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Ding X, Zheng Z, Zhao G, Wang L, Wang H, Wang P. Adaptive laboratory evolution for improved tolerance of vitamin K in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:75. [PMID: 38194140 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a subtype of vitamin K2 (VK2), assumes crucial roles in coagulation function, calcium homeostasis, and respiratory chain transmission. The production of MK-7 via microbial fermentation boasts mild technological conditions and high biocompatibility. Nevertheless, the redox activity of MK-7 imposes constraints on its excessive accumulation in microorganisms. To address this predicament, an adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) protocol was implemented in Bacillus subtilis BS011, utilizing vitamin K3 (VK3) as a structural analog of MK-7. The resulting strain, BS012, exhibited heightened tolerance to high VK3 concentrations and demonstrated substantial enhancements in biofilm formation and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) when compared to BS011. Furthermore, MK-7 production in BS012 exceeded that of BS011 by 76% and 22% under static and shaking cultivation conditions, respectively. The molecular basis underlying the superior performance of BS012 was elucidated through genome and transcriptome analyses, encompassing observations of alterations in cell morphology, variations in central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, spore formation, and antioxidant systems. In summation, ALE technology can notably enhance the tolerance of B. subtilis to VK and increase MK-7 production, thus offering a theoretical framework for the microbial fermentation production of other VK2 subtypes. Additionally, the evolved strain BS012 can be developed for integration into probiotic formulations within the food industry to maintain intestinal flora homeostasis, mitigate osteoporosis risk, and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus subtilis was evolved for improved vitamin K tolerance and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) production • Evolved strains formed wrinkled biofilms and elongated almost twofold in length • Evolved strains induced sporulation to improve tolerance when carbon was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Ding
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - Genhai Zhao
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.
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Berenjian A, Mahdinia E, Demirci A. Sustainable menaquinone-7 production through continuous fermentation in biofilm bioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024:10.1007/s00449-024-03040-1. [PMID: 38864863 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-03040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a vital vitamin with numerous health benefits, is synthesized and secreted extracellularly by the formation of biofilm, dominantly in Bacillus strains. Our team developed an innovative biofilm reactor utilizing Bacillus subtilis natto cells to foster biofilm growth on plastic composite supports to produce MK-7. Continuous fermentation in biofilm reactors offers a promising strategy for achieving sustainable and efficient production of Menaquinone-7 (MK-7). Unlike conventional batch fermentation, continuous biofilm reactors maintain a steady state of operation, which reduces resource consumption and waste generation, contributing to sustainability. By optimizing fermentation conditions, MK-7 production was significantly enhanced in this study, demonstrating the potential for sustainable industrial-scale production. To determine the optimal operational parameters, various dilution rates were tested. These rates were selected based on their potential to enhance nutrient supply and biofilm stability, thereby improving MK-7 production. By carefully considering the fermentation conditions and systematically varying the dilution rates, MK-7 production was significantly enhanced during continuous fermentation. The MK-7 productivity was found to increase from 0.12 mg/L/h to 0.33 mg/L/h with a dilution rate increment from 0.007 to 0.042 h-1). This range was chosen to explore the impact of various nutrient supply rates on MK-7 production and to identify the optimal conditions for maximizing productivity. However, a further increase in the dilution rate to 0.084 h-1 led to reduced productivity at approximately 0.16 mg/L/h, likely due to insufficient retention time for effective biofilm formation. Consequently, a dilution rate of 0.042 h-1 exhibited the highest productivity of 0.33 mg/L/h, outperforming all investigated dilution rates and demonstrating the critical balance between nutrient supply and retention time in continuous fermentation. These findings validate the feasibility of operating continuous fermentation at a 0.084 h-1 dilution rate, corresponding to a 48 h retention time, to achieve the highest MK-7 productivity compared to conventional batch fermentation. The significant advancements achieved in enhancing Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) productivity through continuous fermentation at optimal dilution rates in the present work indicate promising prospects for even greater efficiency and sustainability in MK-7 production through future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Berenjian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 221 Agricultural Engineering Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ehsan Mahdinia
