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Mahdizadeh M, Heydari N, Shafiei A, Akbari H, Jafari SM. Adenosine receptors in breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:464. [PMID: 38551734 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are important in the normal physiological function of cells and the pathogenesis of various cancer cells, including breast cancer cells. The activity of adenosine receptors in cancer cells is related to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune system evasion, and interference with apoptosis. Considering the different roles of adenosine receptors in cancer cells, we intend to investigate the function of adenosine receptors and their biological pathways in breast cancer to improve understanding of therapeutically relevant signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mahdizadeh
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nadia Heydari
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Shafiei
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamideh Akbari
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Sayad Shirazi Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mehdi Jafari
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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2
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Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Species dependence of A 3 adenosine receptor pharmacology and function. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:523-550. [PMID: 36538251 PMCID: PMC9763816 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to fully understand pharmacological differences between G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) species homologues are generally not pursued in detail during the drug development process. To date, many GPCRs that have been successfully targeted are relatively well-conserved across species in amino acid sequence and display minimal variability of biological effects. However, the A3 adenosine receptor (AR), an exciting drug target for a multitude of diseases associated with tissue injury, ischemia, and inflammation, displays as little as 70% sequence identity among mammalian species (e.g., rodent vs. primate) commonly used in drug development. Consequently, the pharmacological properties of synthetic A3AR ligands vary widely, not only in binding affinity, selectivity, and signaling efficacy, but to the extent that some function as agonists in some species and antagonists in others. Numerous heterocyclic antagonists that have nM affinity at the human A3AR are inactive or weakly active at the rat and mouse A3ARs. Positive allosteric modulators, including the imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine derivative LUF6000, are only active at human and some larger animal species that have been evaluated (rabbit and dog), but not rodents. A3AR agonists evoke systemic degranulation of rodent, but not human mast cells. The rat A3AR undergoes desensitization faster than the human A3AR, but the human homologue can be completely re-sensitized and recycled back to the cell surface. Thus, comprehensive pharmacological evaluation and awareness of potential A3AR species differences are critical in studies to further understand the basic biological functions of this unique AR subtype. Recombinant A3ARs from eight different species have been pharmacologically characterized thus far. In this review, we describe in detail current knowledge of species differences in genetic identity, G protein-coupling, receptor regulation, and both orthosteric and allosteric A3AR pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
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Saini A, Patel R, Gaba S, Singh G, Gupta GD, Monga V. Adenosine receptor antagonists: Recent advances and therapeutic perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113907. [PMID: 34695776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous purine-based nucleoside expressed nearly in all body tissues. It regulates various body functions by activating four G-protein coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. These receptors are widely acknowledged as drug targets for treating different neurological, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Although numerous adenosine receptor inhibitors have been developed worldwide, achieving target selectivity is still a big hurdle in drug development. However, the identification of specific radioligands-based affinity assay, fluorescent ligands, and MS-based ligand assay have contributed to the development of selective and potent adenosine ligands. In recent years various small heterocyclic-based molecules have shown some promising results. Istradefylline has been approved for treating Parkinson's in Japan, while preladenant, tozadenant, CVT-6883, MRS-1523, and many more are under different phases of clinical development. The present review is focused on the quest to develop potent and selective adenosine inhibitors from 2013 to early 2021 by various research groups. The review also highlights their biological activity, selectivity, structure-activity relationship, molecular docking, and mechanistic studies. A special emphsesis on drug designing strategies has been also given the manuscript. The comprehensive compilation of research work carried out in the field will provide inevitable scope for designing and developing novel adenosine inhibitors with improved selectivity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rajiv Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sobhi Gaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - G D Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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Abstract
Extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides have widespread functions in responding to physiological stress. The "purinome" encompasses 4 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for adenosine, 8 GPCRs activated by nucleotides, 7 adenosine 5'-triphosphate-gated P2X ion channels, as well as the associated enzymes and transporters that regulate native agonist levels. Purinergic signaling modulators, such as receptor agonists and antagonists, have potential for treating chronic pain. Adenosine and its analogues potently suppress nociception in preclinical models by activating A1 and/or A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), but safely harnessing this pathway to clinically treat pain has not been achieved. Both A2AAR agonists and antagonists are efficacious in pain models. Highly selective A3AR agonists offer a novel approach to treat chronic pain. We have explored the structure activity relationship of nucleoside derivatives at this subtype using a computational structure-based approach. Novel A3AR agonists for pain control containing a bicyclic ring system (bicyclo [3.1.0] hexane) in place of ribose were designed and screened using an in vivo phenotypic model, which reflected both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. High specificity (>10,000-fold selective for A3AR) was achieved with the aid of receptor homology models based on related GPCR structures. These A3AR agonists are well tolerated in vivo and highly efficacious in models of chronic neuropathic pain. Furthermore, signaling molecules acting at P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y12Rs play critical roles in maladaptive pain neuroplasticity, and their antagonists reduce chronic or inflammatory pain, and, therefore, purine receptor modulation is a promising approach for future pain therapeutics. Structurally novel antagonists for these nucleotide receptors were discovered recently.
