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Pociupany M, Snoeck R, Dierickx D, Andrei G. Treatment of Epstein-Barr Virus infection in immunocompromised patients. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116270. [PMID: 38734316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), is a ubiquitous γ-Herpesvirus that infects over 95% of the human population and can establish a life-long infection without causing any clinical symptoms in healthy individuals by residing in memory B-cells. Primary infection occurs in childhood and is mostly asymptomatic, however in some young adults it can result in infectious mononucleosis (IM). In immunocompromised individuals however, EBV infection has been associated with many different malignancies. Since EBV can infect both epithelial and B-cells and very rarely NK cells and T-cells, it is associated with both epithelial cancers like nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC), with lymphomas including Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) or Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) and rarely with NK/T-cell lymphomas. Currently there are no approved antivirals active in PTLD nor in any other malignancy. Moreover, lytic phase disease almost never requires antiviral treatment. Although many novel therapies against EBV have been described, the management and/or prevention of EBV primary infections or reactivations remains difficult. In this review, we discuss EBV infection, therapies targeting EBV in both lytic and latent state with novel therapeutics developed that show anti-EBV activity as well as EBV-associated malignancies both, epithelial and lymphoproliferative malignancies and emerging therapies targeting the EBV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Pociupany
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daan Dierickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Penteado AB, de Oliveira Ribeiro G, Lima Araújo EL, Kato RB, de Melo Freire CC, de Araújo JMG, da Luz Wallau G, Salvato RS, de Jesus R, Bosco GG, Franz HF, da Silva PEA, de Souza Leal E, Goulart Trossini GH, de Lima Neto DF. Binding Evolution of the Dengue Virus Envelope Against DC-SIGN: A Combined Approach of Phylogenetics and Molecular Dynamics Analyses Over 30 Years of Dengue Virus in Brazil. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168577. [PMID: 38642883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The Red Queen Hypothesis (RQH), derived from Lewis Carroll's "Through the Looking-Glass", postulates that organisms must continually adapt in response to each other to maintain relative fitness. Within the context of host-pathogen interactions, the RQH implies an evolutionary arms race, wherein viruses evolve to exploit hosts and hosts evolve to resist viral invasion. This study delves into the dynamics of the RQH in the context of virus-cell interactions, specifically focusing on virus receptors and cell receptors. We observed multiple virus-host systems and noted patterns of co-evolution. As viruses evolved receptor-binding proteins to effectively engage with cell receptors, cells countered by altering their receptor genes. This ongoing mutual adaptation cycle has influenced the molecular intricacies of receptor-ligand interactions. Our data supports the RQH as a driving force behind the diversification and specialization of both viral and host cell receptors. Understanding this co-evolutionary dance offers insights into the unpredictability of emerging viral diseases and potential therapeutic interventions. Future research is crucial to dissect the nuanced molecular changes and the broader ecological consequences of this ever-evolving battle. Here, we combine phylogenetic inferences, structural modeling, and molecular dynamics analyses to describe the epidemiological characteristics of major Brazilian DENV strains that circulated from 1990 to 2022 from a combined perspective, thus providing us with a more detailed picture on the dynamics of such interactions over time.
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MESH Headings
- Dengue Virus/genetics
- Dengue Virus/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Phylogeny
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Humans
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry
- Brazil
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/chemistry
- Evolution, Molecular
- Dengue/virology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Viral Envelope/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- André Berndt Penteado
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmacy, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Geovani de Oliveira Ribeiro
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Emerson Luiz Lima Araújo
- General Coordination of Attention to Communicable Diseases in Primary Care of the Department of Comprehensive Care Management of the Secretariat of Primary Health Care of the Ministry of Health (CDTAP/DGCI/SAPS-MS), Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Caio Cesar de Melo Freire
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sao Carlos, PO Box 676, Washington Luis Road, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Joselio Maria Galvão de Araújo
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Biosciences Center, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Campus Universitário, S/N Lagoa Nova 59078900, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Luz Wallau
- Department of Entomology and Bioinformatics Center of the Aggeu Magalhães Institute - FIOCRUZ - IAM, Brazil
| | - Richard Steiner Salvato
- Center for Scientific and Technological Development, State Center for Health Surveillance of Rio Grande do Sul, State Department of Health of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo de Jesus
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Geraldine Goés Bosco
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Ferreira Franz
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Pedro Eduardo Almeida da Silva
- General-Coordination of Public Health Laboratories, Department of Strategic Coordination and Surveillance in Health and the Environment, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Elcio de Souza Leal
- Federal University of Pará, Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Guamá, 04039-032 Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Goulart Trossini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmacy, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira de Lima Neto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmacy, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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3
