1
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Malla R, Kumari S, Ganji SP, Srilatha M, Nellipudi HR, Nagaraju GP. Reactive oxygen species of tumor microenvironment: Harnessing for immunogenic cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189154. [PMID: 39019409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a dynamic and complex system that undergoes continuous changes in its network architecture, notably affecting redox homeostasis. These alterations collectively shape a diverse ecosystem actively supporting tumor progression by influencing the cellular and molecular components of the TME. Despite the remarkable clinical advancements in cancer immunotherapy, its spectrum of clinical utility is limited by the altered TME and inadequate tumor immunogenicity. Recent studies have revealed that some conventional and targeted therapy strategies can augment the efficacy of immunotherapy even in patients with less immunogenic solid tumors. These strategies provoke immunogenic cell death (ICD) through the ROS-dependent liberation of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs recognize and bind with Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) on immune cells, activating and maturing defense cells, ultimately leading to a robust antitumor immune response. The present review underscores the pivotal role of redox homeostasis in orchestrating the transition of TME from a cold to a hot phenotype and the ROS-ICD axis in immune response induction. Additionally, it provides up-to-date insights into strategies that leverage ROS generation to induce ICD. The comprehensive analysis aims to develop ROS-based effective cancer immunotherapies for less immunogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- RamaRao Malla
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Kumari
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Swapna Priya Ganji
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mundla Srilatha
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517502, India
| | | | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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2
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Wang J, Ma J, Xie F, Miao F, lv L, Huang Y, Zhang X, Yu J, Tai Z, Zhu Q, Bao L. Immunogenic cell death-based cancer vaccines: promising prospect in cancer therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1389173. [PMID: 38745666 PMCID: PMC11092378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy is a promising approach for addressing the limitations of conventional tumor treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which often have side effects and fail to prevent recurrence and metastasis. However, the effectiveness and sustainability of immune activation in tumor immunotherapy remain challenging. Tumor immunogenic cell death, characterized by the release of immunogenic substances, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and tumor associated antigens, from dying tumor cells (DTCs), offers a potential solution. By enhancing the immunogenicity of DTCs through the inclusion of more immunogenic antigens and stimulating factors, immunogenic cell death (ICD) based cancer vaccines can be developed as a powerful tool for immunotherapy. Integrating ICD nanoinducers into conventional treatments like chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and radiotherapy presents a novel strategy to enhance treatment efficacy and potentially improve patient outcomes. Preclinical research has identified numerous potential ICD inducers. However, effectively translating these findings into clinically relevant applications remains a critical challenge. This review aims to contribute to this endeavor by providing valuable insights into the in vitro preparation of ICD-based cancer vaccines. We explored established tools for ICD induction, followed by an exploration of personalized ICD induction strategies and vaccine designs. By sharing this knowledge, we hope to stimulate further development and advancement in the field of ICD-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyuan Ma
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyuan Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengze Miao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxia Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of External Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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3
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De Silva M, Tse BCY, Diakos CI, Clarke S, Molloy MP. Immunogenic cell death in colorectal cancer: a review of mechanisms and clinical utility. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:53. [PMID: 38353760 PMCID: PMC10866783 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite several clinical advances the survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer remains limited, demanding newer approaches. The immune system plays a central role in cancer development, propagation, and treatment response. Within the bowel, the colorectal mucosa is a key barrier and site of immune regulation that is generally immunosuppressive. Nonetheless, within this tumour microenvironment, it is evident that anti-neoplastic treatments which cause direct cytotoxic and cytostatic effects may also induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), a form of regulated cell death that leads to an anti-tumour immune response. Therefore, novel ICD inducers and molecular biomarkers of ICD action are urgently needed to advance treatment options for advanced CRC. This article reviews our knowledge of ICD in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Silva
- Bowel Cancer and Biomarker Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - B C Y Tse
- Bowel Cancer and Biomarker Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - C I Diakos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Clarke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M P Molloy
- Bowel Cancer and Biomarker Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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4
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Galassi C, Klapp V, Yamazaki T, Galluzzi L. Molecular determinants of immunogenic cell death elicited by radiation therapy. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:20-32. [PMID: 37679959 PMCID: PMC11075037 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergoing immunogenic cell death (ICD) can initiate adaptive immune responses against dead cell-associated antigens, provided that (1) said antigens are not perfectly covered by central tolerance (antigenicity), (2) cell death occurs along with the emission of immunostimulatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that actively engage immune effector mechanisms (adjuvanticity), and (3) the microenvironment of dying cells is permissive for the initiation of adaptive immunity. Finally, ICD-driven immune responses can only operate and exert cytotoxic effector functions if the microenvironment of target cancer cells enables immune cell infiltration and activity. Multiple forms of radiation, including non-ionizing (ultraviolet) and ionizing radiation, elicit bona fide ICD as they increase both the antigenicity and adjuvanticity of dying cancer cells. Here, we review the molecular determinants of ICD as elicited by radiation as we critically discuss strategies to reinforce the immunogenicity of cancer cells succumbing to clinically available radiation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Galassi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Klapp
- Tumor Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Idoudi S, Bedhiafi T, Pedersen S, Elahtem M, Alremawi I, Akhtar S, Dermime S, Merhi M, Uddin S. Role of HMGB1 and its associated signaling pathways in human malignancies. Cell Signal 2023; 112:110904. [PMID: 37757902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The High-Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1), a non-histone chromatin-associated protein, plays a crucial role in cancer growth and response to therapy as it retains a pivotal role in promoting both cell death and survival. HMGB1 has been reported to regulate several signaling pathways engaged in inflammation, genome stability, immune function, cell proliferation, cell autophagy, metabolism, and apoptosis. However, the association between HMGB1 and cancer is complex and its mechanism in tumorigenesis needs to be further elucidated. This review aims to understand the role of HMGB1 in human malignancies and discuss the signaling pathways linked to this process to provide a comprehensive understanding on the association of HMGB1 with carcinogenesis. Further, we will review the role of HMGB1 as a target/biomarker for cancer therapy, the therapeutic strategies used to target this protein, and its potential role in preventing or treating cancers. In light of the recent growing evidence linking HMGB1 to cancer progression, we think that it may be suggested as a novel and emergent therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Hence, HMGB1 warrants paramount investigation to comprehensively map its role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourour Idoudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Elahtem
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Sabah Akhtar
- Department of Dermatology and venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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6
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Sartorius D, Blume ML, Fleischer JR, Ghadimi M, Conradi LC, De Oliveira T. Implications of Rectal Cancer Radiotherapy on the Immune Microenvironment: Allies and Foes to Therapy Resistance and Patients' Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5124. [PMID: 37958298 PMCID: PMC10650490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aside from surgical resection, locally advanced rectal cancer is regularly treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Since the concept of cancer treatment has shifted from only focusing on tumor cells as drivers of disease progression towards a broader understanding including the dynamic tumor microenvironment (TME), the impact of radiotherapy on the TME and specifically the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is increasingly recognized. Both promoting as well as suppressing effects on anti-tumor immunity have been reported in response to rectal cancer (chemo-)radiotherapy and various targets for combination therapies are under investigation. A literature review was conducted searching the PubMed database for evidence regarding the pleiotropic effects of (chemo-)radiotherapy on the rectal cancer TIME, including alterations in cytokine levels, immune cell populations and activity as well as changes in immune checkpoint proteins. Radiotherapy can induce immune-stimulating and -suppressive alterations, potentially mediating radioresistance. The response is influenced by treatment modalities, including the dosage administered and the highly individual intrinsic pre-treatment immune status. Directly addressing the main immune cells of the TME, this review aims to highlight therapeutical implications since efficient rectal cancer treatment relies on personalized strategies combining conventional therapies with immune-modulating approaches, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straβe 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (D.S.); (M.L.B.); (J.R.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Tiago De Oliveira
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straβe 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (D.S.); (M.L.B.); (J.R.F.); (M.G.)