- Stack Family Center for Biopharmaceutical Education and Training, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | - Ali Demirci
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 221 Agricultural Engineering Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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3
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Timkina E, Jarošová Kolouchová I, Kyselová L, Palyzová A, Murphy DJ, Řezanka T. Off-line two-dimensional LC-tandem MS of menaquinones from thermophilic bacteria. Food Chem 2024; 431:137112. [PMID: 37572480 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermophilic bacteria of four genera in contrast to the commonly used production strains such as Bacillus subtilis, produce homologs other than menaquinone (MK) with seven isoprene units. The number of isoprene units and the configuration of double bonds are essential factors for their biological activity. The goal was to obtain a strain of bacteria that produces a wide range of MK homologs and only all-trans geometrical isomers, which was the strain G. kaustophilus. Using off-line two-dimensional LC-tandem MS in columns with the RP18 phase and the COSMOSIL cholester phase (separation according to the geometric configuration of double bonds) it was shown that thermophilic bacteria grown at different temperatures produce only all-trans isomers of menaquinones from MK-5 (menaquinone with five isoprenyl units) to MK-15 (fifteen isoprenyl units). Therefore, G. kaustophilus appears to be a biotechnologically important strain produces only trans isomers and additionally homologs from 5 to 15 isoprene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Timkina
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Jarošová Kolouchová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kyselová
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Lípová 511, 120 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Palyzová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denis J Murphy
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Chen T, Brul S, Hugenholtz J. Exploring the potential of Bacillus subtilis as cell factory for food ingredients and special chemicals. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:200. [PMID: 37777723 PMCID: PMC10542680 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus subtilis has been established as model microorganism for fundamental research in the laboratory on protein production/secretion and sporulation and as model bacterium for controlling spoilage in the food industry. It has also been used for production of (commercial) enzymes and several secondary metabolites such as vitamins. However, this doesn't fully reflect the potential of B. subtilis as a cell-factory. Here, various strains of B. subtilis, including food-grade, spore-deficient strains and industrially used strains, were compared for their growth and metabolic potential. Industry-relevant parameters were analyzed for all strains under various aeration regimes, under anaerobic conditions, in various nutritious and nutrient-limited cultivation media, with and without organic nitrogen sources, and with and without sugar. RESULTS Practical experiments were conducted to compare industrial relevant properties like growth rates, intracellular components and extracellular metabolite profile of different B. subtilis strains. Based on growth flexibility in different media, we found that some strains like NCIB3610 and DSM1092 are adapted to inorganic or organic nitrogen source utilization, which is highly relevant when considering a biorefinery approach using various cheap and abundant waste/sidestreams. Secondly, spore-deficient strains such as 3NA, 168 S and PY79S, showed advantages in microbial protein and acetolactate pathway expression, which is associated with applications in food industry for protein supplement and diacetyl production. Lastly, WB800 and PY79S exhibited potential for fermentative production of dipicolinic acid, 2,3-butanediol and lactic acid that could serve as precursors for biopolymers. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the broad potential for more extensive industrial use of Bacillus subtilis in the (bio-based) chemical industry for use of sidestreams, in the personal care industry, in the food industry for food additive production, and in the bio-sustainable industry for biofuel and bio-degradable plastic precursors production. In addition, selecting different B. subtilis strains for specific purposes makes full use of the diversity of this species and increases the potential of B. subtilis in its contribution to the bio-based economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Chen
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen Hugenholtz
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
- NoPalm Ingredients BV, Nieuwe Kanaal 7a, Wageningen, 6709 PA, The Netherlands.
