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Pallara T, Annovazzi A, Cristiani R, Vinci F, Bertozzi E, Bonadies A, Romani C, Tedesco M, Bellei B, Papaccio F, Caputo S, Cota C, Sperduti I, Govoni FA, Morrone A, Migliano E. Nonvisualized sentinel node on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in primary cutaneous melanoma: an 11-year retrospective survey. Nucl Med Commun 2023; 44:345-350. [PMID: 36826418 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in cutaneous melanoma patients evaluates the regional draining basin for occult micrometastatic disease. Occasionally, nonidentification of SLN impairs the acquisition of this important prognostic factor. OBJECTIVES To investigate the outcomes of melanoma patients with negative lymphoscintigraphic findings and patients who underwent SLN biopsy from 2004 to 2015 ( n = 1200) were retrospectively reviewed for tumor characteristics and clinical outcomes. METHODS Patients with nonvisualized lymph nodes (NV group) who underwent only preoperative lymphoscintigraphy were separated and compared with a cohort drawn from all melanoma patients who completed the surgical procedure within the same period (V group). RESULTS A negative lymphoscintigraphic scan was observed in 38 cases (3.2% of all patients). The NV group showed a significantly older age (median 66.0 vs. 48.3 years; P < 0.0001). Head and neck melanomas were more frequent in the NV group compared to the control group (25.1 vs. 7.8%; P = 0.009). Tumor characteristics such as ulceration and Breslow thickness do not influence the lymphoscintigraphy result. No differences were found in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The nonvisualization of regional lymph nodes by lymphoscintigraphy is more frequent in older patients with head and neck melanomas. From the clinical point of view, no specific recommendation emerged for patients' management because the nonvisualization of the SLN did not show a significant influence on DFS and OS rates. However, lack of knowledge of lymph node status suggests performing a tighter follow-up eventually by ultrasound evaluation of all potential lymph node drainage basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Pallara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | | | - Renzo Cristiani
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Federica Vinci
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Ettore Bertozzi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Antonio Bonadies
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Claudia Romani
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Marinella Tedesco
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Federica Papaccio
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Silvia Caputo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Carlo Cota
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
| | - Isabella Sperduti
- Biostatistical Unit - Clinical Trials Center Regina Elena National Cancer Institute
| | | | - Aldo Morrone
- Scientific Director, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Migliano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS
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Chahid Y, Verberne HJ, Poel E, Hendrikse NH, Booij J. Anatomical breast imaging-derived parameters do not provide incremental information in prediction of nonvisualization of sentinel lymph nodes on lymphoscintigraphy. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:877-880. [PMID: 35582847 PMCID: PMC9278706 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate sentinel lymph node (SLN) staging is essential for both prognosis and treatment in patients with breast cancer. However, the preoperative lymphoscintigraphy may fail to visualize the SLN. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate whether parameters derived from anatomical breast imaging can predict SLN nonvisualization on lymphoscintigraphy. METHODS For this retrospective study, all data of mammography, breast MRI, and lymphoscintigraphy of SLN procedures from January 2016 to April 2021 were collected and reviewed from the Amsterdam UMC database. RESULTS A total of 758 breast cancer patients were included in this study. SLN nonvisualization on planar lymphoscintigraphy at 2-h postinjection (pi) was 29.7% and was reduced after a second injection to 7.5% at late lymphoscintigraphy 4-h pi. Multivariable analysis showed that age ≥ 70 years ( P = 0.019; OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.10-3.01), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ( P = 0.031; OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.04-2.43), and nonpalpable tumors ( P = 0.034; OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.03-2.04) were independent predictors of SLN nonvisualization. Differences in tumor size, Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System classification, or breast density were not significantly associated with SLN nonvisualization. CONCLUSION This study shows that, by using a multivariable analysis, risk factors for SLN nonvisualization in breast cancer patients during preoperative lymphoscintigraphy at 2-h pi are age ≥ 70 years, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , and nonpalpable tumors. Parameters derived from mammography or breast MRI, however, are not useful to predict SLN nonvisualization on lymphoscintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Chahid
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
- Clinical Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC
| | | | - Edwin Poel
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
| | - N. Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
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Magnoni F, Corso G, Gilardi L, Pagan E, Massari G, Girardi A, Ghidinelli F, Bagnardi V, Galimberti V, Grana CM, Veronesi P. Does failed mapping predict sentinel lymph node metastasis in cN0 breast cancer? Future Oncol 2021; 18:193-204. [PMID: 34882010 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: The clinical significance of nonvisualized sentinel lymph nodes (non-vSLNs) is unknown. The authors sought to determine the incidence of non-vSLNs on lymphoscintigraphy, the identification rate during surgery, factors associated with non-vSLNs and related axillary management. Patients & methods: A total of 30,508 consecutive SLN procedures performed at a single institution from 2000 to 2017 were retrospectively studied. Associations between clinicopathological factors and the identification of SLNs during surgery were assessed. Results: Non-vSLN occurred in 525 of the procedures (1.7%). In 73.3%, at least one SLN was identified intraoperatively. Nodal involvement was only significantly associated with SLN nonidentification (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with non-vSLN had an increased risk for SLN metastasis. The detection rate during surgery was consistent, reducing the amount of unnecessary axillary dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Magnoni
- Breast Cancer Surgery Division, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, 20141, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corso
- Breast Cancer Surgery Division, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, 20141, Italy.,Departmentof Oncology & Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Laura Gilardi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milano, 20141, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pagan
- Department of Statistics & Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Giulia Massari
- Breast Cancer Surgery Division, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, 20141, Italy
| | - Antonia Girardi
- Breast Cancer Surgery Division, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, 20141, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Department of Statistics & Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Viviana Galimberti
- Breast Cancer Surgery Division, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, 20141, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Grana
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milano, 20141, Italy
| | - Paolo Veronesi
- Breast Cancer Surgery Division, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, 20141, Italy.,Departmentof Oncology & Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
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Risk factors for nonvisualization of the sentinel lymph node on lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer patients. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:54. [PMID: 34106341 PMCID: PMC8190239 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate sentinel lymph node (SLN) staging is essential for both prognosis and treatment in patients with breast cancer. However, the preoperative lymphoscintigraphy may fail to visualize the SLN in some patients. The purpose of this retrospective study was to identify risk factors associated with SLN nonvisualization on lymphoscintigraphy. For this single-center retrospective study, all data of lymphoscintigraphy of SLN procedures from March 2011 to April 2021 were collected and reviewed from the Amsterdam UMC database. Results A total of 1886 SLN procedures were included in this study. The SLN nonvisualization rate was 25.1% on lymphoscintigraphy at 4 h post-injection. The SLN nonvisualization rate decreased to 9.4% after reinjection. Multivariable analysis showed that age ≥ 70 years (P < 0.001; OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.46–3.53), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (P = 0.031; OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.04–2.12) and nonpalpable tumors (P = 0.004; OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.15–2.07) were independent predictors of SLN nonvisualization. Tumor location, brand of radiopharmaceutical, injected dose and volume, experience of preparer and administrator were not associated with SLN nonvisualization. None of the patient, tumor or tracer characteristics were associated with SLN nonvisualization after radiotracer reinjection. Conclusions This study shows that risk factors for SLN nonvisualization in breast cancer patients during preoperative lymphoscintigraphy are age ≥ 70 years, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and nonpalpable tumors. Our results support the notion that SLN lymphoscintigraphy is a very robust technique that does not depend on the experience of the preparer or administrator of the radiotracer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-021-00793-8.
