consisting of 1.6 mmol/L EDTA and 0.4 mmol/L KH2PO4 in a 60% v/v methanol solution (pH = 4.0). The sample has an excellent separating degree for free cobalt and cyanocobalamin, and isocratic elution can be finished within 4.0 min. To eliminate the matrix interference due to the presence of milk powder, we applied collision mode (KED). The linear range of cyanocobalamine ranged from 1.0 μg/L to 20 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.9994. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.63 μg/kg, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 2.11 μg/kg. The mean recoveries were in the range of 87.4-103.6%. The accuracy and precision of the developed method are well suited for the fast quantification of the trace vitamin B12 in milk powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- International Healthcare Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China;
| | - Biao Zhou
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China;
| | - Chenyang Zheng
- Institute of Physical-Chemistry and Toxicity, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
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2
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Melczer M, Jiménez Lamana J, Justo-Vega A, Hanser O, Ndaw S, Lobinski R. Multielement analysis of single red blood cells by single cell - inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 267:125226. [PMID: 37742394 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A method for the analysis of essential metals (Fe, Cu, Mg, and Zn) and non-metals (P, S) in single red blood cells was developed by single cell (SC)-ICP-MS. The use of a triple quadrupole configuration (MS/MS) enabled an effective elimination of polyatomic interferences, which affect the accuracy of ICP-MS analysis using a single quadrupole mass analyzer. Fixation with glutaraldehyde for at least 90 days was developed to improve the quantification of elements in a single red blood cell. The experimental conditions were optimized while special attention was paid to the residence time of analytes in the plasma. Addition of a surfactant (0.05% (v/v) Tween80®) improved quantification of elements in fixed red blood cells. The detection limits obtained by SC-ICP-MS/MS were lower than for ICP-MS, especially for S and P (3 fg and 1.7 fg. cell-1 instead of 163 and 6.3 fg. cell-1, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Melczer
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue Morvan, F-54519, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
| | - Javier Jiménez Lamana
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM-UMR5254), 64053, Pau, France
| | - Ana Justo-Vega
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM-UMR5254), 64053, Pau, France; Group of Trace Elements, Spectroscopy and Speciation (GETEE), Materials Institute (iMATUS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias, s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ogier Hanser
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue Morvan, F-54519, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Ndaw
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, 1 Rue Morvan, F-54519, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM-UMR5254), 64053, Pau, France; Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warswawa, Poland
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3
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Wang J, Wei X, Wu CX, Zhang X, Wei YJ, Liu JH, Wang Y, Chen ML, Wang JH. Interaction of Cellular Uptake of Nanosilver and Metallothionein Stress Expression Elucidated by 2D Single-Cell Analyses Based on LIF and ICP-MS. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16176-16184. [PMID: 37879040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of cytology mechanisms of nanosilver uptake, toxicity, and detoxification has become an important issue due to its widespread applications. Previous studies have shown differences in the toxic response of mammalian cells to nanosilver. However, the analysis results based on cell populations ignore the impact of cell uptake heterogeneity on the expression of associated stress proteins and cellular physiological activities. In this respect, this work investigated the interaction between silver uptake and metallothionein (MT) expression in individual cells. In addition, we have also preliminarily elucidated the sensitivity variation to AgNPs by using five cell lines, e.g., LX-2, HepG-2, SK-HEP-1, Huh-7, and MDA-MB-231, by adopting a two-dimensional (2D) high-throughput single-cell analysis platform coupling laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We developed a 2D data analysis method for one-to-one unification of fluorescence-mass spectrometry signals corresponding to a specific single cell. It indicated that there is no obvious correlation between cellular silver uptake and cell size, and the low MT expression of cells is more sensitive to silver nanoparticles. For each cell line, significant heterogeneity in MT expression was observed. This provides important information for understanding the potential heterogeneous effects of nanosilver on mammalian biological systems. Overall, detoxified cells are more tolerant to nanosilver and normal cells are more tolerant than cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Wu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yu-Jia Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jin-Hui Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Ming-Li Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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4
