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Tvingsholm SA, Frej MS, Rafa VM, Hansen UK, Ormhøj M, Tyron A, Jensen AWP, Kadivar M, Bentzen AK, Munk KK, Aasbjerg GN, Ternander JSH, Heeke C, Tamhane T, Schmess C, Funt SA, Kjeldsen JW, Kverneland AH, Met Ö, Draghi A, Jakobsen SN, Donia M, Marie Svane I, Hadrup SR. TCR-engaging scaffolds selectively expand antigen-specific T-cells with a favorable phenotype for adoptive cell therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006847. [PMID: 37586765 PMCID: PMC10432666 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has shown promising results for the treatment of cancer and viral infections. Successful ACT relies on ex vivo expansion of large numbers of desired T-cells with strong cytotoxic capacity and in vivo persistence, which constitutes the greatest challenge to current ACT strategies. Here, in this study, we present a novel technology for ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific T-cells; artificial antigen-presenting scaffolds (Ag-scaffolds) consisting of a dextran-polysaccharide backbone, decorated with combinations of peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC), cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules, enabling coordinated stimulation of antigen-specific T-cells. METHODS The capacity of Ag-scaffolds to expand antigen-specific T-cells was explored in ex vivo cultures with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and patients with metastatic melanoma. The resulting T-cell products were assessed for phenotypic and functional characteristics. RESULTS We identified an optimal Ag-scaffold for expansion of T-cells for ACT, carrying pMHC and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-21, with which we efficiently expanded both virus-specific and tumor-specific CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients, respectively. The resulting T-cell products were characterized by a high frequency of antigen-specific cells with high self-renewal capacity, low exhaustion, a multifunctional cytokine profile upon antigen-challenge and superior tumor killing capacity. This demonstrates that the coordinated stimuli provided by an optimized stoichiometry of TCR engaging (pMHC) and stimulatory (cytokine) moieties is essential to obtain desired T-cell characteristics. To generate an 'off-the-shelf' multitargeting Ag-scaffold product of relevance to patients with metastatic melanoma, we identified the 30 most frequently recognized shared HLA-A0201-restricted melanoma epitopes in a cohort of 87 patients. By combining these in an Ag-scaffold product, we were able to expand tumor-specific T-cells from 60-70% of patients with melanoma, yielding a multitargeted T-cell product with up to 25% specific and phenotypically and functionally improved T cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the Ag-scaffold represents a promising new technology for selective expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells directly from blood, yielding a highly specific and functionally enhanced T-cell product for ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vibeke Mindahl Rafa
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Ormhøj
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Tyron
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Agnete W P Jensen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Kadivar
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amalie Kai Bentzen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kamilla K Munk
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gitte N Aasbjerg
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Christina Heeke
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tripti Tamhane
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Schmess
- NMI Natural and Medical Science Institute, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Samuel A Funt
- Deptartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie Westerlin Kjeldsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anders Handrup Kverneland
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arianna Draghi
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Søren Nyboe Jakobsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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The S enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutarate increases central memory CD8 populations and improves CAR-T therapy outcome. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4483-4493. [PMID: 32941648 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is advancing rapidly and gene-modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) show particular promise. A challenge of CAR-T cell therapy is that the ex vivo-generated CAR-T cells become exhausted during expansion in culture, and do not persist when transferred back to patients. It has become clear that naive and memory CD8 T cells perform better than the total CD8 T-cell populations in CAR-T immunotherapy because of better expansion, antitumor activity, and persistence, which are necessary features for therapeutic success and prevention of disease relapse. However, memory CAR-T cells are rarely used in the clinic due to generation challenges. We previously reported that mouse CD8 T cells cultured with the S enantiomer of the immunometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (S-2HG) exhibit enhanced antitumor activity. Here, we show that clinical-grade human donor CAR-T cells can be generated from naive precursors after culture with S-2HG. S-2HG-treated CAR-T cells establish long-term memory cells in vivo and show superior antitumor responses when compared with CAR-T cells generated with standard clinical protocols. This study provides the basis for a phase 1 clinical trial evaluating the activity of S-2HG-treated CD19-CAR-T cells in patients with B-cell malignancies.