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7
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Wang X, Ren L, Ye L, Cao J. Photodynamic therapy augments oxaliplatin-induced immunogenic cell death in colorectal cancer. Cent Eur J Immunol 2023; 48:189-202. [PMID: 37901869 PMCID: PMC10604636 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2023.132053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers. Immunotherapy has been proven to be a potential treatment option for colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer maintains immune escape by expressing low immunogenicity and following the tolerogenic cell death pathway. There is also emerging evidence that oxaliplatin and photodynamic therapy (PDT) can promote anti-tumor immunity. However, the effect of PDT combined with oxaliplatin on colorectal cancer remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the viability of HCT116 and DLD-1 cell lines after treatment with the combination of PDT and oxaliplatin. We found that the viability decreased significantly after the combination treatment. Meanwhile, we also detected that sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS)-derived PDT could amplify oxaliplatin-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) in different colorectal cancer cell lines. More importantly, the combination of DVDMS-derived PDT and oxaliplatin presented strong immunogenic potential in immunocompetent BALB/c mice in the vaccination assay. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the combination of DVDMS-derived PDT and oxaliplatin is a potential novel therapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Germany
- Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Germany
| | - Linhan Ye
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Germany
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China
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8
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Chen Q, Li C, Wang Q. Multifunctional Nano-Biomaterials for Cancer Therapy via Inducing Enhanced Immunogenic Cell Death. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201457. [PMID: 36703555 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is considered to be one of the most promising methods to overcome cancer. Immunogenic cell death (ICD), as a special form of cell death that can trigger an antitumor immune response, has attracted increasing attention for cancer immunotherapy. Presently, ICD-mediating immunotherapy needs to overcome many hurdles including a lack of targeted delivery systems for ICD inducers, insufficient antitumor immunity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Recent research has demonstrated that nano-biomaterials exhibit unique biochemphysical properties at the nanoscale, providing a prospective approach to overcoming these obstacles. In this review, the authors first survey the occurrence, processes, and detection methods of ICD. Subsequently, the recent advances of nano-biomaterials applied to enhance ICD according to the key steps in the process of ICD, particularly with a focus on the mechanisms and lifting schemes are investigated. Finally, based on the achievement in the representative studies, the prospects and challenges of nanotechnology in ICD for cancer therapy are discussed to enable clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
- North District of Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qiangbin Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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9
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Lalani AR, Fakhari F, Radgoudarzi S, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Moloudi K, Khodamoradi E, Taeb S, Najafi M. Immunoregulation by resveratrol; implications for normal tissue protection and tumour suppression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:353-368. [PMID: 36786378 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Immune reactions are involved in both tumour and normal tissue in response to therapy. Elevated secretion of certain chemokines, exosomes and cytokines triggers inflammation, pain, fibrosis and ulceration among other normal tissue side effects. On the other hand, secretion of tumour-promoting molecules suppresses activity of anticancer immune cells and facilitates the proliferation of malignant cells. Novel anticancer drugs such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) boost anticancer immunity via inducing the proliferation of anticancer cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Certain chemotherapy drugs and radiotherapy may induce anticancer immunity in the tumour, however, both have severe side effects for normal tissues through stimulation of several immune responses. Thus, administration of natural products with low side effects may be a promising approach to modulate the immune system in both tumour and normal organs. Resveratrol is a well-known phenol with diverse effects on normal tissues and tumours. To date, a large number of experiments have confirmed the potential of resveratrol as an anticancer adjuvant. This review focuses on ensuing stimulation or suppression of immune responses in both tumour and normal tissue after radiotherapy or anticancer drugs. Later on, the immunoregulatory effects of resveratrol in both tumour and normal tissue following exposure to anticancer agents will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armineh Rezagholi Lalani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fakhari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shakila Radgoudarzi
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Первый МГМУ им), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nima Rastegar-Pouyani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kave Moloudi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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10
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Azizi M, Salehi-Mazandarani S, Nikpour P, Andalib A, Rezaei M. The role of unfolded protein response-associated miRNAs in immunogenic cell death amplification: A literature review and bioinformatics analysis. Life Sci 2023; 314:121341. [PMID: 36586572 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a type of cellular death that is elicited in response to the specific types of anti-cancer therapies and enhances the anti-tumor immune responses by the combination of antigenicity and adjuvanticity of dying tumor cells. There is a well-established interlink between endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and ICD elicited by anti-cancer therapies. Most recent evidences support that unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated miRNAs can be key players in the ERS-induced ICD. Hence, in the present study, we conducted a literature review on the role of these miRNAs and associated molecular pathways that may regulate ICD. We first collected UPR-associated miRNAs that promote ERS-induced apoptosis and then focused on microRNAs (miRNAs) that promote ERS-induced apoptosis via PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway activation, as the main core for ICD and release of damage-associated molecular patterns. To better identify PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway-inducing miRNAs that can be used as potential therapeutic targets for improving ICD in cancer treatment, we did a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and network construction. Our results showed that "pathways in cancer", "MAPK signaling pathway", "PI3K-Akt signaling pathway", and "Cellular senescence", which correlate with UPR components and ERS induction, were among the significant signaling pathways related to the target genes of these miRNAs. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, which revealed the involvement of the PPI-extracted hub genes in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. In conclusion, we propose that these types of miRNAs can be considered as the potential cancer therapy options for better induction of ICD in combination with other ICD inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Azizi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sadra Salehi-Mazandarani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Nikpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Andalib
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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11
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Chemotherapy to potentiate the radiation-induced immune response. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 376:143-173. [PMID: 36997268 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemoradiation (CRT) is a conventional therapy used in local cancers, especially when they are locally advanced. Studies have shown that CRT induces strong anti-tumor responses involving several immune effects in pre-clinical models and humans. In this review, we have described the various immune effects involved in CRT efficacy. Indeed, effects such as immunological cell death, activation and maturation of antigen-presenting cells, and activation of an adaptive anti-tumor immune response are attributed to CRT. As often described in other therapies, various immunosuppressive mechanisms mediated, in particular, by Treg and myeloid populations may reduce the CRT efficacy. We have therefore discussed the relevance of combining CRT with other therapies to potentiate the CRT-induced anti-tumor effects.
