1
|
Zheng L, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang B, Wu Y. Islet Transplantation Imaging in vivo. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3301-3311. [PMID: 33061492 PMCID: PMC7520574 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s263253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although islet transplantation plays an effective and powerful role in the treatment of diabetes, a large amount of islet grafts are lost at an early stage due to instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions, immune rejection, and β-cell toxicity resulting from immunosuppressive agents. Timely intervention based on the viability and function of the transplanted islets at an early stage is crucial. Various islet transplantation imaging techniques are available for monitoring the conditions of post-transplanted islets. Due to the development of various imaging modalities and the continuous study of contrast agents, non-invasive islet transplantation imaging in vivo has made great progress. The tracing and functional evaluation of transplanted islets in vivo have thus become possible. However, most studies on contrast agent and imaging modalities are limited to animal experiments, and long-term toxicity and stability need further evaluation. Accordingly, the clinical application of the current achievements still requires a large amount of effort. In this review, we discuss the contrast agents for MRI, SPECT/PET, BLI/FI, US, MPI, PAI, and multimodal imaging. We further summarize the advantages and limitations of various molecular imaging methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Bo Zhang; Yulian Wu Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86 571 87783563 Email ;
| | - Yulian Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Evaluation of [ 68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys 40-Exendin-4 as a PET Probe for Imaging Human Transplanted Islets in the Liver. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5705. [PMID: 30952975 PMCID: PMC6450933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
[68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, was evaluated as a potential PET tracer for the quantitation of human islets transplanted to the liver. The short-lived PET radionuclide 68Ga, available on a regular basis from a 68Ge/68Ga generator, is an attractive choice. Human C-peptide was measured to evaluate human islet function post-transplantation and prior to microPET imaging. [68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 was radiosynthesized and evaluated for PET imaging of transplanted human islets in the liver of healthy NOD/SCID mice. The biodistribution of the tracer was evaluated to determine the uptake into various organs, and qPCR of liver samples was conducted to confirm engrafted islet numbers after PET imaging. Measurement of human C-peptide indicated that higher engrafted islet mass resulted in higher human C-peptide levels in post-transplantation. The microPET imaging yielded high resolution images of liver-engrafted islets and also showed significant retention in mouse livers at 8 weeks post-transplantation. Biodistribution studies in mice revealed that liver uptake of [68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 was approximately 6-fold higher in mice that received 1000 islet equivalent (IEQ) than in non-transplanted mice. qPCR analysis of insulin expression suggested that islet engraftment numbers were close to 1000 IEQ transplanted. In conclusion, human islets transplanted into the livers of mice exhibited significant uptake of [68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 compared to the livers of untreated mice; and imaging of the mice using PET showed the human islets clearly with high contrast against liver tissue, enabling accurate quantitation of islet mass. Further validation of [68Ga]DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 as an islet imaging probe for future clinical application is ongoing.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei W, Ehlerding EB, Lan X, Luo QY, Cai W. Molecular imaging of β-cells: diabetes and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:16-31. [PMID: 31378283 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Since diabetes is becoming a global epidemic, there is a great need to develop early β-cell specific diagnostic techniques for this disorder. There are two types of diabetes (i.e., type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)). In T1DM, the destruction of pancreatic β-cells leads to reduced insulin production or even absolute insulin deficiency, which consequently results in hyperglycemia. Actually, a central issue in the pathophysiology of all types of diabetes is the relative reduction of β-cell mass (BCM) and/or impairment of the function of individual β-cells. In the past two decades, scientists have been trying to develop imaging techniques for noninvasive measurement of the viability and mass of pancreatic β-cells. Despite intense scientific efforts, only two tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and one contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are currently under clinical evaluation. β-cell specific imaging probes may also allow us to precisely and specifically visualize transplanted β-cells and to improve transplantation outcomes, as transplantation of pancreatic islets has shown promise in treating T1DM. In addition, some of these probes can be applied to the preoperative detection of hidden insulinomas as well. In the present review, we primarily summarize potential tracers under development for imaging β-cells with a focus on tracers for PET, SPECT, MRI, and optical imaging. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of the various imaging probes and extend an outlook on future developments in the field.