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Chen G, Zhang L, Wang R, Xie Z. Histone methylation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases. Epigenomics 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38869454 DOI: 10.1080/17501911.2024.2345040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is linked to various human diseases, including both noncancerous conditions like infectious mononucleosis and cancerous diseases such as lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. After the initial infection, EBV establishes a lifelong presence and remains latent in specific cells. This latent infection causes changes in the epigenetic marks known as histone methylation. Many studies have examined the role of histone methylation in different EBV-associated diseases, and understanding how EBV affects histone methylation can help us identify potential targets for epigenetic therapies. This review focuses on the research progress made in understanding histone methylation in well-studied EBV-associated diseases, intending to provide insights into potential strategies based on histone methylation to combat EBV-related ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglian Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, 2019RU016, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100045, China
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Chen J, Zhou J, Cheng F, Chen D, Guan F, Zhang E, He J, Cai Z, Zhao Y. Role of plasma EBV-DNA load and EBER status on newly diagnosed peripheral T-cell lymphoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:181. [PMID: 38587664 PMCID: PMC11001675 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the prognostic and therapeutic role of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) on peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). METHODS Totally 262 newly diagnosed PTCL patients who were hospitalized from January 2014 to December 2022 were retrospectively enrolled. Molecular analysis included 31 eligible patients. EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) presence in tumor tissue and EBV DNA levels in patients at baseline (DNA1) and after 4 cycles of chemotherapy (DNA4) were assessed. RESULTS Our findings revealed that the EBER-positive cohort exhibited significant differences compared to counterparts in overall survival (OS, P = 0.047) and progression-free survival (PFS, P = 0.009). Both DNA1 and DNA4 were significantly associated with inferior OS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that DNA4 independently affected PTCL prognosis for OS (hazard ratio = 5.1617; 95% confidence interval 1.1017-24.1831; P = 0.037). Treatment with the cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) plus azacytidine regimen showed a better OS compared to CHOP or CHOP plus etoposide for patients with partially positive EBER and EBER positive statuses (P = 0.192), although the improvement was not statistically significant. This study delineated the genetic paradigm of PTCL, comparing genetic differences by EBV status and found that EBER partially positive plus positive patients were more likely to have DNMT3A (P = 0.002), RHOAG17V (P = 0.023), and TET2 mutations (P = 0.032). CONCLUSION EBER, DNA1, and DNA4 emerged as sensitive markers for prognosis. CHOP plus azacytidine might present a preferable option for PTCL patients with DNA methylation due to EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- Pathology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Donghe Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fangshu Guan
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Enfan Zhang
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingsong He
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Bone Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Salnikov MY, MacNeil KM, Mymryk JS. The viral etiology of EBV-associated gastric cancers contributes to their unique pathology, clinical outcomes, treatment responses and immune landscape. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358511. [PMID: 38596668 PMCID: PMC11002251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a pathogen known to cause a number of malignancies, often taking years for them to develop after primary infection. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is one such malignancy, and is an immunologically, molecularly and pathologically distinct entity from EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC). In comparison with EBVnGCs, EBVaGCs overexpress a number of immune regulatory genes to help form an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), have improved prognosis, and overall have an "immune-hot" phenotype. This review provides an overview of the histopathology, clinical features and clinical outcomes of EBVaGCs. We also summarize the differences between the TMEs of EBVaGCs and EBVnGCs, which includes significant differences in cell composition and immune infiltration. A list of available EBVaGC and EBVnGC gene expression datasets and computational tools are also provided within this review. Finally, an overview is provided of the various chemo- and immuno-therapeutics available in treating gastric cancers (GCs), with a focus on EBVaGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y. Salnikov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn M. MacNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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6
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Maltsev D, Solonko I, Sydorenko O. The assessment of microbial infection in children with autism spectrum disorders and genetic folate cycle deficiency. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:200. [PMID: 38515059 PMCID: PMC10956213 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of disparate clinical studies indicate abnormally frequent cases of certain microorganisms in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, these data require clarification and systematization. The study aims to study the structure of the microbial profile in children with ASD and genetic folate cycle deficiency (GFCD) and consider differences in diagnostic approaches for identifying microorganisms of different types. METHODS The study analyzed medical data from 240 children (187 boys and 63 girls) with GFCD aged 2 to 9 years. The children had clinical manifestations of ASD (the study group, SG). The control group (CG) included 53 clinically healthy children (37 boys and 16 girls) of the same age but without GFCD. Both groups of children were tested on active herpetic infections (HSV-1/2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8), ТТV, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, Borrelia burgdorferi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Toxoplasma gondii, congenital CMV neuroinfection and postnatal HSV-1/2 encephalitis. The testing used diagnostic methods specified in PubMed-indexed studies. RESULTS In the SG, TTV was found in 196 children (82%), HHV-7 - in 172 (72%), HHV-6 - in 162 (68%), EBV - in 153 (64%), Streptococcus pyogenes - in 127 (53%), Candida albicans - in 116 (48%), Borrelia - in 107 (45%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae - in 94 (39%), Chlamydia pneumoniae - in 85 (35%), Yersinia entеrocolitica - in 71 (30%), Toxoplasma gondii - in 54 (23%), congenital CMV neuroinfection - in 26 (11%), and postnatal HSV-1/2 encephalitis - in 11 children (5% of cases) (p < p0.05; Z < Z0.05). In the SG, there was a higher microbial load in older children (p < p0.05; Z < Z0.05). No gender differences were found. CONCLUSIONS The study described and characterized a specific abnormal microbial spectrum with a predominance of viral opportunistic agents in children with ASD associated with GFCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Maltsev
