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Mensali N, Grenov A, Pati NB, Dillard P, Myhre MR, Gaudernack G, Kvalheim G, Inderberg EM, Bakke O, Wälchli S. Antigen-delivery through invariant chain (CD74) boosts CD8 and CD4 T cell immunity. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1558663. [PMID: 30723591 PMCID: PMC6350688 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1558663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of tumors by the immune system relies on the efficient activation of a T-cell response. For many years, the main focus of cancer immunotherapy has been on cytotoxic CD8 T-cell. However, stimulation of CD4 helper T cells is critical for the promotion and maintenance of immune memory, thus a good vaccine should evoke a two-dimensional T-cell response. The invariant chain (Ii) is required for the MHC class II heterodimer to be correctly guided through the cell, loaded with peptide, and expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). We previously showed that by replacing the Ii CLIP peptide by an MHC-I cancer peptide, we could efficiently load MHC-I. This prompted us to test whether longer cancer peptides could be loaded on both MHC classes and whether such peptides could be accommodated in the CLIP region of Ii. We here present data showing that expanding the CLIP replacement size leads to T-cell activation. We demonstrate by using long peptides that APCs can present peptides from the same Ii molecule on both MHC-I and -II. In addition, we present evidence that antigen presentation after Ii-loading was superior to an ER-targeted minigene construct, suggesting that ER-localization was not sufficient to obtain efficient MHC-II loading. Finally, we verified that Ii-expressing dendritic cells could prime CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from a naïve population. Taken together our study demonstrates that CLIP peptide replaced Ii constructs fulfill some of the major requirements for an efficient vector for cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mensali
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amalie Grenov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niladri Bhusan Pati
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pierre Dillard
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Renée Myhre
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustav Gaudernack
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Inderberg
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Department of Cellular Therapy, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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2
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Modulation of immune responses in lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer. Cell Immunol 2018; 342:103802. [PMID: 29735164 PMCID: PMC6695505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LV) are widely used vehicles for gene transfer and therapy in pre-clinical animal models and clinical trials with promising safety and efficacy results. However, host immune responses against vector- and/or transgene-derived antigens remain a major obstacle to the success and broad applicability of gene therapy. Here we review the innate and adaptive immunological barriers to successful gene therapy, both in the context of ex vivo and in vivo LV gene therapy, mostly concerning systemic LV delivery and discuss possible means to overcome them, including vector design and production and immune modulatory strategies.
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3
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Chen X, Kunda PE, Lin J, Zhou M, Huang J, Zhang H, Liu T. SYK-targeted dendritic cell-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocytes enhance the effect of immunotherapy on retinoblastoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:675-684. [PMID: 29372378 PMCID: PMC5843685 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in children. Chemotherapy is currently the main method of RB treatment. Unfortunately, RB often becomes chemoresistant and turns lethal. Here, we used in vitro cell immunotherapy to explore whether adoptive immunotherapy could be used as a potential treatment for RB. We focused on spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), which is significantly upregulated in RB cells and serves as a marker for RB cells. METHODS Using lentiviruses, we genetically modified dendritic cells (DCs) to express and present the SYK peptide antigen to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro. We used SYK-negative cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A, and hTERT-RPE1) and SYK-positive cell lines (MCF-7 and RB-Y79) to evaluate the specificity and cytotoxicity of DC presented CTLs using FACS, live-cell imaging, and RNA interference. RESULTS The cytotoxicity of CTLs induced by SYK-overexpressing DCs (SYK-DC-CTLs) was enhanced more than three times in SYK-positive cell lines compared with SYK-negative cell lines. DCs primed with SYK could drive CTL cytotoxicity against SYK-positive cell lines but not against SYK-negative cell lines. Moreover, SYK-silenced RB-Y79 cells successfully evaded the cytotoxic attack from SYK-DC-CTLs. However, SYK-DC-CTLs could target SYK overexpressed hTERT-RPE1 cells, suggesting that SYK is a specific antigen for RB. Furthermore, SYK-DC-CTL exhibited specific cytotoxicity against carboplatin-resistant RB-Y79 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that SYK could be a potential immunotherapy target mediated by DCs. We propose SYK as a candidate target for treatment of chemoresistant RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Patricia Elena Kunda