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12
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Wang H, Jia H, Gao Y, Zhang H, Fan J, Zhang L, Ren F, Yin Y, Cai Y, Zhu J, Zhu ZJ. Serum metabolic traits reveal therapeutic toxicities and responses of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7802. [PMID: 36528604 PMCID: PMC9759530 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) has become the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Therapeutic efficacy of nCRT is significantly affected by treatment-induced diarrhea and hematologic toxicities. Metabolic alternations in cancer therapy are key determinants to therapeutic toxicities and responses, but exploration in large-scale clinical studies remains limited. Here, we analyze 743 serum samples from 165 LARC patients recruited in a phase III clinical study using untargeted metabolomics and identify responsive metabolic traits over the course of nCRT. Pre-therapeutic serum metabolites successfully predict the chances of diarrhea and hematologic toxicities during nCRT. Particularly, levels of acyl carnitines are linked to sex disparity in nCRT-induced diarrhea. Finally, we show that differences in phenylalanine metabolism and essential amino acid metabolism may underlie distinct therapeutic responses of nCRT. This study illustrates the metabolic dynamics over the course of nCRT and provides potential to guide personalized nCRT treatment using responsive metabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huixun Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Department of Biostatistics, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haosong Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Biostatistics, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fandong Ren
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yandong Yin
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuping Cai
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ji Zhu
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310005, China.
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aging Studies, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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13
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Early radiologic signal of responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade in microsatellite-stable/mismatch repair-proficient metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:2227-2233. [PMID: 36229579 PMCID: PMC9726864 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) results in radiologic tumour response dynamics that differ from chemotherapy efficacy measures and require an early signal of clinical utility. METHODS Previously untreated, unresectable microsatellite-stable (MSS)/mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) colorectal cancer (CRC) patients were randomly assigned to the oxaliplatin-based Nordic FLOX regimen (control arm) or repeat sequential two FLOX cycles and two ICB cycles (experimental arm). The radiologic response was assessed every 8 weeks. In this post hoc analysis, we explored early target lesion (TL) dynamics as indicator of ICB responsiveness. Progression-free survival (PFS) was the primary endpoint. RESULTS Using a landmark analysis approach, we categorised experimental-arm patients into ≥10% (N = 19) or <10% (N = 16) TL reduction at the first post-baseline response assessment. Median PFS for the groups was 16.0 (95% confidence interval (CI), 12.3-19.7) and 3.9 months (95% CI, 2.3-5.5), respectively, superior and inferior (both P < 0.01) to the median PFS of 9.8 months (95% CI, 4.9-14.7) for control arm patients (N = 31). CONCLUSIONS Radiologic TL reduction of ≥10% at the first post-baseline response assessment identified patients with ICB-responsive metastatic MSS/pMMR-CRC. This pragmatic measure may be used to monitor patients in investigational ICB schedules, enabling early treatment adaptation for unresponsive cases. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03388190 (02/01/2018).
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14
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Xie D, Wang Q, Wu G. Research progress in inducing immunogenic cell death of tumor cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1017400. [PMID: 36466838 PMCID: PMC9712455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1017400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a regulated cell death (RCD) pathway. In response to physical and chemical signals, tumor cells activate specific signaling pathways that stimulate stress responses in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and expose damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which promote antitumor immune responses. As a result, the tumor microenvironment is altered, and many tumor cells are killed. The ICD response in tumor cells requires inducers. These inducers can be from different sources and contribute to the development of the ICD either indirectly or directly. The combination of ICD inducers with other tumor treatments further enhances the immune response in tumor cells, and more tumor cells are killed; however, it also produces side effects of varying severity. New induction methods based on nanotechnology improve the antitumor ability and significantly reduces side effects because they can target tumor cells precisely. In this review, we introduce the characteristics and mechanisms of ICD responses in tumor cells and the DAMPs associated with ICD responses, summarize the current methods of inducing ICD response in tumor cells in five distinct categories: chemical sources, physical sources, pathogenic sources, combination therapies, and innovative therapies. At the same time, we introduce the limitations of current ICD inducers and make a summary of the use of ICD responses in clinical trials. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future of ICD inducer development and provide some constructive suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qifei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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15
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Zhang Z, Kuo JCT, Zhang C, Huang Y, Lee RJ. Ivermectin Enhanced Antitumor Activity of Resiquimod in a Co-Loaded Squalene Emulsion. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3038-3046. [PMID: 35697319 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) plays an important role in sensitizing tumor cells to antigen-presenting cells followed by antitumor immunity. However, a successful antitumor response by ICD requires both apoptotic tumor microenvironments and activated immune systems. Ivermectin (IVM) has been shown to induce cell apoptosis through autophagy which can be a great candidate for ICD therapy. However, a single treatment of IVM-free drug is not an ideal anticancer therapy due to its anti-inflammatory effects and cytotoxicity. In the present study, IVM was shown to enhance the ICD process in addition to the treatment of resiquimod (R848), a TLR7/8 agonist, when co-loaded in a squalene-based nanoemulsion (NE). R848-IVM co-loaded NE was developed and characterized in vitro. Antitumor activity of R848-IVM NE was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. R848-IVM NE exhibited long-term stability and reduced cytotoxicity by IVM. In vivo studies demonstrated that IVM significantly augments the ICD by upregulating Cd8a and releasing HMGB1 in tumor tissue, which could enhance R848-driven antitumor immunity. R848-IVM NE treatment showed strong antitumor activity with over 80% tumor growth inhibition, suggesting a potential combination therapy of systemic co-delivering IVM with TLR agonists against solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongkun Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Jimmy Chun-Tien Kuo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Yirui Huang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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16
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Shi M, Chen Y, Ji D. The implications from the interplay of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and the immune microenvironment in rectal cancer. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3229-3244. [PMID: 36017694 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is recommended for the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. Even though the combination of nCRT and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has received much attention, the specific combination modes and dose fractions in radiotherapy (RT) are still indistinct. This review focuses on the immunological mechanism involved in nCRT, the clinical efficacy, the immunological effect of different combined strategies, concurrent or sequential nCRT plus ICIs, long-course RT and short-course RT. This review discusses the impact of nCRT on tumor immunity and summarizes the availability of different dose fractions in RT and distinct combined strategies, aiming at providing clues for optimal neoadjuvant therapy options that maximize efficacy and minimize side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Shi