Collapse
|
4
|
Seo D, Faintuch BL, Aparecida de Oliveira E, Faintuch J. Pancreas and liver uptake of new radiolabeled incretins (GLP-1 and Exendin-4) in models of diet-induced and diet-restricted obesity. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 49:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
5
|
Eriksson O, Selvaraju R, Eich T, Willny M, Brismar TB, Carlbom L, Ahlström H, Tufvesson G, Lundgren T, Korsgren O. Positron Emission Tomography to Assess the Outcome of Intraportal Islet Transplantation. Diabetes 2016; 65:2482-9. [PMID: 27325286 PMCID: PMC5001185 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
No imaging methodology currently exists to monitor viable islet mass after clinical intraportal islet transplantation. We investigated the potential of the endocrine positron emission tomography (PET) marker [(11)C]5-hydroxytryptophan ([(11)C]5-HTP) for this purpose. In a preclinical proof-of-concept study, the ex vivo and in vivo [(11)C]5-HTP signal was compared with the number of islets transplanted in rats. In a clinical study, human subjects with an intraportal islet graft (n = 8) underwent two [(11)C]5-HTP PET and MRI examinations 8 months apart. The tracer concentration in the liver as a whole, or in defined hotspots, was correlated to measurements of islet graft function. In rat, hepatic uptake of [(11)C]5-HTP correlated with the number of transplanted islets. In human subjects, uptake in hepatic hotspots showed a correlation with metabolic assessments of islet function. Change in hotspot standardized uptake value (SUV) predicted loss of graft function in one subject, whereas hotspot SUV was unchanged in subjects with stable graft function. The endocrine marker [(11)C]5-HTP thus shows a correlation between hepatic uptake and transplanted islet function and promise as a tool for noninvasive detection of viable islets. The evaluation procedure described can be used as a benchmark for novel agents targeting intraportally transplanted islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ramkumar Selvaraju
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Eich
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mariam Willny
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torkel B Brismar
- Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Carlbom
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Tufvesson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Lundgren
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
King AJF, Griffiths LA, Persaud SJ, Jones PM, Howell SL, Welsh N. Imatinib prevents beta cell death in vitro but does not improve islet transplantation outcome. Ups J Med Sci 2016; 121:140-5. [PMID: 26953716 PMCID: PMC4900069 DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2016.1151090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Improving islet transplantation outcome could not only bring benefits to individual patients but also widen the patient pool to which this life-changing treatment is available. Imatinib has previously been shown to protect beta cells from apoptosis in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models. The aim of this study was to investigate whether imatinib could be used to improve islet transplantation outcome. Methods Islets were isolated from C57Bl/6 mice and pre-cultured with imatinib prior to exposure to streptozotocin and cytokines in vitro. Cell viability and glucose-induced insulin secretion were measured. For transplantation experiments, islets were pre-cultured with imatinib for either 72 h or 24 h prior to transplantation into streptozotocin-diabetic C57Bl/6 mice. In one experimental series mice were also administered imatinib after islet transplantation. Results Imatinib partially protected islets from beta cell death in vitro. However, pre-culturing islets in imatinib or administering the drug to the mice in the days following islet transplantation did not improve blood glucose concentrations more than control-cultured islets. Conclusion Although imatinib protected against beta cell death from cytokines and streptozotocin in vitro, it did not significantly improve syngeneic islet transplantation outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen J. F. King
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- CONTACT Aileen King Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A. Griffiths
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shanta J. Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Jones
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L. Howell
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Welsh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedicum, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Willekens SMA, van der Kroon I, Joosten L, Frielink C, Boerman OC, van den Broek SAMW, Brom M, Gotthardt M. SPECT of Transplanted Islets of Langerhans by Dopamine 2 Receptor Targeting in a Rat Model. Mol Pharm 2015; 13:85-91. [PMID: 26607139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation can be a more permanent treatment for type 1 diabetes compared to daily insulin administration. Quantitative and longitudinal noninvasive imaging of viable transplanted islets might help to further improve this novel therapy. Since islets express dopamine 2 (D2) receptors, they could be visualized by targeting this receptor. Therefore, the D2 receptor antagonist based tracer [(125/123)I][IBZM] was selected