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Barkan K, Lagarias P, Stampelou M, Stamatis D, Hoare S, Safitri D, Klotz KN, Vrontaki E, Kolocouris A, Ladds G. Pharmacological characterisation of novel adenosine A 3 receptor antagonists. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20781. [PMID: 33247159 PMCID: PMC7695835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) belongs to a family of four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes which all play distinct roles throughout the body. A3R antagonists have been described as potential treatments for numerous diseases including asthma. Given the similarity between (adenosine receptors) orthosteric binding sites, obtaining highly selective antagonists is a challenging but critical task. Here we screen 39 potential A3R, antagonists using agonist-induced inhibition of cAMP. Positive hits were assessed for AR subtype selectivity through cAMP accumulation assays. The antagonist affinity was determined using Schild analysis (pA2 values) and fluorescent ligand binding. Structure-activity relationship investigations revealed that loss of the 3-(dichlorophenyl)-isoxazolyl moiety or the aromatic nitrogen heterocycle with nitrogen at α-position to the carbon of carboximidamide group significantly attenuated K18 antagonistic potency. Mutagenic studies supported by molecular dynamic simulations combined with Molecular Mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area calculations identified the residues important for binding in the A3R orthosteric site. We demonstrate that K18, which contains a 3-(dichlorophenyl)-isoxazole group connected through carbonyloxycarboximidamide fragment with a 1,3-thiazole ring, is a specific A3R (< 1 µM) competitive antagonist. Finally, we introduce a model that enables estimates of the equilibrium binding affinity for rapidly disassociating compounds from real-time fluorescent ligand-binding studies. These results demonstrate the pharmacological characterisation of a selective competitive A3R antagonist and the description of its orthosteric binding mode. Our findings may provide new insights for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Barkan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Panagiotis Lagarias
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Stampelou
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stamatis
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Sam Hoare
- Pharmechanics LLC, 14 Sunnyside Drive South, Owego, NY, 13827, USA
| | - Dewi Safitri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40534, Indonesia
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Vrontaki
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Kolocouris
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
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Farr SA, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E, Campolo M, Niehoff ML, Doyle TM, Salvemini D. Adenosine A 3 receptor as a novel therapeutic target to reduce secondary events and improve neurocognitive functions following traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:339. [PMID: 33183330 PMCID: PMC7659122 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common pathological condition that presently lacks a specific pharmacological treatment. Adenosine levels rise following TBI, which is thought to be neuroprotective against secondary brain injury. Evidence from stroke and inflammatory disease models suggests that adenosine signaling through the G protein-coupled A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) can provide antiinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, the role of A3AR in TBI has not been investigated. Methods Using the selective A3AR agonist, MRS5980, we evaluated the effects of A3AR activation on the pathological outcomes and cognitive function in CD1 male mouse models of TBI. Results When measured 24 h after controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI, male mice treated with intraperitoneal injections of MRS5980 (1 mg/kg) had reduced secondary tissue injury and brain infarction than vehicle-treated mice with TBI. These effects were associated with attenuated neuroinflammation marked by reduced activation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NFκB) and MAPK (p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)) pathways and downstream NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation. MRS5980 also attenuated TBI-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell influx. Moreover, when measured 4–5 weeks after closed head weight-drop TBI, male mice treated with MRS5980 (1 mg/kg) performed significantly better in novel object-placement retention tests (NOPRT) and T maze trials than untreated mice with TBI without altered locomotor activity or increased anxiety. Conclusion Our results provide support for the beneficial effects of small molecule A3AR agonists to mitigate secondary tissue injury and cognitive impairment following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 915 N Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63106, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Timothy M Doyle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA. .,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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Lisztes E, Tóth BI, Bertolini M, Szabó IL, Zákány N, Oláh A, Szöllősi AG, Paus R, Bíró T. Adenosine Promotes Human Hair Growth and Inhibits Catagen Transition In Vitro: Role of the Outer Root Sheath Keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:1085-1088.e6. [PMID: 31730764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lisztes
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs István Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marta Bertolini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Monasterium Laboratory - Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Imre Lőrinc Szabó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nóra Zákány
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Gábor Szöllősi
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Hungarian Center of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Szeged, Hungary.