- Centro Investigación Medicina Traslacional "Severo Amuchástegui" (CIMETSA), Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jianwei Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, No. 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinghan Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, No. 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Huqin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, No. 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Bardliving CL, Lowe AJ, Huang CJ, Manley L, Ritter G, Old L, Batt CA. Process development and production of cGMP grade Melan-A for cancer vaccine clinical trials. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:171-82. [PMID: 24045055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Melan-A is a cancer testis antigen commonly found in melanoma, and has been shown to stimulate the body's immune response against cancerous cells. We have developed and executed a process utilizing current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) to produce the 6 times-His tagged protein in C41DE3 Escherichia coli for use in Phase I clinical trials. Approximately 11 g of purified Melan-A were produced from a 20 L fed-batch fermentation. Purification was achieved through a three column process utilizing immobilized metal affinity, anion exchange, and cation exchange chromatography with a buffer system optimized for low-solubility, high LPS binding capacity proteins. The host cell proteins, residual DNA, and endotoxin concentration were well below limits for a prescribed dose with a final purity level of 91%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bardliving
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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5
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Annoni A, Goudy K, Akbarpour M, Naldini L, Roncarolo MG. Immune responses in liver-directed lentiviral gene therapy. Transl Res 2013; 161:230-40. [PMID: 23360745 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of lentiviral vectors (LV)s for in vivo gene therapy is an ideal platform for treating many types of disease. Since LVs can transduce a wide array of cells, support long-term gene expression, and be modified to enhance cell targeting, LVs are a powerful modality to deliver life-long therapeutic proteins. A major limitation facing the use of LVs for in vivo gene therapy is the induction of immune responses, which can reduce the transduction efficiency of LV, eliminate the transduced cells, and inhibit the effect of the therapeutic protein. LV strategies designed to restrict transgene expression to the liver to exploit its naturally tolerogenic properties have proven to significantly reduce the induction of pathogenic immune responses and increase therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we outline the immunological hurdles facing in vivo LV gene therapy and highlight the advantages and limitations of using liver-directed LV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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6
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Pincha M, Sundarasetty BS, Salguero G, Gutzmer R, Garritsen H, Macke L, Schneider A, Lenz D, Figueiredo C, Blasczyk R, Ruggiero E, Schmidt M, von Kalle C, Puff C, Modlich U, von der Leyen H, Wicke DC, Ganser A, Stripecke R. Identity, potency, in vivo viability, and scaling up production of lentiviral vector-induced dendritic cells for melanoma immunotherapy. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2013; 23:38-55. [PMID: 22428979 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2011.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
SmartDCs (Self-differentiated Myeloid-derived Antigen-presenting-cells Reactive against Tumors) consist of highly viable dendritic cells (DCs) induced to differentiate with lentiviral vectors (LVs) after an overnight ex vivo transduction. Tricistronic vectors co-expressing cytokines (granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF], interleukin [IL]-4) and a melanoma antigen (tyrosine related protein 2 [TRP2]) were used to transduce mouse bone marrow cells or human monocytes. Sixteen hours after transduction, the cells were dispensed in aliquots and cryopreserved for identity, potency, and safety analyses. Thawed SmartDCs readily differentiated into highly viable cells with a DC immunophenotype. Prime/boost subcutaneous administration of 1×10(6) thawed murine SmartDCs into C57BL/6 mice resulted into TRP2-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses and protection against lethal melanoma challenge. Human SmartDC-TRP2 generated with monocytes obtained from melanoma patients secreted endogenous cytokines associated with DC activation and stimulated TRP2-specific autologous T-cell expansion in vitro. Thawed human SmartDCs injected subcutaneously in NOD.Rag1(-/-).IL2rγ(-/-) mice maintained DC characteristics and viability for 1 month in vivo and did not cause any signs of pathology. For development of good manufacturing practices, CD14(+) monocytes selected by magnetic-activated cell separation were transduced in a closed bag system (multiplicity of infection of 5), washed, and cryopreserved. Fifty percent of the monocytes used for transduction were recovered for cryopreservation. Thawed SmartDCs produced in two independent runs expressed the endogenous cytokines GM-CSF and IL-4, and the resulting homogeneous SmartDCs that self-differentiated in vitro contained approximately 1.5-3.0 copies of integrated LVs per cell. Thus, this method facilitates logistics, standardization, and high recovery for the generation of viable genetically reprogrammed DCs for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudita Pincha
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
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7