to visualize transplanted islets in a rat model. BZM was radioiodinated, and the labeling was optimized for position 3 of the aromatic ring. [(125)I]-3-IBZM was characterized in vitro using INS-1 cells and isolated islets. Subsequently, 1,000 islets were transplanted in the calf muscle of WAG/Rij rats and SPECT/CT images were acquired 6 weeks after transplantation. Finally, the graft containing muscle was dissected and analyzed immunohistochemically. Oxidative radioiodination resulted in 3 IBZM isomers with different receptor affinities. The use of 0.6 mg/mL chloramine-T hydrate resulted in high yield formation of predominantly [(125)I]-3-IBZM, the isomer harboring the highest receptor affinity. The tracer showed D2 receptor mediated binding to isolated islets in vitro. The transplant could be visualized by SPECT 6 weeks after transplantation. The transplants could be localized in the calf muscle and showed insulin and glucagon expression, indicating targeting of viable and functional islets in the transplant. Radioiodination was optimized to produce high yields of [(125)I]-3-IBZM, the isomer showing optimal D2R binding. Furthermore, [(123)I]IBZM specifically targets the D2 receptors on transplanted islets. In conclusion, this tracer shows potential for noninvasive in vivo detection of islets grafted in the muscle by D2 receptor targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M A Willekens
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge van der Kroon
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Joosten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathelijne Frielink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vågesjö E, Christoffersson G, Waldén TB, Carlsson PO, Essand M, Korsgren O, Phillipson M. Immunological Shielding by Induced Recruitment of Regulatory T-Lymphocytes Delays Rejection of Islets Transplanted in Muscle. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:263-76. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The only clinically available curative treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus is replacement of the pancreatic islets by allogeneic transplantation, which requires immunosuppressive therapies. Regimens used today are associated with serious adverse effects and impaired islet engraftment and function. The aim of the current study was to induce local immune privilege by accumulating immune-suppressive regulatory T-lymphocytes (Tregs) at the site of intramuscular islet transplantation to reduce the need of immunosuppressive therapy during engraftment. Islets were cotransplanted with a plasmid encoding the chemokine CCL22 into the muscle of MHC-mismatched mice, after which pCCL22 expression and leukocyte recruitment were studied in parallel with graft functionality. Myocyte pCCL22 expression and secretion resulted in local accumulation of Tregs. When islets were cotransplanted with pCCL22, significantly fewer effector T-lymphocytes were observed in close proximity to the islets, leading to delayed graft rejection. As a result, diabetic recipients cotransplanted with islets and pCCL22 intramuscularly became normoglycemic for 10 consecutive days, while grafts cotransplanted with control plasmid were rejected immediately, leaving recipients severely hyperglycemic. Here we propose a simple method to initially shield MHC-mismatched islets by the recruitment of endogenous Tregs during engraftment in order to improve early islet survival. Using this approach, the very high doses of systemic immunosuppression used initially following transplantation can thereby be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Vågesjö
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Tomas B. Waldén
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bruni A, Gala-Lopez B, Pepper AR, Abualhassan NS, Shapiro AMJ. Islet cell transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes: recent advances and future challenges. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014; 7:211-23. [PMID: 25018643 PMCID: PMC4075233 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s50789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a well-established therapeutic treatment for a subset of patients with complicated type I diabetes mellitus. Prior to the Edmonton Protocol, only 9% of the 267 islet transplant recipients since 1999 were insulin independent for >1 year. In 2000, the Edmonton group reported the achievement of insulin independence in seven consecutive patients, which in a collaborative team effort propagated expansion of clinical islet transplantation centers worldwide in an effort to ameliorate the consequences of this disease. To date, clinical islet transplantation has established improved success with insulin independence rates up to 5 years post-transplant with minimal complications. In spite of marked clinical success, donor availability and selection, engraftment, and side effects of immunosuppression remain as existing obstacles to be addressed to further improve this therapy. Clinical trials to improve engraftment, the availability of insulin-producing cell sources, as well as alternative transplant sites are currently under investigation to expand treatment. With ongoing experimental and clinical studies, islet transplantation continues to be an exciting and attractive therapy to treat type I diabetes mellitus with the prospect of shifting from a treatment for some to a cure for all.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bruni