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Hernalsteens S, Cong HH, Chen XD. Soymilk modification by immobilized bacteria in a soft elastic tubular reactor's wall. J FOOD ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2023.111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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Lal N, Seifan M, Berenjian A. Optimisation of the fermentation media to enhance the production of the bioactive isomer of vitamin menaquinone-7. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:1371-1390. [PMID: 35864383 PMCID: PMC9302956 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) offers significant health benefits; however, only the all-trans form is biologically active. MK-7 produced through fermentation can occur as all-trans and cis isomers, and the therapeutic value of the resulting MK-7 is exclusively determined by the quantity of the all-trans isomer. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the media composition on the isomer profile obtained from fermentation and determine the optimum media combination to increase the concentration of the all-trans isomer and diminish the production of cis MK-7. For this purpose, design of experiments (DOE) was used to screen the most effective nutrients, and a central composite face-centred design (CCF) was employed to optimise the media components. The optimum media consisted of 1% (w/v) glucose, 2% (w/v) yeast extract, 2% (w/v) soy peptone, 2% (w/v) tryptone, and 0.1% (w/v) CaCl2. This composition resulted in an average all-trans and cis isomer concentration of 36.366 mg/L and 1.225 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the optimised media enabled an all-trans isomer concentration 12.2-fold greater and a cis isomer concentration 2.9-fold less than the unoptimised media. This study was the first to consider the development of an optimised fermentation media to enhance the production of the bioactive isomer of MK-7 and minimise the concentration of the inactive isomer. Furthermore, this media is commercially promising, as it will improve the process productivity and reduce the costs associated with the industrial fermentation of the vitamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Lal
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Mostafa Seifan
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. .,Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 221 Agricultural Engineering Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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7
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Shi Y, Chen T, Shaw P, Wang PY. Manipulating Bacterial Biofilms Using Materiobiology and Synthetic Biology Approaches. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:844997. [PMID: 35875573 PMCID: PMC9301480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria form biofilms on material surfaces within hours. Biofilms are often considered problematic substances in the fields such as biomedical devices and the food industry; however, they are beneficial in other fields such as fermentation, water remediation, and civil engineering. Biofilm properties depend on their genome and the extracellular environment, including pH, shear stress, and matrices topography, stiffness, wettability, and charges during biofilm formation. These surface properties have feedback effects on biofilm formation at different stages. Due to emerging technology such as synthetic biology and genome editing, many studies have focused on functionalizing biofilm for specific applications. Nevertheless, few studies combine these two approaches to produce or modify biofilms. This review summarizes up-to-date materials science and synthetic biology approaches to controlling biofilms. The review proposed a potential research direction in the future that can gain better control of bacteria and biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- Oujiang Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingli Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Shaw
- Oujiang Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Jadhav N, Ajgaonkar S, Saha P, Gurav P, Pandey A, Basudkar V, Gada Y, Panda S, Jadhav S, Mehta D, Nair S. Molecular Pathways and Roles for Vitamin K2-7 as a Health-Beneficial Nutraceutical: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:896920. [PMID: 35774605 PMCID: PMC9237441 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.896920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K2-7, also known as menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is a form of vitamin K that has health-beneficial effects in osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. Compared to vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), K2-7 is absorbed more readily and is more bioavailable. Clinical studies have unequivocally demonstrated the utility of vitamin K2-7 supplementation in ameliorating peripheral neuropathy, reducing bone fracture risk and improving cardiovascular health. We examine how undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and matrix Gla protein (ucMGP) are converted to carboxylated forms (cOC and cMGP respectively) by K2-7 acting as a cofactor, thus facilitating the deposition of calcium in bones and preventing vascular calcification. K2-7 is beneficial in managing bone loss because it upregulates osteoprotegerin which is