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Rossetti M, Cavarelli M, Gregori S, Scarlatti G. HIV-Derived Vectors for Gene Therapy Targeting Dendritic Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 762:239-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Hu B, Tai A, Wang P. Immunization delivered by lentiviral vectors for cancer and infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2011; 239:45-61. [PMID: 21198664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing level of understanding of the lentivirus biology has been instrumental in shaping the design strategy of creating therapeutic lentiviral delivery vectors. As a result, lentiviral vectors have become one of the most powerful gene transfer vehicles. They are widely used for therapeutic purposes as well as in studies of basic biology, due to their unique characteristics. Lentiviral vectors have been successfully employed to mediate durable and efficient antigen expression and presentation in dendritic cells both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the activation of cellular immunity and humoral responses. This capability makes the lentiviral vector an ideal choice for immunizations that target a wide range of cancers and infectious diseases. Further advances into optimizing the vector system and understanding the relationship between the immune system and diseases pathogenesis will only augment the potential benefits and utility of lentiviral vaccines for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biliang Hu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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9
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Lopes L, Dewannieux M, Takeuchi Y, Collins MK. A lentiviral vector pseudotype suitable for vaccine development. J Gene Med 2011; 13:181-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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10
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Lentiviral vectors for induction of self-differentiation and conditional ablation of dendritic cells. Gene Ther 2011; 18:750-64. [PMID: 21412283 PMCID: PMC3155152 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of lentiviral vectors (LVs) in the field of immunotherapy and immune regeneration will strongly rely on biosafety of the gene transfer. We demonstrated previously the feasibility of ex vivo genetic programming of mouse bone marrow precursors with LVs encoding granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), which induced autonomous differentiation of long-lived dendritic cells (DCs), referred to as self-differentiated myeloid-derived antigen-presenting-cells reactive against tumors (SMART-DCs). Here, LV biosafety was enhanced by using a DC-restricted and physiological promoter, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II promoter, and including co-expression of the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (sr39HSV-TK) conditional suicide gene. Tricistronic vectors co-expressing sr39HSV-TK, GM-CSF and IL-4 transcriptionally regulated by the MHCII promoter or the ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter were compared. Despite the different gene transfer effects, such as the kinetics, levels of transgene expression and persistency of integrated vector copies, both vectors induced highly viable SMART-DCs, which persisted for at least 70 days in vivo and could be ablated with the pro-drug Ganciclovir (GCV). SMART-DCs co-expressing the tyrosine-related protein 2 melanoma antigen administered subcutaneously generated antigen-specific, anti-melanoma protective and therapeutic responses in the mouse B16 melanoma model. GCV administration after immunotherapy did not abrogate DC vaccination efficacy. This demonstrates proof-of-principle of genetically programmed DCs that can be ablated pharmacologically.
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11
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Rossetti M, Gregori S, Hauben E, Brown BD, Sergi LS, Naldini L, Roncarolo MG. HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors directly activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which in turn induce the maturation of myeloid dendritic cells. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:177-88. [PMID: 20825284 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LV) can induce type I interferon (IFN I) production from murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), but not myeloid (my)DC. Here, we investigated whether this mechanism is conserved in human DC. MyDC and pDC were isolated from peripheral blood and transduced with increasing vector concentrations. Compared with in vitro differentiated monocyte-derived DC, the transduction efficiency of peripheral blood DC was low (ranging from <1% to 45%), with pDC showing the lowest susceptibility to LV transduction. Phenotype and function of myDC were not directly modified by LV transduction; by contrast, pDC produced significant levels of IFN-α and tumor necrosis factor-α. pDC activation was dependent on functional vector particles and was mediated by Toll-like receptor 7/9 triggering. Coculture of myDC with pDC in the presence of LV resulted in myDC activation, with CD86 up-regulation and interleukin-6 secretion. These findings demonstrate that the induction of transgene-specific immunity is triggered by an innate immune response with pDC activation and consequent myDC maturation, a response that closely resembles the one induced by functional viruses. This information is important to design strategies aimed at using LV in humans for gene therapy, where adverse immune responses must be avoided, or for cancer immunotherapy, where inducing immunity is the goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Rossetti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET) , Department of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
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12
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Wang H, Zhang L, Kung SKP. Emerging applications of lentiviral vectors in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:685-95. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells that initiate, regulate and shape the induction of specific immune responses. The ability to use dendritic cells in the induction of antigen-specific tolerance, antigen-specific immunity or specific differentiation of T-helper subsets holds great promise in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy of various diseases such as cancer, viral infections, allergy, as well as autoimmunity. Replication-incompetent HIV-1-based lentiviral vector is now emerging as a promising delivery system to genetically modify dendritic cells through antigen recognition, costimulatory molecules and/or polarization signals for the manipulation of antigen-specific immunity in vivo. This article discusses some of the recent advances in the uses of lentiviral vectors in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Wang