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Davison C, Beste D, Bailey M, Felipe-Sotelo M. Expanding the boundaries of atomic spectroscopy at the single-cell level: critical review of SP-ICP-MS, LIBS and LA-ICP-MS advances for the elemental analysis of tissues and single cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6931-6950. [PMID: 37162524 PMCID: PMC10632293 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Metals have a fundamental role in microbiology, and accurate methods are needed for their identification and quantification. The inability to assess cellular heterogeneity is considered an impediment to the successful treatment of different diseases. Unlike bulk approaches, single-cell analysis allows elemental heterogeneity across genetically identical populations to be related to specific biological events and to the effectiveness of drugs. Single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) can analyse single cells in suspension and measure this heterogeneity. Here we explore advances in instrumental design, compare mass analysers and discuss key parameters requiring optimisation. This review has identified that the effect of pre-treatment of cell suspensions and cell fixation approaches require further study and novel validation methods are needed as using bulk measurements is unsatisfactory. SP-ICP-MS has the advantage that a large number of cells can be analysed; however, it does not provide spatial information. Techniques based on laser ablation (LA) enable elemental mapping at the single-cell level, such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The sensitivity of commercial LIBS instruments restricts its use for sub-tissue applications; however, the capacity to analyse endogenous bulk components paired with developments in nano-LIBS technology shows great potential for cellular research. LA-ICP-MS offers high sensitivity for the direct analysis of single cells, but standardisation requires further development. The hyphenation of these trace elemental analysis techniques and their coupling with multi-omic technologies for single-cell analysis have enormous potential in answering fundamental biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Davison
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Microbial Science, Faculty ofHealth and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Dany Beste
- Department of Microbial Science, Faculty ofHealth and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Melanie Bailey
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Mónica Felipe-Sotelo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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5
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Suárez-Oubiña C, Herbello-Hermelo P, Mallo N, Vázquez M, Cabaleiro S, Pinheiro I, Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Espiña B, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Single-cell ICP-MS for studying the association of inorganic nanoparticles with cell lines derived from aquaculture species. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04723-6. [PMID: 37162523 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The current research deals with the use of single-cell inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (scICP-MS) for the assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2 NP) and silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) associations in cell lines derived from aquaculture species (sea bass, sea bream, and clams). The optimization studies have considered the avoidance of high dissolved background, multi-cell peak coincidence, and possible spectral interferences. Optimum operating conditions were found when using a dwell time of 50 μs for silver and 100 μs for titanium. The assessment of associated TiO2 NPs by scICP-MS required the use of ammonia as a reaction gas (flow rate at 0.75 mL min-1) for interference-free titanium determinations (measurements at an m/z ratio of 131 from the 48Ti(NH)(NH3)4 adduct). The influence of other parameters such as the number of washing cycles and the cell concentration on accurate determinations by scICP-MS was also fully investigated. Cell exposure trials were performed using PVP-Ag NPs (15 and 100 nm, nominal diameter) and citrate-TiO2 NPs (5, 25, and 45 nm, nominal diameter) at nominal concentrations of 10 and 50 μg mL-1 for citrate-TiO2 NPs and 5.0 and 50 μg mL-1 for PVP-Ag NPs. Results have shown that citrate-TiO2 NPs interact with the outer cell membranes, being quite low in the number of citrate-TiO2 NPs that enters the cells (the high degree of aggregation is the main factor which leads to the aggregates being in the extracellular medium). In contrast, PVP-Ag NPs have been found to enter the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Suárez-Oubiña
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Paloma Herbello-Hermelo
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Natalia Mallo
- Centro Tecnológico del Cluster de la Acuicultura (CETGA), Punta Couso S-N, Ribeira, 15965, Spain
| | - María Vázquez
- Centro Tecnológico del Cluster de la Acuicultura (CETGA), Punta Couso S-N, Ribeira, 15965, Spain
| | - Santiago Cabaleiro
- Centro Tecnológico del Cluster de la Acuicultura (CETGA), Punta Couso S-N, Ribeira, 15965, Spain
| | - Ivone Pinheiro
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Begoña Espiña
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Institute of Materials (iMATUS), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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6