a decoy receptor for RANK ligand (RANKL) thus inhibiting bone resorption. We also review the evidence for the health-beneficial outcomes of K2-7 in diabetes, peripheral neuropathy and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, we discuss the K2-7-mediated suppression of growth in cancer cells via cell-cycle arrest, autophagy and apoptosis. The mechanistic basis for the disease-modulating effects of K2-7 is mediated through various signal transduction pathways such as PI3K/AKT, MAP Kinase, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, etc. Interestingly, K2-7 is also responsible for suppression of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α. We elucidate various genes modulated by K2-7 as well as the clinical pharmacometrics of vitamin K2-7 including K2-7-mediated pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD). Further, we discuss the current status of clinical trials on K2-7 that shed light on dosing strategies for maximum health benefits. Taken together, this is a synthetic review that delineates the health-beneficial effects of K2-7 in a clinical setting, highlights the molecular basis for these effects, elucidates the clinical pharmacokinetics of K2-7, and underscores the need for K2-7 supplementation in the global diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yash Gada
- Viridis Biopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Dilip Mehta
- Synergia Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Sujit Nair
- Viridis Biopharma Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
- *Correspondence: Sujit Nair,
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Chen X, Shang C, Zhang H, Sun C, Zhang G, Liu L, Li C, Li A, Du P. Effects of Alkali Stress on the Growth and Menaquinone-7 Metabolism of Bacillus subtilis natto. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899802. [PMID: 35572665 PMCID: PMC9096614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is an important vitamin K2, synthesized from the menaquinone parent ring and seven isoprene side chains. Presently, the synthesis of MK-7 stimulated by environmental stress primarily focuses on oxygen stress, while the effect of alkali stress is rarely studied. Therefore, this study researched the effects of alkali stress on the fermentation performance and gene expression of Bacillus subtilis natto. The organism’s growth characteristics, biomass, sporogenesis, MK-7 biosynthesis, and gene expression were analyzed. After a pH 8.5 stress adaptation treatment for 0.5 h and subsequent fermentation at pH 8.5, which promoted the growth of the strain and inhibited the spore formation rate. In addition, biomass was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The conversion rate of glycerol to MK-7 was 1.68 times higher than that of the control group, and the yield of MK-7 increased to 2.10 times. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the MK-7 high-yielding strain had enhanced carbon source utilization, increased glycerol and pyruvate metabolism, enhanced the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) circulation flux, and terpenoid biosynthesis pathway, and promoted the accumulation of acetyl-CoA, the side-chain precursor of isoprene. At the same time, the up-regulation of transketolase increased the metabolic flux of the pentose phosphate (HMP) pathway, which was conducive to the accumulation of D-erythrose 4-phosphate, the precursor of the menadione parent ring. This study’s results contribute to a better understanding of the effects of environmental stress on MK-7 fermentation by Bacillus subtilis natto and the molecular regulatory mechanism of MK-7 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cuicui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Green Food Science Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Aili Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Green Food Science Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Du
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Lu J, Hu X, Ren L. Biofilm control strategies in food industry: Inhibition and utilization. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Production of Vitamin K by Wild-Type and Engineered Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030554. [PMID: 35336129 PMCID: PMC8954062 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that mainly exists as phylloquinone or menaquinone in nature. Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting and bone health in humans. For use as a nutraceutical, vitamin K is produced by natural extraction, chemical synthesis, and microbial fermentation. Natural extraction and chemical synthesis methods for vitamin K production have limitations, such as low yield of products and environmental concerns. Microbial fermentation is a more sustainable process for industrial production of natural vitamin K than two other methods. Recent advanced genetic technology facilitates industrial production of vitamin K by increasing the yield and productivity of microbial host strains. This review covers (i) general information about vitamin K and microbial host, (ii) current titers of vitamin K produced by wild-type microorganisms, and (iii) vitamin K production by engineered microorganisms, including the details of strain engineering strategies. Finally, current limitations and future directions for microbial production of vitamin K are also discussed.