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Luo XH, Meng Q, Liu Z, Paraschoudi G. Generation of high-affinity CMV-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy using IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21. Clin Immunol 2020; 217:108456. [PMID: 32376504 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a life-threatening condition in individuals with a suppressed immune system. CMV may also represent a clinically relevant target for immune responses in CMV-positive malignancies. We established a protocol to expand CMV-specific T cells (CMV-T) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs from 16 HLA-A*0201 donors were cultured with a cytokine cocktail comprising IL-2/IL-15/IL-21 along with overlapping peptides from CMV-pp65. Ten days later, T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 (OKT3) and irradiated autologous PBMCs. CMV-T were detected by HLA-A*0201 CMV-pp65NLVPMVATV wild type and q226a mutant tetramers (for high-affinity T cells), intracellular cytokine staining, a CD107a mobilization assays as well as IFN-γ and TNF-α production in cell culture supernatants. We reliably obtained 50.25 ± 27.27% of CD8+ and 22.08 ± 21.83% of CD4+ T cells post-CMV-pp65 stimulation of PBMCs with a Th1-polarized phenotype and decreased Th2/Th17 responses. Most CD3 + CD8 + tetramer+ T cells were effector-memory cells, particularly among high-affinity CMV-T (q226a CMV-tetramer+). High-affinity CMV-T cells, compared to WT-tetramer+ cells, expressed higher IL-21R and lower FasL post-stimulation with CMV-pp65. The IL-2/IL-15/IL-21 cocktail also promoted CCR6 and CXCR3 expression necessary for T-cell migration into tissues. We have optimized methods for generating high-affinity CMV-specific T cells that can be used for adoptive cellular therapy in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Luo
- Therapeutic immunology unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Qingda Meng
- Therapeutic immunology unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- Therapeutic immunology unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgia Paraschoudi
- Therapeutic immunology unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Cellular therapy approaches harnessing the power of the immune system for personalized cancer treatment. Semin Immunol 2019; 42:101306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Guan L, Li X, Wei J, Liang Z, Yang J, Weng X, Wu X. Antigen-specific CD8+ memory stem T cells generated from human peripheral blood effectively eradicate allogeneic targets in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:337. [PMID: 30526661 PMCID: PMC6286512 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the implantation and long-term existence of tumor-specific T cells in host are the prerequisite for adoptive immunotherapy, memory stem T cells (TSCM) with self-renewal and differentiation capacity show the greatest potential to implant and long-term exhibit function in vivo, compared with other T cells of differentiation stages. Hence, tumor-specific TSCM have become potential candidate for adoptive T cell therapy of cancer. Here, we reported a protocol to generate allogeneic antigen-specific CD8+ TSCM cells from human PBLs. METHODS To prepare allogeneic antigen-specific CD8+ TSCM, we used an LCL named E007 of defined HLA allotyping as simulator, a co-culture of E007 and allogeneic PBLs was carried out in the presence of differentiation inhibitor TWS119 for 7 days. Sorting of proliferation cells ensured the E007-specificity of the prepared TSCM cells. The sorted lymphocytes underwent further expansion by cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 for further 7 days, making the E007-specific CD8 + TSCM expanded in number. The stem cell and T memory cell properties of the prepared CD8+ TSCM were observed in NOD-SCID mice. RESULTS Our protocol began with 1 × 107 PBLs and resulted in 2 × 107 E007-specific CD8+ TSCM cells in 2 weeks of preparation. The prepared TSCM cells exhibited a proliferative history and rapid differentiation into effector cells upon the E007 re-stimulation. Importantly, the prepared TSCM cells were able to exist long and reconstitute other T cell subsets in vivo, eradicating the E007 cells effectively after transferred into the LCL burden mice. CONCLUSIONS This protocol was able to prepare allogeneic antigen-specific CD8+ TSCM cells from human PBLs. The prepared TSCM showed the properties of stem cells and T memory cells. This study provided a reference method for generation of antigen-specific TSCM for T cell adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Guan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiali Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiufang Weng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xiongwen Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Zoon CK, Wan W, Graham L, Bear HD. Expansion of T Cells with Interleukin-21 for Adoptive Immunotherapy of Murine Mammary Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020270. [PMID: 28146052 PMCID: PMC5343806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that culturing antigen-sensitized draining lymph node (DLN) lymphocytes from BALB/c mice in interleukin (IL)-7/15 after activation with bryostatin/ionomycin (B/I) is superior to culture in IL-2 for expansion, differentiation to cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ cells and anti-tumor activity. We sought to determine whether the substitution or addition of IL-21 to culture had a similar effect. DLN lymphocytes were antigen-sensitized with 4T1 mammary carcinoma 10 days prior to harvest, activated with B/I, and expanded in culture for 7 days with either IL-2, IL-21, IL-2/21, IL-7/15, or IL-7/15/21. Cellular expansion, phenotype, interferon (IFN)-γ responses, and in vivo anti-tumor activity were compared. We found that T cells grown in IL7/15/21 demonstrated significantly greater lymphocyte expansion than IL-2, IL-21, IL-2/21, and IL-7/15 (38.4-fold vs. 5.5, 6.6, 9.5, and 23.9-fold, respectively). Of these expanded cells, IL-7/15/21 significantly expanded the greatest percentage of CD8+ cells (67.1% vs. 22.2%, 47.2%, 47.4%, and 55.3%, respectively), and the greatest number of T central memory cells (TCM) compared to IL-2, IL-21 and IL-2/21 (45.8% vs. 11.1%, 7.7%, and 12.1%, respectively). IL-21 and IL-2/21-expanded T cells preferentially differentiated into T naïve cells (TN) vs. those expanded in IL-2, IL-7/15 and IL-7/15/21 (27.6% and 23.2% vs. 1.7%, 4.5%, and 10.4%, respectively), and demonstrated the highest IFN-γ levels in vitro. In vivo adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) experiments demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy was equally effective using IL-2, IL-21, IL-2/21, IL-7/15 and IL-7/15/21-cultured lymphocytes vs. control or cyclophosphamide alone, even at lower doses or with greater initial size of tumor prior to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Zoon