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A spiral microfluidic chip endows high efficiency single cell alignment at extremely low flow for ICP-MS analysis. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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7
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Wu Y, Chao Y, Miao Y, Li Y, Xu T, Li S, Peng J. Time-resolved ICP-MS analysis of mineral element contents and distribution patterns in spermatogenic cells of different types. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1255:341054. [PMID: 37032047 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Mineral elements play an important role in the spermatogenesis, maturation, and fertilization of sperm. It is of great scientific significance to study the role of mineral elements in spermatogenesis by accurately measuring the content of elements in different spermatogenic cells and analyzing the distribution pattern of elements in spermatogenesis. Here, time-resolved inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyze the content and distribution patterns of mineral elements in spermatogenic cells of different types at the single cell level. Firstly, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongating spermatids were successfully isolated from testis of mice of different weeks of age by differential adherent method and discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) density gradient method. Then, signal profiles and elemental distributions of 24Mg, 31P, 52Cr, 55Mn, 56Fe and 66Zn in spermatogenic cells were obtained with dwell time at 0.1 ms. Based on the results of acid digestion, we derived a formula to calculate element content in single cell from peak area for each element, and the feasibility and universality of the formula in the quantitative detection of single cell elements were verified by sperm samples to a certain extent. The detection results of element content in single cell showed that the content of 31P in elongating spermatids was significantly higher than that in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids (P < 0.01), and the distribution range was wider. However, the 52Cr and 56Fe content of elongating spermatids was lower than that of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round spermatids (P < 0.05). When spermatogonia developed into round spermatids, the contents of 55Mn and 66Zn in single cell increased significantly (P < 0.05), then decreased to the lowest in elongating spermatids. In addition, the significant decrease of 52Cr, 55Mn, 56Fe and 66Zn content in elongating spermatids also be visually observed from the center of the fitting curve of the element signal intensity distribution moving to the left. This study provides an elemental view of the changes in elemental content at various stages of spermatogenesis at the single-cell level. Time-resolved ICP-MS is used to detect mineral elements content and distribution patterns in spermatogenic cells of testis, which is helpful to better explore the stages and modes of action of various elements in spermatogenesis, and provide direct evidence for revealing the effects of element content changes on spermatogenesis and semen quality regulation.
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Menero-Valdés P, Lores-Padín A, Fernández B, Quarles CD, García M, González-Iglesias H, Pereiro R. Determination and localization of specific proteins in individual ARPE-19 cells by single cell and laser ablation ICP-MS using iridium nanoclusters as label. Talanta 2023; 253:123974. [PMID: 36195026 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Single cell-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (sc-ICP-MS) and laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS have been complementary employed to develop a comprehensive study of APOE and claudin-1 expression in ARPE-19 cells submitted to a glucose treatment (100 mM, 48 h) that induces oxidative stress conditions. Results were compared with control cells. The determination of the two proteins by ICP-MS was sequentially carried out using specific immunoprobes labelled with IrNCs that offer a huge amplification (1760 ± 90 atoms of Ir on average). A novel sample introduction system, the microFAST Single Cell set-up, was employed for sc-ICP-MS analysis. This introduction system resulted in a cellular transport efficiency of 85 ± 9% for ARPE-19 cells (91 ± 5% using a PtNPs standard). After the proper immunocytochemistry protocol with the specific IrNCs immunoprobes in cell suspensions (sc-ICP-MS), the mass of APOE and claudin-1 in individual ARPE-19 cells was obtained. Average detection limits per cell by sc-ICP-MS were 0.02 fg of APOE and 3 ag of claudin-1. The results of sample analyses obtained by sc-ICP-MS were validated with commercial ELISA kits. The distribution of both target proteins in individual cells (fixated in the chamber wall) was unveiled by LA-ICP-MS. The high amplification provided by the IrNCs immunoprobes allowed the identification of APOE and claudin-1 within individual ARPE-19 cells. High resolution images were obtained using a laser spot of 2 × 2 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Menero-Valdés
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Ana Lores-Padín
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain.
| | - C Derrick Quarles
- Elemental Scientific, Inc., 7277 World Communications Drive, Omaha, NE, 68122, USA
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, Oviedo, 33012, Spain; Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Julian Clavería, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain.