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Mohsin MZ, Omer R, Huang J, Mohsin A, Guo M, Qian J, Zhuang Y. Advances in engineered Bacillus subtilis biofilms and spores, and their applications in bioremediation, biocatalysis, and biomaterials. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2021; 6:180-191. [PMID: 34401544 PMCID: PMC8332661 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a commonly used commercial specie with broad applications in the fields of bioengineering and biotechnology. B. subtilis is capable of producing both biofilms and spores. Biofilms are matrix-encased multicellular communities that comprise various components including exopolysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA, and poly-γ-glutamic acid. These biofilms resist environmental conditions such as oxidative stress and hence have applications in bioremediation technologies. Furthermore, biofilms and spores can be engineered through biotechnological techniques for environmentally-friendly and safe production of bio-products such as enzymes. The ability to withstand with harsh conditions and producing spores makes Bacillus a suitable candidate for surface display technology. In recent years, the spores of such specie are widely used as it is generally regarded as safe to use. Advances in synthetic biology have enabled the reprogramming of biofilms to improve their functions and enhance the production of value-added products. Globally, there is increased interest in the production of engineered biosensors, biocatalysts, and biomaterials. The elastic modulus and gel properties of B. subtilis biofilms have been utilized to develop living materials. This review outlines the formation of B. subtilis biofilms and spores. Biotechnological engineering processes and their increasing application in bioremediation and biocatalysis, as well as the future directions of B. subtilis biofilm engineering, are discussed. Furthermore, the ability of B. subtilis biofilms and spores to fabricate functional living materials with self-regenerating, self-regulating and environmentally responsive characteristics has been summarized. This review aims to resume advances in biological engineering of B. subtilis biofilms and spores and their applications.
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Key Words
- Bacillus subtilis
- Biocatalysis
- Biofilms
- Biomaterials
- Bioremediation
- Extracellular DNA, (eDNA)
- Extracellular Polymeric Substance/ Exopolysaccharide, (EPS)
- Gold nanoparticles, (AuNPs)
- Green fluorescent protein, (GFP)
- Isopropylthio-β-d-galactoside, (IPTG)
- Menaquinoe-7, (MK-7)
- Microbial fuel cell, (MFC)
- Mono (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid, (MHET)
- N-Acetyl-d-neuraminic Acid, (Neu5Ac)
- N-acetylglucosamine, (GlcNAc)
- Nanoparticles, (NPs)
- Nickel nitriloacetic acid, (Ni-NTA)
- Organophosphorus hydrolase, (OPH)
- Paranitrophenol, (PNP)
- Paraoxon, (PAR)
- Quantum dots, (QDs)
- Spores
- Synthetic biology
- d-psicose 3-epimerase, (DPEase)
- l-Arabinose Isomerase, (L-AI)
- p-aminophenol, (PAP)
- β-Galactosidase, (β-Gal)
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Rabia Omer
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jiaofang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Ali Mohsin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Meijin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jiangchao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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Preparation of Vitamin K2 Mk-7 in a Process of Fermentation of Different Seeds and Cereals by Bacteria Bacillus Subtilis. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, 10 different plant materials (seeds/beans) were fermented by Bacillus subtilis var. natto. The influence of the process on vitamin K2 MK-7 content during different fermentation periods was assessed. Fermented plant samples were analyzed by the procedure using HPLC UV/DAD. The fermented sunflower seeds, mung beans and peas appeared to be the most promising plants, reaching values of K2 of 1080.18±55.11 µg/100g, 806.45±60.95 µg/100g and 636.92±59.86 µg/100g, respectively. The experiments showed that extending of the fermentation time to 5–6 days was favorable for the menaquinone-7 yield. The results show that almost all fermented seeds/beans, apart from soybean, can be good source of vitamin K2 MK-7 and represent a new perspective, especially in terms of lower the phytoestrogen content.