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Wen Wan
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Laura Graham
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Harry D Bear
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Cruz CRY, Bollard CM. Adoptive Immunotherapy For Leukemia With Ex vivo Expanded T Cells. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 18:271-280. [PMID: 26648070 PMCID: PMC5016253 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666160209143529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel T cell therapies to target leukemia has facilitated the translation of this approach for hematologic malignancies. Different methods of manufacturing leukemia-specific T cells have evolved, along with additional measures to increase the safety of this therapy. This is an overview of expanded T cell therapeutics with a focus on how the manufacturing strategies have been refined, and where the research is heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Russell Y. Cruz
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy (CETI), Children’s National Health System, USA
| | - Catherine M. Bollard
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy (CETI), Children’s National Health System, USA
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8
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Redeker A, Arens R. Improving Adoptive T Cell Therapy: The Particular Role of T Cell Costimulation, Cytokines, and Post-Transfer Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27656185 PMCID: PMC5011476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) is a form of immunotherapy whereby antigen-specific T cells are isolated or engineered, expanded ex vivo, and transferred back to patients. Clinical benefit after ACT has been obtained in treatment of infection, various hematological malignancies, and some solid tumors; however, due to poor functionality and persistence of the transferred T cells, the efficacy of ACT in the treatment of most solid tumors is often marginal. Hence, much effort is undertaken to improve T cell function and persistence in ACT and significant progress is being made. Herein, we will review strategies to improve ACT success rates in the treatment of cancer and infection. We will deliberate on the most favorable phenotype for the tumor-specific T cells that are infused into patients and on how to obtain T cells bearing this phenotype by applying novel ex vivo culture methods. Moreover, we will discuss T cell function and persistence after transfer into patients and how these factors can be manipulated by means of providing costimulatory signals, cytokines, blocking antibodies to inhibitory molecules, and vaccination. Incorporation of these T cell stimulation strategies and combinations of the different treatment modalities are likely to improve clinical response rates further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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9
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HLA-DPB1 mismatch alleles represent powerful leukemia rejection antigens in CD4 T-cell immunotherapy after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Leukemia 2016; 31:434-445. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Alvarez-Fernández C, Escribà-Garcia L, Vidal S, Sierra J, Briones J. A short CD3/CD28 costimulation combined with IL-21 enhance the generation of human memory stem T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2016; 14:214. [PMID: 27435312 PMCID: PMC4952071 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy based on the adoptive transfer of gene modified T cells is an emerging approach for the induction of tumor-specific immune responses. Memory stem T cells, due to their enhanced antitumor and self-renewal capacity, have become potential candidate for adoptive T cell therapy of cancer. Methods to generate memory stem T cells ex vivo rely on CD3/CD28 costimulation and the use of cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-15 during the entire culture period. However, a strong costimulation may induce differentiation of memory stem T cells to effector memory T cells. Here we show that manipulation of the length of the costimulation and addition of IL-21 enhance the ex vivo expansion of memory stem T cells. METHODS Purified naïve T cells from healthy donors were cultured in the presence of anti-CD3/CD28 coated beads, IL-7, IL-15 and/or IL-21 (25 ng/ml). T cells phenotype from the different memory and effector subpopulations were analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS A short anti-CD3/CD28 costimulation of naïve T cells, combined with IL-7 and IL-15 significantly increased the frequencies of CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory stem T cells ex vivo, compared to a prolonged costimulation (34.6 ± 4.4 % vs 15.6 ± 4.24 % in CD4(+); p = 0.008, and 20.5 ± 4.00 % vs 7.7 ± 2.53 % in CD8(+); p = 0.02). Moreover, the addition of IL-21 to this condition further enhanced the enrichment and expansion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory stem T cells with an increase in the absolute numbers (0.7 × 10(6) ± 0.1 vs 0.26 × 10(6) ± 0.1 cells for CD4(+); p = 0.002 and 1.1 × 10(6) ± 0.1 vs 0.27 × 10(6) ± 0.1 cells for CD8(+); p = 0.0002; short + IL-21 vs long). CONCLUSIONS These new in vitro conditions increase the frequencies and expansion of memory stem T cells and may have relevant clinical implications for the generation of this memory T cell subset for adoptive cell therapy of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alvarez-Fernández