- University of Manitoba, Department of Immunology, Room 417 Apotex Center, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- University of Manitoba, Department of Immunology, Room 417 Apotex Center, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada
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13
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Pincha M, Sundarasetty BS, Stripecke R. Lentiviral vectors for immunization: an inflammatory field. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:309-21. [PMID: 20218859 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviruses are retroviruses that are able to transduce both dividing and nondividing cells. Dendritic cells are key players in the innate and adaptive immune responses, and are natural targets for lentiviruses. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) have recently reached the clinical gene therapy arena, prompting their use as clinical vaccines. In recent years, LVs have emerged as a robust and practical experimental platform for gene delivery and rational genetic reprogramming of dendritic cells. Here, we present the status quo of the LV system for protective or therapeutic vaccine development. This vector system has been extensively evaluated for ex vivo and in vivo (immuno)gene delivery. Improvements of the LV design in order to further grant a higher biosafety profile for vaccine development are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudita Pincha
- Department of Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Morel PA, Turner MS. Designing the optimal vaccine: the importance of cytokines and dendritic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:7-17. [PMID: 21822455 DOI: 10.2174/1875035401003010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many vaccines existing today provide strong protection against a wide variety of infectious organisms, and these consist of either live attenuated or inactivated microorganisms. Most of these vaccines were developed empirically and there has not been a clear understanding of the immunological principles that contribute to this success. Recent advances in systems biology are being applied to the study of vaccines in order to determine which immunological parameters are the best predictors of success. New approaches to vaccine development include the identification of peptide epitopes and the manipulation of the immune response to generate the most appropriate response. Vaccines are being developed to prevent and/or treat such conditions as cancer and autoimmunity in addition to infectious diseases. Vaccines targeting this diverse group of diseases may need to elicit very different types of immune responses. Recent advances in our understanding of the functions of dendritic cells (DC) and cytokines in orchestrating qualitatively different immune responses has allowed the design of vaccines that can elicit immune responses appropriate for cancer, autoimmunity or infectious organisms. This review will focus on recent advances in the ways DC and cytokines can be used to develop the most appropriate and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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15
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Cao Q, Jin Y, Jin M, He S, Gu Q, He S, Qiu Y, Ge H, Yoneyama H, Zhang Y. Therapeutic effect of MIP-1alpha-recruited dendritic cells on preestablished solid and metastatic tumors. Cancer Lett 2010; 295:17-26. [PMID: 20202744 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that dendritic cell (DC) precursors could be recruited into the peripheral blood of B6 mice by administration of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha. These MIP-1alpha-recruited DCs could induce anti-tumor protective immunity when pulsed with tumor cell lysate. In this study, MIP-1alpha-recruited DCs could not effectively suppress preestablished tumor when pulsed with B16 tumor cell lysate. However, inoculation with these DCs expressing MAGE-1 induced an anti-tumor immunity against preestablished solid and metastatic tumor from B16-MAGE-1 cells. These MIP-1alpha-recruited DCs expressed higher level of CCR7 and displayed a more significant chemotactic response toward secondary lymphoid tissue. Therefore, they are superior in the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the inhibition of tumor development and metastasis than bone marrow-derived DCs. This study established a novel approach to the treatment of preestablished solid and metastatic tumors using MIP-1alpha-recruited DCs transduced with tumor antigen gene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL3/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Immunotherapy
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- Melanoma, Experimental/secondary
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Melanoma-Specific Antigens
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & SJTUSM, Shanghai, China
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16
