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Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Kumar A, Malarte ML, Ioannou K, Rocha FM, Chiotis K. Imaging Neuroinflammation: Quantification of Astrocytosis in a Multitracer PET Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2785:195-218. [PMID: 38427196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3774-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The recent progress in the development of in vivo biomarkers is rapidly changing how neurodegenerative diseases are conceptualized and diagnosed and how clinical trials are designed today. Alzheimer's disease (AD) - the most common neurodegenerative disorder - is characterized by a complex neuropathology involving the deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, accompanied by the activation of glial cells, i.e., astrocytes and microglia, and neuroinflammatory response, leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. An increasing diversity of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging radiotracers is available to selectively target the different pathophysiological processes of AD. Along with the success of Aβ PET and the more recent tau PET imaging, there is a great interest to develop PET tracers to image glial reactivity and neuroinflammation. While most research to date has focused on imaging microgliosis, there is an upsurge of interest in imaging reactive astrocytes in the AD continuum. There is increasing evidence that reactive astrocytes are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous, with different subtypes that express different markers and display various homeostatic or detrimental roles across disease stages. Therefore, multiple biomarkers are desirable to unravel the complex phenomenon of reactive astrocytosis. In the field of in vivo PET imaging in AD, the research concerning reactive astrocytes has predominantly focused on targeting monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), most often using either 11C-deuterium-L-deprenyl (11C-DED) or 18F-SMBT-1 PET tracers. Additionally, imidazoline2 binding (I2BS) sites have been imaged using 11C-BU99008 PET. Recent studies in our group using 11C-DED PET imaging suggest that astrocytosis may be present from the early stages of disease development in AD. This chapter provides a detailed description of the practical approach used for the analysis of 11C-DED PET imaging data in a multitracer PET paradigm including 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PiB) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). The multitracer PET approach allows investigating the comparative regional and temporal patterns of in vivo brain astrocytosis, fibrillar Aβ deposition, glucose metabolism, and brain structural changes. It may also contribute to understanding the potential role of novel plasma biomarkers of reactive astrocytes, in particular the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), at different stages of disease progression. This chapter attempts to stimulate further research in the field, including the development of novel PET tracers that may allow visualizing different aspects of the complex astrocytic and microglial response in neurodegenerative diseases. Progress in the field will contribute to the incorporation of PET imaging of glial reactivity and neuroinflammation as biomarkers with clinical application and motivate further investigation on glial cells as therapeutic targets in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mona-Lisa Malarte
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Ioannou
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filipa M Rocha
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Chiotis
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Wang YTT, Rosa-Neto P, Gauthier S. Advanced brain imaging for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:481-490. [PMID: 37639461 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose is to review the latest advances of brain imaging for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD). RECENT FINDINGS Brain imaging techniques provide valuable and complementary information to support the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in clinical and research settings. The recent FDA accelerated approvals of aducanumab, lecanemab and donanemab made amyloid-PET critical in helping determine the optimal window for anti-amyloid therapeutic interventions. Tau-PET, on the other hand, is considered of key importance for the tracking of disease progression and for monitoring therapeutic interventions in clinical trials. PET imaging for microglial activation, astrocyte reactivity and synaptic degeneration are still new techniques only used in the research field, and more studies are needed to validate their use in the clinical diagnosis of AD. Finally, artificial intelligence has opened new prospective in the early detection of AD using MRI modalities. SUMMARY Brain imaging techniques using PET improve our understanding of the different AD-related pathologies and their relationship with each other along the course of disease. With more robust validation, machine learning and deep learning algorithms could be integrated with neuroimaging modalities to serve as valuable tools for clinicians to make early diagnosis and prognosis of AD.
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Fontana IC, Scarpa M, Malarte ML, Rocha FM, Ausellé-Bosch S, Bluma M, Bucci M, Chiotis K, Kumar A, Nordberg A. Astrocyte Signature in Alzheimer's Disease Continuum through a Multi-PET Tracer Imaging Perspective. Cells 2023; 12:1469. [PMID: 37296589 PMCID: PMC10253101 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is an early event in the continuum of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current advances in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging provide ways of assessing reactive astrogliosis in the living brain. In this review, we revisit clinical PET imaging and in vitro findings using the multi-tracer approach, and point out that reactive astrogliosis precedes the deposition of Aβ plaques, tau pathology, and neurodegeneration in AD. Furthermore, considering the current view of reactive astrogliosis heterogeneity-more than one subtype of astrocyte involved-in AD, we discuss how astrocytic body fluid biomarkers might fit into trajectories different from that of astrocytic PET imaging. Future research focusing on the development of innovative astrocytic PET radiotracers and fluid biomarkers may provide further insights into the heterogeneity of reactive astrogliosis and improve the detection of AD in its early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor C. Fontana
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miriam Scarpa
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mona-Lisa Malarte
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filipa M. Rocha
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto de Ciência Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sira Ausellé-Bosch
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Bluma
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Bucci
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Chiotis
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang T, Chen X, Zhang J, Feng Q, Huang M. Deep multimodality-disentangled association analysis network for imaging genetics in neurodegenerative diseases. Med Image Anal 2023; 88:102842. [PMID: 37247468 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2023.102842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Imaging genetics is a crucial tool that is applied to explore potentially disease-related biomarkers, particularly for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). With the development of imaging technology, the association analysis between multimodal imaging data and genetic data is gradually being concerned by a wide range of imaging genetics studies. However, multimodal data are fused first and then correlated with genetic data in traditional methods, which leads to an incomplete exploration of their common and complementary information. In addition, the inaccurate formulation in the complex relationships between imaging and genetic data and information loss caused by missing multimodal data are still open problems in imaging genetics studies. Therefore, in this study, a deep multimodality-disentangled association analysis network (DMAAN) is proposed to solve the aforementioned issues and detect the disease-related biomarkers of NDs simultaneously. First, the imaging data are nonlinearly projected into a latent space and imaging representations can be achieved. The imaging representations are further disentangled into common and specific parts by using a multimodal-disentangled module. Second, the genetic data are encoded to achieve genetic representations, and then, the achieved genetic representations are nonlinearly mapped to the common and specific imaging representations to build nonlinear associations between imaging and genetic data through an association analysis module. Moreover, modality mask vectors are synchronously synthesized to integrate the genetic and imaging data, which helps the following disease diagnosis. Finally, the proposed method achieves reasonable diagnosis performance via a disease diagnosis module and utilizes the label information to detect the disease-related modality-shared and modality-specific biomarkers. Furthermore, the genetic representation can be used to impute the missing multimodal data with our learning strategy. Two publicly available datasets with different NDs are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DMAAN. The experimental results show that the proposed DMAAN can identify the disease-related biomarkers, which suggests the proposed DMAAN may provide new insights into the pathological mechanism and early diagnosis of NDs. The codes are publicly available at https://github.com/Meiyan88/DMAAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiumei Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qianjin Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Meiyan Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Medical Imaging and Diagnostic Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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5
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Huang J, Li C, Shang H. Astrocytes in Neurodegeneration: Inspiration From Genetics. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:882316. [PMID: 35812232 PMCID: PMC9268899 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.882316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery of numerous molecules and pathologies, the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative diseases remains unknown. Genetics participates in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Neural dysfunction, which is thought to be a cell-autonomous mechanism, is insufficient to explain the development of neurodegenerative disease, implying that other cells surrounding or related to neurons, such as glial cells, are involved in the pathogenesis. As the primary component of glial cells, astrocytes play a variety of roles in the maintenance of physiological functions in neurons and other glial cells. The pathophysiology of neurodegeneration is also influenced by reactive astrogliosis in response to central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Furthermore, those risk-gene variants identified in neurodegenerations are involved in astrocyte activation and senescence. In this review, we summarized the relationships between gene variants and astrocytes in four neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD), and provided insights into the implications of astrocytes in the neurodegenerations.