- Hematology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas 90, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology-IIB, Institut Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Escribà-Garcia
- Hematology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas 90, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Experimental Hematology-IIB, Institut Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Vidal
- Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain.,IIB-Institut Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Sierra
- Hematology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas 90, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Briones
- Hematology Service, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Mas Casanovas 90, 08041, Barcelona, Spain. .,Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Cruz CR, Bollard CM. T-cell and natural killer cell therapies for hematologic malignancies after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: enhancing the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Haematologica 2016; 100:709-19. [PMID: 26034113 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but infection, graft-versus-host disease and relapse are still important problems. Calcineurin inhibitors, T-cell depletion strategies, and immunomodulators have helped to prevent graft-versus-host disease, but have a negative impact on the graft-versus-leukemia effect. T cells and natural killer cells are both thought to be important in the graft-versus-leukemia effect, and both cell types are amenable to ex vivo manipulation and clinical manufacture, making them versatile immunotherapeutics. We provide an overview of these immunotherapeutic strategies following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with discussions centered on natural killer and T-cell biology. We discuss the contributions of each cell type to graft-versus-leukemia effects, as well as the current research directions in the field as related to adoptive cell therapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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12
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Zupke O, Distler E, Jürchott A, Paiphansiri U, Dass M, Thomas S, Hartwig UF, Theobald M, Landfester K, Mailänder V, Herr W. Nanoparticles and antigen-specific T-cell therapeutics: a comprehensive study on uptake and release. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 10:1063-76. [PMID: 25929565 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM T lymphocytes are used as cellular therapeutics in many disease entities including cancer. We investigated the uptake and retention of nanoparticles (NPs) by these nonphagocytic cells. MATERIALS & METHODS Uptake, release and toxicity of various polymeric NP preparations were analyzed by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. T-cell effector functions were measured using IFN-γ-ELISPOT and (51)Chromium-release assays. RESULTS Amino-functionalized NPs were efficiently ingested by antigen-specific T cells without adversely influencing effector functions. NPs were stored in membrane-surrounded vesicles, with major proportions released extracellularly during 24 h. CONCLUSION Amino-functionalized polymeric NPs are efficiently taken up by human T cells and could be used to design nanocarriers for direct access and manipulation of antigen-specific T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zupke
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology & Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Distler E, Albrecht J, Brunk A, Khan S, Schnürer E, Frey M, Mottok A, Jordán-Garrote AL, Brede C, Beilhack A, Mades A, Tomsitz D, Theobald M, Herr W, Hartwig UF. Patient-individualized CD8⁺ cytolytic T-cell therapy effectively combats minimal residual leukemia in immunodeficient mice. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1256-68. [PMID: 26376181 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of donor-derived cytolytic T-lymphocytes (CTL) has evolved as a promising strategy to improve graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effects in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. However, durable clinical responses are often hampered by limited capability of transferred T cells to establish effective and sustained antitumor immunity in vivo. We therefore analyzed GvL responses of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-reactive CD8(+) CTL with central and effector memory phenotype in a new allogeneic donor-patient specific humanized mouse model. CTL lines and clones obtained upon stimulation of naive CD45RA(+) donor CD8(+) T cells with either single HLA antigen-mismatched or HLA-matched primary AML blasts, respectively, elicited strong leukemia reactivity during cytokine-optimized short to intermediate (i.e., 2-8 weeks) culture periods. Single doses of CTL were intravenously infused into NOD/scidIL2Rcg(null) mice when engraftment with patient AML reached bone marrow infiltration of 1-5%, clinically defining minimal residual disease status. This treatment resulted in complete regression of HLA-mismatched and strong reduction of HLA-matched AML infiltration, respectively. Most importantly, mice receiving AML-reactive CTL showed significantly prolonged survival. Transferred CTL were detectable in murine bone marrow and spleen and demonstrated sustained AML-reactivity ex vivo. Moreover, injections with human IL-15 clearly promoted CTL persistence. In summary, we show that naive donor-derived CD8(+) CTL effectively combat patient AML blasts in immunodeficient mice. The donor-patient specific humanized mouse model appears suitable to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of AML-reactive CTL before adoptive transfer into patients. It may further help to identify powerful leukemia rejection antigens and T-cell receptors for redirecting immunity to leukemias even in a patient-individualized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Distler