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Prognostic Role of Non-Identification of Sentinel Lymph Node in Cutaneous Melanoma Patients: An Observational Retrospective Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113151. [PMID: 33121093 PMCID: PMC7692392 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sentinel lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor for patients with cutaneous melanoma, but occasionally it is not possible to identify the sentinel lymph node. Little is known in cutaneous melanoma literature about the phenomenon of non-identification of sentinel lymph node and its prognostic implications. In this study we observed that not identifying the sentinel lymph node involves a worse nodal disease-free survival, but not a worse melanoma-specific survival than a negative sentinel lymph node. Potentially, patients with non-identified SLN should receive a follow-up schedule like that of patients with positive SLN. Abstract Background: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) status is recognized as the most important prognostic factor for patients with cutaneous melanoma. However, sometimes it is not possible to identify SLN. The phenomenon of non-identification of SLN and its prognostic role have not been thoroughly evaluated in melanoma literature. The objective of this study was to identify which patient or tumor variables may be associated to non-identification of SLN and to evaluate the prognostic role of non-identification of SLN. Methods: Observational retrospective study of 834 cutaneous melanoma patients who underwent SLN biopsy at Instituto Valenciano de Oncología. Results: Forty-two patients (5%) presented non-identification of SLN. Patients with age at diagnosis of ≥ 64 years, obesity (BMI ≥ 30), and head and neck localization were at higher risk of non-identification of SLN. Non-identified SLN patients had worse nodal disease-free survival with respect to negative SLN patients, but not worse melanoma-specific survival. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a need to follow-up patients with non-identified SLN in the same way as patients with positive SLN.
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Chang YW, Lee HY, Lee CM, Jung SP, Kim WY, Woo SU, Lee JB, Son GS. Sentinel lymph node detection using fluorescein and blue light-emitting diodes in patients with breast carcinoma: A single-center prospective study. Asian J Surg 2020; 43:220-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Predictive risk factors for sentinel lymph node nonvisualization on planar lymphoscintigraphy using an intratumoral injection in patients with primary breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2019; 40:317-324. [PMID: 30601244 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lymphoscintigraphy is considered a useful tool to optimize sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification. Nonvisualization of the SLN is associated with a lower SLN identification rate. The aim of this study was to identify preoperative factors associated with SLN nonvisualization on lymphoscintigraphy. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 2050 consecutive SLN procedures were evaluated from clinically node-negative breast cancer patients. Planar lymphoscintigraphy was performed at 3 h after an intratumoral injection of technetium-99m-nanocolloid. This technique was used for extra-axillary SLN identification. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were analyzed for association with SLN nonvisualization. Factors with a P-value less than 0.1 in univariate analysis were included in a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS The SLN visualization rate was 86.7%. In multivariate logistic regression, age of at least 70 years [odds ratio (OR): 3.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.14-4.91)], BMI of at least 30 (OR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.39-2.69), T3/T4-tumors (OR: 2.70; 95% CI: 1.37-5.32), medially/centrally located tumors (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.17-1.99), previous mantle field radiation (OR: 4.04; 95% CI: 1.74-9.35), nonpalpable tumors (OR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.36-2.60), and presence of iodine seeds (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.02-1.78) were associated significantly with nonvisualization on lymphoscintigraphy. Nonvisualization was the strongest independent predictor of unsuccessful intraoperative SLN identification (P<0.001). Overall, the SLN identification rate was 97.7% because of the use of additional imaging and blue dye. CONCLUSION This study reports new tumor and treatment-related risk factors for nonvisualization on lymphoscintigraphy by using an intratumoral injection in primary breast cancer. We recommend a periareolar subcutaneous injection to improve SLN visualization in patients with limited prognostic and therapeutic relevance of internal mammary chain SLN identification.