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6
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Shir D, Graff‐Radford J, Hofrenning EI, Lesnick TG, Przybelski SA, Lowe VJ, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Vemuri P, Algeciras‐Schimnich A, Campbell MR, Stricker NH, Mielke MM. Association of plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) with neuroimaging of Alzheimer's disease and vascular pathology. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12291. [PMID: 35252538 PMCID: PMC8883441 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) may be associated with amyloid burden, neurodegeneration, and stroke but its specificity for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the general population is unclear. We examined associations of plasma GFAP with amyloid and tau positron emission tomography (PET), cortical thickness, white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). Methods: The study included 200 individuals from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging who underwent amyloid and tau PET and magnetic resonance imaging and had plasma GFAP concurrently assayed; multiple linear regression and hurdle model analyses were used to investigate associations controlling for age and sex. Results: GFAP was associated with amyloid and tau PET in multivariable models. After adjusting for amyloid, the association with tau PET was no longer significant. GFAP was associated with cortical thickness, WMH, and lobar CMBs only among those who were amyloid-positive. Discussion: This cross-sectional analysis demonstrates the utility of GFAP as a plasma biomarker for AD-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Shir
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | | | - Timothy G. Lesnick
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of RadiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Ronald C. Petersen
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nikki H. Stricker
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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7
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Harada R, Furumoto S, Kudo Y, Yanai K, Villemagne VL, Okamura N. Imaging of Reactive Astrogliosis by Positron Emission Tomography. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:807435. [PMID: 35210989 PMCID: PMC8862631 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.807435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are neuropathologically characterized by neuronal loss, gliosis, and the deposition of misfolded proteins such as β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and tau tangles in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In postmortem AD brains, reactive astrocytes and activated microglia are observed surrounding Aβ plaques and tau tangles. These activated glial cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, which may contribute to neurodegeneration. Therefore, in vivo imaging of glial response by positron emission tomography (PET) combined with Aβ and tau PET would provide new insights to better understand the disease process, as well as aid in the differential diagnosis, and monitoring glial response disease-specific therapeutics. There are two promising targets proposed for imaging reactive astrogliosis: monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) and imidazoline2 binding site (I2BS), which are predominantly expressed in the mitochondrial membranes of astrocytes and are upregulated in various neurodegenerative conditions. PET tracers targeting these two MAO-B and I2BS have been evaluated in humans. [18F]THK-5351, which was originally designed to target tau aggregates in AD, showed high affinity for MAO-B and clearly visualized reactive astrocytes in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). However, the lack of selectivity of [18F]THK-5351 binding to both MAO-B and tau, severely limits its clinical utility as a biomarker. Recently, [18F]SMBT-1 was developed as a selective and reversible MAO-B PET tracer via compound optimization of [18F]THK-5351. In this review, we summarize the strategy underlying molecular imaging of reactive astrogliosis and clinical studies using MAO-B and I2BS PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Harada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryuichi Harada,
| | - Shozo Furumoto
- Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of New Therapeutics Innovation for Alzheimer’s and Dementia, Institute of Development and Aging, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- Nobuyuki Okamura,
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8
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Chen Z, Haider A, Chen J, Xiao Z, Gobbi L, Honer M, Grether U, Arnold SE, Josephson L, Liang SH. The Repertoire of Small-Molecule PET Probes for Neuroinflammation Imaging: Challenges and Opportunities beyond TSPO. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17656-17689. [PMID: 34905377 PMCID: PMC9094091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an adaptive response of the central nervous system to diverse potentially injurious stimuli, which is closely associated with neurodegeneration and typically characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes. As a noninvasive and translational molecular imaging tool, positron emission tomography (PET) could provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Ligands to translator protein (TSPO), a putative marker of neuroinflammation, have been the most commonly studied in this context, but they suffer from serious limitations. Herein we present a repertoire of different structural chemotypes and novel PET ligand design for classical and emerging neuroinflammatory targets beyond TSPO. We believe that this Perspective will support multidisciplinary collaborations in academic and industrial institutions working on neuroinflammation and facilitate the progress of neuroinflammation PET probe development for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Luca Gobbi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Honer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Department of Neurology and the Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
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9
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Liu Y, Jiang H, Qin X, Tian M, Zhang H. PET imaging of reactive astrocytes in neurological disorders. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:1275-1287. [PMID: 34873637 PMCID: PMC8921128 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The reactive astrocytes manifest molecular, structural, and functional remodeling in injury, infection, or diseases of the CNS, which play a critical role in the pathological mechanism of neurological diseases. A growing need exists for dependable approach to better characterize the activation of astrocyte in vivo. As an advanced molecular imaging technology, positron emission tomography (PET) has the potential for visualizing biological activities at the cellular levels. In the review, we summarized the PET visualization strategies for reactive astrocytes and discussed the applications of astrocyte PET imaging in neurological diseases. Future studies are needed to pay more attention to the development of specific imaging agents for astrocytes and further improve our exploration of reactive astrocytes in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Jiang
- PET-CT Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xiyi Qin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China. .,College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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10
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Macro- and Microscale Stress-Associated Alterations in Brain Structure: Translational Link With Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:118-127. [PMID: 34001371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a stress-related disorder associated with many cytoarchitectural and neurochemical changes. However, the majority of these changes cannot be reliably detected in the living brain. The examination of animal stress models and postmortem human brain tissue has significantly contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD. Ronald Duman's work in humans and in rodent models was critical to the investigation of the contribution of synaptic deficits to MDD and chronic stress pathology, their role in the development and expression of depressive-like behavior, and reversal by novel drugs. Here, we review evidence from magnetic resonance imaging in humans and animals that suggests that corticolimbic alterations are associated with depression symptomatology. We also discuss evidence of cytoarchitectural alterations affecting neurons, astroglia, and synapses in MDD and highlight how similar changes are described in rodent chronic stress models and are linked to the emotion-related behavioral deficits. Finally, we report on the latest approaches developed to measure the synaptic and astroglial alterations in vivo, using positron emission tomography, and how it can inform on the contribution of MDD-associated cytoarchitectural alterations to the symptomatology and the treatment of stress-related disorders.
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11
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Li Z, Zhou D, Zhang D, Zhao J, Li W, Sun Y, Chen Y, Liu H, Wilson JX, Qian Z, Huang G. Folic Acid Inhibits Aging-Induced Telomere Attrition and Apoptosis in Astrocytes In Vivo and In Vitro. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:286-297. [PMID: 34223882 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) has been reported to inhibit astrocyte apoptosis and improve aging-induced disorders; however, its role in telomere attrition remains unclear. In present study, 4-month-old senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were assigned to four treatment groups for the in vivo experiment: FA-deficient diet (FA-D) group, FA-normal diet (FA-N) group, low FA-supplemented diet (FA-L) group, and high FA-supplemented diet (FA-H) group. These mice were euthanized when 10 months old. There was also a young SAMP8 (4 months old) control group (Con-Y) fed with FA-normal diet. In in vitro study, primary cultures of astrocytes from hippocampus and cerebral cortex were incubated for five generations with various concentrations of FA (0-40 μM) and were assigned to five groups: FA 0 μM (generation 5), FA 10 μM (generation 5), FA 20 μM (generation 5), FA 40 μM (generation 5), and FA 10 μM (generation 1). The results showed that FA supplementation inhibited aging-induced astrocytosis, astrocyte apoptosis, neurodegeneration, and prevented telomere attrition in hippocampus and cortex of SAMP8 mice. FA supplementation also decreased apoptosis and telomere attrition, and increased telomerase activity, in primary cultures of astrocytes. These results showed that it may be one of the mechanisms that FA inhibiting aging-induced apoptosis of astrocyte by alleviating telomere attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshu Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dezheng Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dalong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China.,Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China.,Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - John X Wilson
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-8028, USA
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- Department of Toxicology, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China.,Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China
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12
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Kinetic isotope effects and synthetic strategies for deuterated carbon-11 and fluorine-18 labelled PET radiopharmaceuticals. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 96-97:112-147. [PMID: 33892374 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The deuterium labelling of pharmaceuticals is a useful strategy for altering pharmacokinetic properties, particularly for improving metabolic resistance. The pharmacological effects of such metabolites are often assumed to be negligible during standard drug discovery and are factored in later at the clinical phases of development, where the risks and benefits of the treatment and side-effects can be wholly assessed. This paradigm does not translate to the discovery of radiopharmaceuticals, however, as the confounding effects of radiometabolites can inevitably show in preliminary positron emission tomography (PET) scans and thus complicate interpretation. Consequently, the formation of radiometabolites is crucial to take into consideration, compared to non-radioactive metabolites, and the application of deuterium labelling is a particularly attractive approach to minimise radiometabolite formation. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the deuterated carbon-11 and fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals employed in PET imaging experiments. Specifically, we explore six categories of deuterated radiopharmaceuticals used to investigate the activities of monoamine oxygenase (MAO), choline, translocator protein (TSPO), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), neurotransmission and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease; from which we derive four prominent deuteration strategies giving rise to a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for reducing the rate of metabolism. Synthetic approaches for over thirty of these deuterated radiopharmaceuticals are discussed from the perspective of deuterium and radioisotope incorporation, alongside an evaluation of the deuterium labelling and radiolabelling efficacies across these independent studies. Clinical and manufacturing implications are also discussed to provide a more comprehensive overview of how deuterated radiopharmaceuticals may be introduced to routine practice.