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Jirmo AC, Koya RC, Sundarasetty BS, Pincha M, Yu GY, Lai M, Bakshi R, Schlaphoff V, Grabowski J, Behrens G, Wedemeyer H, Stripecke R. Monocytes transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing hepatitis C virus non-structural proteins and differentiated into dendritic cells stimulate multi-antigenic CD8(+) T cell responses. Vaccine 2010; 28:922-33. [PMID: 19931383 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Halting the spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and also eradicating HCV in subjects with chronic infection are major goals for global health. To this end, several years of research on HCV vaccine development have led to the conclusion that multi-antigenic and multi-functional vaccine types are necessary for effectiveness against HCV infection. In this study, we evaluated lentiviral vectors (LV) expressing clusters of HCV structural (LV-HCV-S) and non-structural (LV-HCV-NS) genes for future vaccine development. Batches of high titer LV were used to transduce differentiated dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. We report successful delivery of HCV gene clusters, particularly into monocytes, leading to >80% LV-HCV-NS and >70% LV-HCV-S and transduced cells, respectively. Intracellular expression of HCV proteins in monocyte-derived DC resulted in immunophenotypic changes, such as downregulation of CD83 and CD86. Monocytes expressing NS proteins and differentiated into DC stimulated allogeneic and autologous CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in vitro and resulted in antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses against NS3, NS4a and NS5b. Hence, lentiviral-mediated expression of the multi-antigenic HCV-NS cluster in monocytes subsequently differentiated into DC is a novel potential anti-HCV vaccine modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adan C Jirmo
- Lymphatic Cell Therapy Laboratory, Clinic of Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Smits EL, Anguille S, Cools N, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VF. Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:1106-18. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien L.J.M. Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Zwi N. Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
| | - Viggo F.I. Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650 Edegem (Antwerp), Belgium
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18
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Robey RC, Lagos D, Gratrix F, Henderson S, Matthews NC, Vart RJ, Bower M, Boshoff C, Gotch FM. The CD8 and CD4 T-cell response against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is skewed towards early and late lytic antigens. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5890. [PMID: 19536280 PMCID: PMC2691989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is causally related to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most common malignancy in untreated individuals with HIV/AIDS. The adaptive T-cell immune response against KSHV has not been fully characterized. To achieve a better understanding of the antigenic repertoire of the CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses against KSHV, we constructed a library of lentiviral expression vectors each coding for one of 31 individual KSHV open reading frames (ORFs). We used these to transduce monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) isolated from 14 KSHV-seropositive (12 HIV-positive) and 7 KSHV-seronegative (4 HIV-positive) individuals. moDCs were transduced with up to 3 KSHV ORFs simultaneously (ORFs grouped according to their expression during the viral life cycle). Transduced moDCs naturally process the KSHV genes and present the resulting antigens in the context of MHC class I and II. Transduced moDCs were cultured with purified autologous T cells and the CD8 and CD4 T-cell proliferative responses to each KSHV ORF (or group) was assessed using a CFSE dye-based assay. Two pools of early lytic KSHV genes ([ORF8/ORF49/ORF61] and [ORF59/ORF65/K4.1]) were frequently-recognized targets of both CD8 and CD4 T cells from KSHV seropositive individuals. One pool of late lytic KSHV genes ([ORF28/ORF36/ORF37]) was a frequently-recognized CD8 target and another pool of late genes ([ORF33/K1/K8.1]) was a frequently-recognized CD4 target. We report that both the CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses against KSHV are skewed towards genes expressed in the early and late phases of the viral lytic cycle, and identify some previously unknown targets of these responses. This knowledge will be important to future immunological investigations into KSHV and may eventually lead to the development of better immunotherapies for KSHV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Robey
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Lagos
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Gratrix
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Henderson
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick C. Matthews
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Vart
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bower
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Boshoff
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Gotch
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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Boudreau JE, Bridle BW, Stephenson KB, Jenkins KM, Brunellière J, Bramson JL, Lichty BD, Wan Y. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus transduction of dendritic cells enhances their ability to prime innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1465-72. [PMID: 19401673 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are a promising strategy for tumor immunotherapy due to their ability to activate both antigen-specific T-cell immunity and innate immune effector components, including natural killer (NK) cells. However, the optimal mode of antigen delivery and DC activation remains to be determined. Using M protein mutant vesicular stomatitis virus (DeltaM51-VSV) as a gene-delivery vector, we demonstrate that a high level of transgene expression could be achieved in approximately 70% of DCs without affecting cell viability. Furthermore, DeltaM51-VSV infection activated DCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon (IFN)alpha/beta), and to display a mature phenotype (CD40(high)CD86(high) major histocompatibility complex (MHC II)(high)). When delivered to mice bearing 10-day-old lung metastatic tumors, DCs infected with DeltaM51-VSV encoding a tumor-associated antigen mediated significant control of tumor growth by engaging both NK and CD8(+) T cells. Importantly, depletion of NK cells completely abrogated tumor destruction, indicating that NK cells play a critical role for this DC vaccine-induced therapeutic outcome. Our findings identify DeltaM51-VSV as both an efficient gene-delivery vector and a maturation agent allowing DC vaccines to overcome immunosuppression in the tumor-bearing host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Boudreau