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Lissidini G, Trifirò G, Veronesi P, Grana C, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, Corso G, Vellani C, Ivaldi GB. Could radiotherapy play a major role in misidentification of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer recurrence? Radiother Oncol 2019; 131:237-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Çolakoğlu MK, Güven E, Akgül GG, Doğan L, Gülçelik MA. Biological Subtypes of Breast Cancer and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy. Eur J Breast Health 2018; 14:100-104. [PMID: 29774318 DOI: 10.5152/ejbh.2018.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Breast cancer subtypes are used as prognostic and predictive factors considering the genomic profile of the disease. This study is designed to investigate the Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) detection rate in breast cancer for different biological characteristics. Material and Methods Patients on whom we performed the methylene blue method alone were named as Group I, radiocolloid substance method alone as Group II and both methylene blue and radiocolloid method as Group III. The results of biological tumor characteristics and characteristics of the patients on different SLN biopsy techniques were investigated. Results The overall SLN detecting success rate was 83.3%. When considered for each group, success rate was 80% for group I, 84.9% for group II and 90.6% for group III. While a success rate of 94.6% was achieved with radiocolloid only in the patients in Luminal A and B subgroup, 90% success rate was achieved in Her2 (+) and triple negative (TN) patients with combined method. Conclusion While successful results could be achieved by using radiocolloid substances alone in patients with Luminal A and B subtypes, combined methods should be used in HER2 (+) and TN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Kadri Çolakoğlu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Erhan Güven
- Department of Surgery, University of Health Science, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Giray Akgül
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Lütfi Doğan
- Department of Surgery, University of Health Science, Oncology Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Gülçelik
- Department of Surgery, University of Health Science, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Houpeau JL, Chauvet MP, Guillemin F, Bendavid-Athias C, Charitansky H, Kramar A, Giard S. Sentinel lymph node identification using superparamagnetic iron oxide particles versus radioisotope: The French Sentimag feasibility trial. J Surg Oncol 2016; 113:501-7. [PMID: 26754343 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The French Sentimag feasibility trial evaluated a new method for the localization of breast cancer sentinel lymph node (SLN) using Sienna+®, superparamagnetic iron oxide particles, and Sentimag® detection in comparison to the standard technique (isotopes ± blue dye). METHODS We conducted a prospective multicentric paired comparison trial on 115 patients. SLN localization was performed using both the magnetic technique and the standard method. Detection rate and concordance between magnetic and standard tracers were calculated. Post-operative complications were assessed after 30 days. RESULTS Results are based on 108 patients. SLN identification rate was 98.1% [93.5-99.8] for both methods, 97.2% [92.1-99.4] for Sienna+® and 95.4% [89.5-98.5] for standard technique. A mean of 2.1 SLNs per patient was removed. The concordance rate was 99.0% [94.7-100.0%] per patient and 97.4% [94.1-99.2] per node. Forty-six patients (43.4%) had nodal involvement. Among involved SLNs, concordance rate was 97.7% [88.0-99.9] per patient and 98.1% [90.1-100.0] per node. CONCLUSIONS This new magnetic tracer is a feasible method and a promising alternative to the isotope. It could offer benefits for ambulatory surgery or sites without nuclear medicine departments. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:501-507. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - François Guillemin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine-Alexis Vautrin, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | | | - Hélène Charitansky
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Andrew Kramar
- Department of Biostatistic, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Sylvia Giard
- Department of Senology, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille Cedex, France
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Uçmak Vural G, Şahiner I, Demirtaş S, Efetürk H, Demirel BB. Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in Contralateral Axilla at Initial Presentation of a Breast Cancer Patient: Case Report. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2015; 24:90-3. [PMID: 26316476 PMCID: PMC4563177 DOI: 10.4274/mirt.91300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The main basin for breast lymphatic drainage is ipsilateral axilla. However, extra-axillary drainage may be seen in some patients. The most common extra-axillary site is internal mammary chain, while contralateral axillary drainage is an extremely rare situation in previously untreated patients. We describe a case of untreated right breast retroareolar carcinoma with contralateral axillary drainage detected on preoperative lymphoscintigraphy. Contralateral axillary dissection was performed based on the result of frozen section examination of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) which turned out to burden micrometastasis. Postoperative histopathological examination revealed invasive ductal carcinoma metastasis in 17 out of 22 lymph nodes from the ipsilateral axillary dissection, whereas 14 lymph nodes from contralateral axillary dissection other than the SLN were nonmetastatic. In our opinion, determination of contralateral axillary metastasis in primary staging process had a major contribution to the management of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilgın Şahiner
- Ankara Oncology Hospital, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 312 336 09 09 E-mail:
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Vugts G, Maaskant-Braat AJG, Voogd AC, van Riet YEA, Roumen RMH, Luiten EJT, Rutgers EJT, Wyndaele D, Rutten HJT, Nieuwenhuijzen GAP. Improving the Success Rate of Repeat Sentinel Node Biopsy in Recurrent Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S529-35. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sentinel node in melanoma and breast cancer. Current considerations. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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[Sentinel node in melanoma and breast cancer. Current considerations]. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2014; 34:30-44. [PMID: 25455506 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of sentinel node (SN) biopsy is to avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomies and to identify the 20-25% of patients with occult regional metastatic involvement. This technique reduces the associated morbidity from lymphadenectomy and increases the occult lymphatic metastases identification rate by offering the pathologist the or those lymph nodes with the highest probability of containing metastatic cells. Pre-surgical lymphoscintigraphy is considered a "road map" to guide the surgeon towards the sentinel nodes and to localize unpredictable lymphatic drainage patterns. The SPECT/CT advantages include a better SN detection rate than planar images, the ability to detect SNs in difficult to interpret studies, better SN depiction, especially in sites closer to the injection site and better anatomic localization. These advantages may result in a change in the patient's clinical management both in melanoma and breast cancer. The correct SN evaluation by pathology implies a tumoral load stratification and further prognostic implication. The use of intraoperative imaging devices allows the surgeon a better surgical approach and precise SN localization. Several studies reports the added value of such devices for more sentinel nodes excision and a complete monitoring of the whole procedure. New techniques, by using fluorescent or hybrid tracers, are currently being developed.