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
| | - Jana Albrecht
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
| | - Ariane Brunk
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
| | - Shamsul Khan
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
| | - Elke Schnürer
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
| | - Michaela Frey
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
| | - Anja Mottok
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Ana-Laura Jordán-Garrote
- Department of Medicine II, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany.,Interdisziplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Zinklesweg 10, Würzburg, 97078, Germany
| | - Christian Brede
- Department of Medicine II, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany.,Interdisziplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Zinklesweg 10, Würzburg, 97078, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine II, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany.,Interdisziplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Zinklesweg 10, Würzburg, 97078, Germany
| | - Andreas Mades
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
| | - Dirk Tomsitz
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
| | - Matthias Theobald
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany.,Department of Medicine III-Hematology and Internal Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Udo F Hartwig
- Department of Medicine III-Hematology, Internal Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, Mainz, 55101, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, 55101, Germany
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14
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Generation of memory T cells for adoptive transfer using clinical-grade anti-CD62L magnetic beads. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 50:1358-64. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Addition of interleukin-21 for expansion of T-cells for adoptive immunotherapy of murine melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8744-60. [PMID: 25903148 PMCID: PMC4425106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-7/15 was superior to IL-2 for expansion of T cells in vitro for adoptive immunotherapy. We sought to ascertain whether IL-21 would further improve yield and therapeutic efficacy of T cells in culture. Naïve T cell receptor (TcR) transgenic splenocytes or antigen-sensitized lymph node cells were harvested from PMEL-1 mice and exposed to bryostatin-1 and ionomycin (B/I) for 18 h. Cells were then cultured in IL-2, IL-21, IL-7/15 or IL-7/15/21 for six days. Harvested cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and used to treat C57Bl/6 mice injected intravenously with B16 melanoma. Lungs were harvested and metastases counted 14 days after treatment. Culturing lymphocytes in IL-7/15/21 increased expansion compared to IL-2 or IL-7/15. IL-21 and IL-7/15/21 increased CD8+ cells compared to IL-2 or IL-7/15. IL-21 preferentially expanded a CD8+CD44−CD62L+ T “naïve” population, whereas IL-7/15/21 increased CD8+CD44+CD62Lhigh central-memory T cells. T cells grown in IL-7/15/21 were more effective at reducing metastases than IL-2. The addition of IL-21 to IL-7/15 induced greater expansion of lymphocytes in culture and increased the yield of CD8+ T central-memory cells vs. IL-7/15 alone. This may have significant impact on future clinical trials of adoptive immunotherapy, particularly for generating adequate numbers of lymphocytes for treatment.
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16
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Li R, Qian J, Zhang W, Fu W, Du J, Jiang H, Zhang H, Zhang C, Xi H, Yi Q, Hou J. Human heat shock protein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes display potent antitumour immunity in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:690-701. [PMID: 24824351 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumour cell-derived heat shock proteins (HSPs) are used as vaccines for immunotherapy of cancer patients. However, it is proposed that the peptide chaperoned on HSPs, not HSPs themselves, elicited a potent immune response. Given that HSPs are highly expressed by most myeloma cells and vital to myeloma cell survival, we reasoned that HSPs themselves might be an ideal myeloma antigen. In the present study, we explored the feasibility of targeting HSPs themselves for treating multiple myeloma. We identified and chose HLA-A*0201-binding peptides from human HSPB1 (HSP27) and HSP90AA1 (HSP90), and confirmed their immunogenicity in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. Dendritic cells pulsed with HSPB1 and HSP90AA1 peptides were used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers and myeloma patients to generate HSP peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). HSP peptide-specific CTLs efficiently lysed HLA-A*0201(+) myeloma cells (established cell lines and primary plasma cells) but not HLA-A*0201(-) myeloma cells in vitro, indicating that myeloma cells naturally express HSP peptides in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. More importantly, HSP peptide-specific CTLs effectively reduced tumour burden in the xenograft mouse model of myeloma. Our study clearly demonstrated that HSPs might be novel tumour antigens for immunotherapy of myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Myeloma & Lymphoma Centre, Department of Haematology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
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17
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Rigo V, Corrias MV, Orengo AM, Brizzolara A, Emionite L, Fenoglio D, Filaci G, Croce M, Ferrini S. Recombinant IL-21 and anti-CD4 antibodies cooperate in syngeneic neuroblastoma immunotherapy and mediate long-lasting immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:501-11. [PMID: 24647609 PMCID: PMC11028713 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