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis & Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yongkang Chen
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis & Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Dengbo Ji
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis & Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
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17
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Histopathological and Haemogram Features Correlate with Prognosis in Rectal Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation without Pathological Complete Response. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11174947. [PMID: 36078877 PMCID: PMC9456328 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11174947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NCRT) followed by surgery is the standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC); approximately 80% of patients do not achieve complete response. Identifying prognostic factors predictive of survival in these patients to guide further management is needed. The intratumoural lymphocytic response (ILR), peritumoural lymphocytic reaction (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PtLR) are correlated with the tumour microenvironment and cancer-related systemic inflammation. This study aimed to explore the ability of the ILR, PLR, NLR, and PtLR to predict survival in LARC patients without a complete response to NCRT. Methods: Sixty-nine patients who underwent NCRT and surgery were retrospectively reviewed. The ILR and PLR were assessed in surgical specimens, and the NLR and PtLR were calculated using pre- and post-NCRT blood count data. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analyses were performed for survival analysis. Results: A high PLR and high post-NCRT NLR and PtLR were significantly associated with better prognosis. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI), post-NCRT neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count were significant predictors of overall survival. LVI and the PLR were independent predictors of disease-free survival. Conclusions: NCRT-induced local and systemic immune responses are favourable prognostic predictors in LARC patients without complete response to NCRT.
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18
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Balsamo JA, Penton KE, Zhao Z, Hayes MJ, Lima SM, Irish JM, Bachmann BO. An immunogenic cell injury module for the single-cell multiplexed activity metabolomics platform to identify promising anti-cancer natural products. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102300. [PMID: 35931117 PMCID: PMC9424577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products constitute and significantly impact many current anti-cancer medical interventions. A subset of natural products induces injury processes in malignant cells that recruit and activate host immune cells to produce an adaptive anti-cancer immune response, a process known as immunogenic cell death. However, a challenge in the field is to delineate forms of cell death and injury that best promote durable antitumor immunity. Addressing this with a single-cell chemical biology natural product discovery platform, like multiplex activity metabolomics, would be especially valuable in human leukemia, where cancer cells are heterogeneous and may react differently to the same compounds. Herein, a new ten-color, fluorescent cell barcoding-compatible module measuring six immunogenic cell injury signaling readouts are as follows: DNA damage response (γH2AX), apoptosis (cCAS3), necroptosis (p-MLKL), mitosis (p-Histone H3), autophagy (LC3), and the unfolded protein response (p-EIF2α). A proof-of-concept screen was performed to validate functional changes in single cells induced by secondary metabolites with known mechanisms within bacterial extracts. This assay was then applied in multiplexed activity metabolomics to reveal an unexpected mammalian cell injury profile induced by the natural product narbomycin. Finally, the functional consequences of injury pathways on immunogenicity were compared with three canonical assays for immunogenic hallmarks, ATP, HMGB1, and calreticulin, to correlate secondary metabolite-induced cell injury profiles with canonical markers of immunogenic cell death. In total, this work demonstrated a new phenotypic screen for discovery of natural products that modulate injury response pathways that can contribute to cancer immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Balsamo
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, US
| | - Kathryn E Penton
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhihan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Madeline J Hayes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sierra M Lima
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian O Bachmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, US; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA.
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19
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Selvin T, Fasterius E, Jarvius M, Fryknäs M, Larsson R, Andersson CR. Single-cell transcriptional pharmacodynamics of trifluridine in a tumor-immune model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11960. [PMID: 35831404 PMCID: PMC9279337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immunological effects of chemotherapy is of great importance, especially now that we have entered an era where ever-increasing pre-clinical and clinical efforts are put into combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy to combat cancer. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has proved to be a powerful technique with a broad range of applications, studies evaluating drug effects in co-cultures of tumor and immune cells are however scarce. We treated a co-culture comprised of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the nucleoside analogue trifluridine (FTD) and used scRNA-seq to analyze posttreatment gene expression profiles in thousands of individual cancer and immune cells concurrently. ScRNA-seq recapitulated major mechanisms of action previously described for FTD and provided new insight into possible treatment-induced effects on T-cell mediated antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Selvin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erik Fasterius
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes R Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Ali R, Aouida M, Alhaj Sulaiman A, Madhusudan S, Ramotar D. Can Cisplatin Therapy Be Improved? Pathways That Can Be Targeted. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137241. [PMID: 35806243 PMCID: PMC9266583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)) is the oldest known chemotherapeutic agent. Since the identification of its anti-tumour activity, it earned a remarkable place as a treatment of choice for several cancer types. It remains effective against testicular, bladder, lung, head and neck, ovarian, and other cancers. Cisplatin treatment triggers different cellular responses. However, it exerts its cytotoxic effects by generating inter-strand and intra-strand crosslinks in DNA. Tumour cells often develop tolerance mechanisms by effectively repairing cisplatin-induced DNA lesions or tolerate the damage by adopting translesion DNA synthesis. Cisplatin-associated nephrotoxicity is also a huge challenge for effective therapy. Several preclinical and clinical studies attempted to understand the major limitations associated with cisplatin therapy, and so far, there is no definitive solution. As such, a more comprehensive molecular and genetic profiling of patients is needed to identify those individuals that can benefit from platinum therapy. Additionally, the treatment regimen can be improved by combining cisplatin with certain molecular targeted therapies to achieve a balance between tumour toxicity and tolerance mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the importance of various biological processes that contribute to the resistance of cisplatin and its derivatives. We aim to highlight the processes that can be modulated to suppress cisplatin resistance and provide an insight into the role of uptake transporters in enhancing drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Ali
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Mustapha Aouida
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Abdallah Alhaj Sulaiman
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 3RD, UK;
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar; (M.A.); (A.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (D.R.)