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Synaptic Loss, ER Stress and Neuro-Inflammation Emerge Late in the Lateral Temporal Cortex and Associate with Progressive Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3258-3272. [PMID: 32514860 PMCID: PMC7340653 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The complex multifactorial nature of AD pathogenesis has been highlighted by evidence implicating additional neurodegenerative mechanisms, beyond that of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau. To provide insight into cause and effect, we here investigated the temporal profile and associations of pathological changes in synaptic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and neuro-inflammatory markers. Quantifications were established via immunoblot and immunohistochemistry protocols in post-mortem lateral temporal cortex (n = 46). All measures were assessed according to diagnosis (non-AD vs. AD), neuropathological severity (low (Braak ≤ 2) vs. moderate (3–4) vs. severe (≥ 5)) and individual Braak stage, and were correlated with Aβ and tau pathology and cognitive scores. Postsynaptic PSD-95, but not presynaptic synaptophysin, was decreased in AD cases and demonstrated a progressive decline across disease severity and Braak stage, yet not with cognitive scores. Of all investigated ER stress markers, only phospho-protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (p-PERK) correlated with Braak stage and was increased in diagnosed AD cases. A similar relationship was observed for the astrocytic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); however, the associated aquaporin 4 and microglial Iba1 remained unchanged. Pathological alterations in these markers preferentially correlated with measures of tau over those related to Aβ. Notably, GFAP also correlated strongly with Aβ markers and with all assessments of cognition. Lateral temporal cortex-associated synaptic, ER stress and neuro-inflammatory pathologies are here determined as late occurrences in AD progression, largely associated with tau pathology. Moreover, GFAP emerged as the most robust indicator of disease progression, tau/Aβ pathology, and cognitive impairment.
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Kreimerman I, Reyes AL, Paolino A, Pardo T, Porcal W, Ibarra M, Oliver P, Savio E, Engler H. Biological Assessment of a 18F-Labeled Sulforhodamine 101 in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease as a Potential Astrocytosis Marker. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:734. [PMID: 31379487 PMCID: PMC6646682 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases have mainly been associated with neuronal death. Recent investigations have shown that astroglia may modulate neuroinflammation in the early and late stages of the disease. [11C]Deuterodeprenyl ([11C]DED) is a tracer that has been used for reactive astrocyte detection in Alzheimer’s disease, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, among others, with some limitations. To develop a new radiotracer for detecting astrocytosis and overcoming associated difficulties, we recently reported the synthesis of a sulfonamide derivative of Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), labeled with 18F, namely SR101 N-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl) sulfonamide ([18F]2B-SRF101). The red fluorescent dye SR101 has been used as a specific marker of astroglia in the neocortex of rodents using in vivo models. In the present work we performed a biological characterisation of the new tracer including biodistribution and micro-PET/computed tomography (CT) images. PET/CT studies with [11C]DED were also done to compare with [18F]2B-SRF101 in order to assess its potential as an astrocyte marker. Biodistribution studies with [18F]2B-SRF101 were carried out in C57BL6J black and transgenic (3xTg) mice. A hepatointestinal metabolization as well as the pharmacokinetic profile were determined, showing appropriate characteristics to become a PET diagnostic agent. Dynamic PET/CT studies were carried out with [18F]2B-SRF101 and [11C]DED to evaluate the distribution of both tracers in the brain. A significant difference in [18F]2B-SRF101 uptake was especially observed in the cortex and hippocampus, and it was higher in 3xTg mice than it was in the control group. These results suggested that [18F]2B-SRF101 is a promising candidate for more extensive evaluation as an astrocyte tracer. The difference observed for [18F]2B-SRF101 was not found in the case of [11C]DED. The comparative studies between [18F]2B-SRF101 and [11C]DED suggest that both tracers have different roles as astrocytosis markers in this animal model, and could provide different and complementary information at the same time. In this way, by means of a multitracer approach, useful information could be obtained for the staging of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kreimerman
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Laura Reyes
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Paolino
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tania Pardo
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Williams Porcal
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Manuel Ibarra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Oliver
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Savio
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Henry Engler
- Radiopharmacy Department, Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
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Perani D, Iaccarino L, Lammertsma AA, Windhorst AD, Edison P, Boellaard R, Hansson O, Nordberg A, Jacobs AH. A new perspective for advanced positron emission tomography-based molecular imaging in neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Alzheimers Dement 2019; 15:1081-1103. [PMID: 31230910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in neurodegenerative conditions have increasingly highlighted that the same neuropathology can trigger different clinical phenotypes or, vice-versa, that similar phenotypes can be triggered by different neuropathologies. This evidence has called for the adoption of a pathology spectrum-based approach to study neurodegenerative proteinopathies. These conditions share brain deposition of abnormal protein aggregates, leading to aberrant biochemical, metabolic, functional, and structural changes. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a well-recognized and unique tool for the in vivo assessment of brain neuropathology, and novel PET techniques are emerging for the study of specific protein species. Today, key applications of PET range from early research and clinical diagnostic tools to their use in clinical trials for both participants screening and outcome evaluation. This position article critically reviews the role of distinct PET molecular tracers for different neurodegenerative proteinopathies, highlighting their strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities, with special emphasis on methodological challenges and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Perani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Nuclear Medicine Unit San Raffaele Hospital, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Iaccarino
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Nuclear Medicine Unit San Raffaele Hospital, Division of Neuroscience San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Edison
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Neurology Imaging Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany.
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Edison P, Donat CK, Sastre M. In vivo Imaging of Glial Activation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:625. [PMID: 30131755 PMCID: PMC6090997 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by memory loss and decline of cognitive function, associated with progressive neurodegeneration. While neuropathological processes like amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles have been linked to neuronal death in AD, the precise role of glial activation on disease progression is still debated. It was suggested that neuroinflammation could occur well ahead of amyloid deposition and may be responsible for clearing amyloid, having a neuroprotective effect; however, later in the disease, glial activation could become deleterious, contributing to neuronal toxicity. Recent genetic and preclinical studies suggest that the different activation states of microglia and astrocytes are complex, not as polarized as previously thought, and that the heterogeneity in their phenotype can switch during disease progression. In the last few years, novel imaging techniques e.g., new radiotracers for assessing glia activation using positron emission tomography and advanced magnetic resonance imaging technologies have emerged, allowing the correlation of neuro-inflammatory markers with cognitive decline, brain function and brain pathology in vivo. Here we review all new imaging technology in AD patients and animal models that has the potential to serve for early diagnosis of the disease, to monitor disease progression and to test the efficacy and the most effective time window for potential anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Edison
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelius K Donat
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Hou XQ, Song HP, Chen YB, Cheng SY, Fang SH, Zhang JG, Wang Q. Effects of Bushen-Yizhi formula on age-related inflammation and oxidative stress in senescence-accelerated mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6947-6960. [PMID: 29568888 PMCID: PMC5928649 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the possible effects and underlying molecular mechanism of Bushen-Yizhi formula (BSYZ), a traditional Chinese medicine, on age-related degeneration of brain physiology in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. SAMP8 mice (age, 6 months) were administered BSYZ (1.46, 2.92 and 5.84 g/kg/day) for 30 days. Morris water maze and step-down tests demonstrated that BSYZ significantly improved memory impairments in SAMP8 mice. In addition, BSYZ significantly enhanced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and B-cell lymphoma extra-large, and downregulated the expression levels of inflammatory mediators, glial fibrillary acidic protein, cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB and interleukin-1β in the brain compared with untreated SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, BSYZ reversed disordered superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde content and glutathione peroxidase activity, and ameliorated apoptosis and histological alterations. The present study indicated that BSYZ may attenuate cognitive impairment in SAMP8 mice, and modulate inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. These results suggested that BSYZ may have the potential to be further developed into a therapeutic agent for protection against age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Hou
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, P.R. China
| | - Hou-Pan Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostics in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Bo Chen
- Design, Measurement and Evaluation in Clinical Research Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Yi Cheng
- Design, Measurement and Evaluation in Clinical Research Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Huan Fang