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Thill M, Kurylcio A, Welter R, van Haasteren V, Grosse B, Berclaz G, Polkowski W, Hauser N. The Central-European SentiMag study: sentinel lymph node biopsy with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) vs. radioisotope. Breast 2014; 23:175-9. [PMID: 24484967 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the standard surgical procedure for the axilla in early node-negative breast cancer. To date, the "gold standard" to localize the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is the radiotracer (99m)Tc with or without blue dye. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential equivalency of the new SentiMag(®) technique in comparison to the "gold standard". Within this prospective, multicentric and multinational non-inferiority study including 150 patients (99m)Tc was compared with the magnetic technique, using superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs, Sienna+(®)) for localization of SLNs. The results showed a detection rate per patient of 97.3% (146/150) for (99m)Tc vs. 98.0% (147/150) for Sienna+(®) with a similar average number of removed SLNs per patient and a higher per patient malignancy detection rate for the SPIO tracer. We obtained convincing results that magnetic SLNB can be performed easily, safely and equivalently well in comparison to the radiotracer method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Thill
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Breast Cancer Centre, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Andrzej Kurylcio
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Rebekka Welter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Interdisciplinary Breast Centre, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Viviana van Haasteren
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Breast Cancer Centre, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Britta Grosse
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Breast Cancer Centre, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gilles Berclaz
- Breast Centre Bern, Engeriedspital, Lindenhofgruppe, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nik Hauser
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Interdisciplinary Breast Centre, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
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Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte response in cutaneous melanoma in the elderly predicts clinical outcomes. Melanoma Res 2014; 23:132-7. [PMID: 23344159 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32835e5880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and regression are manifestations of the host immune response to tumor, but their influence on outcome remains undefined. There is a paucity of data on the elderly who represent a growing proportion of melanoma patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of TILs and regression as an indirect measure of immunity on outcome in elderly patients with melanoma. From a prospective database, we identified 250 consecutive cutaneous melanoma patients aged at least 65 years at the time of diagnosis. Data were verified by record review. Within the primary melanoma, a brisk TIL response was present in 66 (31%), nonbrisk TILs in 36 (17%), and absent in 111 (52%). The presence of a brisk infiltrate conferred a three-fold increased risk of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis (P=0.02). Despite this, nonbrisk or absent TILs were associated with a five-fold increased risk of recurrence (P=0.0001). In multivariate analysis, nonbrisk or absent TILs were independently associated with recurrence (P<0.0001), diminished 5-year disease-free survival (76 vs. 91%, P=0.0006), and 5-year melanoma-specific survival (82 vs. 95%, P=0.0008). Regression was not an independent predictor of SLN metastasis, disease-free survival, or melanoma-specific survival. Our study demonstrates that an active antitumor immune response exists in elderly melanoma patients that, paradoxically, predicts both SLN metastasis and improved melanoma-specific outcomes. Further investigation to characterize this lymphocytic infiltrate and to confirm its clinical significance as a predictor of nodal status, patient outcome, and response to immunotherapy in elderly melanoma patients appears warranted.
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Prevalence and risk factors of intraoperative identification failure of sentinel lymph nodes in patients affected by breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2014; 34:664-73. [PMID: 23660760 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e328361cd84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has progressively replaced complete axillary lymph node dissection in the evaluation of breast cancer patients with clinically node-negative disease. Our study investigates the rate of and risk factors involved in sentinel node identification failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected data on SLNBs performed during 2002-2010, focusing on tumor, patient, and breast characteristics, radioactivity parameters, and operators' experience. Data were analyzed by R (v2.14.2), considering significance at P values lower than 0.05. RESULTS Among 1050 women who underwent an SLNB, the rate of identification failure was 2% (23/1050), which, on bivariate analysis, was seen to be significantly influenced (P<0.05) by the preoperative and intraoperative low radiotracer uptake (axilla/lesion radiotracer uptake ratio<1%), low level of experience of the specialist in nuclear medicine, luminal A subtype, and radiotracer uptake localization in internal mammary lymph nodes. On multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for sentinel node identification failure were found to be: axilla/lesion radiotracer uptake ratio less than 1%, radiotracer uptake localization in internal mammary lymph nodes, and luminal A subtype. Considering only the preoperative variables in our multivariate analysis, axilla/lesion radiotracer uptake ratio less than 1%, negative lymph node scintiscan, and radiotracer uptake localization in internal mammary lymph nodes had an area under the curve (receiver operating characteristic curve) of 96% (95% confidence interval 92-100%). Further, we built a nomogram based on these simple parameters for counseling the patient about the probability of not finding the sentinel lymph node during the surgical procedure. CONCLUSION The relatively low prevalence of SLNB failure (2%) is indicative of the accuracy of the procedure when performed by experienced surgeons. The sentinel node identification failure in our population seemed to be related to biological tumor factors (luminal A subtype) and probably to physiological or pathological variations in the lymphatic drainage (axilla/lesion radiotracer uptake ratio<1% and radiotracer uptake localization in internal mammary lymph nodes).
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Giammarile F, Alazraki N, Aarsvold JN, Audisio RA, Glass E, Grant SF, Kunikowska J, Leidenius M, Moncayo VM, Uren RF, Oyen WJG, Valdés Olmos RA, Vidal Sicart S. The EANM and SNMMI practice guideline for lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node localization in breast cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 40:1932-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vidal-Sicart S, Giammarile F, Mariani G, Valdés Olmos RA. Pre- and intra-operative imaging techniques for sentinel node localization in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.13.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Asadi M, Shobeiri H, Aliakbarian M, Jangjoo A, Dabbagh Kakhki V, Sadeghi R, Keshtgar M. Reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphy before and after excisional biopsy of primary breast lesions: A study using superficial peri-areolar injection of the radiotracer. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Intraoperative Hand-Held Imaging γ-Camera for Sentinel Node Detection in Patients With Breast Cancer. Clin Nucl Med 2013; 38:e132-6. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e31827a278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Asadi M, Shobeiri H, Aliakbarian M, Jangjoo A, Dabbagh Kakhki VR, Sadeghi R, Keshtgar M. Reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphy before and after excisional biopsy of primary breast lesions: a study using superficial peri-areolar injection of the radiotracer. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2012; 32:152-5. [PMID: 23044070 DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A major controversial issue in the sentinel node biopsy of the breast is the applicability of sentinel node mapping in patients with the history of previous excisional biopsy of the breast lesions. In the current study, we evaluated the reproducibility of lymphoscintigraphy before and after excisional biopsy of the primary breast lesions using superficial peri-areolar injection of the radiotracer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighteen patients scheduled for excisional biopsy of breast lesions were included into the study. The patients received intra-dermal injection of the radiotracer in the peri-areolar area of the index quadrant 1 to 2h before surgery. Imaging was performed the day after surgery. Immediately after completion of the first imaging, the patients received another injection of the radiotracer with the same technique, dose, and location. Other sets of lymphoscintigraphy imaging were taken immediately and 4h post second injection. The two sets of lymphoscintigraphy images were compared. RESULTS In 2 patients, sentinel node could not be identified in either set of images. In the remaining 16 patients, one sentinel node was detected in both lymphoscintigraphy image sets. The sentinel nodes of the second image sets were all in the same location of the first sets with at least 5 times higher count. CONCLUSIONS Excisional biopsy of the primary breast lesions does not seem to change the superficial lymphatic drainage pattern from the areola of the breast and sentinel node mapping can be performed after this procedure using superficial periareolar technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asadi
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Dordea M, Colvin H, Cox P, Pujol Nicolas A, Kanakala V, Iwuchukwu O. Clinical and histopathological factors affecting failed sentinel node localization in axillary staging for breast cancer. Surgeon 2012; 11:63-6. [PMID: 22281369 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become the standard of care in axillary staging of clinically node-negative breast cancer patients. AIMS To analyze reasons for failure of SLN localization by means of a multivariate analysis of clinical and histopathological factors. METHODS We performed a review of 164 consecutive breast cancer patients who underwent SLNB. A superficial injection technique was used. RESULTS 9/164 patients failed to show nodes. In 7/9 patients no evidence of radioactivity or blue dye was observed. Age and nodal status were the only statistically significant factors (p < 0.05). For every unit increase in age there was a 9% reduced chance of failed SLN localization. Patients with negative nodal status have 90% reduced risk of failed sentinel node localization than patients with macro or extra capsular nodal invasion. DISCUSSION The results suggest that altered lymphatic dynamics secondary to tumour burden may play a role in failed sentinel node localization. We showed that in all failed localizations the radiocolloid persisted around the injection site, showing limited local diffusion only. While clinical and histopathological data may provide some clues as to why sentinel node localization fails, we further hypothesize that integrity of peri-areolar lymphatics is important for successful localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matei Dordea
- Breast Unit, Department of General Surgery, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Kayll Road, SR4 7TP Sunderland, United Kingdom.