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da Silva ABS, Arruda MAZ. Single-cell ICP-MS to address the role of trace elements at a cellular level. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 75:127086. [PMID: 36215757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity properties shown by cells or unicellular organisms have led to the development of analytical methods at the single-cell level. In this sense, considering the importance of trace elements in these biological systems, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) configured for analyzing single cell has presented a high potential to assess the evaluation of elements in cells. Moreover, advances in instrumentation, such as coupling laser ablation to the tandem configuration (ICP-MS/MS), or alternative mass analyzers (ICP-SFMS and ICP-TOFMS), brought significant benefits, including sensitivity improvement, high-resolution imaging, and the cell fingerprint. From this perspective, the single-cell ICP-MS has been widely reported in studies involving many fields, from oncology to environmental research. Hence, it has contributed to finding important results, such as elucidating nanoparticle toxicity at the cellular level and vaccine development. Therefore, in this review, the theory of single-cell ICP-MS analysis is explored, and the applications in this field are pointed out. In addition, the instrumentation advances for single-cell ICP-MS are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Santos da Silva
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - Unicamp, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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10
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Nicastro R, Gaillard H, Zarzuela L, Péli-Gulli MP, Fernández-García E, Tomé M, García-Rodríguez N, Durán RV, De Virgilio C, Wellinger RE. Manganese is a physiologically relevant TORC1 activator in yeast and mammals. eLife 2022; 11:80497. [PMID: 35904415 PMCID: PMC9337852 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential biometal manganese (Mn) serves as a cofactor for several enzymes that are crucial for the prevention of human diseases. Whether intracellular Mn levels may be sensed and modulate intracellular signaling events has so far remained largely unexplored. The highly conserved target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1, mTORC1 in mammals) protein kinase requires divalent metal cofactors such as magnesium (Mg2+) to phosphorylate effectors as part of a homeostatic process that coordinates cell growth and metabolism with nutrient and/or growth factor availability. Here, our genetic approaches reveal that TORC1 activity is stimulated in vivo by elevated cytoplasmic Mn levels, which can be induced by loss of the Golgi-resident Mn2+ transporter Pmr1 and which depend on the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) metal ion transporters Smf1 and Smf2. Accordingly, genetic interventions that increase cytoplasmic Mn2+ levels antagonize the effects of rapamycin in triggering autophagy, mitophagy, and Rtg1-Rtg3-dependent mitochondrion-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Surprisingly, our in vitro protein kinase assays uncovered that Mn2+ activates TORC1 substantially better than Mg2+, which is primarily due to its ability to lower the Km for ATP, thereby allowing more efficient ATP coordination in the catalytic cleft of TORC1. These findings, therefore, provide both a mechanism to explain our genetic observations in yeast and a rationale for how fluctuations in trace amounts of Mn can become physiologically relevant. Supporting this notion, TORC1 is also wired to feedback control mechanisms that impinge on Smf1 and Smf2. Finally, we also show that Mn2+-mediated control of TORC1 is evolutionarily conserved in mammals, which may prove relevant for our understanding of the role of Mn in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nicastro
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Gaillard
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa - CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Zarzuela
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa - CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Elisabet Fernández-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa - CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Mercedes Tomé
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa - CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Néstor García-Rodríguez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa - CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Raúl V Durán
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa - CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Ralf Erik Wellinger
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa - CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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11
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Tanaka YK, Shimazaki S, Fukumoto Y, Ogra Y. Detection of Histidine-Tagged Protein in Escherichia coli by Single-Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7952-7959. [PMID: 35617709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid and precise quantification method for a histidine (His)-tagged recombinant protein produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) by single-cell inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SC-ICP-MS). Plasmid vector containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or red fluorescent protein (mCherry) gene fused with His-tag was transformed into E. coli. The transformed E. coli was exposed to nickel (Ni) chloride or cobalt (Co) chloride for labeling His-tag with the Ni or Co ion. Then, E. coli was analyzed by SC-ICP-MS to determine the amount of EGFP or mCherry protein on the basis of the signal of Ni or Co bound to His-tag. By comparing Ni and Co contents in E. coli expressing His-tagged mCherry with those in nontagged mCherry, the specific binding of Co to His-tag was more clearly detected than that of Ni. The Co contents were increased until 6 h after the protein induction, and this observation was coincident with the increases in fluorescence intensity of EGFP or mCherry measured by a flow cytometer. However, the Co contents were decreased for EGFP and kept at a constant level for mCherry from 6 to 24 h despite the continuous increase in the fluorescence intensity through incubation. The fluorescent proteins were mainly recovered in the insoluble fraction 24 h after the induction. This can be explained by the fact that the overexpressed fluorescent proteins with His-tag are transferred into inclusion bodies, which hampers the binding of the fluorescent proteins to the Co ion. SC-ICP-MS can be a useful technique to precisely quantify soluble recombinant proteins in E. coli without the extraction and purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shimazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fukumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Ogra Y, Tanaka YK, Suzuki N. Recent advances in copper analyses by inorganic mass spectrometry. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:2-6. [PMID: 35903601 PMCID: PMC9309087 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) participates in the biological redox reaction in the body, and its deficiency is fatal to the body. At the same time, Cu is extremely toxic when it exists in excess. Thus, the body has to tightly and spatiotemporally regulate the concentration of Cu within a physiological range by several groups of Cu-regulating proteins. However, entire mechanisms underlying the maintenance of Cu homeostasis in body and cells have not fully understood. It is necessary to analyze Cu itself in a body and in a cell to reveal the Cu homeostasis. In this review, recent advances in the analytical techniques to understand the Cu metabolism such as speciation, imaging and single-cell analysis of Cu were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu Ogra
