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Blokhin V, Pavlova EN, Katunina EA, Nodel MR, Kataeva GV, Moskalets ER, Pronina TS, Ugrumov MV. Dopamine Synthesis in the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System in Patients at Risk of Developing Parkinson's Disease at the Prodromal Stage. J Clin Med 2024; 13:875. [PMID: 38337569 PMCID: PMC10856030 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is diagnosed by the onset of motor symptoms and treated long after its onset. Therefore, the development of the early diagnosis of PD is a priority for neurology. Advanced methodologies for this include (1) searching for patients at risk of developing prodromal PD based on premotor symptoms; (2) searching for changes in the body fluids in these patients as diagnostic biomarkers; (3) verifying the diagnosis of prodromal PD and diagnostic-value biomarkers using positron emission tomography (PET); (4) anticipating the development of motor symptoms. According to our data, the majority of patients (n = 14) at risk of developing PD selected in our previous study show pronounced interhemispheric asymmetry in the incorporation of 18F-DOPA into dopamine synthesis in the striatum. This was assessed for the caudate nucleus and putamen separately using the specific binding coefficient, asymmetry index, and putamen/caudate nucleus ratio. Interhemispheric asymmetry in the incorporation of 18F-DOPA into the striatum provides strong evidence for its dopaminergic denervation and the diagnostic value of previously identified blood biomarkers. Of the 17 patients at risk of developing prodromal PD studied using PET, 3 patients developed motor symptoms within a year. Thus, our study shows the promise of using the described methodology for the development of early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Blokhin
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (V.B.); (E.N.P.); (T.S.P.)
| | - Ekaterina N. Pavlova
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (V.B.); (E.N.P.); (T.S.P.)
| | - Elena A. Katunina
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Russian Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow 117513, Russia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Marina R. Nodel
- Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119435, Russia;
| | - Galina V. Kataeva
- Federal State Budget Institution Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (RRCRST) 70, Leningradskaya Street, Pesochny, St. Petersburg 197758, Russia;
| | | | - Tatiana S. Pronina
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (V.B.); (E.N.P.); (T.S.P.)
| | - Michael V. Ugrumov
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (V.B.); (E.N.P.); (T.S.P.)
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Krasko MN, Szot J, Lungova K, Rowe LM, Leverson G, Kelm-Nelson CA, Ciucci MR. Pink1-/- Rats Demonstrate Swallowing and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in a Model of Prodromal Parkinson Disease. Dysphagia 2023; 38:1382-1397. [PMID: 36949296 PMCID: PMC10514238 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-023-10567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Early motor and non-motor signs of Parkinson disease (PD) include dysphagia, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and constipation. However, because these often manifest prior to formal diagnosis, the study of PD-related swallow and GI dysfunction in early stages is difficult. To overcome this limitation, we used the Pink1-/- rat, a well-established early-onset genetic rat model of PD to assay swallowing and GI motility deficits. Thirty male rats were tested at 4 months (Pink1-/- = 15, wildtype (WT) control = 15) and 6 months (Pink1-/- = 7, WT = 6) of age; analogous to early-stage PD in humans. Videofluoroscopy of rats ingesting a peanut-butter-barium mixture was used to measure mastication rate and oropharyngeal and pharyngoesophageal bolus speeds. Abnormal swallowing behaviors were also quantified. A second experiment tracked barium contents through the stomach, small intestine, caecum, and colon at hours 0-6 post-barium gavage. Number and weight of fecal emissions over 24 h were also collected. Compared to WTs, Pink1-/- rats showed slower mastication rates, slower pharyngoesophageal bolus speeds, and more abnormal swallowing behaviors. Pink1-/- rats demonstrated significantly delayed motility through the caecum and colon. Pink1-/- rats also had significantly lower fecal pellet count and higher fecal pellet weight after 24 h at 6 months of age. Results demonstrate that swallowing dysfunction occurs early in Pink1-/- rats. Delayed transit to the colon and constipation-like signs are also evident in this model. The presence of these early swallowing and GI deficits in Pink1-/- rats are analogous to those observed in human PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann N Krasko
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - John Szot
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Karolina Lungova
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Linda M Rowe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Glen Leverson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Cynthia A Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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Rudisch DM, Krasko MN, Burdick R, Broadfoot CK, Rogus-Pulia N, Ciucci MR. Dysphagia in Parkinson Disease: Part I - Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Practices. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2023; 11:176-187. [PMID: 37608845 PMCID: PMC10441627 DOI: 10.1007/s40141-023-00392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Dysphagia affects the majority of individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) and is not typically diagnosed until later in disease progression. This review will cover the current understanding of PD pathophysiology, and provides an overview of dysphagia in PD including diagnostic practices, gaps in knowledge, and future directions. Recent Findings Many non-motor and other motor signs of PD appear in the prodrome prior to the manifestation of hall- mark signs and diagnosis. While dysphagia often presents already in the prodrome, it is not routinely addressed in standard neurology examinations. Summary Dysphagia in PD can result in compromised efficiency and safety of swallowing, which significantly contributes to malnutrition and dehydration, decrease quality of life, and increase mortality. The heterogeneous clinical presentation of PD complicates diagnostic procedures which often leads to delayed treatment. Research has advanced our knowledge of mechanisms underlying PD, but dysphagia is still largely understudied, especially in the prodromal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Michael Rudisch