IL-21 is an immune-enhancing cytokine, which showed promising results in cancer immunotherapy. We previously observed that the administration of anti-CD4 cell-depleting antibody strongly enhanced the anti-tumor effects of an IL-21-engineered neuroblastoma (NB) cell vaccine. Here, we studied the therapeutic effects of a combination of recombinant (r) IL-21 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in a syngeneic model of disseminated NB. Subcutaneous rIL-21 therapy at 0.5 or 1 μg/dose (at days 2, 6, 9, 13 and 15 after NB induction) had a limited effect on NB development. However, coadministration of rIL-21 at the two dose levels and a cell-depleting anti-CD4 mAb cured 28 and 70 % of mice, respectively. Combined immunotherapy was also effective if started 7 days after NB implant, resulting in a 30 % cure rate. Anti-CD4 antibody treatment efficiently depleted CD4(+) CD25(high) Treg cells, but alone had limited impact on NB. Combination immunotherapy by anti-CD4 mAb and rIL-21 induced a CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, which resulted in tumor eradication and long-lasting immunity. CD4(+) T cells, which re-populated mice after combination immunotherapy, were required for immunity to NB antigens as indicated by CD4(+) T cell depletion and re-challenge experiments. In conclusion, these data support a role for regulatory CD4(+) T cells in a syngeneic NB model and suggest that rIL-21 combined with CD4(+) T cell depletion reprograms CD4(+) T cells from immune regulatory to anti-tumor functions. These observations open new perspectives for the use of IL-21-based immunotherapy in conjunction with transient CD4(+) T cell depletion, in human metastatic NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rigo
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- CEBR Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 7, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Orengo
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzolara
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Emionite
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Fenoglio
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- CEBR Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 7, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- CEBR Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 7, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Croce
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvano Ferrini
- IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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18
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Crompton JG, Sukumar M, Restifo NP. Uncoupling T-cell expansion from effector differentiation in cell-based immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:264-276. [PMID: 24329803 PMCID: PMC3915736 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) is a potentially curative therapy for patients with advanced cancer. Eradication of tumor in mouse models and humans correlates with both a high dose of adoptively transferred cells and cells with a minimally differentiated phenotype that maintain replicative capacity and multipotency. We speculate that response to ACT not only requires transfer of cells with immediate cytolytic effector function to kill the bulk of fast-growing tumor but also transfer of tumor-specific cells that maintain an ability for self-renewal and the capacity to produce a continual supply of cytolytic effector progeny until all malignant cells are eliminated. Current in vitro methods to expand cells to sufficient numbers and still maintain a minimally differentiated phenotype are hindered by the biological coupling of clonal expansion and effector differentiation. Therefore, a better understanding of the physiologic mechanism that couples cell expansion and differentiation in CD8(+) T cells may improve the efficacy of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Crompton
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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A cytokine cocktail directly modulates the phenotype of DC-enriched anti-tumor T cells to convey potent anti-tumor activities in a murine model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1649-62. [PMID: 23982483 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using ex vivo-expanded anti-tumor T cells such as tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes or genetically engineered T cells potently eradicates established tumors. However, these two approaches possess obvious limitations. Therefore, we established a novel methodology using total tumor RNA (ttRNA) to prime dendritic cells (DC) as a platform for the ex vivo generation of anti-tumor T cells. We evaluated the antigen-specific expansion and recognition of T cells generated by the ttRNA-DC-T platform, and directly modulated the differentiation status of these ex vivo-expanded T cells with a cytokine cocktail. Furthermore, we evaluated the persistence and in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of these T cells through murine xenograft and syngeneic tumor models. During ex vivo culture, IL-2 preferentially expanded CD4 subset, while IL-7 enabled homeostatic proliferation from the original precursors. T cells tended to lose CD62L during ex vivo culture using IL-2; however, IL-12 could maintain high levels of CD62L by increasing expression on effector T cells (Tem). In addition, we validated that OVA RNA-DC only selectively expanded T cells in an antigen-specific manner. A cytokine cocktail excluding the use of IL-2 greatly increased CD62Lhigh T cells which specifically recognized tumor cells, engrafted better in a xenograft model and exhibited superior anti-tumor activities in a syngeneic intracranial model. ACT using the ex vivo ttRNA-DC-T platform in conjunction with a cytokine cocktail generated potent CD62Lhigh anti-tumor T cells and imposes a novel T cell-based therapeutic with the potential to treat brain tumors and other cancers.