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21
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Wu Q, Huang Q, Jiang Y, Sun F, Liang B, Wang J, Hu X, Sun M, Ma Z, Shi Y, Liang Y, Tan Y, Zeng D, Yao F, Xu X, Yao Z, Li S, Rong X, Huang N, Sun L, Liao W, Shi M. Remodeling Chondroitin-6-Sulfate-Mediated Immune Exclusion Enhances Anti-PD-1 Response in Colorectal Cancer with Microsatellite Stability. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:182-199. [PMID: 34933913 PMCID: PMC9414301 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancer rarely responds to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Metabolism heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment (TME) presents obstacles to antitumor immune response. Combining transcriptome (The Cancer Genome Atlas MSS colorectal cancer, n = 383) and digital pathology (n = 96) analysis, we demonstrated a stroma metabolism-immune excluded subtype with poor prognosis in MSS colorectal cancer, which could be attributed to interaction between chondroitin-6-sulfate (C-6-S) metabolites and M2 macrophages, forming the "exclusion barrier" in the invasive margin. Furthermore, C-6-S derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts promoted co-nuclear translocation of pSTAT3 and GLI1, activating the JAK/STAT3 and Hedgehog pathways. In vivo experiments with C-6-S-targeted strategies decreased M2 macrophages and reprogrammed the immunosuppressive TME, leading to enhanced response to anti-PD-1 in MSS colorectal cancer. Therefore, C-6-S-induced immune exclusion represents an "immunometabolic checkpoint" that can be exploited for the application of combination strategies in MSS colorectal cancer ICI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Bishan Liang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xingbin Hu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mengting Sun
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yulu Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yanxiao Liang
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fangzhen Yao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqi Yao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Rong
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wangjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Corresponding Author: Min Shi, Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China. E-mail:
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22
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Kroemer G, Kepp O. Radiochemotherapy-induced elevations of plasma HMGB1 levels predict therapeutic responses in cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:2005859. [PMID: 34858731 PMCID: PMC8632107 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2005859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group B1 (HMGB1) is a protein that is released from dying cancer cells in the context of immunogenic cell death (ICD). A recent study performed on patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) reports that a chemoradiotherapy-induced increase in circulating HMGB1 levels predicts favorable outcome, echoing prior studies on neoadjuvant treatment of breast and rectal cancer in which the dynamics of HMGB1 plasma levels also have prognostic value. Hence, a therapy-induced rise in HMGB1 may be interpreted as a clinical sign of ICD and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138 and CNRS SNC 5096, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Institut du Cancer Paris Carpem, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138 and CNRS SNC 5096, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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23
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Bi F, Jiang Z, Park W, Hartwich TMP, Ge Z, Chong KY, Yang K, Morrison MJ, Kim D, Kim J, Zhang W, Kril LM, Watt DS, Liu C, Yang-Hartwich Y. A Benzenesulfonamide-Based Mitochondrial Uncoupler Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Immunogenic Cell Death in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2398-2409. [PMID: 34625503 PMCID: PMC8643344 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies and requires new therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes. EOC metastasizes in the abdominal cavity through dissemination in the peritoneal fluid and ascites, efficiently adapt to the nutrient-deprived microenvironment, and resist current chemotherapeutic agents. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is critical for the adaptation of EOC cells to this otherwise hostile microenvironment. Although chemical mitochondrial uncouplers can impair mitochondrial functions and thereby target multiple, essential pathways for cancer cell proliferation, traditional mitochondria uncouplers often cause toxicity that precludes their clinical application. In this study, we demonstrated that a mitochondrial uncoupler, specifically 2,5-dichloro-N-(4-nitronaphthalen-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide, hereinafter named Y3, was an antineoplastic agent in ovarian cancer models. Y3 treatment activated AMP-activated protein kinase and resulted in the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress sensors as well as growth inhibition and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells in vitro Y3 was well tolerated in vivo and effectively suppressed tumor progression in three mouse models of EOC, and Y3 also induced immunogenic cell death of cancer cells that involved the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and the activation of antitumor adaptive immune responses. These findings suggest that mitochondrial uncouplers hold promise in developing new anticancer therapies that delay tumor progression and protect patients with ovarian cancer against relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ziyan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wonmin Park
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Tobias M P Hartwich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zhiping Ge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kay Y Chong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kevin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Madeline J Morrison
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dongin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jaeyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Health Care, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Liliia M Kril
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Health Care, Lexington, Kentucky
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - David S Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Health Care, Lexington, Kentucky
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Chunming Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
- Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Health Care, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yang Yang-Hartwich
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Jiang M, Zeng J, Zhao L, Zhang M, Ma J, Guan X, Zhang W. Chemotherapeutic drug-induced immunogenic cell death for nanomedicine-based cancer chemo-immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17218-17235. [PMID: 34643196 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05512g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been a conventional paradigm for cancer treatment, and multifarious chemotherapeutic drugs have been widely employed for decades with significant performances in suppressing tumors. Moreover, some of the antitumor chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin (DOX), oxaliplatin (OXA), cyclophosphamide (CPA) and paclitaxel (PTX), can also tackle tumors through the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in tumor cells to trigger specific antitumor immune responses of the body and improve chemotherapy efficacy. In recent years, chemo-immunotherapy has attracted increasing attention as one of the most promising combination therapies to struggle with malignant tumors. Many effective antitumor therapies have benefited from the successful induction of ICD in tumors, which could incur the release of endogenous danger signals and tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), further stimulating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and ultimately initiating efficient antitumor immunity. In this review, several well-characterized damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were introduced and the progress of ICD induced by representative chemotherapeutic drugs for nanomedicine-based chemo-immunotherapy was highlighted. In addition, the combination strategies involving ICD cooperated with other therapies were discussed. Finally, we shared some perspectives in chemotherapeutic drug-induced ICD for future chemo-immunotherapy. It was hoped that this review would provide worthwhile presentations and enlightenments for cancer chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Jun Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Liping Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Mogen Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiuwen Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Weifen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
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Macrophage polarization synergizes with oxaliplatin in lung cancer immunotherapy via enhanced tumor cell phagocytosis. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101202. [PMID: 34390893 PMCID: PMC8365514 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
LLC cells pretreated with OXA were more prone to be phagocytized by M1 than M2 macrophages. M2 repolarized to M1 by R848 in vitro showed enhanced phagocytic ability to OXA-treated LLC cells. Macrophage polarization from pro-tumor M2 to anti-tumor M1 synergizes with OXA.