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Iryna Solonko
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Sydorenko
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Torne AS, Robertson ES. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:991. [PMID: 38473352 PMCID: PMC10931536 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA-based human tumor virus that was first isolated in 1964 from lymphoma biopsies. Since its initial discovery, EBV has been identified as a major contributor to numerous cancers and chronic autoimmune disorders. The virus is particularly efficient at infecting B-cells but can also infect epithelial cells, utilizing an array of epigenetic strategies to establish long-term latent infection. The association with histone modifications, alteration of DNA methylation patterns in host and viral genomes, and microRNA targeting of host cell factors are core epigenetic strategies that drive interactions between host and virus, which are necessary for viral persistence and progression of EBV-associated diseases. Therefore, understanding epigenetic regulation and its role in post-entry viral dynamics is an elusive area of EBV research. Here, we present current outlooks of EBV epigenetic regulation as it pertains to viral interactions with its host during latent infection and its propensity to induce tumorigenesis. We review the important epigenetic regulators of EBV latency and explore how the strategies involved during latent infection drive differential epigenetic profiles and host-virus interactions in EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Tumor Virology Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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Tang CL, Li XZ, Zhou T, Deng CM, Jiang CT, Zhang YM, Liao Y, Wang TM, He YQ, Xue WQ, Jia WH, Zheng XH. EBV DNA methylation profiles and its application in distinguishing nasopharyngeal carcinoma and nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:11. [PMID: 38212818 PMCID: PMC10785554 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an oncovirus, EBV is associated with multiple cancers, including solid tumors and hematological malignancies. EBV methylation plays an important role in regulating tumor occurrence. However, the EBV methylation profiles in EBV-associated tumor tissues are poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, EBV methylation capture sequencing was conducted in several different tumor tissue samples, including NPC, EBVaGC, lung LELC and parotid LELC. Besides, EBV capture sequencing and following qMSP were performed on nasopharyngeal brushing samples from NPC and nasal NKTCL patients. Our results showed that the EBV genome among different types of tumors displayed specific methylation patterns. Among the four types of tumors from epithelial origin (NPC, EBVaGC, lung LELC and parotid LELC), the most significant differences were found between EBVaGC and the others. For example, in EBVaGC, all CpG sites within 1,44,189-1,45,136 bp of the EBV genome sequence on gene RPMS1 were hyper-methylated compared to the others. Differently, significant differences of EBV CpG sites, particularly those located on gene BILF2, were observed between NPC and nasal NKTCL patients in nasopharyngeal brushing samples. Further, the methylated level of BILF2 was further detected using qMSP, and a diagnostic model distinguishing NPC and nasal NKTCL was established. The AUC of the model was 0.9801 (95% CI 0.9524-1.0000), with the sensitivity and specificity of 98.81% (95% CI 93.63-99.94%) and 76.92% (95% CI 49.74-91.82%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals more clues for further understanding the pathogenesis of EBV, and provides a possibility for distinguishing EBV-related tumor by detecting specific EBV CpG sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xi-Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Mi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qiong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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Huang X, Zhang M, Zhang Z. The Role of LMP1 in Epstein-Barr Virus-associated Gastric Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:127-141. [PMID: 37183458 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230512153741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
EBV promotes many cancers such as lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and gastric; Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is considered to be a major oncogenic protein encoded by Epstein- Barr virus (EBV). LMP1 functions as a carcinogen in lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and LMP1 may also promote gastric cancer. The expression level of LMP1 in host cells is a key determinant in tumorigenesis and maintenance of virus specificity. By promoting cell immortalization and cell transformation, promoting cell proliferation, affecting immunity, and regulating cell apoptosis, LMP1 plays a crucial tumorigenic role in epithelial cancers. However, very little is currently known about LMP1 in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC); the main reason is that the expression level of LMP1 in EBVaGC is comparatively lower than other EBV-encoded proteins, such as The Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A), Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1), to date, there are few studies related to LMP1 in EBVaGC. Recent studies have demonstrated that LMP1 promotes EBVaGC by affecting The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- Akt (PI3K-Akt), Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and other signaling pathways to regulate many downstream targets such as Forkhead box class O (FOXO), C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor (CXCR), COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2); moreover, the gene methylation induced by LMP1 in EBVaGC has become one of the characteristics that distinguish this gastric cancer (GC) from other types of gastric cancer and LMP1 also promotes the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of EBVaGC in several ways. This review synthesizes previous relevant literature, aiming to highlight the latest findings on the mechanism of action of LMP1 in EBVaGC, summarize the function of LMP1 in EBVaGC, lay the theoretical foundation for subsequent new research on LMP1 in EBVaGC, and contribute to the development of novel LMP1-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Grade 20, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Meilan Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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10