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20
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Teschner D, Distler E, Wehler D, Frey M, Marandiuc D, Langeveld K, Theobald M, Thomas S, Herr W. Depletion of naive T cells using clinical grade magnetic CD45RA beads: a new approach for GVHD prophylaxis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013; 49:138-44. [PMID: 23933765 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2013.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of naive T cells from donor leukapheresis products (LPs) aims at the reduction of alloreactivity, while preserving memory T-cell reactivity (for example, to pathogens). This study established the immunomagnetic depletion procedure under clean room conditions using CD45RA beads and analyzed LPs of six donors for cell composition and functional immune responses. CD45RA depletion resulted in 3.4-4.7 log (median 4.4) reduction of CD45RA(+) T cells, thereby eliminating naive and late effector T cells. B cells were also completely removed, whereas significant proportions of NK cells, monocytes and granulocytes persisted. CD45RA-depleted LPs contained effector and central memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that showed sustained IFN-γ secretion to CMV, EBV, Aspergillus and Candida Ags. Alloreactivity was measured in MLRs between donors with complete HLA-mismatch. Alloreactive CD8(+) T cells were strongly reduced (median >1-log) upon CD45RA depletion, whereas alloreactive CD4(+) T cells persisted in significant numbers. In conclusion, clinical grade depletion of CD45RA(+) naive T cells from donor LPs is feasible and highly efficient. The depleted products show sustained CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell reactivity to pathogens and effectively reduced CD8-mediated alloreactivity. Prophylactic and preemptive infusions after allogeneic SCT may improve T-cell reconstitution and pathogen-specific immunosurveillance, along with lower risk of inducing GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Teschner
- Third Department of Medicine-Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - E Distler
- Third Department of Medicine-Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Wehler
- Third Department of Medicine-Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Frey
- Third Department of Medicine-Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Marandiuc
- Transfusion Center, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - K Langeveld
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - M Theobald
- Third Department of Medicine-Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Thomas
- Third Department of Medicine-Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - W Herr
- 1] Third Department of Medicine-Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany [2] Department of Internal Medicine III-Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Nerreter T, Distler E, Köchel C, Einsele H, Herr W, Seggewiss-Bernhardt R. Combining dasatinib with dexamethasone long-term leads to maintenance of antiviral and antileukemia specific cytotoxic T cell responses in vitro. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:604-614.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Sorting through subsets: which T-cell populations mediate highly effective adoptive immunotherapy? J Immunother 2013; 35:651-60. [PMID: 23090074 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31827806e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells have been described as being naive or one of 4 antigen (Ag)-experienced subtypes representing a continuum of differentiation and maturation: T memory stem cell, central memory T cell, effector memory T cell, and terminally differentiated effector T cells. In mice, adoptive cell transfer of less-differentiated naive T cells, T memory stem cell, and central memory T cell subsets have consistently demonstrated superior in vivo expansion, persistence, and antitumor capacities relative to the more differentiated effector memory T cell and effector T cell subsets. Retrospective analyses from human adoptive cell transfer trials have confirmed that transfer of less-differentiated T-cell subsets is highly correlated with objective clinical responses. These findings, combined with the recent ability to convey de novo Ag reactivity with high efficiency through genetic engineering of exogenous T-cell or chimeric Ag receptors, now challenge the field with 3 important questions: (1) how should less-differentiated T-cell subsets be isolated for human clinical trials?; (2) what is the best means of expanding T cells ex vivo in such a way as to not corrupt the beneficial traits of the younger subsets?; and (3) is it necessary to physically separate younger subsets from their more differentiated counterparts? Answering these questions will allow for the rational development of the next generation of highly effective and potentially curative T-cell therapies for the treatment of cancer.