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Wu J, Li W, Zhao SG, Qian SH, Wang Z, Zhou MJ, Hu WS, Wang J, Hu LX, Liu Y, Xue ZL. Site-directed mutagenesis of the quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator SinR affects the biosynthesis of menaquinone in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:113. [PMID: 34098969 PMCID: PMC8183045 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Menaquinone (MK-7) is a highly valuable vitamin K2 produced by Bacillus subtilis. Common static metabolic engineering approaches for promoting the production of MK-7 have been studied previously. However, these approaches caused an accumulation of toxic substances and reduced product yield. Hence, dynamic regulation by the quorum sensing (QS) system is a promising method for achieving a balance between product synthesis and cell growth. Results In this study, the QS transcriptional regulator SinR, which plays a significant role in biofilm formation and MK production simultaneously, was selected, and its site-directed mutants were constructed. Among these mutants, sinR knock out strain (KO-SinR) increased the biofilm biomass by 2.8-fold compared to the wild-type. SinRquad maximized the yield of MK-7 (102.56 ± 2.84 mg/L). To decipher the mechanism of how this mutant regulates MK-7 synthesis and to find additional potential regulators that enhance MK-7 synthesis, RNA-seq was used to analyze expression changes in the QS system, biofilm formation, and MK-7 synthesis pathway. The results showed that the expressions of tapA, tasA and epsE were up-regulated 9.79-, 0.95-, and 4.42-fold, respectively. Therefore, SinRquad formed more wrinkly and smoother biofilms than BS168. The upregulated expressions of glpF, glpk, and glpD in this biofilm morphology facilitated the flow of glycerol through the biofilm. In addition, NADH dehydrogenases especially sdhA, sdhB, sdhC and glpD, increased 1.01-, 3.93-, 1.87-, and 1.11-fold, respectively. The increased expression levels of NADH dehydrogenases indicated that more electrons were produced for the electron transport system. Electrical hyperpolarization stimulated the synthesis of the electron transport chain components, such as cytochrome c and MK, to ensure the efficiency of electron transfer. Wrinkly and smooth biofilms formed a network of interconnected channels with a low resistance to liquid flow, which was beneficial for the uptake of glycerol, and facilitated the metabolic flux of four modules of the MK-7 synthesis pathway. Conclusions In this study, we report for the first time that SinRquad has significant effects on MK-7 synthesis by forming wrinkly and smooth biofilms, upregulating the expression level of most NADH dehydrogenases, and providing higher membrane potential to stimulate the accumulation of the components in the electron transport system. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01603-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shi-Guang Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Sen-He Qian
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Meng-Jie Zhou
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Wen-Song Hu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Liu-Xiu Hu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,Wuhu Zhanghengchun Medicine CO., LTD, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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Lv X, Wu Y, Gong M, Deng J, Gu Y, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Ledesma-Amaro R, Liu L, Chen J. Synthetic biology for future food: Research progress and future directions. FUTURE FOODS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2021.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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16
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Zhao C, Wan Y, Tang G, Jin Q, Zhang H, Xu Z. Comparison of different fermentation processes for the vitamin K2 (Menaquinone-7) production by a novel Bacillus velezensis ND strain. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Su Y, Liu C, Fang H, Zhang D. Bacillus subtilis: a universal cell factory for industry, agriculture, biomaterials and medicine. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:173. [PMID: 32883293 PMCID: PMC7650271 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its clear inherited backgrounds as well as simple and diverse genetic manipulation systems, Bacillus subtilis is the key Gram-positive model bacterium for studies on physiology and metabolism. Furthermore, due to its highly efficient protein secretion system and adaptable metabolism, it has been widely used as a cell factory for microbial production of chemicals, enzymes, and antimicrobial materials for industry, agriculture, and medicine. In this mini-review, we first summarize the basic genetic manipulation tools and expression systems for this bacterium, including traditional methods and novel engineering systems. Secondly, we briefly introduce its applications in the production of chemicals and enzymes, and summarize its advantages, mainly focusing on some noteworthy products and recent progress in the engineering of B. subtilis. Finally, this review also covers applications such as microbial additives and antimicrobials, as well as biofilm systems and spore formation. We hope to provide an overview for novice researchers in this area, offering them a better understanding of B. subtilis and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Su