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maryann N Krasko
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ryan Burdick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Courtney K Broadfoot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicole Rogus-Pulia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Orlovskaya VV, Fedorova OS, Viktorov NB, Vaulina DD, Krasikova RN. One-Pot Radiosynthesis of [18F]Anle138b—5-(3-Bromophenyl)-3-(6-[18F]fluorobenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazole—A Potential PET Radiotracer Targeting α-Synuclein Aggregates. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062732. [PMID: 36985703 PMCID: PMC10052605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Availability of PET imaging radiotracers targeting α-synuclein aggregates is important for early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and related α-synucleinopathies, as well as for the development of new therapeutics. Derived from a pyrazole backbone, 11C-labelled derivatives of anle138b (3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-(3-bromophenyl)-1H-pyrazole)—an inhibitor of α-synuclein and prion protein oligomerization—are currently in active development as the candidates for PET imaging α-syn aggregates. This work outlines the synthesis of a radiotracer based on the original structure of anle138b, labelled with fluorine-18 isotope, eminently suitable for PET imaging due to half-life and decay energy characteristics (97% β+ decay, 109.7 min half-life, and 635 keV positron energy). A three-step radiosynthesis was developed starting from 6-[18F]fluoropiperonal (6-[18F]FP) that was prepared using (piperonyl)(phenyl)iodonium bromide as a labelling precursor. The obtained 6-[18F]FP was used directly in the condensation reaction with tosylhydrazide followed by 1,3-cycloaddition of the intermediate with 3′-bromophenylacetylene eliminating any midway without any intermediate purifications. This one-pot approach allowed the complete synthesis of [18F]anle138b within 105 min with RCY of 15 ± 3% (n = 3) and Am in the range of 32–78 GBq/µmol. The [18F]fluoride processing and synthesis were performed in a custom-built semi-automated module, but the method can be implemented in all the modern automated platforms. While there is definitely space for further optimization, the procedure developed is well suited for preclinical studies of this novel radiotracer in animal models and/or cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya V. Orlovskaya
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga S. Fedorova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolai B. Viktorov
- St. Petersburg State Technological Institute, Technical University, 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria D. Vaulina
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raisa N. Krasikova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Lakkas L, Serim BD, Fotopoulos A, Iakovou I, Doumas A, Korkmaz U, Michalis LK, Sioka C. Infection of cardiac prosthetic valves and implantable electronic devices: early diagnosis and treatment. Acta Cardiol 2021; 76:569-575. [PMID: 32406333 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2020.1761594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been a recent rise in the use of implantable cardiac devices, mostly valves but also electronic ones, such as pacemakers, and implantable defibrillators. The increasing use of these devices had as a consequence the raised incidence of endocarditis, an infrequent but morbid complication of these procedures. Thus, early diagnosis of the implantable cardiac devices related infection and endocarditis became pivotal for appropriate management. For diagnostic purposes, the modified Duke criteria are widely used, which are based on clinical and imaging findings, in addition to serological analyses and blood cultures. 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a recently employed method in order to improve the early diagnosis of endocarditis as well as infection of the implantable device. It is likely, that combining the modified Duke criteria with the FDG PET/CT, will increase the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis and will guide the treating physician to an early and appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Lakkas
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical school, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Burcu Dirlik Serim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institution of Cardiology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andreas Fotopoulos
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical school, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Iakovou
- 2nd Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Argyrios Doumas