Calreticulin (CALR) exposure is required for most immunogenic cell death (ICD) in the anti-tumor immunity induced by chemotherapeutic agents. The present study aimed to explore the anti-tumor efficacy of the combined administration of oxaliplatin (OXA) and R848 (an agent for macrophage polarization) in lung cancer cells. Flow cytometry and immunostaining assays were performed to evaluate CALR exposure induced by OXA in the murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. The phagocytosis of macrophages was determined using flow cytometry and western blotting assays. The anti-tumor efficacy of the OXA and R848 combination was evaluated using flow cytometry and western blotting in vitro and in vivo. OXA induced CALR exposure on the surface of LLC cells after low dose and short duration of treatment (20 μM OXA for 24 h). LLC cells pretreated with OXA were more prone to be phagocytized by M1 than M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages repolarized to M1 by R848 in vitro showed enhanced phagocytic ability to OXA-treated LLC cells. Finally, combined administration of OXA and R848 exhibited a synergistic anti-tumor effect than single agent applied in vitro and in vivo. Macrophage polarization from pro-tumor M2 to anti-tumor M1 synergizes with OXA in lung cancer immunotherapy via enhanced tumor cell phagocytosis.
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Xuan Y, Guan M, Zhang S. Tumor immunotherapy and multi-mode therapies mediated by medical imaging of nanoprobes. Theranostics 2021; 11:7360-7378. [PMID: 34158855 PMCID: PMC8210602 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an effective tumor treatment strategy that has several advantages over conventional methods such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Studies show that multifunctional nanoprobes can achieve multi-mode image-guided multiple tumor treatment modes. The tumor cells killed by chemotherapies or phototherapies release antigens that trigger an immune response and augment the effects of tumor immunotherapy. Thus, combining immunotherapy and multifunctional nanoprobes can achieve early cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we have summarized the current research on the applications of multifunctional nanoprobes in image-guided immunotherapy. In addition, image-guided synergistic chemotherapy/photothermal therapy/photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy have also been discussed. Furthermore, the application potential and clinical prospects of multifunctional nanoprobes in combination with immunotherapy have been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shubiao Zhang
- Key Lab of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116600, China
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Vaes RDW, Hendriks LEL, Vooijs M, De Ruysscher D. Biomarkers of Radiotherapy-Induced Immunogenic Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040930. [PMID: 33920544 PMCID: PMC8073519 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) can induce an immunogenic variant of regulated cell death that can initiate clinically relevant tumor-targeting immune responses. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is accompanied by the exposure and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), chemokine release, and stimulation of type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. In recent years, intensive research has unraveled major mechanistic aspects of RT-induced ICD and has resulted in the identification of immunogenic factors that are released by irradiated tumor cells. However, so far, only a limited number of studies have searched for potential biomarkers that can be used to predict if irradiated tumor cells undergo ICD that can elicit an effective immunogenic anti-tumor response. In this article, we summarize the available literature on potential biomarkers of RT-induced ICD that have been evaluated in cancer patients. Additionally, we discuss the clinical relevance of these findings and important aspects that should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne D. W. Vaes
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.V.); (D.D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)43-388-1585
| | - Lizza E. L. Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.V.); (D.D.R.)
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.V.); (D.D.R.)
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Oxygen and oxaliplatin-loaded nanoparticles combined with photo-sonodynamic inducing enhanced immunogenic cell death in syngeneic mouse models of ovarian cancer. J Control Release 2021; 332:448-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Brouwer TP, Vahrmeijer AL, de Miranda NFCC. Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer: chasing the light at the end of the tunnel. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:261-278. [PMID: 33710604 PMCID: PMC7985121 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has had a significant impact on the survival of a subset of patients with advanced cancers. It has been particularly effective in immunogenic cancer types that present large numbers of somatic mutations in their genomes. To date, all conventional immunotherapies have failed to produce significant clinical benefits for patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, probably due to its poor immunogenic properties, including low numbers of neoantigens and highly immune-suppressive microenvironments. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we discuss advances that have recently been made in cancer immunotherapy and the potential of this field to deliver effective treatment options for pancreatic cancer patients. Preclinical investigations, combining different types of therapies, highlight possibilities to enhance anti-tumor immunity and to generate meaningful clinical responses in pancreatic cancer patients. Results from completed and ongoing (pre)clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Brouwer
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC
| | | | - Noel F C C de Miranda
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC.