- Design, Measurement and Evaluation in Clinical Research Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Guo Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Design, Measurement and Evaluation in Clinical Research Center, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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Astroglial Responses to Amyloid-Beta Progression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:605-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Nordberg A. Imaging Neuroinflammation: Quantification of Astrocytosis in a Multitracer PET Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1750:231-251. [PMID: 29512077 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7704-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent progress in the development of in vivo biomarkers is rapidly changing how neurodegenerative diseases are conceptualized and diagnosed, and how clinical trials are designed today. Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the most common neurodegenerative disorder-is characterized by a complex neuropathology involving the deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, accompanied by the activation of glial cells-astrocytes and microglia-and neuroinflammatory responses, leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. An increasing diversity of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging radiotracers are available to selectively target the different pathophysiological processes of AD. Along with the success of Aβ PET and the more recent tau PET imaging, there is also a great interest to develop PET tracers to image glial activation and neuroinflammation. While most research to date has focused on imaging microgliosis, recent studies using 11C-deuterium-L-deprenyl (11C-DED) PET imaging suggest that astrocytosis may be present from very early stages of disease development in AD. This chapter provides a detailed description of the practical approach used for the analysis of 11C-DED PET imaging data in a multitracer PET paradigm including 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PiB) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). The multitracer PET approach allows investigating the comparative regional and temporal patterns of in vivo brain astrocytosis, fibrillar Aβ deposition, and glucose metabolism in patients at different stages of disease progression. This chapter attempts to stimulate further research in the field, including the development of novel PET tracers that may allow visualizing different aspects of the complex astrocytic and microglial responses in neurodegenerative diseases. Progress in the field will contribute to the incorporation of PET imaging of glial activation and neuroinflammation as biomarkers with clinical application, and motivate further investigation on glial cells as therapeutic targets in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Chun H, Lee CJ. Reactive astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease: A double-edged sword. Neurosci Res 2017; 126:44-52. [PMID: 29225140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and fatal disease, in which neuronal damage at its late stage cannot be easily reversed. Because AD progression is caused by multiple factors including diverse cellular processes, studies on AD pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular level are challenging. Based on the lessons from unsuccessful neuron-focused research for an AD cure, non-cell autonomous mechanisms including brain inflammation and reactive astrocytes have recently been in the spotlight as potential therapeutic targets for AD. Studies have shown that reactive astrocytes are not only the result of inflammatory defense reactions, but also an active catabolic decomposer that acts by taking up amyloid beta toxins. Here, we give an overview of the characteristics of reactive astrocytes as pathological features of AD. Reactive astrocytes exert biphasic effects, that is, beneficial or detrimental depending on multiple factors. Many efforts have been put forth for defining and characterizing molecular signatures for the beneficial and detrimental reactive astrocytes. In the foreseeable future, manipulating and targeting each established molecular signature should have profound therapeutic implications for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Chun
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Bio-Med, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea; Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Zirbesegger K, Buccino P, Kreimerman I, Engler H, Porcal W, Savio E. An efficient preparation of labelling precursor of [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 and automated radiosynthesis. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2017; 2:10. [PMID: 29503851 PMCID: PMC5824701 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-017-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The synthesis of [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 for imaging of astrocytosis with positron emission tomography (PET) in neurodegenerative diseases has been previously reported. [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 radiosynthesis requires a precursor, L-nordeprenyl-D2, which has been previously synthesized from L-amphetamine as starting material with low overall yields. Here, we present an efficient synthesis of L-nordeprenyl-D2 organic precursor as free base and automated radiosynthesis of [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 for PET imaging of astrocytosis. The L-nordeprenyl-D2 precursor was synthesized from the easily commercial available and cheap reagent L-phenylalanine in five steps. Next, N-alkylation of L-nordeprenyl-D2 free base with [11C]MeOTf was optimized using the automated commercial platform GE TRACERlab® FX C Pro. Results A simple and efficient synthesis of L-nordeprenyl-D2 precursor of [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 as free base has been developed in five synthetic steps with an overall yield of 33%. The precursor as free base has been stable for 9 months stored at low temperature (−20 °C). The labelled product was obtained with 44 ± 13% (n = 12) (end of synthesis, decay corrected) radiochemical yield from [11C]MeI after 35 min synthesis time. The radiochemical purity was over 99% in all cases and specific activity was (170 ± 116) GBq/μmol. Conclusions A high-yield synthesis of [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 has been achieved with high purity and specific activity. L-nordeprenyl-D2 precursor as free amine was applicable for automated production in a commercial synthesis module for preclinical and clinical application.
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Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanism of β-Asarone against A β1-42-Induced Injury in Astrocytes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:8516518. [PMID: 29599803 PMCID: PMC5828282 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8516518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that activated astrocytes play important roles in AD, and β-asarone, a major component of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, was shown to be a potential therapeutic candidate for AD. While our previous study found that β-asarone could improve the cognitive function of rats hippocampally injected with Aβ, the effects of β-asarone on astrocytes remain unclear, and this study aimed to investigate these effects. A rat model of Aβ1-42 (10 μg) was established, and the rats were intragastrically treated with β-asarone at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg or donepezil at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg. The sham and model groups were intragastrically injected with an equal volume of saline. Animals were sacrificed on the 28th day after administration of the drugs. In addition, a cellular model of Aβ1-42 (1.1 μM, 6 h) was established, and cells were treated with β-asarone at doses of 0, 2.06, 6.17, 18.5, 55.6, and 166.7 μg/mL. β-Asarone improved cognitive impairment, alleviated Aβ deposition and hippocampal damage, and inhibited GFAP, AQP4, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression. These results suggested that β-asarone could alleviate the symptoms of AD by protecting astrocytes, possibly by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-1β secretion and then downregulating AQP4 expression.
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24
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Kreisl WC, Henter ID, Innis RB. Imaging Translocator Protein as a Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Dementia. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 82:163-185. [PMID: 29413519 PMCID: PMC6190574 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has long been considered a potential contributor to neurodegenerative disorders that result in dementia. Accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies is associated with the activation of microglia and astrocytes into proinflammatory states, and chronic low-level activation of glial cells likely contributes to the pathological changes observed in these and other neurodegenerative diseases. The 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a key biomarker for measuring inflammation in the brain via positron emission tomography (PET). Increased TSPO density has been observed in brain tissue from patients with neurodegenerative diseases and colocalizes to activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Several radioligands have been developed to measure TSPO density in vivo with PET, and these have been used in clinical studies of different dementia syndromes. However, TSPO radioligands have limitations, including low specific-to-nonspecific signal and differential affinity to a polymorphism on the TSPO gene, which must be taken into consideration in designing and interpreting human PET studies. Nonetheless, most PET studies have shown that increased TSPO binding is associated with various dementias, suggesting that TSPO has potential as a biomarker to further explore the role of neuroinflammation in dementia pathogenesis and may prove useful in monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kreisl
- Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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25
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Kang JM, Lee SY, Seo S, Jeong HJ, Woo SH, Lee H, Lee YB, Yeon BK, Shin DH, Park KH, Kang H, Okamura N, Furumoto S, Yanai K, Villemagne VL, Seong JK, Na DL, Ido T, Cho J, Lee KM, Noh Y. Tau positron emission tomography using [18F]THK5351 and cerebral glucose hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:210-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Tong J, Rathitharan G, Meyer JH, Furukawa Y, Ang LC, Boileau I, Guttman M, Hornykiewicz O, Kish SJ. Brain monoamine oxidase B and A in human parkinsonian dopamine deficiency disorders. Brain 2017; 140:2460-2474. [PMID: 29050386 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
See Jellinger (doi:10.1093/awx190) for a scientific commentary on this article. The enzyme monoamine oxidases (B and A subtypes, encoded by MAOB and MAOA, respectively) are drug targets in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Inhibitors of MAOB are used clinically in Parkinson's disease for symptomatic purposes whereas the potential disease-modifying effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors is debated. As astroglial cells express high levels of MAOB, the enzyme has been proposed as a brain imaging marker of astrogliosis, a cellular process possibly involved in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis as elevation of MAOB in astrocytes might be harmful. Since brain monoamine oxidase status in Parkinson's disease is uncertain, our objective was to measure, by quantitative immunoblotting in autopsied brain homogenates, protein levels of both monoamine oxidases in three different degenerative parkinsonian disorders: Parkinson's disease (n = 11), multiple system atrophy (n = 11), and progressive supranuclear palsy (n = 16) and in matched controls (n = 16). We hypothesized that if MAOB is 'substantially' localized to astroglial cells, MAOB levels should be generally associated with standard astroglial protein measures (e.g. glial fibrillary acidic protein). MAOB levels were increased in degenerating putamen (+83%) and substantia nigra (+10%, non-significant) in multiple system atrophy; in caudate (+26%), putamen (+27%), frontal cortex (+31%) and substantia nigra (+23%) of progressive supranuclear palsy; and in frontal cortex (+33%), but not in substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease, a region we previously reported no increase in astrocyte protein markers. Although the magnitude of MAOB increase was less than those of standard astrocytic markers, significant positive correlations were observed amongst the astrocyte proteins and MAOB. Despite suggestions that MAOA (versus MAOB) is primarily responsible for metabolism of dopamine in dopamine neurons, there was no loss of the enzyme in the parkinsonian substantia nigra; instead, increased nigral levels of a MAOA fragment and 'turnover' of the enzyme were observed in the conditions. Our findings provide support that MAOB might serve as a biochemical imaging marker, albeit not entirely specific, for astrocyte activation in human brain. The observation that MAOB protein concentration is generally increased in degenerating brain areas in multiple system atrophy (especially putamen) and in progressive supranuclear palsy, but not in the nigra in Parkinson's disease, also distinguishes astrocyte behaviour in Parkinson's disease from that in the two 'Parkinson-plus' conditions. The question remains whether suppression of either MAOB in astrocytes or MAOA in dopamine neurons might influence progression of the parkinsonian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Tong
- Preclinical Imaging Unit, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gausiha Rathitharan
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University and Post Graduate University of Juntendo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lee-Cyn Ang
- Division of Neuropathology, London Health Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Guttman
- Centre for Movement Disorders, Markham, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oleh Hornykiewicz
- Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen J Kish