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huan Fang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Gao Q, Chen H, Wang W, Huang J, Tao Y, Lin B. Menaquinone-7 production in engineered Escherichia coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:132. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cis and trans isomers of the vitamin menaquinone-7: which one is biologically significant? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2765-2776. [PMID: 32009201 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have indicated that an adequate intake of menaquinone-7 (MK-7) offers numerous health benefits. However, the low availability of MK-7 in the diet necessitates the development of dietary supplements or functional food products to complement natural food sources and meet the daily intake requirements. Like most biological molecules, MK-7 can exist as geometric isomers that can occur in the cis, trans, and cis/trans forms; however, only the all-trans form is biologically significant. MK-7 is traditionally produced through bacterial fermentation, but various synthetic preparations have lately become available. The isomer composition in the final product is influenced by numerous factors, including the methods of production and purification, as well as particular environmental and storage conditions. The MK-7 profile obtained from the various production methods has not yet been elucidated, and the ideal method for the synthesis of the all-trans form of the vitamin is also debatable. Consequently, the quantification of the MK-7 profile of various products is necessary to develop an understanding of the factors that influence the proportion of isomers that are obtained in different preparations. Several possible methods exist for the quantification of MK-7 isomers, and of these, liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry techniques appears to be the most promising. Evaluation of the isomer composition is an important consideration, as only the all-trans form sustains biological activity. Furthermore, knowledge of the prominent factors that influence the MK-7 composition may also enable their manipulation to obtain a more favorable MK-7 profile in the final product.
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Metabolic engineering for the production of fat-soluble vitamins: advances and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:935-951. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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21
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Mahdinia E, Demirci A, Berenjian A. Evaluation of vitamin K (menaquinone-7) stability and secretion in glucose and glycerol-based media by Bacillus subtilis natto. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2019.48.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Mahdinia
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802. USA
| | - A. Demirci
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802. USA
| | - A. Berenjian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240. New Zealand
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Microbial production of vitamin K2: current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 39:107453. [PMID: 31629792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2, also called menaquinone, is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in blood clotting and prevention of osteoporosis. It has become a focus of research in recent years and has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review will briefly introduce the functions and applications of vitamin K2 first, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing the microbial vitamin K2 production on the industrial scale. Then, various strategies, including strain mutagenesis and genetic modification, different cultivation modes, fermentation and separation processes, will be summarized and discussed. The future prospects and perspectives of microbial menaquinone production will also be discussed finally.
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Improvement of menaquinone-7 production by Bacillus subtilis natto in a novel residue-free medium by increasing the redox potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7519-7535. [PMID: 31378837 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis natto is a GRAS bacterium. Nattokinase, with fibrinolytic and antithrombotic activities, is one of the major products of this organism. It is being gradually recognized that B. subtilis natto can also be used as a biosynthetic strain for vitamin K2, which has phenomenal benefits, such as effects in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis along with antitumor effects. Knocking out of the aprN gene by homologous recombination could improve the redox potential and slightly increase the concentration of MK-7. By detecting the change in redox potential during the growth of B. subtilis natto, a good oxygen supply and state of the cell membrane were found to be beneficial to vitamin K2 synthesis. A two-step RSM was used to optimize the operation parameters and substrate concentration in the new residue-free fermentation culture. The optimal conditions for the residue-free medium and control were determined. The optimum concentrations of soybean flour, corn flour, and peptone were 78.9, 72.4, and 24.8 g/L, respectively. The optimum rotational speed and volume of the culture medium using a shaking flask were 117 rpm and 10%, respectively. The state and composition of the cell membranes were more stable when engineered bacteria were cultured in this residue-free fermentation medium. Finally, the concentration of MK-7 increased by 37% to 18.9 mg/L, and the fermentation time was shortened by 24 h.
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