- 2nd Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ulku Korkmaz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Lampros K. Michalis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical school, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Chrissa Sioka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical school, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Andersen VL, Soerensen MA, Dam JH, Langkjaer N, Petersen H, Bender DA, Fugloe D, Huynh THV. GMP production of 6-[ 18F]Fluoro-L-DOPA for PET/CT imaging by different synthetic routes: a three center experience. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:21. [PMID: 34117961 PMCID: PMC8197687 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The radiofluorinated levodopa analogue 6-[18F]F-L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-6-18F-L-phenylalanine) is a commonly employed radiotracer for PET/CT imaging of multiple oncological and neurological indications. An unusually large number of different radiosyntheses have been published to the point where two different Ph. Eur. monographs exist depending on whether the chemistry relies on electrophilic or nucleophilic radiosubstitution of appropriate chemical precursors. For new PET imaging sites wishing to adopt [18F]FDOPA into clinical practice, selecting the appropriate production process may be difficult and dependent on the clinical needs of the site. METHODS Data from four years of [18F]FDOPA production at three different clinical sites are collected and compared. These three sites, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Odense University Hospital (OUH), and Herlev University Hospital (HUH), produce the radiotracer by different radiosynthetic routes with AUH adopting an electrophilic strategy, while OUH and HUH employ two different nucleophilic approaches. Production failure rates, radiochemical yields, and molar activities are compared across sites and time. Additionally, the clinical use of the radiotracer over the time period considered at the different sites are presented and discussed. RESULTS The electrophilic substitution route suffers from being demanding in terms of cyclotron operation and maintenance. This challenge, however, was found to be compensated by a production failure rate significantly below that of both nucleophilic approaches; a result of simpler chemistry. The five-step nucleophilic approach employed at HUH produces superior radiochemical yields compared to the three-step approach adopted at OUH but suffers from the need for more comprehensive synthesis equipment given the multi-step nature of the procedure, including HPLC purification. While the procedure at OUH furnishes the lowest radiochemical yield of the synthetic routes considered, it produces the highest molar activity. This is of importance across the clinical applications of the tracer discussed here, including dopamine synthesis in striatum of subjects with schizophrenia and congenital hyperinsulinism in infants. CONCLUSION For most sites either of the two nucleophilic substitution strategies should be favored. However, which of the two will depend on whether a given site wishes to optimize the radiochemical yield or the ease of the use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdemar L Andersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Borgmester Ib Juuls vej 31, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mikkel A Soerensen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Borgmester Ib Juuls vej 31, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Johan Hygum Dam
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Langkjaer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Petersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dirk Andreas Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dan Fugloe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Borgmester Ib Juuls vej 31, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Tri Hien Viet Huynh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Borgmester Ib Juuls vej 31, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
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Krasikova RN. Nucleophilic Synthesis of 6-l-[ 18F]FDOPA. Is Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination the Answer? Molecules 2020; 25:E4365. [PMID: 32977512 PMCID: PMC7582790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography employing 6-l-[18F]fluoro-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (6-l-[18F]FDOPA) is currently a highly relevant clinical tool for detection of gliomas, neuroendocrine tumors and evaluation of Parkinson's disease progression. Yet, the deficiencies of electrophilic synthesis of 6-l-[18F]FDOPA hold back its wider use. To fulfill growing clinical demands for this radiotracer, novel synthetic strategies via direct nucleophilic 18F-radiloabeling starting from multi-Curie amounts of [18F]fluoride, have been recently introduced. In particular, Cu-mediated radiofluorination of arylpinacol boronates and arylstannanes show significant promise for introduction into clinical practice. In this short review these current developments will be discussed with a focus on their applicability to automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa N Krasikova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain Russian Academy of Science, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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8
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A revisit to quantitative PET with 18F-FDOPA of high specific activity using a high-resolution condition in view of application to regenerative therapy. Ann Nucl Med 2016; 31:163-171. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-016-1143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Honma M, Kuroda T, Futamura A, Shiromaru A, Kawamura M. Dysfunctional counting of mental time in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25421. [PMID: 27146904 PMCID: PMC4857080 DOI: 10.1038/srep25421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often underestimate time intervals, however it remains unclear why they underestimate rather than overestimate them. The current study examined time underestimation and counting in patients with PD, in relation to dopamine transporter (DaT) located on presynaptic nerve endings in the striatum. Nineteen non-dementia patients with PD and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls performed two time estimation tasks to produce or reproduce time intervals with counting in the head, to examine dysfunctional time counting processing. They also performed tapping tasks to measure cycles of counting with 1 s interval with time estimation. Compared to controls, patients underestimated time intervals above 10 s on time production not reproduction tasks, and the underestimation correlated with fast counting on the tapping task. Furthermore, striatal DaT protein levels strongly correlated with underestimation of time intervals. These findings suggest that distortion of time intervals is guided by cumulative output of fast cycle counting and that this is linked with striatal DaT protein deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Honma