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Loisel-Meyer S, Felizardo T, Mariotti J, Mossoba ME, Foley JE, Kammerer R, Mizue N, Keefe R, McCart JA, Zimmermann W, Dropulic B, Fowler DH, Medin JA. Potent induction of B- and T-cell immunity against human carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumors in human carcinoembryonic antigen transgenic mice mediated by direct lentivector injection. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:692-702. [PMID: 19276164 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of immunotherapy would be dramatically broadened to a greater number of recipients if direct "off-the-shelf" products could be engineered to engender functionally potent immune responses against true "self"-tumor antigens. This would obviate the need for ex vivo culture of dendritic cells or T cells on a patient-by-patient basis, for example. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein expressed in normal gut epithelium that is up-regulated in the majority of colon cancers, non-small cell lung cancers, and half of all breast cancers. Such properties make CEA an excellent and important target for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we show stabilization of 14-day established s.c. mGC4CEA tumors in human CEA (huCEA) transgenic mice following two direct low-dose injections of 0.15x10(6) transducing units of a lentiviral vector (LV) that directs expression of huCEA (LV-huCEA). This stabilization result was reproducible and detailed analyses including antibody assays, multiplex cytokine analyses on unstimulated splenocytes, lymph node cell characterizations, tetramer staining, and immunofluorescence staining of tumor sections showed that this outcome correlated with both a cellular and humoral immune response. Similar tumor outcomes were not seen when mice were vaccinated with a control LV that engineered expression of enGFP only. The long-term potency of this vaccination strategy was also studied and revealed the requirement for maintenance of tumor antigen-specific immunity for efficient tumor control. These data support the use of direct injections of low doses of LV-huCEA for enhancement of tumor immunotherapy directed against CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine Loisel-Meyer
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 67 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M1
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21
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Wang-Johanning F, Radvanyi L, Rycaj K, Plummer JB, Yan P, Sastry KJ, Piyathilake CJ, Hunt KK, Johanning GL. Human endogenous retrovirus K triggers an antigen-specific immune response in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5869-77. [PMID: 18632641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that human cancer cells reactivate the expression of latent human endogenous retroviral (HERV) proteins. However, the extent to which cancer patients mount de novo immune responses against expressed HERV elements is unclear. In this study, we determined the extent of HERV-K env expression in human breast cancer (BC) and whether both humoral and cell-mediated immunity against HERV-K can be found in BC patients. We found HERV-K env protein expression in 88% of BC (n = 119) but not in normal breast (n = 76) tissues. ELISA screening assays detected significant titers of anti-HERV-K env IgG in a large proportion of BC patients. T-cell responses against HERV-K were also detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from BC patients stimulated with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with HERV-K env SU antigens. These responses included induction of T-cell proliferation (P = 0.0043), IFN-gamma production measured by enzyme-linked immunospot (P < 0.0001), and multiplex cytokine secretion (P = 0.0033). Multiplex cytokine analysis found a T-helper 1 cytokine response, including interleukin (IL)-2 (P = 0.0109), IL-6 (P = 0.0396), IL-8 (P = 0.0169), and IP-10 (P = 0.0045) secretion during in vitro stimulation of BC PBMC with HERV-K antigen. We also found HERV-K-specific CTLs that were capable of lysing target cells expressing HERV-K env protein in BC patients but not in normal female controls without cancer. These findings suggest that retroviral gene products are capable of acting as tumor-associated antigens activating both T-cell and B-cell responses in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang-Johanning
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 78602-6621, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of the immune system; they capture antigens and then can either stimulate an immune response or induce tolerance. Our aim was to activate individual DC signaling pathways to regulate the immune response. We therefore expressed constitutive activators of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways or the interferon pathway, together with tumor antigens, using lentivectors. Triggering of p38 activated DCs substantially enhanced the antitumor immune response and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) increased TGF-beta expression while expression of a constitutively activated interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) stimulated IL-10 secretion by DCs. ERK and IRF3 suppressed the immune response and stimulated expansion of regulatory T cells. These results provide a toolkit to regulate immune responses to viral vector or DC immunization; vaccine responses to foreign or tumor antigens can be enhanced and harmful responses to self-antigens or introduced transgenes can be reduced.