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Aliakbarian M, Memar B, Jangjoo A, Zakavi SR, Reza Dabbagh Kakhki V, Aryana K, Forghani MN, Sadeghi R. Factors influencing the time of sentinel node visualization in breast cancer patients using intradermal injection of the radiotracer. Am J Surg 2011; 202:199-202. [PMID: 21810501 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of our study was to determine the important factors that have influence on the time of sentinel node visualization using intradermal injection of (99m)Tc-antimony sulfide colloid. METHODS Two hundred fifty consecutive patients with the diagnosis of early-stage breast cancer were evaluated. Anterior and lateral views were acquired in various intervals after intradermal injection of the tracer until 180 minutes or visualization of the sentinel node. The effect of several variables on the time of sentinel node visualization was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS The time of sentinel node visualization was significantly correlated with age, body mass index (BMI), and interval between biopsy and sentinel node mapping. Standardized beta values for these variables were .1, .3, -.55 respectively. CONCLUSIONS Older age and higher BMI can result in slow sentinel node visualization. Longer interval between biopsy and sentinel node mapping can be associated with rapid sentinel node detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Aliakbarian
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran
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The Value of Imaging in Standing Position in Preoperative Breast Lymphoscintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med 2011; 36:683-8. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e318219b29f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Koskivuo I, Hernberg M, Vihinen P, Virolainen S, Talve L, Seppänen M, Vahlberg T, Jahkola T. Sentinel lymph node biopsy and survival in elderly patients with cutaneous melanoma. Br J Surg 2011; 98:1400-7. [PMID: 21638276 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) is a widely adopted staging procedure in patients with cutaneous melanoma. The benefits of SNB have not been evaluated thoroughly in older age groups. METHODS This was a two-centre retrospective observational study of patients with melanoma aged at least 70 years undergoing SNB. RESULTS A total of 423 patients were included. SNB was successful in 405 patients (95·7 per cent), of whom 88 (21·7 per cent) had sentinel node metastasis. During a median follow-up of 2·5 years, recurrence developed in 80 patients (18·9 per cent). Nodal recurrence developed in eight sentinel node-negative patients, giving a false-negative rate of 8·3 per cent, a sensitivity of 91·7 per cent and an overall diagnostic accuracy of 98·0 per cent. A total of 46 patients (10·9 per cent) died from melanoma and 42 (9·9 per cent) from other causes. At 5 years, the relapse-free survival rate was 80·0 per cent in sentinel node-negative patients and 39 per cent in node-positive patients; cancer-specific survival rates were 88·6 per cent and 46 per cent respectively (P < 0·001). In multivariable analysis, sentinel node metastasis (P < 0·001), a Breslow thickness of at least 2·0 mm (P = 0·007) and presence of ulceration (P = 0·012) were independent prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSION SNB is a feasible and accurate technique for detecting nodal metastases in older patients with melanoma. Sentinel node status is the most important predictor of cancer-specific outcome in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Koskivuo
- Department of Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Mátrai Z, Tóth L, Saeki T, Sinkovics I, Godény M, Takeuchi H, Bidlek M, Bartal A, Sávolt A, Dorogi B, Kásler M. [The potential role of SPECT/CT in the preoperative detection of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer]. Orv Hetil 2011; 152:678-88. [PMID: 21464026 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2011.29077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regional lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is the standard method of axillary staging in early breast cancer patients with clinically negative nodes. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy might support refining biopsy findings by determining the number and location of sentinel lymph nodes. In aged or overweight patients, in the presence of atypical or extra-axillary lymphatic drainage, non-visualized lymph nodes, or sentinel lymph nodes close to the isotope injection site, detection could be aided by a new, hybrid imaging tool: the single-photon emission computed tomography combined with computed tomography (3D SPECT/CT). For the first time in Hungarian language, authors overview the literature: all 14 English-language articles on the implementation of 3D SPECT/CT in sentinel lymph node detection in breast cancer are included. It is concluded that 3D SPECT/CT increases the success rate and quality of preoperative sentinel node identification, and is capable of providing a more accurate staging of breast cancer patients in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Mátrai
- Országos Onkológiai Intézet Általános és Mellkassebészeti Osztály Budapest Ráth György u. 7-9. 1122.