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Boris Gala-Lopez
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew R Pepper
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nasser S Abualhassan
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - AM James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blomberg BA, Codreanu I, Cheng G, Werner TJ, Alavi A. Beta-cell imaging: call for evidence-based and scientific approach. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:123-30. [PMID: 23413090 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging have provided opportunities to develop radiotracers specific for imaging insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. However, a host of lingering questions should be addressed before these radiotracers are advocated for noninvasive quantification of β-cell mass (BCM) in vivo in the native pancreas. METHOD We provide an overview of tetrabenazine-based PET tracers developed to image and quantify BCM and discuss several theoretical, technical, and biological limitations of applying these tracers in clinical practice. DISCUSSION VMAT2, a transporter protein expressed on pancreatic β-cells, has been advocated as a promising target for PET imaging tracers, such as dihydrotetrabenazine. However, the lack of radiotracer specificity for these proteins hampers their clinical application. Another important argument against their use is a striking discrepancy between radiotracer uptake and BCM in subjects with type I diabetes mellitus and healthy controls. Additionally, technical issues, such as the finite spatial resolution of PET, partial volume effects, and movement of the pancreas during respiration, impede PET imaging as a viable option for BCM quantification in the foreseeable future. CONCLUSION The assertion that BCM can be accurately quantified by tetrabenazine derived β-cell-specific radiotracers as density per unit volume of pancreatic tissue is not justifiable at this time. The fallacy of these claims can be explained by technical as well as biological facts that have been disregarded and ignored in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn A Blomberg
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eriksson O, Mintz A, Liu C, Yu M, Naji A, Alavi A. On the use of [18F]DOPA as an imaging biomarker for transplanted islet mass. Ann Nucl Med 2013; 28:47-52. [PMID: 24166476 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-013-0779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM Islet transplantation is being developed as a potential cure for patients with type 1 diabetes. There is a need for non-invasive imaging techniques for the quantification of transplanted islets, as current transplantation sites are associated with a substantial loss of islet viability. The dopaminergic metabolic pathway is present in the islets; therefore, we propose Fluorine-18 labeled L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ([18F]DOPA) as a biomarker for transplanted islet mass. METHODS The expression of enzymes involved in the dopaminergic metabolic pathway was investigated in both native and transplanted human islets. The specific uptake of [18F]DOPA in islets and immortalized beta cells was studied in vitro by selective blocking of dopa decarboxylase (DDC). Initial in vivo PET imaging of viable subcutaneous human islets was performed using [18F]DOPA. RESULTS DDC and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 are co-localized with insulin in the native human pancreas, and the expression is retained after transplantation. Islet uptake of the [18F]DOPA could be modulated by inhibiting DDC, indicating that the uptake followed the normal dopaminergic metabolic pathway. In vivo imaging revealed [18F]DOPA uptake at the site of the functional islet graft. CONCLUSION Based on the in vitro and in vivo results presented in this study, we propose to further validate [18F]DOPA-PET as a sensitive imaging modality for imaging extrahepatically transplanted islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Preclinical PET Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sakata N, Yoshimatsu G, Tsuchiya H, Aoki T, Mizuma M, Motoi F, Katayose Y, Kodama T, Egawa S, Unno M. Imaging of transplanted islets by positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography. Islets 2013; 5:179-87. [PMID: 24231367 PMCID: PMC4010569 DOI: 10.4161/isl.26980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
While islet transplantation is considered a useful therapeutic option for severe diabetes mellitus (DM), the outcome of this treatment remains unsatisfactory. This is largely due to the damage and loss of islets in the early transplant stage. Thus, it is important to monitor the condition of the transplanted islets, so that a treatment can be selected to rescue the islets from damage if needed. Recently, numerous trials have been performed to investigate the efficacy of different imaging modalities for visualizing transplanted islets. Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most commonly used imaging modalities for this purpose. Some groups, including ours, have also tried to visualize transplanted islets by ultrasonography (US). In this review article, we discuss the recent progress in islet imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Sakata
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