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Akinori Futamura
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Azusa Shiromaru
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kawamura
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
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Zlatopolskiy BD, Zischler J, Urusova EA, Endepols H, Kordys E, Frauendorf H, Mottaghy FM, Neumaier B. A Practical One-Pot Synthesis of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Tracers via Nickel-Mediated Radiofluorination. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:457-62. [PMID: 26478840 PMCID: PMC4603406 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently a novel method for the preparation of (18)F-labeled arenes via oxidative [(18)F]fluorination of easily accessible and sufficiently stable nickel complexes with [(18)F]fluoride under exceptionally mild reaction conditions was published. The suitability of this procedure for the routine preparation of clinically relevant positron emission tomography (PET) tracers, 6-[(18)F]fluorodopamine (6-[(18)F]FDA), 6-[(18)F]fluoro-l-DOPA (6-[(18)F]FDOPA) and 6-[(18)F]fluoro-m-tyrosine (6-[(18)F]FMT), was evaluated. The originally published base-free method was inoperative. However, a "low base" protocol afforded protected radiolabeled intermediates in radiochemical conversions (RCCs) of 5-18 %. The subsequent deprotection step proceeded almost quantitatively (>95 %). The simple one-pot two-step procedure allowed the preparation of clinical doses of 6-[(18)F]FDA and 6-[(18)F]FDOPA within 50 min (12 and 7 % radiochemical yield, respectively). In an unilateral rat model of Parkinsons disease, 6-[(18)F]FDOPA with high specific activity (175 GBq μmol(-1)) prepared using the described nickel-mediated radiofluorination was compared to 6-[(18)F]FDOPA with low specific activity (30 MBq μmol(-1)) produced via conventional electrophilic radiofluorination. Unexpectedly both tracer variants displayed very similar in vivo properties with respect to signal-to-noise ratio and brain distribution, and consequently, the quality of the obtained PET images was almost identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris D Zlatopolskiy
- Institute of Radiochemistry & Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic CologneKerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism ResearchGleueler Str. 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Zischler
- Institute of Radiochemistry & Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic CologneKerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism ResearchGleueler Str. 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elizaveta A Urusova
- Institute of Radiochemistry & Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic CologneKerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism ResearchGleueler Str. 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen UniversityPauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Institute of Radiochemistry & Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic CologneKerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism ResearchGleueler Str. 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Kordys
- Institute of Radiochemistry & Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic CologneKerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism ResearchGleueler Str. 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holm Frauendorf
- Institute of Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August UniversityTammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen UniversityPauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical CenterPO Box 616, 6200, MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry & Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic CologneKerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism ResearchGleueler Str. 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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Gao L, Chen H, Li X, Li F, Ou-Yang Q, Feng T. The diagnostic value of minor salivary gland biopsy in clinically diagnosed patients with Parkinson’s disease: comparison with DAT PET scans. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1575-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Huot P, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. Monoamine reuptake inhibitors in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2015; 2015:609428. [PMID: 25810948 PMCID: PMC4355567 DOI: 10.1155/2015/609428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) are secondary to a dopamine deficiency in the striatum. However, the degenerative process in PD is not limited to the dopaminergic system and also affects serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons. Because they can increase monoamine levels throughout the brain, monoamine reuptake inhibitors (MAUIs) represent potential therapeutic agents in PD. However, they are seldom used in clinical practice other than as antidepressants and wake-promoting agents. This review article summarises all of the available literature on use of 50 MAUIs in PD. The compounds are divided according to their relative potency for each of the monoamine transporters. Despite wide discrepancy in the methodology of the studies reviewed, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) selective serotonin transporter (SERT), selective noradrenaline transporter (NET), and dual SERT/NET inhibitors are effective against PD depression; (2) selective dopamine transporter (DAT) and dual DAT/NET inhibitors exert an anti-Parkinsonian effect when administered as monotherapy but do not enhance the anti-Parkinsonian actions of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); (3) dual DAT/SERT inhibitors might enhance the anti-Parkinsonian actions of L-DOPA without worsening dyskinesia; (4) triple DAT/NET/SERT inhibitors might exert an anti-Parkinsonian action as monotherapy and might enhance the anti-Parkinsonian effects of L-DOPA, though at the expense of worsening dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Huot