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Arakawa R, Stenkrona P, Takano A, Nag S, Maior RS, Halldin C. Test-retest reproducibility of [ 11C]-L-deprenyl-D 2 binding to MAO-B in the human brain. EJNMMI Res 2017. [PMID: 28634836 PMCID: PMC5478550 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background [11C]-l-deprenyl-D2 is a positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for measurement of the monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) activity in vivo brain. The estimation of the test-retest reproducibility is important for accurate interpretation of PET studies. Results We performed two [11C]-l-deprenyl-D2 scans for six healthy subjects and evaluated the test-retest variability of this radioligand. MAO-B binding was quantified by two tissue compartment model (2TCM) with three rate constants (K1, k2, k3) using metabolite-corrected plasma radioactivity. The λk3 defined as (K1/k2) × k3 was also calculated. The correlation between MAO-B binding and age, and the effect of partial volume effect correction (PVEc) for the reproducibility were also estimated. %difference of k3 was 2.6% (medial frontal cortex) to 10.3% (hippocampus), and that of λk3 was 5.0% (thalamus) to 9.2% (cerebellum). Mean %difference of all regions were 5.3 and 7.0% in k3 and λk3, respectively. All regions showed below 10% variabilities except the hippocampus in k3 (10.3%). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of k3 was 0.78 (hippocampus) to 0.98 (medial frontal cortex), and that of λk3 was 0.78 (hippocampus) to 0.95 (thalamus). Mean ICC were 0.94 and 0.89 in k3 and λk3, respectively. The highest positive correlation with age was observed in the hippocampus, as r = 0.75 in k3 and 0.76 in λk3. After PVEc, mean %difference were 5.6 and 7.2% in k3 and λk3, respectively. Mean ICC were 0.92 and 0.90 for k3 and λk3, respectively. These values were almost the same as those before PVEc. Conclusions The present results indicate that k3 and λk3 of [11C]-l-deprenyl-D2 are reliable parameters for test-retest reproducibility with healthy subjects both before and after PVEc. The studies with patients of larger sample size are required for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Arakawa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per Stenkrona
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sangram Nag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rafael S Maior
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,Primate Center and Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lagarde J, Sarazin M, Bottlaender M. In vivo PET imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:847-867. [PMID: 28516240 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). Molecular imaging by PET may be a useful tool to assess neuroinflammation in vivo, thus helping to decipher the complex role of inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and providing a potential means of monitoring the effect of new therapeutic approaches. For this objective, the main target of PET studies is the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), as it is overexpressed by activated microglia. In the present review, we describe the most widely used PET tracers targeting the TSPO, the methodological issues in tracer quantification and summarize the results obtained by TSPO PET imaging in AD, as well as in neurodegenerative disorders associated with AD, in psychiatric disorders and ageing. We also briefly describe alternative PET targets and imaging modalities to study neuroinflammation. Lastly, we question the meaning of PET imaging data in the context of a highly complex and multifaceted role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. This overview leads to the conclusion that PET imaging of neuroinflammation is a promising way of deciphering the enigma of the pathophysiology of AD and of monitoring the effect of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lagarde
- Unit of Neurology of Memory and Language, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR S894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Unit of Neurology of Memory and Language, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR S894, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Michel Bottlaender
- UNIACT, NeuroSpin, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. .,Laboratoire Imagerie Moléculaire in Vivo, UMR 1023, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 91400, Orsay, France.
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Cerami C, Iaccarino L, Perani D. Molecular Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Dementias: The Role of In Vivo PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050993. [PMID: 28475165 PMCID: PMC5454906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration elicits neuroinflammatory responses to kill pathogens, clear debris and support tissue repair. Neuroinflammation is a dynamic biological response characterized by the recruitment of innate and adaptive immune system cells in the site of tissue damage. Resident microglia and infiltrating immune cells partake in the restoration of central nervous system homeostasis. Nevertheless, their activation may shift to chronic and aggressive responses, which jeopardize neuron survival and may contribute to the disease process itself. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) molecular imaging represents a unique tool contributing to in vivo investigating of neuroinflammatory processes in patients. In the present review, we first provide an overview on the molecular basis of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases with emphasis on microglia activation, astrocytosis and the molecular targets for PET imaging. Then, we review the state-of-the-art of in vivo PET imaging for neuroinflammation in dementia conditions associated with different proteinopathies, such as Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Parkinsonian spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cerami
- Clinical Neuroscience Department, San Raffaele Turro Hospital, Milan 20121-20162, Italy.
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20121-20162, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Iaccarino
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20121-20162, Italy.
- Faculty of Psychology and Molecular Medicine Doctoral Course, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20121-20162, Italy.
| | - Daniela Perani
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20121-20162, Italy.
- Faculty of Psychology and Molecular Medicine Doctoral Course, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20121-20162, Italy.
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20121-20162, Italy.
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30
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Cortical laminar tau deposits and activated astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease visualised by 3H-THK5117 and 3H-deprenyl autoradiography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45496. [PMID: 28374768 PMCID: PMC5379625 DOI: 10.1038/srep45496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylated tau protein deposits and, inflammatory processes are characteristic components of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology. We here aimed to visualize in vitro the distribution of tau deposits and activated astrocytes across the cortical layers in autopsy AD brain tissue using the radiotracers 3H-THK5117 and 3H-deprenyl. 3H-THK5117 and 3H-deprenyl autoradiographies were carried out on frozen brain sections from three AD patients and one healthy control. 3H-THK5117 showed a distinct laminar cortical binding similar to 3H-deprenyl autoradiography, with an extensive binding in the superficial and deep layers of the temporal neocortices, whereas the middle frontal gyrus showed an even binding throughout the layers. Globally, eventhough some differences could be observed, AT8 (tau) and GFAP (astrocyte) immunostaining showed a laminar pattern comparable to their corresponding radiotracers within each AD case. Some variability was observed between the AD cases reflecting differences in disease phenotype. The similar laminar cortical brain distribution of tau deposits and activated astrocytes supports the hypothesis of a close pathological interconnection. The difference in regional binding patterns of 3H-THK5117 and AT8 antibody staining suggest additional tau binding sites detectable by 3H-THK5117.
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31
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Schain M, Kreisl WC. Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders—a Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Ardura-Fabregat A, Boddeke EWGM, Boza-Serrano A, Brioschi S, Castro-Gomez S, Ceyzériat K, Dansokho C, Dierkes T, Gelders G, Heneka MT, Hoeijmakers L, Hoffmann A, Iaccarino L, Jahnert S, Kuhbandner K, Landreth G, Lonnemann N, Löschmann PA, McManus RM, Paulus A, Reemst K, Sanchez-Caro JM, Tiberi A, Van der Perren A, Vautheny A, Venegas C, Webers A, Weydt P, Wijasa TS, Xiang X, Yang Y. Targeting Neuroinflammation to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:1057-1082. [PMID: 29260466 PMCID: PMC5747579 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) has focused on pathomechanisms linked to two of the major pathological hallmarks of extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid peptides and intra-neuronal formation of neurofibrils. Recently, a third disease component, the neuroinflammatory reaction mediated by cerebral innate immune cells, has entered the spotlight, prompted by findings from genetic, pre-clinical, and clinical studies. Various proteins that arise during neurodegeneration, including beta-amyloid, tau, heat shock proteins, and chromogranin, among others, act as danger-associated molecular patterns, that-upon engagement of pattern recognition receptors-induce inflammatory signaling pathways and ultimately lead to the production and release of immune mediators. These may have beneficial effects but ultimately compromise neuronal function and cause cell death. The current review, assembled by participants of the Chiclana Summer School on Neuroinflammation 2016, provides an overview of our current understanding of AD-related immune processes. We describe the principal cellular and molecular players in inflammation as they pertain to AD, examine modifying factors, and discuss potential future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ardura-Fabregat
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - E. W. G. M. Boddeke
- 0000 0004 0407 1981grid.4830.fDepartment of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Boza-Serrano
- 0000 0001 0930 2361grid.4514.4Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Biomedical Centrum (BMC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S. Brioschi
- grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Castro-Gomez
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Ceyzériat
- grid.457334.2Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut de biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ,0000 0001 2171 2558grid.5842.bNeurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C. Dansokho
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - T. Dierkes
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany ,0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dBiomedical Centre, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - G. Gelders
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fDepartment of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael T. Heneka
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany ,0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - L. Hoeijmakers
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Center for Neuroscience (SILS-CNS), Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Hoffmann
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - L. Iaccarino
- grid.15496.3fVita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy ,0000000417581884grid.18887.3eIn Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - S. Jahnert
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Kuhbandner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G. Landreth
- 0000 0001 2287 3919grid.257413.6Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - N. Lonnemann
- 0000 0001 1090 0254grid.6738.aDepartment of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - R. M. McManus
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Paulus
- 0000 0001 0930 2361grid.4514.4Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Biomedical Centrum (BMC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K. Reemst
- 0000000084992262grid.7177.6Center for Neuroscience (SILS-CNS), Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Sanchez-Caro
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Tiberi
- grid.6093.cBio@SNS Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Van der Perren
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fDepartment of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. Vautheny
- grid.457334.2Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Département de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut de biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ,0000 0001 2171 2558grid.5842.bNeurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud, UMR 9199, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - C. Venegas
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Webers
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - P. Weydt
- 0000 0000 8786 803Xgrid.15090.3dDepartment of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - T. S. Wijasa
- 0000 0004 0438 0426grid.424247.3German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund Freud Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - X. Xiang