- Correspondence to: Naoaki Sakata,
| | - Gumpei Yoshimatsu
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Tsuchiya
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aoki
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Masamichi Mizuma
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Katayose
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
- Division of Integrated Surgery and Oncology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kodama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; Tohoku University; Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichi Egawa
- Division of International Cooperation for Disaster Medicine; International Research Institute of Disaster Science; Tohoku University; Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Clinical islet transplantation has progressed considerably over the past 12 years, and >750 patients with type 1 diabetes have received islet transplants internationally over this time. Many countries are beginning to accept the transition from research to accepted and funded clinical care, especially for patients with brittle control that cannot be stabilized by more conventional means. Major challenges remain, including the need for more than one donor, and the requirement for potent, chronic immunosuppression. Combining immunological tolerance both to allo- and autoantigens, and a limitless expandable source of stem cell- or xenograft-derived insulin-secreting cells represent remaining hurdles in moving this effective treatment to a potential cure for all those with type 1 or 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael McCall
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Selvaraju RK, Velikyan I, Johansson L, Wu Z, Todorov I, Shively J, Kandeel F, Korsgren O, Eriksson O. In vivo imaging of the glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor in the pancreas with 68Ga-labeled DO3A-exendin-4. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1458-63. [PMID: 23761918 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is mainly expressed on β-cells in the islets of Langerhans and is therefore an attractive target for imaging of the β-cell mass. In the present study, (68)Ga-labeled exendin-4 was evaluated for PET imaging and quantification of GLP-1R in the pancreas. METHODS Dose escalation studies of (68)Ga-labeled 1,4,7-tris(carboxymethylaza)cyclododecane-10-azaacetyl (DO3A)-exendin-4 were performed in rats (organ distribution) and cynomolgus monkeys (PET/CT imaging) to determine the GLP-1R-specific tissue uptake in vivo. Pancreatic uptake (as determined by organ distribution) in healthy rats was compared with that in diabetic rats. GLP-1R occupancy in the cynomolgus pancreas was quantified with a 1-tissue-compartment model. RESULTS In rodents, uptake in the pancreas was decreased from the baseline by up to 90% (P < 0.0001) by coadministration of DO3A-exendin-4 at 100 μg/kg. Pancreatic uptake in diabetic animals was decreased by more than 80% (P < 0.001) compared with that in healthy controls, as measured by organ distribution. GLP-1R occupancy in the cynomolgus pancreas after coinjection of DO3A-exendin-4 at 0.15-20 μg/kg ranged from 49% to 97%, as estimated by compartment modeling. CONCLUSION These results strongly support the notion that (68)Ga-DO3A-exendin-4 uptake in the pancreas is mediated by specific receptor binding. In addition, pancreatic uptake was decreased by selective destruction of β-cells. This result suggests that GLP-1R can be quantified in vivo, which has major implications for the prospect of imaging of native β-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram K Selvaraju
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cantarelli E, Citro A, Marzorati S, Melzi R, Scavini M, Piemonti L. Murine animal models for preclinical islet transplantation: No model fits all (research purposes). Islets 2013; 5:79-86. [PMID: 23751893 PMCID: PMC4204022 DOI: 10.4161/isl.24698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in islet transplantation research have led to remarkable improvements in the outcome in humans with type 1 diabetes. However, pitfalls, mainly linked both to early liver-specific inflammatory events and to pre-existing and transplant-induced auto- and allo-specific adaptive immune responses, still remain. In this scenario research into pancreatic islet transplantation, essential to investigate new strategies to overcome open issues, needs very well-designed preclinical studies to obtain consistent and reliable results and select only promising strategies that may be translated into the clinical practice. This review discusses the main shortcomings of the mouse models currently used in islet transplantation research, outlining the main factors and variables to take into account for the design of new preclinical studies. Since several parameters concerning both the graft (i.e., islets) and the recipient (i.e., diabetic mice) may influence transplant outcome, we recommend considering several critical points in designing future bench-to-bedside islet transplantation research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cantarelli
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute (OSR-DRI), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:111-30. [PMID: 23299306 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835daf68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
|