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Mailavaram RP, Al-Attraqchi OH, Kar S, Ghosh S. Current Status in the Design and Development of Agonists and Antagonists of Adenosine A3 Receptor as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2772-2787. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) that are responsible
for the modulation of a wide variety of physiological functions. The ARs are also implicated in many
diseases such as cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular and renal diseases. The adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) has
emerged as a potential drug target for the progress of new and effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of
various pathological conditions. This receptor’s involvement in many diseases and its validity as a target has been
established by many studies. Both agonists and antagonists of A3AR have been extensively investigated in the last
decade with the goal of developing novel drugs for treating diseases related to immune disorders, inflammation,
cancer, and others. In this review, we shall focus on the medicinal chemistry of A3AR ligands, exploring the
diverse chemical classes that have been projected as future leading drug candidates. Also, the recent advances in
the therapeuetic applications of A3AR ligands are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P. Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur (Affiliated to Andhra University), Bhimavaram, W.G. Dist., AP, India
| | - Omar H.A. Al-Attraqchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P.O BOX (1), Philadelphia University- 19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Shinjita Ghosh
- School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
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Palomero-Gallagher N, Zilles K. Cyto- and receptor architectonic mapping of the human brain. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 150:355-387. [PMID: 29496153 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63639-3.00024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mapping of the human brain is more than the generation of an atlas-based parcellation of brain regions using histologic or histochemical criteria. It is the attempt to provide a topographically informed model of the structural and functional organization of the brain. To achieve this goal a multimodal atlas of the detailed microscopic and neurochemical structure of the brain must be registered to a stereotaxic reference space or brain, which also serves as reference for topographic assignment of functional data, e.g., functional magnet resonance imaging, electroencephalography, or magnetoencephalography, as well as metabolic imaging, e.g., positron emission tomography. Although classic maps remain pioneering steps, they do not match recent concepts of the functional organization in many regions, and suffer from methodic drawbacks. This chapter provides a summary of the recent status of human brain mapping, which is based on multimodal approaches integrating results of quantitative cyto- and receptor architectonic studies with focus on the cerebral cortex in a widely used reference brain. Descriptions of the methods for observer-independent and statistically testable cytoarchitectonic parcellations, quantitative multireceptor mapping, and registration to the reference brain, including the concept of probability maps and a toolbox for using the maps in functional neuroimaging studies, are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany.
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Abstract
The ubiquitous adenine nucleoside adenosine (Ado), which plays an important role in cellular energetics, is released from cells under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Another source of extracellular Ado is rapid degradation of extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) by ectoenzymes. Extracellular Ado acts as an autocrine and paracrine agent by the activation of G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPCRs), designated as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Almost four decades ago, published data have indicated that Ado could play a role in immune-mediated histamine release from pulmonary mast cells. Since then, numerous studies have indicated that Ado’s signal transductions are involved in various pulmonary pathologies including asthma and COPD. This chapter is a succinct review of recent studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Jacobson KA, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, Baraldi S, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Ciancetta A, Tosh DK, Gao ZG, Gessi S. A 3 Adenosine Receptors as Modulators of Inflammation: From Medicinal Chemistry to Therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1031-1072. [PMID: 28682469 PMCID: PMC5756520 DOI: 10.1002/med.21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3 AR) subtype is a novel, promising therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis, as well as liver cancer. A3 AR is coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, leading to modulation of transcription. Furthermore, A3 AR affects functions of almost all immune cells and the proliferation of cancer cells. Numerous A3 AR agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators have been reported, and their structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been studied culminating in the development of potent and selective molecules with drug-like characteristics. The efficacy of nucleoside agonists may be suppressed to produce antagonists, by structural modification of the ribose moiety. Diverse classes of heterocycles have been discovered as selective A3 AR blockers, although with large species differences. Thus, as a result of intense basic research efforts, the outlook for development of A3 AR modulators for human therapeutics is encouraging. Two prototypical selective agonists, N6-(3-Iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA; CF101) and 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA; CF102), have progressed to advanced clinical trials. They were found safe and well tolerated in all preclinical and human clinical studies and showed promising results, particularly in psoriasis and RA, where the A3 AR is both a promising therapeutic target and a biologically predictive marker, suggesting a personalized medicine approach. Targeting the A3 AR may pave the way for safe and efficacious treatments for patient populations affected by inflammatory diseases, cancer, and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Zhao C, Zhao J, Yang Q, Ye Y. Cobra neurotoxin produces central analgesic and hyperalgesic actions via adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptors. Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917720336. [PMID: 28758541 PMCID: PMC5542074 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917720336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobra neurotoxin, a short-chain peptide isolated from snake venom of Naja naja atra, showed both a central analgesic effect and a hyperalgesic effect in mice tests. In order to explore mechanisms, a hypothesis is put forward that cobra neurotoxin takes effect through adenosine receptor pathway. The central effects of cobra neurotoxin were evaluated using the hot plate test (a model of acute pain) and the spinal cord injury (a model of central pain) in mice and using A1 receptor antagonist (DPCPX) and A2A receptor antagonist (ZM241385); behaviors were scored and signal molecules such as reactive oxygen species and adenosine triphosphate levels and mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase expression were measured. Low dose of cobra neurotoxin (25 µg/kg) had analgesic effects which were inhibited by DPCPX, while high dose of cobra neurotoxin (100 µg/kg) had hyperalgesic effects which were blocked by ZM241385. Cobra neurotoxin reduced reactive oxygen species and increased adenosine triphosphate in brain tissues, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase expression was markedly inhibited by cobra neurotoxin. Cobra neurotoxin may take effect through mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway inhibition by activating adenosine A1Rs and cause changes of reactive oxygen species and adenosine triphosphate through feedback mechanisms. Overdose cobra neurotoxin further activates the adenosine A2ARs to generate pain sensitization. This research proposes a new central analgesic mechanism of cobra neurotoxin and discloses dual regulation of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Yong Ye, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Janes K, Symons-Liguori AM, Jacobson KA, Salvemini D. Identification of A3 adenosine receptor agonists as novel non-narcotic analgesics. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1253-67. [PMID: 26804983 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain negatively impacts the quality of life in a variety of patient populations. The current therapeutic repertoire is inadequate in managing patient pain and warrants the development of new therapeutics. Adenosine and its four cognate receptors (A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 ) have important roles in physiological and pathophysiological states, including chronic pain. Preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that while adenosine and agonists of the A1 and A2A receptors have antinociceptive properties, their therapeutic utility is limited by adverse cardiovascular side effects. In contrast, our understanding of the A3 receptor is only in its infancy, but exciting preclinical observations of A3 receptor antinociception, which have been bolstered by clinical trials of A3 receptor agonists in other disease states, suggest pain relief without cardiovascular side effects and with sufficient tolerability. Our goal herein is to briefly discuss adenosine and its receptors in the context of pathological pain and to consider the current data regarding A3 receptor-mediated antinociception. We will highlight recent findings regarding the impact of the A3 receptor on pain pathways and examine the current state of selective A3 receptor agonists used for these studies. The adenosine-to-A3 receptor pathway represents an important endogenous system that can be targeted to provide safe, effective pain relief from chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Janes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A M Symons-Liguori
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - K A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Di Angelantonio S, Bertollini C, Piccinin S, Rosito M, Trettel F, Pagani F, Limatola C, Ragozzino D. Basal adenosine modulates the functional properties of AMPA receptors in mouse hippocampal neurons through the activation of A1R A2AR and A3R. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:409. [PMID: 26528137 PMCID: PMC4601258 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a widespread neuromodulator within the CNS and its extracellular level is increased during hypoxia or intense synaptic activity, modulating pre- and postsynaptic sites. We studied the neuromodulatory action of adenosine on glutamatergic currents in the hippocampus, showing that activation of multiple adenosine receptors (ARs) by basal adenosine impacts postsynaptic site. Specifically, the stimulation of both A1R and A3R reduces AMPA currents, while A2AR has an opposite potentiating effect. The effect of ARs stimulation on glutamatergic currents in hippocampal cultures was investigated using pharmacological and genetic approaches. A3R inhibition by MRS1523 increased GluR1-Ser845 phosphorylation and potentiated AMPA current amplitude, increasing the apparent affinity for the agonist. A similar effect was observed blocking A1R with DPCPX or by genetic deletion of either A3R or A1R. Conversely, impairment of A2AR reduced AMPA currents, and decreased agonist sensitivity. Consistently, in hippocampal slices, ARs activation by AR agonist NECA modulated glutamatergic current amplitude evoked by AMPA application or afferent fiber stimulation. Opposite effects of AR subtypes stimulation are likely associated to changes in GluR1 phosphorylation and represent a novel mechanism of physiological modulation of glutamatergic transmission by adenosine, likely acting in normal conditions in the brain, depending on the level of extracellular adenosine and the distribution of AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy ; Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Bertollini
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy
| | - Sonia Piccinin
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Rosito
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy
| | - Flavia Trettel
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy ; Neuromed, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Sapienza Università di Roma Roma, Italy ; Neuromed, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Pozzilli, Italy
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