- 0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany ,0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Graduate School of Systemic Neuroscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Y. Yang
- 0000 0001 0930 2361grid.4514.4Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Biomedical Centrum (BMC), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Garden GA, Campbell BM. Glial biomarkers in human central nervous system disease. Glia 2016; 64:1755-71. [PMID: 27228454 PMCID: PMC5575821 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing understanding that aberrant GLIA function is an underlying factor in psychiatric and neurological disorders. As drug discovery efforts begin to focus on glia-related targets, a key gap in knowledge includes the availability of validated biomarkers to help determine which patients suffer from dysfunction of glial cells or who may best respond by targeting glia-related drug mechanisms. Biomarkers are biological variables with a significant relationship to parameters of disease states and can be used as surrogate markers of disease pathology, progression, and/or responses to drug treatment. For example, imaging studies of the CNS enable localization and characterization of anatomical lesions without the need to isolate tissue for biopsy. Many biomarkers of disease pathology in the CNS involve assays of glial cell function and/or response to injury. Each major glia subtype (oligodendroglia, astroglia and microglia) are connected to a number of important and useful biomarkers. Here, we describe current and emerging glial based biomarker approaches for acute CNS injury and the major categories of chronic nervous system dysfunction including neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, neoplastic, and autoimmune disorders of the CNS. These descriptions are highlighted in the context of how biomarkers are employed to better understand the role of glia in human CNS disease and in the development of novel therapeutic treatments. GLIA 2016;64:1755-1771.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Chiarini A, Armato U, Liu D, Dal Prà I. Calcium-Sensing Receptors of Human Neural Cells Play Crucial Roles in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Physiol 2016; 7:134. [PMID: 27199760 PMCID: PMC4844916 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In aged subjects, late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) starts in the lateral entorhinal allocortex where a failure of clearance mechanisms triggers an accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-β42 oligomers (Aβ42-os). In neurons and astrocytes, Aβ42-os enhance the transcription of Aβ precursor protein (APP) and β-secretase/BACE1 genes. Thus, by acting together with γ-secretase, the surpluses of APP and BACE1 amplify the endogenous production of Aβ42-os which pile up, damage mitochondria, and are oversecreted. At the plasmalemma, exogenous Aβ42-os bind neurons' and astrocytes' calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) activating a set of intracellular signaling pathways which upkeep Aβ42-os intracellular accumulation and oversecretion by hindering Aβ42-os proteolysis. In addition, Aβ42-os accumulating in the extracellular milieu spread and reach mounting numbers of adjacent and remoter teams of neurons and astrocytes which in turn are recruited, again via Aβ42-os•CaSR-governed mechanisms, to produce and release additional Aβ42-os amounts. This relentless self-sustaining mechanism drives AD progression toward upper cortical areas. Later on accumulating Aβ42-os elicit the advent of hyperphosphorylated (p)-Tau oligomers which acting together with Aβ42-os and other glial neurotoxins cooperatively destroy wider and wider cognition-related cortical areas. In parallel, Aβ42-os•CaSR signals also elicit an excess production and secretion of nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor-A from astrocytes, of Aβ42-os and myelin basic protein from oligodendrocytes, and of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and (likely) Aβ42-os from microglia. Activated astrocytes and microglia survive the toxic onslaught, whereas neurons and oligodendrocytes increasingly die. However, we have shown that highly selective allosteric CaSR antagonists (calcilytics), like NPS 2143 and NPS 89626, efficiently suppress all the neurotoxic effects Aβ42-os•CaSR signaling drives in cultured cortical untransformed human neurons and astrocytes. In fact, calcilytics increase Aβ42 proteolysis and discontinue the oversecretion of Aβ42-os, nitric oxide, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A from both astrocytes and neurons. Seemingly, calcilytics would also benefit the other types of glial cells and cerebrovascular cells otherwise damaged by the effects of Aβ42-os•CaSR signaling. Thus, given at amnestic minor cognitive impairment (aMCI) or initial symptomatic stages, calcilytics could prevent or terminate the propagation of LOAD neuropathology and preserve human neurons' viability and hence patients' cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
| | - Daisong Liu
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
- Proteomics Laboratory, Institute for Burn Research, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical SchoolVerona, Italy
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Lesniak A, Aarnio M, Jonsson A, Norberg T, Nyberg F, Gordh T. High-throughput screening and radioligand binding studies reveal monoamine oxidase-B as the primary binding target for d-deprenyl. Life Sci 2016; 152:231-7. [PMID: 27058977 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS d-deprenyl is a useful positron emission tomography tracer for visualization of inflammatory processes. Studies with [(11)C]-d-deprenyl showed robust uptake in peripheral painful sites of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or chronic whiplash injury. The mechanism of preferential d-deprenyl uptake is not yet known, but the existence of a specific binding site was proposed. Thus, in the present study, we sought to identify the binding site for d-deprenyl and verify the hypothesis about the possibility of monoamine oxidase enzymes as major targets for this molecule. MAIN METHODS A high-throughput analysis of d-deprenyl activity towards 165G-protein coupled receptors and 84 enzyme targets was performed. Additionally, binding studies were used to verify the competition of [(3)H]d-deprenyl with ligands specific for targets identified in the high-throughput screen. KEY FINDINGS Our high-throughput investigation identified monoamine oxidase-B, monoamine oxidase-A and angiotensin converting enzyme as potential targets for d-deprenyl. Further competitive [(3)H]d-deprenyl binding studies with specific inhibitors identified monoamine oxidase-B as the major binding site. No evident high-affinity hits were identified among G-protein coupled receptors. SIGNIFICANCE Our study was the first to utilize a high-throughput screening approach to identify putative d-deprenyl targets. It verified 249 candidate proteins and confirmed the role of monoamine oxidase - B in d-deprenyl binding. Our results add knowledge about the possible mechanism of d-deprenyl binding, which might aid in explaining the increased uptake of this compound in peripheral inflammation. Monoamine oxidase-B will be further investigated in future studies utilizing human inflamed synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lesniak
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikko Aarnio
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Jonsson
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Norberg
- Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry, SE 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fred Nyberg
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Gordh
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, SE 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Buccino P, Kreimerman I, Zirbesegger K, Porcal W, Savio E, Engler H. Automated radiosynthesis of [ 11 C]L-deprenyl-D 2 and [ 11 C]D-deprenyl using a commercial platform. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 110:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Declercq LD, Vandenberghe R, Van Laere K, Verbruggen A, Bormans G. Drug Development in Alzheimer's Disease: The Contribution of PET and SPECT. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:88. [PMID: 27065872 PMCID: PMC4814730 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials aiming to develop disease-altering drugs for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder with devastating consequences, are failing at an alarming rate. Poorly defined inclusion-and outcome criteria, due to a limited amount of objective biomarkers, is one of the major concerns. Non-invasive molecular imaging techniques, positron emission tomography and single photon emission (computed) tomography (PET and SPE(C)T), allow visualization and quantification of a wide variety of (patho)physiological processes and allow early (differential) diagnosis in many disorders. PET and SPECT have the ability to provide biomarkers that permit spatial assessment of pathophysiological molecular changes and therefore objectively evaluate and follow up therapeutic response, especially in the brain. A number of specific PET/SPECT biomarkers used in support of emerging clinical therapies in AD are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven D Declercq
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfons Verbruggen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Carter SF, Chiotis K, Saint-Aubert L, Leuzy A, Schöll M, Almkvist O, Wall A, Långström B, Nordberg A. Comparison of Early-Phase 11C-Deuterium-l-Deprenyl and 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B PET for Assessing Brain Perfusion in Alzheimer Disease. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1071-7. [PMID: 26912447 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.168732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The PET tracer (11)C-deuterium-L-deprenyl ((11)C-DED) has been used to visualize activated astrocytes in vivo in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). In this multitracer PET study, early-phase (11)C-DED and (11)C-Pittsburgh compound B ((11)C-PiB) (eDED and ePiB, respectively) were compared as surrogate markers of brain perfusion, and the extent to which (11)C-DED binding is influenced by brain perfusion was investigated. METHODS (11)C-DED, (11)C-PiB, and (18)F-FDG dynamic PET scans were obtained in age-matched groups comprising AD patients (n = 8), patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 17), and healthy controls (n = 16). A modified reference Patlak model was used to quantify (11)C-DED binding. A simplified reference tissue model was applied to both (11)C-DED and (11)C-PiB to measure brain perfusion relative to the cerebellar gray matter (R1) and binding potentials. (11)C-PiB retention and (18)F-FDG uptake were also quantified as target-to-pons SUV ratios in 12 regions of interest (ROIs). RESULTS The strongest within-subject correlations with the corresponding R1 values (R1,DED and R1,PiB, respectively) and with (18)F-FDG uptake were obtained when the eDED and ePiB PET data were measured 1-4 min after injection. The optimum eDED/ePiB intervals also showed strong, significant ROI-based intersubject Pearson correlations with R1,DED/R1,PiB and with (18)F-FDG uptake, whereas (11)C-DED binding was largely independent of brain perfusion, as measured by eDED. Corresponding voxelwise correlations confirmed the ROI-based results. Temporoparietal eDED or ePiB brain perfusion measurements were highly discriminative between patient and control groups, with discriminative ability statistically comparable to that of temporoparietal (18)F-FDG glucose metabolism. Hypometabolism extended over wider regions than hypoperfusion in patient groups compared with controls. CONCLUSION The 1- to 4-min early-frame intervals of (11)C-DED or (11)C-PiB are suitable surrogate measures for brain perfusion. (11)C-DED binding is independent of brain perfusion, and thus (11)C-DED PET can provide information on both functional (brain perfusion) and pathologic (astrocytosis) aspects from a single PET scan. In comparison with glucose metabolism, early-phase (11)C-DED and (11)C-PiB perfusion appear to provide complementary rather than redundant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen F Carter
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Chiotis
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laure Saint-Aubert
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Schöll
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ove Almkvist
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Wall
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | | | - Agneta Nordberg
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Saint-Aubert L, Carter SF, Almkvist O, Farid K, Schöll M, Chiotis K, Thordardottir S, Graff C, Wall A, Långström B, Nordberg A. Diverging longitudinal changes in astrocytosis and amyloid PET in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2016; 139:922-36. [PMID: 26813969 PMCID: PMC4766380 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
See Schott and Fox (doi:
10.1093/brain/awv405
) for a scientific commentary on this article.