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23
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Turksma AW, Bontkes HJ, Ruizendaal JJ, van den Heuvel H, Scholten KBJ, Santegoets SJAM, de Gruijl TD, Meijer CJLM, Hooijberg E. Increased cytotoxic capacity of tumor antigen specific human T cells after in vitro stimulation with IL21 producing dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:506-13. [PMID: 23376456 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDC) electroporated with tumor associated antigen derived mRNA can elicit specific T cells against tumor cells in vivo. IL21 has been shown to enhance activation and cytotoxicity in CD8+ T cells. We therefore investigated in vitro effects on human CD8+ T-cells after stimulation with IL21 mRNA electroporated moDC. Codon modification of the IL21 gene significantly enhanced IL21 production upon electroporation of moDC. Tumor associated antigen specific CTL induction efficiency was significantly enhanced when codon modified IL21 mRNA was co-electroporated with tumor associated antigen mRNA. Tumor associated antigen specific T cells induced by codon modified IL21-DC demonstrated increased cytotoxic capacity and killing compared to control cultures. In conclusion, ectopic expression of codon modified IL21 by moDC enhances the priming efficiency of the DC as well as the cytotoxic potential of the induced CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Turksma
- VU University Medical Center - Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Yang S, Ji Y, Gattinoni L, Zhang L, Yu Z, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Modulating the differentiation status of ex vivo-cultured anti-tumor T cells using cytokine cocktails. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012. [PMID: 23207483 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The genetic modification of CD8+ T cells using anti-tumor T-cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors is a promising approach for the adoptive cell therapy of patients with cancer. We previously developed a simplified method for the clinical-scale generation of central memory-like (Tcm) CD8+ T cells following transduction with lentivirus encoding anti-tumor TCR and culture in the presence of IL-2. In this study, we compared different cytokines or combinations of IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-21 to expand genetically engineered CD8+ T cells. We demonstrated that specific cytokine combinations IL-12 plus IL-7 or IL-21 for 3 days followed by withdrawal of IL-12 yielded the phenotype of CD62L(high)CD28(high) CD127(high)CD27(high)CCR7(high), which is associated with less-differentiated T cells. Genes associated with stem cells (SOX2, NANOG, OCT4, and LIN28A), were also up-regulated by this cytokine cocktail. Moreover, the use of IL-12 plus IL-7 or IL-21 yielded CD8 T cells showing enhanced persistence in the NOD/SCID/γc-/- mouse model. This defined cytokine combination could also alter highly differentiated TIL from melanoma patients into cells with a less-differentiated phenotype. The methodology that we developed for generating a less-differentiated anti-tumor CD8+ T cells ex vivo may be ideal for the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Yang
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, CRC 3 W-3864, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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25
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Abstract
Stem cells are defined by the ability to self-renew and to generate differentiated progeny, qualities that are maintained by evolutionarily conserved pathways that can lead to cancer when deregulated. There is now evidence that these stem cell-like attributes and signalling pathways are also shared among subsets of mature memory T lymphocytes. We discuss how using stem cell-like T cells can overcome the limitations of current adoptive T cell therapies, including inefficient T cell engraftment, persistence and ability to mediate prolonged immune attack. Conferring stemness to antitumour T cells might unleash the full potential of cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gattinoni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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26
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Distler E, Bloetz A, Albrecht J, Asdufan S, Hohberger A, Frey M, Schnürer E, Thomas S, Theobald M, Hartwig UF, Herr W. Alloreactive and leukemia-reactive T cells are preferentially derived from naive precursors in healthy donors: implications for immunotherapy with memory T cells. Haematologica 2011; 96:1024-32. [PMID: 21486863 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.037481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HLA mismatch antigens are major targets of alloreactive T cells in HLA-incompatible stem-cell transplantation, which can trigger severe graft-versus-host disease and reduce survival in transplant recipients. Our objective was to identify T-cell subsets with reduced in vitro reactivity to allogeneic HLA antigens. DESIGN AND METHODS We sorted CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets from peripheral blood by flow cytometry according to their expression of naive and memory markers CD45RA, CD45RO, CD62L, and CCR7. Subsets were defined by a single marker to facilitate future establishment of a clinical-grade procedure for reducing alloreactive T-cell precursors and graft-versus-host disease. T cells were stimulated in mixed lymphocyte reactions against HLA-deficient K562 cells transfected with single HLA-A/-B/-C/-DR/-DQ mismatch alleles. Alloreactivity was measured by interferon-γ spot production and cell proliferation. RESULTS We observed that allogeneic HLA-reactivity was preferentially derived from subsets enriched for naïve T cells rather than memory T cells in healthy donors, irrespective of the HLA mismatch allele. This separation was most efficient if CD45RA (versus other markers) was used for sorting. The numbers of allogeneic HLA-reactive effector cells were in median 7.2-fold and 16.6-fold lower in CD45RA(neg) memory CD8 and CD4 T cells than in entire CD8 and CD4 T cells, respectively. In contrast, proliferation of memory T cells in response to allogeneic HLA was more variably reduced (CD8) or equivalent (CD4) when compared to that of naïve T cells. We also demonstrated in HLA-matched donor-patient pairs that leukemia-reactive CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocytes were mainly derived from subsets enriched for naïve T cells compared to memory T cells. CONCLUSIONS Memory T-cell subsets of most healthy individuals showed decreased allogeneic HLA-reactivity, but lacked significant anti-leukemia responses in vitro. The clinical use of memory or naïve-depleted T cells might be beneficial for HLA-mismatched patients at high risk of graft-versus-host disease and low risk of leukemia relapse. Preferred allografts are those which contain leukemia-reactive memory T cells. Alternatively, replenishment with leukemia-reactive T cells isolated from naïve subsets is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Distler
- 3rd Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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