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
- Division of Neurology, Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susan H. Fox
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
- Division of Neurology, Movement Disorder Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Jonathan M. Brotchie
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
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Kuik WJ, Kema IP, Brouwers AH, Zijlma R, Neumann KD, Dierckx RAJO, DiMagno SG, Elsinga PH. In vivo biodistribution of no-carrier-added 6-18F-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (18F-DOPA), produced by a new nucleophilic substitution approach, compared with carrier-added 18F-DOPA, prepared by conventional electrophilic substitution. J Nucl Med 2014; 56:106-12. [PMID: 25500826 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.145730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A novel synthetic approach to 6-(18)F-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine ((18)F-DOPA), involving the nucleophilic substitution of a diaryliodonium salt precursor with non-carrier-added (18)F-fluoride, yielded a product with a specific activity that was 3 orders of magnitude higher than the product of the conventional synthesis method, involving an electrophilic substitution of a trialkylstannane precursor with (18)F2. We performed a direct comparison of high- and low-specific-activity (18)F-DOPA in a neuroendocrine tumor model to determine whether this difference in specific activity has implications for the biologic behavior and imaging properties of (18)F-DOPA. METHODS (18)F-DOPA was produced via the novel synthesis method, yielding (18)F-DOPA-H with a high specific activity (35,050 ± 4,000 GBq/mmol). This product was compared in several experiments with conventional (18)F-DOPA-L with a low specific activity (11 ± 2 GBq/mmol). In vitro accumulation experiments with the human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell line BON-1 were performed at both 0 °C and 37 °C and at 37 °C in the presence of pharmacologic inhibitors of proteins involved in the uptake mechanism of (18)F-DOPA. Small-animal PET experiments were performed in athymic nude mice bearing a BON-1 tumor xenograft. RESULTS At 37 °C, the uptake of both (18)F-DOPA-H and (18)F-DOPA-L did not differ significantly during a 60-min accumulation experiment in BON-1 cells. At 0 °C, the uptake of (18)F-DOPA-L was significantly decreased, whereas the lower temperature did not alter the uptake of (18)F-DOPA-H. The pharmacologic inhibitors carbidopa and tetrabenazine also revealed differential effects between the 2 types of (18)F-DOPA in the 60-min accumulation experiment. The small-animal PET experiments did not show any significant differences in distribution and metabolism of (18)F-DOPA-H and (18)F-DOPA-L in carbidopa-pretreated mice. CONCLUSION The advantages of the novel synthesis of (18)F-DOPA, which relies on nucleophilic fluorination of a diaryliodonium salt precursor, lie in the simplicity of the synthesis method, compared with the conventional, electrophilic approach and in the reduced mass of administered, pharmacologically active (19)F-DOPA. (18)F-DOPA-H demonstrated comparable imaging properties in an in vivo model for neuroendocrine tumors, despite the fact that the injected mass of material was 3 orders of magnitude less than (18)F-DOPA-L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan Kuik
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrienne H Brouwers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Zijlma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiel D Neumann
- Ground Fluor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Pharmacologic MRI (phMRI) as a tool to differentiate Parkinson's disease-related from age-related changes in basal ganglia function. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1174-82. [PMID: 25443764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of both parkinsonian signs and Parkinson's disease (PD) per se increases with age. Although the pathophysiology of PD has been studied extensively, less is known about the functional changes taking place in the basal ganglia circuitry with age. To specifically address this issue, 3 groups of rhesus macaques were studied: normal middle-aged animals (used as controls), middle-aged animals with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism, and aged animals (>20 years old) with declines in motor function. All animals underwent the same behavioral and pharmacologic magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) procedures to measure changes in basal ganglia function in response to dopaminergic drug challenges consisting of apomorphine administration followed by either a D1 (SCH23390) or a D2 (raclopride) receptor antagonist. Significant functional changes were predominantly seen in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) in aged animals and in the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) in MPTP-lesioned animals. Despite significant differences seen in the putamen and GPe between MPTP-lesioned versus aged animals, a similar response profile to dopaminergic stimulations was found between these 2 groups in the internal segment of the GP. In contrast, the pharmacologic responses seen in the control animals were much milder compared with the other 2 groups in all the examined areas. Our phMRI findings in MPTP-lesioned parkinsonian and aged animals suggest that changes in basal ganglia function in the elderly may differ from those seen in parkinsonian patients and that phMRI could be used to distinguish PD from other age-associated functional alterations in the brain.