Alzheimer’s disease is a multifactorial dementia disorder characterized by early amyloid-β, tau deposition, glial activation and neurodegeneration, where the interrelationships between the different pathophysiological events are not yet well characterized. In this study, longitudinal multitracer positron emission tomography imaging of individuals with autosomal dominant or sporadic Alzheimer’s disease was used to quantify the changes in regional distribution of brain astrocytosis (tracer
11
C-deuterium-L-deprenyl), fibrillar amyloid-β plaque deposition (
11
C-Pittsburgh compound B), and glucose metabolism (
18
F-fluorodeoxyglucose) from early presymptomatic stages over an extended period to clinical symptoms. The 52 baseline participants comprised autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease mutation carriers (
n =
11; 49.6 ± 10.3 years old) and non-carriers (
n =
16; 51.1 ± 14.2 years old; 10 male), and patients with sporadic mild cognitive impairment (
n =
17; 61.9 ± 6.4 years old; nine male) and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (
n =
8; 63.0 ± 6.5 years old; five male); for confidentiality reasons, the gender of mutation carriers is not revealed. The autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease participants belonged to families with known mutations in either presenilin 1 (
PSEN1
) or amyloid precursor protein (
APPswe
or
APParc
) genes. Sporadic mild cognitive impairment patients were further divided into
11
C-Pittsburgh compound B-positive (
n =
13; 62.0 ± 6.4; seven male) and
11
C-Pittsburgh compound B-negative (
n =
4; 61.8 ± 7.5 years old; two male) groups using a neocortical standardized uptake value ratio cut-off value of 1.41, which was calculated with respect to the cerebellar grey matter. All baseline participants underwent multitracer positron emission tomography scans, cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis and neuropsychological assessment. Twenty-six of the participants underwent clinical and imaging follow-up examinations after 2.8 ± 0.6 years. By using linear mixed-effects models, fibrillar amyloid-β plaque deposition was first observed in the striatum of presymptomatic autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease carriers from 17 years before expected symptom onset; at about the same time, astrocytosis was significantly elevated and then steadily declined. Diverging from the astrocytosis pattern, amyloid-β plaque deposition increased with disease progression. Glucose metabolism steadily declined from 10 years after initial amyloid-β plaque deposition. Patients with sporadic mild cognitive impairment who were
11
C-Pittsburgh compound B-positive at baseline showed increasing amyloid-β plaque deposition and decreasing glucose metabolism but, in contrast to autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease carriers, there was no significant longitudinal decline in astrocytosis over time. The prominent initially high and then declining astrocytosis in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease carriers, contrasting with the increasing amyloid-β plaque load during disease progression, suggests astrocyte activation is implicated in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- 1 Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laure Saint-Aubert
- 1 Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen F Carter
- 1 Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ove Almkvist
- 1 Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden 2 Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 3 Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karim Farid
- 1 Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Schöll
- 1 Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos Chiotis
- 1 Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steinunn Thordardottir
- 3 Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden 4 Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- 3 Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden 4 Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Wall
- 5 Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Långström
- 6 Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, 701 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- 1 Department NVS, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden 3 Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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Brooks AF, Shao X, Quesada CA, Sherman P, Scott PJH, Kilbourn MR. In Vivo Metabolic Trapping Radiotracers for Imaging Monoamine Oxidase-A and -B Enzymatic Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1965-71. [PMID: 26393369 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The isozymes of monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) are important enzymes involved in the metabolism of numerous biogenic amines, including the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Recently, changes in concentrations of MAO-B have been proposed to be an in vivo marker of neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease. Previous developments of in vivo radiotracers for imaging changes in MAO enzyme expression or activity have utilized the irreversible propargylamine-based suicide inhibitors or high-affinity reversibly binding inhibitors. As an alternative approach, we have investigated 1-[(11)C]methyl-4-aryloxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines as metabolic trapping agents for the monoamine oxidases. MAO-mediated oxidation and spontaneous hydrolysis yield 1-[(11)C]methyl-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridinone as a hydrophilic metabolite that is trapped within brain tissues. Radiotracers with phenyl, biphenyl, and 7-coumarinyl ethers were evaluated using microPET imaging in rat and primate brains. No isozyme selectivity for radiotracer trapping was observed in the rat brain for any compound, but in the monkey brain, the phenyl ether demonstrated MAO-A selectivity and the coumarinyl ether showed MAO-B selectivity. These are lead compounds for further development of 1-[(11)C]methyl-4-aryloxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines with optimized brain pharmacokinetics and isozyme selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen F. Brooks
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, ‡The Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, ‡The Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, ‡The Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, ‡The Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, ‡The Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael R. Kilbourn
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department
of Radiology, ‡The Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Engler H, Damian A, Bentancourt C. PET and the multitracer concept in the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Dement Neuropsychol 2015; 9:343-349. [PMID: 29213983 PMCID: PMC5619316 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642015dn94000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the pathological reactions of the brain to an aggression caused
by an internal or external noxa represents a challenge for molecular imaging.
Positron emission tomography (PET) can indicate in vivo,
anatomopathological changes involved in the development of different clinical
symptoms in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. PET and the multitracer
concept can provide information from different systems in the brain tissue
building an image of the whole disease. We present here the combination of
18F-flourodeoxyglucose (FDG) and
N-[11C-methyl]-L-deuterodeprenyl (DED), FDG and
N-[11C-methyl] 2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (PIB),
PIB and L-[11C]-3'4-Dihydrophenylalanine (DOPA) and finally PIB and
[15O]H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Engler
- MD. PhD - Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andres Damian
- MD - Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM), Montevideo, Uruguay
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Janssen B, Vugts DJ, Funke U, Molenaar GT, Kruijer PS, van Berckel BNM, Lammertsma AA, Windhorst AD. Imaging of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke: Recent developments in positron emission tomography. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:425-41. [PMID: 26643549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is thought to play a pivotal role in many diseases affecting the brain, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke. Neuroinflammation is characterised predominantly by microglial activation, which can be visualised using positron emission tomography (PET). Traditionally, translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) is the target for imaging of neuroinflammation using PET. In this review, recent preclinical and clinical research using PET in Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke is summarised. In addition, new molecular targets for imaging of neuroinflammation, such as monoamine oxidases, adenosine receptors and cannabinoid receptor type 2, are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieneke Janssen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uta Funke
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ger T Molenaar
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; BV Cyclotron VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Early astrocytosis in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease measured in vivo by multi-tracer positron emission tomography. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16404. [PMID: 26553227 PMCID: PMC4639762 DOI: 10.1038/srep16404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD), caused by gene mutations yielding nearly complete penetrance and a distinct age of symptom onset, allows investigation of presymptomatic pathological processes that can identify a therapeutic window for disease-modifying therapies. Astrocyte activation may occur in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD) because reactive astrocytes surround β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in autopsy brain tissue. Positron emission tomography was performed to investigate fibrillar Aβ, astrocytosis and cerebral glucose metabolism with the radiotracers (11)C-Pittsburgh compound-B (PIB), (11)C-deuterium-L-deprenyl (DED) and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) respectively in presymptomatic and symptomatic ADAD participants (n = 21), patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 11) and sporadic AD (n = 7). Multivariate analysis using the combined data from all radiotracers clearly separated the different groups along the first and second principal components according to increased PIB retention/decreased FDG uptake (component 1) and increased DED binding (component 2). Presymptomatic ADAD mutation carriers showed significantly higher PIB retention than non-carriers in all brain regions except the hippocampus. DED binding was highest in presymptomatic ADAD mutation carriers. This suggests that non-fibrillar Aβ or early stage plaque depostion might interact with inflammatory responses indicating astrocytosis as an early contributory driving force in AD pathology. The novelty of this finding will be investigated in longitudinal follow-up studies.