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30
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Kim SA, Nam G, Bae YR, Jha SK, Kim S, Choi Y, Lee Y, Kwon M, Jeong C, Byun Y, Park JW, Kim I. Oral Cancer Immunotherapy through a Simvastatin‐Loaded Colloidal Dispersion System for the Generation of Sustained Antitumor Immunity. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong A Kim
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Gi‐hoon Nam
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Rang Bae
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Saurav Kumar Jha
- Department of Biomedicine Health and Life Convergence Sciences BK21 Four Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kim
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Choi
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Lee
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kwon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Korea University Anam Hospital Korea University College of Medicine 73 Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolhyun Jeong
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology College of Pharmacy Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Biomedicine Health and Life Convergence Sciences BK21 Four Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute Mokpo National University 1666 Youngsan‐ro, Muangun Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
| | - In‐San Kim
- Center for Theragnosis Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU‐KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam‐ro Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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Marcus D, Lieverse RIY, Klein C, Abdollahi A, Lambin P, Dubois LJ, Yaromina A. Charged Particle and Conventional Radiotherapy: Current Implications as Partner for Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1468. [PMID: 33806808 PMCID: PMC8005048 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to interfere with inflammatory signals and to enhance tumor immunogenicity via, e.g., immunogenic cell death, thereby potentially augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. Conventional RT consists predominantly of high energy photon beams. Hypofractionated RT regimens administered, e.g., by stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), are increasingly investigated in combination with cancer immunotherapy within clinical trials. Despite intensive preclinical studies, the optimal dose per fraction and dose schemes for elaboration of RT induced immunogenic potential remain inconclusive. Compared to the scenario of combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and RT, multimodal therapies utilizing other immunotherapy principles such as adoptive transfer of immune cells, vaccination strategies, targeted immune-cytokines and agonists are underrepresented in both preclinical and clinical settings. Despite the clinical success of ICI and RT combination, e.g., prolonging overall survival in locally advanced lung cancer, curative outcomes are still not achieved for most cancer entities studied. Charged particle RT (PRT) has gained interest as it may enhance tumor immunogenicity compared to conventional RT due to its unique biological and physical properties. However, whether PRT in combination with immune therapy will elicit superior antitumor effects both locally and systemically needs to be further investigated. In this review, the immunological effects of RT in the tumor microenvironment are summarized to understand their implications for immunotherapy combinations. Attention will be given to the various immunotherapeutic interventions that have been co-administered with RT so far. Furthermore, the theoretical basis and first evidences supporting a favorable immunogenicity profile of PRT will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiënne Marcus
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Relinde I. Y. Lieverse
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Carmen Klein
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.A.)
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 222, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core-Center Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Clinical Cooperation Unit Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.K.); (A.A.)
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (MFHD) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg University and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 222, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Lambin
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Ludwig J. Dubois
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
| | - Ala Yaromina
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW–School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.M.); (R.I.Y.L.); (P.L.); (L.J.D.)
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Miao X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Huang L, Xin T, Shen R, Wang T. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 synergizes with oxaliplatin for efficient colorectal cancer therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 20:442-450. [PMID: 33665222 PMCID: PMC7889448 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the immunogenic cell death provoked by oxaliplatin (OXA) and the involvement of OXA-induced immunosuppression in colorectal cancer. Immune-proficient or -deficient mice were employed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of OXA. Immunogenic cell death was characterized by cell-surface calreticulin, cytosol-translocated high migration rate group protein B1 (HMGB1), and secretory ATP content. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) maturation and CD8+ T cell expansion were measured by flow cytometry. Expression of immunosuppressive genes was quantified by both RT-PCR and western blots. The proliferative and apoptotic indexes of xenograft tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assays, respectively. The secretory cytokines were measured with ELISA. OXA induced immunogenic cell death of murine colorectal cancer, which greatly depended on the host immune response. OXA-pretreated CT26 cells promoted BMDC maturation and CD8+ T cell expansion. OXA significantly upregulated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in patient-derived colorectal cancer cells and in combination with the IDO1-specific inhibitor, NLG919, suppressed tumor progression. Simultaneous administration with both OXA and NLG919 greatly promoted CD8+ T cell infiltration and decreased immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) production, whereas increased immunostimulatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12p70 and interferon (IFN)-γ. We demonstrated the upregulation of IDO1 by OXA, which combined with the IDO1 inhibitor, tremendously potentiated therapeutic effects of OXA against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Miao
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu, China
- Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi, 214023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi, 214023 Jiangsu, China
| | - Zengyao Li
- Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi, 214023 Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Taojian Xin
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu, China
| | - Renhui Shen
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu, China
- Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi, 214023 Jiangsu, China
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33
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Immunogenic Cell Death by the Novel Topoisomerase I Inhibitor TLC388 Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061218. [PMID: 33799527 PMCID: PMC7998596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aims to evaluate the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD) for anticancer immunity by the novel topoisomerase I inhibitor lipotecan. These results show that lipotecan can remarkably elicit ICD and increase tumor immunogenicity, which promotes the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy compared to conventional chemoradiotherapy in vivo. These results provide potential therapeutic strategies to improve the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy in colorectal cancer (CRC), which may increase the local control rate and decrease tumor relapse in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients who receive preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Abstract Rectal cancer accounts for 30–40% of colorectal cancer (CRC) and is the most common cancer-related death worldwide. The preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neoCRT) regimen is the main therapeutic strategy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) to control tumor growth and reduce distant metastasis. However, 30–40% of patients achieve a partial response to neoCRT and suffer from unnecessary drug toxicity side effects and a risk of distant metastasis. In our study, we found that the novel topoisomerase I inhibitor lipotecan (TLC388) can elicit immunogenic cell death (ICD) to release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including HMGB1, ANXA1, and CRT exposure. Lipotecan thereby increases cancer immunogenicity and triggers an antitumor immune response to attract immune cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results show that lipotecan can remodel the tumor microenvironment to provoke anticancer immune responses, which can provide potential clinical benefits to the therapeutic efficacy of neoCRT in LARC patients.