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Yu-ki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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Qin W, Stärk HJ, Reemtsma T. Ruthenium red: a highly efficient and versatile cell staining agent for single-cell analysis using inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:6753-6759. [PMID: 34643628 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01143j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Staining of biological cells with heavy metals can increase their visibility in mass spectrometry. In this study, the potential of ruthenium red (RR) as a staining agent for single-cell analysis by inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SC-ICP-TOF-MS) is explored using two different yeast strains and one algal species. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry allows the simultaneous detection of Ru and multiple intrinsic elements in single cells. Ru has a better correlation with Mg than with P in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) cells. For the three tested strains, the staining efficiency of RR exceeded 96%; the staining strengths were 30-32 ag μm-2 for the yeast cells and 59 ag μm-2 for the algal cells. By deriving the cell volume of single cells from their Ru mass, the concentration of Mg and P in individual cells of S. cerevisiae can be calculated. Elemental concentrations of Mg and P were highly variable in the cell individuals, with their 25-75 percentile values of 0.10-0.19 and 0.76-2.07 fg μm-3, respectively. RR staining has several advantages: it is fast, does not affect cell viability and is highly efficient. Provided that the shape of the individual cells of a culture is similar, Ru staining allows the elemental content to be directly correlated with the cell volume to accurately calculate the intracellular concentration of target elements in single cells. Therefore, RR can be a promising cell staining agent for future application in SC-ICP-TOF-MS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans-Joachim Stärk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany. .,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Qin W, Stärk HJ, Müller S, Reemtsma T, Wagner S. Determination of elemental distribution and evaluation of elemental concentration in single Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells using single cell-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Metallomics 2021; 13:6292270. [PMID: 34086951 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SC-ICP-MS) is a method to obtain qualitative and quantitative information of the elemental content and distribution of single cells. Six intrinsic target elements were analyzed in yeast cells at different cell growth phases cultured in medium with different phosphorus concentrations (0, 7, 14 mM) to study its effect on cell growth and composition. SC-ICP-MS results were compared with those obtained by the acid digestion and the average ratio was 0.81. The limits of detection of this method were 0.08, 2.54, 12.5, 0.02, 0.02, and 0.08 fg cell-1 for Mg, P, K, Mn, Cu, and Zn, respectively. During the exponential growth phase, the cells exhibited higher elemental contents, wider distribution for most elements, and larger cell size in comparison to the stationary growth phase. Phosphorus-free conditions reduced the average P content in single cells of stationary growth phase from 650 to 80 fg. Phosphorus deficiency led to decreasing intracellular concentrations not only of P but also of K and Cu, and to increasing Zn concentration after 48 h. Mg maintained its concentration at ∼0.11 fg µm-3 and did not change significantly under the three investigated conditions after 48 h. Accordingly, Mg content was successfully used to estimate the intracellular concentration of other intrinsic elements in single yeast cells. SC-ICP-MS is suited to determine target elements in single yeast cells, and allows the study of heterogeneity of cell composition and effects of stressors on the elemental content, distribution, and concentrations of intrinsic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Stärk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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The apoptotic and autophagic effects of cast Au-Pt, and differently manufactured Co-Cr and cp-Ti on three-dimensional oral mucosal model. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111672. [PMID: 33545837 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The application of digitally manufactured dental metals has aroused the attention on their biocompatibilities. Three-dimensional oral mucosal model (3D OMM) would provide excellent assessments to the biocompatibility. In the current study, we set to measure metal ion release levels in the extracts of cast gold-platinum alloy (Au-Pt), differently manufactured cobalt-chromium alloy (Co-Cr) and commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti). We further tested two scaffold materials of 3D OMM to determine the better one for the succedent work. Lastly, we evaluated the apoptotic and autophagic effects of cast Au-Pt, and differently manufactured Co-Cr and cp-Ti on mucosal cells based on 3D OMM. We found that, in the construction of 3D OMM, Matrigel showed better performance than bovine acellular dermal matrix. Thus, Matrigel was chosen to construct the 3D OMM in the succedent studies. The results of ion release and biological assessments showed that, firstly, cast Au-Pt and cp-Ti triggered less early apoptotic cells and ion release than cast Co-Cr, implying better chemical stability and biocompatibility of them; secondly, digitally manufactured (including CAD/CAM milling and SLM) Co-Cr showed significantly lower ion release levels and lesser early apoptotic effects on 3D OMM as compared to the cast one. Although cast cp-Ti released much more ions than CAD/CAM milling one, manufacturing methods had no impact on apoptotic effect of cp-Ti. Therefore, we believe that digital methods possess same or even better chemical stability and biocompatibility than conventional casting one. Thirdly, although increased autophagic levels are observed in all test groups, so far there is no evidence that the test metals trigger different levels of autophagy as compared to each other. In addition, correlation analysis indicates that Co, W, and Mn appear to be the potential inducements for the apoptotic and autophagic effects of Co-Cr.