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Gispert JD, Monté GC, Falcon C, Tucholka A, Rojas S, Sánchez-Valle R, Antonell A, Lladó A, Rami L, Molinuevo JL. CSF YKL-40 and pTau181 are related to different cerebral morphometric patterns in early AD. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 38:47-55. [PMID: 26827642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of YKL-40 that serve as biomarker of neuroinflammation are known to be altered along the clinico-biological continuum of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The specific structural cerebral correlates of CSF YKL-40 were evaluated across the early stages of AD from normal to preclinical to mild dementia. Nonlinear gray matter (GM) volume associations with CSF YKL-40 levels were assessed in a total of 116 subjects, including normal controls and those with preclinical AD as defined by CSF Aβ < 500 pg/mL, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, or mild AD dementia. Age-corrected YKL-40 levels were increased in MCIs versus the rest of groups and showed an inverse u-shaped association with p-tau values. A similar nonlinear relationship was found between GM volume and YKL-40 in inferior and lateral temporal regions spreading to the supramarginal gyrus, insula, inferior frontal cortex, and cerebellum in MCI and AD. These findings for YKL-40 remained unchanged after adjusting for p-tau, which was found to be associated with GM volumes in distinct anatomic areas. CSF YKL-40, a biomarker of glial inflammation, is associated with a cerebral structural signature distinct from that related to p-tau neurodegeneration at the earliest stages of cognitive decline due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domingo Gispert
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gemma C Monté
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Falcon
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alan Tucholka
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Rojas
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lladó
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Rami
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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Gispert JD, Rami L, Sánchez-Benavides G, Falcon C, Tucholka A, Rojas S, Molinuevo JL. Nonlinear cerebral atrophy patterns across the Alzheimer's disease continuum: impact of APOE4 genotype. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2687-701. [PMID: 26239178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by complex trajectories of cerebral atrophy that are affected by interactions with age and apolipoprotein E allele ε4 (APOE4) status. In this article, we report the nonlinear volumetric changes in gray matter across the full biological spectrum of the disease, represented by the AD-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) index. This index reflects the subject's level of pathology and position along the AD continuum. We also evaluated the associated impact of the APOE4 genotype. The atrophy pattern associated with the AD-CSF index was highly symmetrical and corresponded with the typical AD signature. Medial temporal structures showed different atrophy dynamics along the progression of the disease. The bilateral parahippocampal cortices and a parietotemporal region extending from the middle temporal to the supramarginal gyrus presented an initial increase in volume which later reverted. Similarly, a portion of the precuneus presented a rather linear inverse association with the AD-CSF index whereas some other clusters did not show significant atrophy until index values corresponded to positive CSF tau values. APOE4 carriers showed steeper hippocampal volume reductions with AD progression. Overall, the reported atrophy patterns are in close agreement with those mentioned in previous findings. However, the detected nonlinearities suggest that there may be different pathological processes taking place at specific moments during AD progression and reveal the impact of the APOE4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gispert
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Rami
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - C Falcon
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Tucholka
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Rojas
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Morphological Sciences, Anatomy and Embriology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona
| | - J L Molinuevo
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Ni R, Gulyás B, Tóth M, Häggkvist J, Halldin C, Voytenko L, Marutle A, Nordberg A. Astrocytosis precedes amyloid plaque deposition in Alzheimer APPswe transgenic mouse brain: a correlative positron emission tomography and in vitro imaging study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42:1119-32. [PMID: 25893384 PMCID: PMC4424277 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathological studies suggest that neuroinflammation is exacerbated by increased beta-amyloid (Aβ) levels in the brain early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The time course and relationships between astrocytosis and Aβ deposition were examined using multitracer in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in an AD transgenic mouse model, followed by postmortem autoradiography and immunohistochemistry analysis. METHODS PET imaging with the amyloid plaque tracer (11)C-AZD2184 and the astroglial tracer (11)C-deuterium-L-deprenyl ((11)C-DED) was carried out in APPswe mice aged 6, 8-15 and 18-24 months (4-6 animals/group) and in wild-type (wt) mice aged 8-15 and 18-24 months (3-6 animals/group). Tracer uptake was quantified by region of interest analysis using PMOD software and a 3-D digital mouse brain atlas. Postmortem brain tissues from the same APPswe and wt mice in all age groups were analysed for Aβ deposition and astrocytosis by in vitro autoradiography using (3)H-AZD2184, (3)H-Pittsburgh compound B (PIB) and (3)H-L-deprenyl and immunostaining performed with antibodies for Aβ42 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in sagittal brain sections. RESULTS (11)C-AZD2184 PET retention in the cerebral cortices of APPswe mice was significantly higher at 18-24 months than in age-matched wt mice. Cortical and hippocampal (11)C-DED PET binding was significantly higher at 6 months than at 8-15 months or 18-24 months in APPswe mice, and it was also higher than at 8-15 months in wt mice. In vitro autoradiography (3)H-AZD2184 and (3)H-PIB binding confirmed the in vivo findings with (11)C-AZD2184 and demonstrated age-dependent increases in Aβ deposition in APPswe cortex and hippocampus. There were no significant differences between APPswe and wt mice in (3)H-L-deprenyl autoradiography binding across age groups. Immunohistochemical quantification demonstrated more Aβ42 deposits in the cortex and hippocampus and more GFAP(+) reactive astrocytes in the hippocampus at 18-24 months than at 6 months in APPswe mice. CONCLUSION The findings provide further in vivo evidence that astrocytosis occurs early in AD, preceding Aβ plaque deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- Division of Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Novum 5th Floor, Blickagången 6, 141 57, Stockholm, Sweden
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Park E, Gallezot JD, Delgadillo A, Liu S, Planeta B, Lin SF, O'Connor KC, Lim K, Lee JY, Chastre A, Chen MK, Seneca N, Leppert D, Huang Y, Carson RE, Pelletier D. (11)C-PBR28 imaging in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls: test-retest reproducibility and focal visualization of active white matter areas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 42:1081-92. [PMID: 25833352 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activated microglia play a key role in inflammatory demyelinating injury in multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglial activation can be measured in vivo using a positron emission tomography (PET) ligand (11)C-PBR28. We evaluated the test-retest variability (TRV) and lesion detectability of (11)C-PBR28 binding in MS subjects and healthy controls (HCs) with high-resolution PET. METHODS Four clinically and radiologically stable relapsing-remitting MS subjects (age 41 ± 7 years, two men/two women) and four HCs (age 42 ± 8 years, 2 two men/two women), matched for translocator protein genotype [two high- and two medium-affinity binders according to DNA polymorphism (rs6971) in each group], were studied for TRV. Another MS subject (age 41 years, male) with clinical and radiological activity was studied for lesion detectability. Dynamic data were acquired over 120 min after injection of 634 ± 101 MBq (11)C-PBR28. For the TRV study, subjects were scanned twice, on average 1.4 weeks apart. Volume of distribution (V T) derived from multilinear analysis (MA1) modeling (t* = 30 min, using arterial input data) was the main outcome measure. RESULTS Mean test V T values (ml cm(-3)) were 3.9 ± 1.4 in the whole brain gray matter (GM), 3.6 ± 1.2 in the whole brain white matter (WM) or normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), and 3.3 ± 0.6 in MS WM lesions; mean retest V T values were 3.7 ± 1.0 in GM, 3.3 ± 0.9 in WM/NAWM, and 3.3 ± 0.7 in MS lesions. Test-retest results showed a mean absolute TRV ranging from 7 to 9 % across GM, WM/NAWM, and MS lesions. High-affinity binders demonstrated 30 % higher V T than medium-affinity binders in GM. Focal (11)C-PBR28 uptake was detected in two enhancing lesions of the active MS patient. CONCLUSION High-resolution (11)C-PBR28 PET can visualize focal areas where microglial activation is known to be present and has good test-retest reproducibility in the human brain. (11)C-PBR28 PET is likely to be valuable for monitoring both MS disease evolution and response to therapeutic strategies that target microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Park
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA,
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Verkhratsky A, Marutle A, Rodríguez-Arellano JJ, Nordberg A. Glial Asthenia and Functional Paralysis: A New Perspective on Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscientist 2014; 21:552-568. [PMID: 25125026 DOI: 10.1177/1073858414547132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglia are represented by several population of cells heterogeneous in structure and function that provide for the homeostasis of the brain and the spinal cord. Neuroglial cells are also central for neuroprotection and defence of the central nervous system against exo- and endogenous insults. At the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease neuroglial cells become asthenic and lose some of their homeostatic, neuroprotective, and defensive capabilities. Astroglial reactivity, for example, correlates with preservation of cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment and prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Here, we overview the experimental data indicating glial paralysis in neurodegeneration and argue that loss of glial function is fundamental for defining the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Amelia Marutle
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - J J Rodríguez-Arellano
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Translational Alzheimer Neurobiology, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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