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Liu L, Zhang W, Gong X, Liang X, Wang X. Relation between microPET imaging and rotational behavior in a parkinsonian rat model induced by medial forebrain bundle axotomy. Behav Brain Res 2014; 265:148-54. [PMID: 24548854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the relation between apomorphine (APO) induced rotational behavior and the pre- and post-synaptic dopaminergic function in a parkinsonian rat model induced by medial forebrain bundle (MFB) axotomy. The brains of these rats were unilaterally lesioned by mechanical transection of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway at the MFB. Behavioral studies were carried out by APO challenge prior to and 1, 3, and 5 weeks after MFB axotomy. MicroPET scans with [(11)C]CFT and [(11)C]raclopride were performed 2 days after the behavioral test. The two PET scans were separated by an interval of 24-48 h. Immunohistochemistry was conducted 4 days after the last PET scan. Our data showed that [(11)C]CFT binding decreased progressively 1, 3, and 5 weeks postlesion, and there was a significant nonlinear correlation between [(11)C]CFT uptake ratio (right/left) and APO induced rotations. In contrast, [(11)C]raclopride binding only increased significantly 3 weeks postlesion, and there was a positive linear correlation between [(11)C]raclopride uptake ratio (right/left) and APO induced rotations. Postmortem immunohistochemical studies confirmed the loss of both striatal dopamine fibers and nigral neurons on the lesioned side. These findings not only demonstrate the relation between APO induced rotational behavior and the pre- and post-synaptic dopamine function but also indicate the utility and validity of in vivo PET imaging in understanding disease mechanisms and progression, which should in turn lead to development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Wenzhong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xibin Liang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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Sioka C, Fotopoulos A, Kyritsis AP. Paraneoplastic immune-mediated neurological effects of systemic cancers. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:621-30. [PMID: 24665890 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.901151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer patients may develop paraneoplastic neurological conditions associated with autoantibodies directed against neural or neuromuscular tissues. These syndromes are frequently manifested in advance of the cancer presentation by several months or years necessitating a detailed and expensive investigation to search for the presence of a malignancy. In such cases additional assistance may be obtained by the early employment of whole body 18F flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as a cancer screening imaging procedure for early cancer diagnosis and potential therapy. Effective therapy of the primary cancer consists the best current therapy for a given paraneoplastic syndrome. However, other forms of immune modulation, such as plasma exchange, intravenous gamma globulin, other immune therapies and symptomatic treatment for certain PNS may have additional benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissa Sioka
- Neurosurgical Research Institute, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Lin SC, Lin KJ, Hsiao IT, Hsieh CJ, Lin WY, Lu CS, Wey SP, Yen TC, Kung MP, Weng YH. In vivo detection of monoaminergic degeneration in early Parkinson disease by (18)F-9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenzazine PET. J Nucl Med 2013; 55:73-9. [PMID: 24287322 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.121897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED PET with (18)F-9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenzazine ((18)F-DTBZ), a novel radiotracer targeting vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2), has been proven as a useful imaging marker to measure dopaminergic integrity. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of (18)F-DTBZ PET in detecting the monoaminergic degeneration in early Parkinson disease (PD) in vivo. Seventeen age-matched healthy subjects and 30 PD patients at early stage of disease (duration of disease ≤ 5 y) with mild and unilateral motor symptoms underwent (18)F-DTBZ PET scans. The severity of disease, including Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale and modified Hoehn and Yahr Stage (mHY), were recorded at off-medication states. The standardized volumes of interest were applied to the spatial normalized image for quantification analysis. The specific uptake ratios (SURs) were calculated according to the formula (specific volumes-of-interest counts/occipital cortex counts) - 1. SUR measurements were summarized for each brain region. RESULTS The mean duration of disease in the PD group was 3.2 ± 2.1 y (range, 0.5-5 y). The mean mHY was 1.0 ± 0.1 (range, 1-1.5). The SURs of bilateral caudate, anterior putamen, posterior putamen, substantia nigra, and nucleus accumbens were significantly lower in PD patients than those of healthy subjects. The reduction of SURs was most severe in the contralateral (the brain regions that are located opposite to the symptomatic side) posterior putamen (-81%), followed by the ipsilateral posterior putamen (-67%). Receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis showed that the SURs of the bilateral posterior putamen and contralateral anterior putamen had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 100% in differentiating PD patients from healthy subjects. CONCLUSION (18)F-DTBZ PET was as an excellent tool for the early diagnosis of PD. The obvious decline of (18)F-DTBZ uptake in the ipsilateral (asymptomatic) striatum suggested that (18)F-DTBZ PET might serve as an in vivo biomarker to detect the monoaminergic degeneration in the premotor phase of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cheng Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Individual differences in frontal cortical thickness correlate with the d-amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine response in humans. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15285-94. [PMID: 24048857 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5029-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The meso-striatal dopamine system influences responses to rewards and the motivation to seek them out. Marked individual differences in these responses are seen in laboratory animals, related in part to input from the prefrontal cortex. Here we measured the relation between cortical morphology and drug-induced striatal dopamine release in healthy young people. Participants were 24 (17 male, 7 female; age 23.0 ± 6.2 years) stimulant drug-naive subjects who underwent PET [(11)C]raclopride scans with 0.3 mg/kg d-amphetamine orally and placebo, and an anatomical MRI scan for measuring cortical thickness. As expected, d-amphetamine produced significant reductions in [(11)C]raclopride binding potential in the striatum as a percentage of the value in the placebo condition. There was substantial individual variability in this response, which was correlated with cortical thickness in the frontal lobe as a whole. The association was strongest in the anterior part of the right lateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral supplementary motor area. A thicker cortex was correlated with a smaller dopamine response. Together, this work demonstrates in humans an association between cortical thickness and the striatal dopamine response to drugs of abuse. Although prefrontal regulation of striatal function has been well studied, it was unclear whether the thickness of the prefrontal cortex was an acceptable proxy to the function of that region. These results suggest it is.
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A simple algorithm for subregional striatal uptake analysis with partial volume correction in dopaminergic PET imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2013; 28:33-41. [PMID: 24135967 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-013-0778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In positron emission tomography (PET) of the dopaminergic system, quantitative measurements of nigrostriatal dopamine function are useful for differential diagnosis. A subregional analysis of striatal uptake enables the diagnostic performance to be more powerful. However, the partial volume effect (PVE) induces an underestimation of the true radioactivity concentration in small structures. This work proposes a simple algorithm for subregional analysis of striatal uptake with partial volume correction (PVC) in dopaminergic PET imaging. METHODS The PVC algorithm analyzes the separate striatal subregions and takes into account the PVE based on the recovery coefficient (RC). The RC is defined as the ratio of the PVE-uncorrected to PVE-corrected radioactivity concentration, and is derived from a combination of the traditional volume of interest (VOI) analysis and the large VOI technique. The clinical studies, comprising 11 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 6 healthy subjects, were used to assess the impact of PVC on the quantitative measurements. Simulations on a numerical phantom that mimicked realistic healthy and neurodegenerative situations were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed PVC algorithm. In both the clinical and the simulation studies, the striatal-to-occipital ratio (SOR) values for the entire striatum and its subregions were calculated with and without PVC. RESULTS In the clinical studies, the SOR values in each structure (caudate, anterior putamen, posterior putamen, putamen, and striatum) were significantly higher by using PVC in contrast to those without. Among the PD patients, the SOR values in each structure and quantitative disease severity ratings were shown to be significantly related only when PVC was used. For the simulation studies, the average absolute percentage error of the SOR estimates before and after PVC were 22.74% and 1.54% in the healthy situation, respectively; those in the neurodegenerative situation were 20.69% and 2.51%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We successfully implemented a simple algorithm for subregional analysis of striatal uptake with PVC in dopaminergic PET imaging. The PVC algorithm provides an accurate measure of the SOR in the entire striatum and its subregions, and improves the correlation between the SOR values and the clinical disease severity of PD patients.