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Anthony EJ, Bolitho EM, Bridgewater HE, Carter OWL, Donnelly JM, Imberti C, Lant EC, Lermyte F, Needham RJ, Palau M, Sadler PJ, Shi H, Wang FX, Zhang WY, Zhang Z. Metallodrugs are unique: opportunities and challenges of discovery and development. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12888-12917. [PMID: 34123239 PMCID: PMC8163330 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04082g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals play vital roles in nutrients and medicines and provide chemical functionalities that are not accessible to purely organic compounds. At least 10 metals are essential for human life and about 46 other non-essential metals (including radionuclides) are also used in drug therapies and diagnostic agents. These include platinum drugs (in 50% of cancer chemotherapies), lithium (bipolar disorders), silver (antimicrobials), and bismuth (broad-spectrum antibiotics). While the quest for novel and better drugs is now as urgent as ever, drug discovery and development pipelines established for organic drugs and based on target identification and high-throughput screening of compound libraries are less effective when applied to metallodrugs. Metallodrugs are often prodrugs which undergo activation by ligand substitution or redox reactions, and are multi-targeting, all of which need to be considered when establishing structure-activity relationships. We focus on early-stage in vitro drug discovery, highlighting the challenges of evaluating anticancer, antimicrobial and antiviral metallo-pharmacophores in cultured cells, and identifying their targets. We highlight advances in the application of metal-specific techniques that can assist the preclinical development, including synchrotron X-ray spectro(micro)scopy, luminescence, and mass spectrometry-based methods, combined with proteomic and genomic (metallomic) approaches. A deeper understanding of the behavior of metals and metallodrugs in biological systems is not only key to the design of novel agents with unique mechanisms of action, but also to new understanding of clinically-established drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Elizabeth M Bolitho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Hannah E Bridgewater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Oliver W L Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Jane M Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Edward C Lant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Russell J Needham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Marta Palau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Huayun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Fang-Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Wen-Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Zijin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Glynne-Jones R, Hall M, Nagtegaal ID. The optimal timing for the interval to surgery after short course preoperative radiotherapy (5 ×5 Gy) in rectal cancer - are we too eager for surgery? Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 90:102104. [PMID: 33002819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The improved overall survival (OS) after short course preoperative radiotherapy (SCPRT) using 5 × 5 Gy reported in the early rectal cancer trials could not be replicated in subsequent phase III trials. This original survival advantage is attributed to poor quality of surgery and the large differential in local recurrence rates, with and without SCPRT. Immuno-modulation during and after SCPRT and its clinical implications have been poorly investigated. We propose an alternative explanation for this survival benefit in terms of immunological mechanisms induced by SCPRT and the timing of surgery, which may validate the concept of consolidation chemotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and studies of SCPRT from 1985 to 2019. We aimed to examine the precise timing of surgery in days following SCPRT and identify evidence for immune modulation, neo-antigens and memory cell induction by radiation. RESULTS Considerable variability is reported in randomised trials for median overall treatment time (OTT) from start of SCPRT to surgery (8-14 days). Only three early trials showed a benefit in terms of OS from SCPRT, although the level of benefit in preventing local recurrence was consistent across all trials. Different patterns of immune effects are observed within days after SCPRT depending on the OTT, but human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-1 expression was not upregulated. CONCLUSIONS SCPRT has a substantial immune-stimulatory potential. The importance of the timing of surgery after SCPRT may have been underestimated. An optimal interval for surgery after 5 × 5 Gy may lead to better outcomes, which is possibly exploited in total neoadjuvant therapy schedules using consolidation chemotherapy. Individual patient meta-analyses from appropriate SCPRT trials examining outcomes for each day and prospective trials are needed to clarify the validity of this hypothesis. The interaction of SCPRT with tumour adaptive immunology, in particular the kinetics and timing, should be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glynne-Jones
- Radiotherapy Department, Mount Vernon Centre for Cancer Treatment, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood HA6 2RN, United Kingdom.
| | - M Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Centre for Cancer Treatment, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood HA6 2RN, United Kingdom
| | - I D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboudumc, PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Wu X, Gao X, Xing X, Wen X, Li Z, Ji J. The T-Cell-Inflammation Status Can Predict Outcomes of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:1407-1416. [PMID: 32767226 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunogenic chemotherapy promotes antitumor immune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In gastric cancer, the effect of a preexisting T-cell-inflamed TME on the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the benefits of ACT in T-cell-inflamed gastric cancer. METHODS Three cohorts (n = 267, 300, and 198) of gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy with or without ACT were included in this study. Based on a well-defined T-cell-inflamed gene signature, which includes 13 genes, these patients were classified into non-T-cell-inflamed, intermediate T-cell-inflamed, and T-cell-inflamed subgroups. The CIBERSORT software was used to estimate the immune cells infiltrating the TME, and the Kaplan-Meier curve was plotted for survival analysis. RESULTS The T-cell-inflamed patients had high levels of CD8 + T, gamma delta T, and activated CD4 + memory T cells, whereas low level of resting NK cells was observed in all the three cohorts (all P < 0.05). In patients with stage II-IV disease without distant metastasis, those who were T-cell-inflamed were more likely to benefit from ACT (all P < 0.05), regardless of the chemotherapy regimen. Furthermore, patients with both T-cell-inflamed and high microsatellite instability status also were likely to benefit from ACT (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that T-cell inflammation is predictive of a survival benefit from ACT. Our findings will be helpful in making decisions regarding the use of chemotherapy in combination with immunotherapy to improve the clinical outcomes in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Chen CC, Wu ML, Huang KC, Huang IP, Chung YL. The Effects of Neoadjuvant Treatment on the Tumor Microenvironment in Rectal Cancer: Implications for Immune Activation and Therapy Response. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2020; 19:e164-e180. [PMID: 32387305 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because more than one neoadjuvant treatment is available for advanced rectal cancer, the aim of this study was to compare the differential clinical and pathologic effects of different combinations of chemoradiation regimens, treatment sequencing, and timing to surgery on patient outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 2015 and October 2018, 126 newly diagnosed patients with rectal cancer with magnetic resonance imaging-based cT3-4 or N+ rectal disease for curative-intent treatment received 1 of 4 neoadjuvant regimens, followed by immediate surgery or delayed surgery. Whole post-neoadjuvant surgical specimens were assessed by 3-dimensional digital whole-tumor microarray imaging and immunostaining in pathology to analyze the global tumor pathologic regression grades, residual tumor distribution patterns, the extent of lymphovascular permeation, lymph node positivity, and the overall density of lymphocyte infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. These factors were further examined to identify possible correlations with clinical outcomes. RESULTS Among the 4 neoadjuvant treatment groups, including 2 conventional regimens, we found a significant increase of stromal CD3+ and CD8+ immune infiltrates in the postneoadjuvant tumor microenvironment in the 3 groups with delayed surgery after different chemoradiation regimens compared with the group with immediate surgery after a short course of RT alone. Independent of neoadjuvant chemoradiation regimens, the post-induction high-intermediate-low stromal-infiltrating CD8+ T-cell densities corresponded to tumor regression grades, distant metastasis rates, and disease-free survival and were prognostic factors for the further stratification of patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III rectal cancer into different risk groups after surgery. CONCLUSION The effectiveness of induction strategies on tumor remission and disease recurrence in advanced rectal cancer was significantly correlated with an enhanced cytotoxic immune response in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Surgery, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ping Huang
- Department of Surgery, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Lin Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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