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23
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Guinn BA, Kasahara N, Farzaneh F, Habib NA, Norris JS, Deisseroth AB. Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1065-71. [PMID: 17375068 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in animal studies, where the cure of the majority of mice with pre-established (albeit early-stage) tumors has become almost standard, human clinical trials have been much less successful. Here we describe some of the most recent advances in the specialist field of tumor immunology and immunotherapy, highlighting salient work to identify key problem areas and potential solutions. We make particular note of recent developments in adoptive therapy; whole-cell, DNA, and peptide vaccines; and antibody therapy. We also describe the revival of interest in regulatory T cells and conclude by detailing the need for clinical trial read-out autonomy and methods to predict which patients will respond to a particular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, The Rayne, Institute, London, UK.
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24
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Annoni A, Battaglia M, Follenzi A, Lombardo A, Sergi-Sergi L, Naldini L, Roncarolo MG. The immune response to lentiviral-delivered transgene is modulated in vivo by transgene-expressing antigen-presenting cells but not by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Blood 2007; 110:1788-96. [PMID: 17495135 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-11-059873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic delivery of lentiviral vector (LV) in immunocompetent mice leads to efficient in vivo cell transduction and expression of the encoded protein under the control of the ubiquitous promoter of human cytomegalovirus (CMV). However, antitransgene immune response results in clearance of transduced cells 4 weeks after injection. T regulatory cells (Tregs), which have been demonstrated to control immune responses in vivo, were tested for their ability to suppress antitransgene response leading to stable long-term expression. Adoptive transfer of natural CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs (nTregs) isolated from wild type (wt) mice or from transgene tolerant transgenic (tg) mice did not suppress the antitransgene immune response after LV delivery. These data demonstrate that neither increasing the endogenous pool of natural Tregs nor transferring nTregs selected in a transgene-expressing thymus can modulate the immune response and mediate sustained transgene expression. Conversely, adoptive transfer of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) isolated from transgene-tolerant tg mice efficiently reduced the immune response leading to stable LV-encoded protein expression in vivo. Reduction of CD8(+) effector T cells was observed in LV-treated mice coinjected with transgene-expressing APCs compared with control mice. These data indicate that antitransgene immune response can be modulated by transgene-expressing APCs possibly through deletion of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy
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25
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Xu Q, Chen W. Developing effective tumor vaccines: basis, challenges and perspectives. FRONTIERS OF MEDICINE IN CHINA 2007; 1:11-19. [PMID: 24557610 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-007-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A remarkable advance in tumor immunology during the last decade is the elucidation of the antigenic basis of tumor recognition and destruction. A variety of tumor antigens have been identified using several strategies including conventional experiments and newly developed bioinformatics. Among these antigens, cancer/testis antigen (CT antigen) is considered to be the most promising target for immunotherapy by vaccination. Successful immunotherapy of tumors requires understanding of the natural relationship between the immune system and tumor in the status of differentiation, invasion and maturation. Continued progress in development of effective cancer vaccines depends on the identification of appropriate target antigens, the establishment of optimal immunization strategies without harmful autoimmune responses and the ability of manipulating tumor microenvironment to circumvent immune suppression and to augment the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Xu
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
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