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Gurvich C, Maller JJ, Lithgow B, Haghgooie S, Kulkarni J. Vestibular insights into cognition and psychiatry. Brain Res 2013; 1537:244-59. [PMID: 24012768 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vestibular system has traditionally been thought of as a balance apparatus; however, accumulating research suggests an association between vestibular function and psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, even when balance is measurably unaffected. There are several brain regions that are implicated in both vestibular pathways and psychiatric disorders. The present review examines the anatomical associations between the vestibular system and various psychiatric disorders. Despite the lack of direct evidence for vestibular pathology in the key psychiatric disorders selected for this review, there is a substantial body of literature implicating the vestibular system in each of the selected psychiatric disorders. The second part of this review provides complimentary evidence showing the link between vestibular dysfunction and vestibular stimulation upon cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. In summary, emerging research suggests the vestibular system can be considered a potential window for exploring brain function beyond that of maintenance of balance, and into areas of cognitive, affective and psychiatric symptomology. Given the paucity of biological and diagnostic markers in psychiatry, novel avenues to explore brain function in psychiatric disorders are of particular interest and warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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Recent advances in imaging of dopaminergic neurons for evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:259349. [PMID: 22570524 PMCID: PMC3335602 DOI: 10.1155/2012/259349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is the most intensely studied monoaminergic neurotransmitter. Dopaminergic neurotransmission plays an important role in regulating several aspects of basic brain function, including motor, behavior, motivation, and working memory. To date, there are numerous positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracers available for targeting different steps in the process of dopaminergic neurotransmission, which permits us to quantify dopaminergic activity in the living human brain. Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system causes Parkinson's disease (PD) and related Parkinsonism. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that has been classically associated with the reinforcing effects of drug abuse. Abnormalities within the dopamine system in the brain are involved in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Dopamine receptors play an important role in schizophrenia and the effect of neuroleptics is through blockage of dopamine D2 receptors. This review will concentrate on the radiotracers that have been developed for imaging dopaminergic neurons, describe the clinical aspects in the assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders, and suggest future directions in the diagnosis and management of such disorders.
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Asensi-Bernardi L, Martín-Biosca Y, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández MJ. Electrokinetic chromatographic estimation of the enantioselective binding of nomifensine to human serum albumin and total plasma proteins. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1357-63. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Asensi-Bernardi
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | - Yolanda Martín-Biosca
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
| | | | - María J. Medina-Hernández
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Valencia; Burjassot; Valencia; Spain
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Vallabhajosula S, Solnes L, Vallabhajosula B. A Broad Overview of Positron Emission Tomography Radiopharmaceuticals and Clinical Applications: What Is New? Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:246-64. [PMID: 21624560 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The role of molecular imaging in the diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric disorders. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:439397. [PMID: 21541178 PMCID: PMC3085432 DOI: 10.1155/2011/439397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are becoming a major socioeconomic burden to modern society. In recent years, a dramatic expansion of tools has facilitated the study of the molecular basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Molecular imaging has enabled the noninvasive characterization and quantification of biological processes at the cellular, tissue, and organism levels in intact living subjects. This technology has revolutionized the practice of medicine and has become critical to quality health care. New advances in research on molecular imaging hold promise for personalized medicine in neuropsychiatric disorders, with adjusted therapeutic doses, predictable responses, reduced adverse drug reactions, early diagnosis, and personal health planning. In this paper, we discuss the development of radiotracers for imaging dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems and β-amyloid plaques. We will underline the role of molecular imaging technologies in various neuropsychiatric disorders, describe their unique strengths and limitations, and suggest future directions in the diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Nanoparticles as contrast agents for in-vivo bioimaging: current status and future perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3-27. [PMID: 20924568 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based contrast agents are quickly becoming valuable and potentially transformative tools for enhancing medical diagnostics for a wide range of in-vivo imaging modalities. Compared with conventional molecular-scale contrast agents, nanoparticles (NPs) promise improved abilities for in-vivo detection and potentially enhanced targeting efficiencies through longer engineered circulation times, designed clearance pathways, and multimeric binding capacities. However, NP contrast agents are not without issues. Difficulties in minimizing batch-to-batch variations and problems with identifying and characterizing key physicochemical properties that define the in-vivo fate and transport of NPs are significant barriers to the introduction of new NP materials as clinical contrast agents. This manuscript reviews the development and application of nanoparticles and their future potential to advance current and emerging clinical bioimaging techniques. A focus is placed on the application of solid, phase-separated materials, for example metals and metal oxides, and their specific application as contrast agents for in-vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Clinical and preclinical applications of NPs are identified for a broad spectrum of imaging applications, with commentaries on the future promise of these materials. Emerging technologies, for example multifunctional and theranostic NPs, and their potential for clinical advances are also discussed.
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