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Santarelli R, Evangelista L, Pompili C, Lo Presti S, Rossi A, Arena A, Gaeta A, Gonnella R, Gilardini Montani MS, Cirone M. EBV infection of primary colonic epithelial cells causes inflammation, DDR and autophagy dysregulation, effects that may predispose to IBD and carcinogenesis. Virus Res 2023; 338:199236. [PMID: 37797746 PMCID: PMC10582763 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
EBV is a gammaherpesvirus strongly associated to human cancer. The virus has been shown to play a role also in inflammatory diseases, including IBD, in the context of which colon cancer more frequently arise. In this study, we show for the first time that EBV infects primary colonic epithelial cells (HCoEpC), promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and activates molecular pathways bridging inflammation and cancer, such as ERK1/2. These effects, occurring in the course of the lytic phase of the viral life cycle, led to DDR and autophagy dysregulation. Such cellular responses, playing a key role in the maintenance of proteostasis and genome integrity, are essential to prevent carcinogenesis. Interestingly, we found that the use of the demethylating agent 5-AZA could counteract most of the effects induced by EBV infection in HCoEpC, suggesting that DNA hyper-methylation may strongly contribute to viral-driven inflammation and colon cancer predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Evangelista
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Pompili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lo Presti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Gaeta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gonnella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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11
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Liao LJ, Hsu WL, Chen CJ, Chiu YL. Feature Reviews of the Molecular Mechanisms of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1528. [PMID: 37371623 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare in most parts of the world but endemic in southern Asia. Here, we describe the molecular abnormalities in NPC and point out potential molecular mechanisms for future therapy. This article provides a brief up-to-date review focusing on the molecular pathways of NPC, which may improve our knowledge of this disease, and we also highlight some issues for further research. In brief, some heritable genes are related to NPC; therefore, people with a family history of NPC have an increased risk of this disease. Carcinogenic substances and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exposure both contribute to tumorigenesis through the accumulation of multiple genomic changes. In recent years, salted fish intake has decreased the impact on NPC, which implies that changing exposure to carcinogens can modify the risk of NPC. Eradication of cancer-associated viruses potentially eradicates cancer, and EBV vaccines might also prevent this disease in the future. Screening patients by using an EBV antibody is feasible in the high-risk group; plasma EBV DNA measurement could also be conducted for screening, prognosis, and monitoring of this disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NPC can further provide novel information for health promotion, disease screening, and precision cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jen Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lun Hsu
- Master Program of Big Data Analysis in Biomedicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Data Science Center, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
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13
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Zhang N, Kandalai S, Zhou X, Hossain F, Zheng Q. Applying multi-omics toward tumor microbiome research. IMETA 2023; 2:e73. [PMID: 38868335 PMCID: PMC10989946 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Rather than a "short-term tenant," the tumor microbiome has been shown to play a vital role as a "permanent resident," affecting carcinogenesis, cancer development, metastasis, and cancer therapies. As the tumor microbiome has great potential to become a target for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer, recent research on the relevance of the tumor microbiota has attracted a wide range of attention from various scientific fields, resulting in remarkable progress that benefits from the development of interdisciplinary technologies. However, there are still a great variety of challenges in this emerging area, such as the low biomass of intratumoral bacteria and unculturable character of some microbial species. Due to the complexity of tumor microbiome research (e.g., the heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment), new methods with high spatial and temporal resolution are urgently needed. Among these developing methods, multi-omics technologies (combinations of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) are powerful approaches that can facilitate the understanding of the tumor microbiome on different levels of the central dogma. Therefore, multi-omics (especially single-cell omics) will make enormous impacts on the future studies of the interplay between microbes and tumor microenvironment. In this review, we have systematically summarized the advances in multi-omics and their existing and potential applications in tumor microbiome research, thus providing an omics toolbox for investigators to reference in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
| | - Shruthi Kandalai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
| | - Xiaozhuang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
| | - Farzana Hossain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
| | - Qingfei Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center ‐ James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research InstituteThe Ohio State UniversityOhioColumbusUSA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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