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Nielsen KR, Oturai PS, Friis E, Hesse U, Callesen T, Nielsen MB, Chakera AH, Hesse B. Axillary sentinel node identification in breast cancer patients: degree of radioactivity present at biopsy is critical. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2011; 31:288-93. [PMID: 21672136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2011.01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The radioactivity present in the patient (Act(rem) ) at sentinel node (SN) biopsy will depend on injected activity amount as well as on the time interval from tracer injection to biopsy, which both show great variations in the literature. The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of varying Act(rem) levels on the outcome of axillary SN biopsy in patients with breast cancer (BC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Eight hundred and fifty-eight patients with BC were consecutively referred to SN biopsy, 21% for a same-day and 79% of the patients for a 2-day procedure. Four hundred and nineteen patients underwent scintigraphy and 439 did not. For same-day procedures, 50 MBq (99m) Tc-nanocolloid (Nanocoll(®) ) was injected, and for 2-day procedures 110 MBq. For the analysis of SN biopsy outcome, the patients were divided into three Act(rem) groups: <10 (56% of the patients), 10-20 (23%), and >20 MBq (21%). During surgery, SNs were located using a hand-held gamma probe supported by image information when available and blue dye injection. Pathology included haematoxylin-eosin staining followed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The number of SNs removed (mean value 1·87 versus 2·14, P = 0·0003) and the probability of finding a malignant SN (P = 0·034) were lower in the <10 MBq group of patients compared with higher Act(rem) >20 MBq. Of the 25 patients with SN non-detection, 20 patients had an Act(rem) <10 MBq. Imaging had no significant influence on the number of patients with a malignant SN (P = 0·48). CONCLUSION Act(rem) above 10 MBq for nanocolloid tracer appears important for appropriate identification of SNs in patients with BC.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to outline current controversies in management of early-stage vulvar cancer. The main focus will be on the procedures for assessing the sentinel node and the treatment of those with evidence of metastatic involvement. RECENT FINDINGS Assessment of the sentinel node has recently been introduced into the standard treatment of early-stage squamous cell vulvar cancer. The combination of a radioactive tracer and blue dye is the most accurate technique for sentinel node detection. Preoperative imaging is recommended to rule out gross nodal involvement and ultrasound with fine needle aspiration cytology by an experienced radiologist appears to have the highest sensitivity/specificity for detecting metastases, although large comparative studies are not available. All patients with sentinel node metastases require additional treatment to the groin, independent of the size of metastasis in the sentinel node and currently this involves inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. Further research is ongoing to investigate the role of radiotherapy instead of lymphadenectomy. The little experience there is of sentinel node biopsy in vulvar melanoma suggests that the procedure is feasible and inclusion criteria should follow those of cutaneous melanoma. SUMMARY Sentinel node biopsy is safe in treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer. Ongoing studies are investigating the optimal additional treatment for patients with a positive sentinel node in terms of efficacy and morbidity.
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Vidal-Sicart S, Paredes P, Zanón G, Pahisa J, Martinez-Román S, Caparrós X, Vilalta A, Rull R, Pons F. Added value of intraoperative real-time imaging in searches for difficult-to-locate sentinel nodes. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:1219-25. [PMID: 20660385 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.074880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Localization of sentinel lymph nodes can be challenging if they are in difficult anatomic locations or near high radiotracer activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of intraoperative real-time imaging using a portable gamma-camera in conjunction with a conventional gamma-counting probe when it is difficult to localize the sentinel node. METHODS After (99m)Tc-nanocolloid injection, patients with various malignancies underwent presurgical lymphoscintigraphy followed by surgery (usually the next day). We evaluated 20 patients who required sentinel lymph node biopsy and in whom the location or other characteristics of the sentinel node would make intraoperative retrieval difficult. During surgery, the sentinel node was localized using a portable gamma-camera together with a hand-held gamma-probe. A (153)Gd pointer or (125)I seed was used to better depict the sentinel node location in real time. RESULTS Using only a conventional hand-held gamma-probe, surgeons were able to definitively localize the sentinel node in 15 of 20 patients. Intraoperatively, the portable gamma-camera showed uptake by the definite sentinel node in 19 of 20 patients and helped to precisely localize the node with the hand-held gamma-probe in 4 patients. In 1 of these patients, the sentinel node was metastatic. CONCLUSION The combination of a standard hand-held gamma-probe and real-time imaging provided by a portable gamma-camera offers a high intraoperative detection rate in patients with difficult sentinel node localization as assessed by presurgical lymphoscintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Vidal-Sicart
- Nuclear Medicine Department (CDIC), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Meretoja TJ, Joensuu H, Heikkilä PS, Leidenius MH. Safety of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer patients who receive a second radioisotope injection after visualization failure in lymphoscintigraphy. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102:649-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Straver ME, Meijnen P, van Tienhoven G, van de Velde CJH, Mansel RE, Bogaerts J, Duez N, Cataliotti L, Klinkenbijl JHG, Westenberg HA, van der Mijle H, Snoj M, Hurkmans C, Rutgers EJT. Sentinel node identification rate and nodal involvement in the EORTC 10981-22023 AMAROS trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17:1854-61. [PMID: 20300966 PMCID: PMC2889289 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-0945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The randomized EORTC 10981-22023 AMAROS trial investigates whether breast cancer patients with a tumor-positive sentinel node biopsy (SNB) are best treated with an axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or axillary radiotherapy (ART). The aim of the current substudy was to evaluate the identification rate and the nodal involvement. Methods The first 2,000 patients participating in the AMAROS trial were evaluated. Associations between the identification rate and technical, patient-, and tumor-related factors were evaluated. The outcome of the SNB procedure and potential further nodal involvement was assessed. Results In 65 patients, the sentinel node could not be identified. As a result, the sentinel node identification rate was 97% (1,888 of 1,953). Variables affecting the success rate were age, pathological tumor size, histology, year of accrual, and method of detection. The SNB results of 65% of the patients (n = 1,220) were negative and the patients underwent no further axillary treatment. The SNB results were positive in 34% of the patients (n = 647), including macrometastases (n = 409, 63%), micrometastases (n = 161, 25%), and isolated tumor cells (n = 77, 12%). Further nodal involvement in patients with macrometastases, micrometastases, and isolated tumor cells undergoing an ALND was 41, 18, and 18%, respectively. Conclusions With a 97% detection rate in this prospective international multicenter study, the SNB procedure is highly effective, especially when the combined method is used. Further nodal involvement in patients with micrometastases and isolated tumor cells in the sentinel node was similar—both were 18%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke E Straver