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Single cell ICP-MS using on line sample introduction systems: Current developments and remaining challenges. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yu X, He M, Chen B, Hu B. Recent advances in single-cell analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1137:191-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tanaka Y, Iida R, Takada S, Kubota T, Yamanaka M, Sugiyama N, Abdelnour Y, Ogra Y. Quantitative Elemental Analysis of a Single Cell by Using Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry in Fast Time‐Resolved Analysis Mode. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3266-3272. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐ki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Risako Iida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Shohei Takada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kubota
- Agilent Technologies International Japan, Ltd. 9-1 Takakura-machi Hachioji Tokyo 192-0033 Japan
| | - Michiko Yamanaka
- Agilent Technologies International Japan, Ltd. 9-1 Takakura-machi Hachioji Tokyo 192-0033 Japan
| | - Naoki Sugiyama
- Agilent Technologies International Japan, Ltd. 9-1 Takakura-machi Hachioji Tokyo 192-0033 Japan
| | - Yolande Abdelnour
- Agilent Technologies, France Parc Technopolis, Bâtiment Olympe 3 avenue du Canada 91940 Les Ulis France
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo Chiba 260-8675 Japan
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Wei X, Lu Y, Zhang X, Chen ML, Wang JH. Recent advances in single-cell ultra-trace analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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CdSe quantum dots capped with a deep eutectic solvent as a fluorescent probe for copper(II) determination in various drinks. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:147. [PMID: 31970526 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study shows that copper(II) ions can be determined with a new fluorescent probe that is based on the use of CdSe quantum dots capped with deep eutectic solvent (DES-CdSe QDs). The capped QDs were prepared in aqueous phase by a one-step procedure under ambient atmosphere using selenium dioxide as a stable precursor for selenium, and ascorbic acid as non-toxic reducing agent. The deep eutectic solvent is composed of choline chloride and thioglycolic acid and acts as stabilizing and functionalizing agent. The fluorescent probe undergoes an increase in the fluorescence intensity (with excitation/emission wavelengths at 380/560 nm) in the presence of Cu(II). Other ions display no significant effect on fluorescence. The effects of sample pH value, concentration of buffer, and volume of QDs solution were optimized by response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken statistical design. Under the optimal conditions, the response of the probe is linear in the 10-600 nM Cu(II) concentration range, with a 5.3 nM limit of detection. This is lower than the allowable maximum Cu(II) concentration in drinking water. The relative standard deviation of the method for five replicate measurements of Cu(II) at a 100 nM concentration level is 2.0%. The probe was successfully applied to the determination of Cu(II) in various drinks. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of a fluorometric method for the determination of Cu(II) at nanomolar concentration levels. The fluorescent system consists of deep eutectic solvent-capped cadmium selenide quantum dots (DES-CdSe QDs). Fluorescence is strongly enhanced by copper(II).
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Álvarez-Fernández García R, Corte-Rodríguez M, Macke M, LeBlanc KL, Mester Z, Montes-Bayón M, Bettmer J. Addressing the presence of biogenic selenium nanoparticles in yeast cells: analytical strategies based on ICP-TQ-MS. Analyst 2020; 145:1457-1465. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01565e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complementary analytical strategies based on ICP-TQ-MS were used for the detection and characterization of selenium-containing nanoparticles in selenized yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Corte-Rodríguez
- University of Oviedo
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Dept. of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- E-33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - M. Macke
- University of Münster
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- D-48149 Münster
- Germany
| | | | - Z. Mester
- National Research Council Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - M. Montes-Bayón
- University of Oviedo
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Dept. of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- E-33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - J. Bettmer
- University of Oviedo
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Dept. of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- E-33006 Oviedo
- Spain
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Wei X, Zhang X, Guo R, Chen ML, Yang T, Xu ZR, Wang JH. A Spiral-Helix (3D) Tubing Array That Ensures Ultrahigh-Throughput Single-Cell Sampling. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15826-15832. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wei
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P.R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Li Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P.R. China
| | - Zhang-Run Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110819, P.R. China
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