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Factors affecting sentinel lymph node detection failure in breast cancer patients using intradermal injection of the tracer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 29:73-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Johnson MT, Guidroz JA, Smith BJ, Graham MM, Scott-Conner CE, Sugg SL, Weigel RJ. A single institutional experience of factors affecting successful identification of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer patients. Surgery 2009; 146:671-6; discussion 676-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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How long the lymphoscintigraphy imaging should be continued for sentinel lymph node mapping? Ann Nucl Med 2009; 23:507-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-009-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Conway WC, Faries MB, Nicholl MB, Terando AM, Glass EC, Sim M, Morton DL. Age-related lymphatic dysfunction in melanoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1548-52. [PMID: 19277787 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related outcomes have become increasingly common in evaluating patients with melanoma. For instance, as age increases, sentinel node (SN) nonidentification increases and SN positivity decreases. Furthermore, advanced age is a risk factor for in-transit disease. We hypothesized that increasing age is accompanied by alterations in lymphatic function, possibly explaining these findings. METHODS Our center's melanoma database was queried to identify patients who underwent successful sentinel node biopsy after lymphoscintigraphy. Records of those treated between 2000 and 2005 were reviewed for age, sex, drainage basin, intraoperative radioactivity, and SN pathology. RESULTS The 858 patients had a mean age of 55 years; 59% were men. Mean radioactivity in the hottest SN was 5232 counts per second; 179 patients (21%) had SN metastases. SN count rates were significantly and inversely related to age (P < .001 by Pearson correlation, analysis of variance, and chi(2) test). Mean counts per second were 6105, 5883, and 2720 for axillary, inguinal, and cervical basins, respectively (P < .01), and count rates in these basins were consistently lower with increasing age (neck and axilla, P < .001; groin, P = .060; Pearson correlation). Multivariate analysis confirmed an independent inverse association between age and count rates (P < .001), overall and within each primary tumor site. CONCLUSIONS Lymphatic function, as assessed by radiocolloid transit to and uptake within the SN, declines with age. Altered lymphatic function in older patients may modify metastatic patterns; knowledge of this may help clarify findings of reduced nodal positivity and increased in-transit disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Charles Conway
- Department of Surgical Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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Heuts EM, van der Ent FWC, van der Pol HAG, von Meyenfeldt MF, Voogd AC. Additional Tracer Injection to Improve the Technical Success Rate of Lymphoscintigraphy for Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1156-63. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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One-day or two-day procedure for sentinel node biopsy in melanoma? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:928-37. [PMID: 19153733 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-1036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the outcome of a 1-day and a 2-day sentinel node (SN) biopsy procedure, evaluated in terms of lymphoscintigraphic, surgical and pathological findings. METHODS We studied 476 patients with melanoma from two melanoma centres using static scintigraphy and blue dye. A proportional odds model was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The number of SNs visualized at scintigraphy increased significantly with time from injection to scintigraphy and activity left in the patient at scintigraphy, and depended on the melanoma location. The number of SNs removed at surgery increased with the number of SNs visualized at scintigraphy and time from injection to surgery. The frequency of nodal metastasis increased with increasing thickness and Clark level of the melanoma, and was highest for two SNs visualized at scintigraphy. CONCLUSION This study showed that early vs. late imaging and surgery do make a difference on the outcome of the SN procedure and confirmed the importance of the scintigraphic visualization of all true SNs.
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van der Ploeg IMC, Olmos RAV, Kroon BBR, Rutgers EJT, Nieweg OE. The hidden sentinel node and SPECT/CT in breast cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 36:6-11. [PMID: 18712384 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-0910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a minority of breast cancer patients, lymphoscintigraphy shows no lymphatic drainage and 'hidden' sentinel nodes may remain undiscovered. The purpose of this study was to explore the additional value of the recently introduced hybrid SPECT/CT in breast cancer patients with axillary non-visualisation on planar images. The role of blue dye and careful palpation of the axilla was evaluated in patients in whom axillary sentinel nodes remained hidden after SPECT/CT. METHODS Fifteen breast cancer patients with non-visualisation on planar lymphoscintigraphy and 13 women with only extra-axillary sentinel nodes underwent SPECT/CT following late planar imaging without re-injection of the radiopharmaceutical. RESULTS SPECT/CT visualised lymphatic drainage in eight of the 15 patients (53%) with non-visualisation on planar imaging, depicted nine of the 14 harvested sentinel nodes (64%) and three of five tumour-positive sentinel nodes. In two of the 13 patients (15%) with only extra-axillary sentinel nodes on their planar lymphoscintigram, SPECT/CT showed an axillary sentinel node that appeared to be uninvolved. Careful exploration of the axilla with the combined use of blue dye, a gamma probe and intra-operative palpation revealed an axillary sentinel node in the remaining 18 patients. SPECT/CT showed the exact anatomical location of all visualised sentinel nodes. CONCLUSION SPECT/CT discovered 'hidden' sentinel nodes in the majority of patients with non-visualisation, but was less valuable in patients with only extra-axillary lymphatic drainage on the planar images. Exploration of the axilla in patients with persistent non-visualisation improved the identification of axillary (involved) sentinel nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris M C van der Ploeg
- Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nielsen KR, Grossjohann HS, Hansen CP, Nielsen MB. Use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging to detect the first draining lymph node (FDLN) in a swine model: correlation of imaging findings with the distance from the injection site to the FDLN. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2008; 27:1203-1209. [PMID: 18645079 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2008.27.8.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEUS) to detect the first draining lymph node (FDLN) in a swine model and to determine whether the distance from the contrast agent injection site to the FDLN has any affect on the ability to detect contrast-enhanced FDLNs. METHODS Thirteen swine (25-32 kg) were anesthetized during examinations and euthanized afterward. In every swine, 1 mL of a sulfur hexafluoride microbubble ultrasound contrast agent was bilaterally injected subcutaneously below a mammilla. The examined distances varied from 6 to 36 cm. The contrast-enhanced lymphatic channels were visualized with low-mechanical index CEUS and mapped from the injection site to the FDLN. After CEUS was performed, blue dye was injected in the same locations as the contrast agent, and dye-guided surgery was used to localize the FDLNs. To ensure the lymph node detected with the blue dye technique was the same found with CEUS, it was scanned again to confirm contrast enhancement. RESULTS After 26 injections, 22 inguinal FDLNs were detected with CEUS and the blue dye technique. After 4 injections in 2 swine, contrast-filled lymphatic channels were identified with a course running toward the neck. In all cases but 1, the FDLNs received the contrast agent within 5 minutes. CONCLUSIONS In this swine model, it was possible to use CEUS to locate the FDLNs. In these preliminary experiments, the distances from the contrast agent injection site to the FDLN did not affect the ability to detect the contrast-enhanced FDLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Nielsen
- Department of Radiology, Section of Ultrasound X4123, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Clinical Significance of Preoperative Lymphoscintigraphy for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer. J Surg Res 2008; 148:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Multiparametric analysis of preoperative lymphatic mapping with the use of combined deep plus superficial radiotracer injection technique in early breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29:546-52. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3282f63965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Straalman K, Kristoffersen US, Galatius H, Lanng C. Factors influencing sentinel lymph node identification failure in breast cancer surgery. Breast 2008; 17:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Sato K. Current technical overviews of sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2008; 14:354-61. [PMID: 17986800 DOI: 10.2325/jbcs.14.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is based on the hypothesis that the sentinel lymph node (SLN) reflects the lymph-node status and a negative SLN might allow complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) to be avoided. Although the survival outcome is still unknown, this technique has already become a standard of care for breast cancer patients. However, it is still important to discuss current techniques and some controversies. This article reviews these issues for a variety of SLNB techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Sato
- Department of Surgery, Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo, 154-8532, Japan.
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Blanco I, Moriyón C, Santamaría L, Carrocera A, Díaz D, Lezana M, Álvarez R, Angulo J. Nuestra experiencia en la aplicación clínica de la biopsia del ganglio centinela en cáncer de mama. Cir Esp 2007; 82:352-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-739x(07)71746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Buscombe J, Paganelli G, Burak ZE, Waddington W, Maublant J, Prats E, Palmedo H, Schillaci O, Maffioli L, Lassmann M, Chiesa C, Bombardieri E, Chiti A. Sentinel node in breast cancer procedural guidelines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34:2154-9. [PMID: 17943283 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-007-0614-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tsushima H, Takayama T, Kizu H, Yamanaga T, Shimonishi Y, Kosakai K, Murai M, Onoguchi M. Advantages of upright position imaging with medium-energy collimator for sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer patients. Ann Nucl Med 2007; 21:123-8. [PMID: 17424979 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the advantage of upright position imaging with a medium-energy collimator for the detection of sentinel lymph node (SLN). METHODS Thirty-four patients with operable breast cancer underwent sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy with 99mTc-tin colloid. Images were obtained in 5 different positions and paired images from the same patient were compared using side-by-side interpretation. Images were compared in 3 groups: group 1 (anterior view); supine (SAV) vs. upright (UAV), group 2 (oblique view); supine (SOV) vs. upright (UOV), and group 3 (oblique view); modified supine (MOV) vs. UOV. Image quality was evaluated using a 3-grade scale of clear, faint, and equivocal depiction, and correlated to 3 parameters: distance from injection site to lymph node (hot node), counts in hot node, and image contrast. Parameters in group 1 were compared by classifying the primary tumor site into 4 subregions. RESULTS Image quality in all 3 groups was more enhanced on the image obtained in the upright position than that in the supine position. Obtaining images in an upright position increased the mean distances by 1.5-3.2 cm, and mean contrasts were significantly increased by 0.13-0.31 (p < 0.05). It was shown that image quality was more greatly affected by image contrast than by counts in the hot node. Image contrast of 0.5 seemed an appropriate threshold level for detection of the hot node. On comparison of tumor sites, the upper outer quadrant (C) region of the 4 subregions demonstrated greater contrast enhancement on upright position images. CONCLUSION Clinical images obtained in an upright position with a medium-energy collimator were superior to those obtained in a supine position. Use of this procedure is recommended to enhance lymph node detection on sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tsushima
- Department of Radiology, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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Kawase K, Gayed IW, Hunt KK, Kuerer HM, Akins J, Yi M, Grimes L, Babiera GV, Ross MI, Feig BW, Ames FC, Singletary SE, Buchholz TA, Symmans WF, Meric-Bernstam F. Use of lymphoscintigraphy defines lymphatic drainage patterns before sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 203:64-72. [PMID: 16798488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoscintigraphy (LSG) can identify lymphatic drainage patterns before sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is performed in patients with early-stage breast cancer, but the importance of extraaxillary SLNs seen on LSG is unknown. We assessed whether drainage patterns seen on LSG were associated with histologic findings in axillary SLNs recovered at SLN biopsy. STUDY DESIGN From a prospectively maintained database, we identified 1,201 clinically node-negative patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent preoperative LSG and axillary SLN biopsy. Patient and tumor characteristics, LSG results, and final SLN pathology results were examined. RESULTS LSG showed drainage to internal mammary (IM) nodes in 1.6% of patients, axillary nodes in 68.1%, both IM and axillary nodes in 19.8%, and no drainage in 10.3%. Drainage to IM nodes was observed for tumors in all quadrants of the breast. Patients with IM drainage had a younger median age than patients without IM drainage (51.8 versus 58.3 years, respectively; p < 0.001). The intraoperative axillary SLN identification rate was higher when axillary drainage was observed on LSG than when it was not observed (98.7% versus 93.0%, respectively; p < 0.001), but the LSG drainage pattern was not associated with pathologic status of the SLN or number of metastatic SLNs. At a median followup of 32 months, 4 patients had regional nodal recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Almost one-fourth of patients had lymphatic drainage to the extraaxillary lymph nodes, particularly the IM nodes, seen on LSG. Extraaxillary drainage seen on LSG did not preclude identification of axillary SLNs at operation. Longterm followup of patients with lymphoscintigraphic evidence of extraaxillary drainage is needed to determine whether regional and systemic recurrence patterns differ in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Kawase
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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The influence of radioisotope vehicle on breast sentinel node detection. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:928-32. [PMID: 16621427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the relationship between carrier molecule size and time elapsing between marker injection and sentinel node(s) biopsy in patients with breast cancer. MATERIAL The study performed on 122 women, in whom the sentinel node(s) was identified according to the procedure described below. In Group I (n=72 patients), SN identification was done with radioisotope marker of 400-3000 nm molecule size (tin colloid). In Group II (n=50 patients) radioisotope marker of <100 nm molecule size (colloidal albumin) was used. METHODS All the patients of both groups received the markers with a single-point, intradermal, periareolar injection. Four hours after the injection (Group I - surgery in the next day) or immediately before the surgery (in this same day) (Group II), stationary lymphoscintigraphy was performed. RESULTS Mean numbers of sentinel nodes identified with the radioisotope method in Groups I and II were 1.22 and 1.48, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS There is a relationship between the radioisotope marker molecule size and the injection-to-intra-operative evaluation time. Administration of small molecule size radioisotope marker several hours prior to the planned surgery appears to be the optimum procedure in this method of SN identification in patients with breast cancer.
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