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Salisbury SJ, Ruzzante DE. Genetic Causes and Consequences of Sympatric Morph Divergence in Salmonidae: A Search for Mechanisms. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:81-106. [PMID: 34758272 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-051021-080709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Repeatedly and recently evolved sympatric morphs exhibiting consistent phenotypic differences provide natural experimental replicates of speciation. Because such morphs are observed frequently in Salmonidae, this clade provides a rare opportunity to uncover the genomic mechanisms underpinning speciation. Such insight is also critical for conserving salmonid diversity, the loss of which could have significant ecological and economic consequences. Our review suggests that genetic differentiation among sympatric morphs is largely nonparallel apart from a few key genes that may be critical for consistently driving morph differentiation. We discuss alternative levels of parallelism likely underlying consistent morph differentiation and identify several factors that may temper this incipient speciation between sympatric morphs, including glacial history and contemporary selective pressures. Our synthesis demonstrates that salmonids are useful for studying speciation and poses additional research questions to be answered by future study of this family. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Salisbury
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; ,
| | - D E Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; ,
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2
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Morrison CM, Gallagher CP, Tierney KB, Howland KL. Freshwater early life growth influences partial migration in populations of Dolly Varden ( Salvelinus malma malma). Polar Biol 2021; 44:1353-1364. [PMID: 34720375 PMCID: PMC8550469 DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Populations of northern Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma malma) exhibit partial seaward migration, yet little is known about this phenomenon in Dolly Varden populations. Our study analyzed data from three different Dolly Varden populations in the western Canadian Arctic in order to determine if: (1) differences in size-at-first seaward migration exist between fish that migrate at early and late ages among populations inhabiting different river systems, and (2) annual growth influences anadromous or resident life history choice. Otolith strontium analysis and back-calculation were used to determine age- and size-at-first seaward migration, respectively. Differences in age- and size-at-first seaward migration were determined across river system and migration age. Back-calculated fish lengths were compared using a mixed effect model to determine how early growth influences migratory tactics (early or late aged smolt, or resident). Our results indicate that fish exhibiting faster early growth migrated in earlier years and at smaller sizes than slower growing fish, however size- and age-at first seaward migration varied by river system. Faster growing Dolly Varden tended to become either residents or early smolts, while slower growth was associated with smolting later in life. This is contrary to life history theory where the fastest growing fish in a population should mature as a resident. Our results indicate factors other than growth may be influencing life history ‘decisions’ in Dolly Varden. Future work on growth efficiencies and metabolic rates is needed to assess how they affect migratory behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie M Morrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada.,Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2 Canada
| | - Colin P Gallagher
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6 Canada
| | - Keith B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Kimberly L Howland
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6 Canada
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3
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Koch IJ, Narum SR. An evaluation of the potential factors affecting lifetime reproductive success in salmonids. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1929-1957. [PMID: 34429740 PMCID: PMC8372082 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifetime reproductive success (LRS), the number of offspring produced over an organism's lifetime, is a fundamental component of Darwinian fitness. For taxa such as salmonids with multiple species of conservation concern, understanding the factors affecting LRS is critical for the development and implementation of successful conservation management practices. Here, we reviewed the published literature to synthesize factors affecting LRS in salmonids including significant effects of hatchery rearing, life history, and phenotypic variation, and behavioral and spawning interactions. Additionally, we found that LRS is affected by competitive behavior on the spawning grounds, genetic compatibility, local adaptation, and hybridization. Our review of existing literature revealed limitations of LRS studies, and we emphasize the following areas that warrant further attention in future research: (1) expanding the range of studies assessing LRS across different life-history strategies, specifically accounting for distinct reproductive and migratory phenotypes; (2) broadening the variety of species represented in salmonid fitness studies; (3) constructing multigenerational pedigrees to track long-term fitness effects; (4) conducting LRS studies that investigate the effects of aquatic stressors, such as anthropogenic effects, pathogens, environmental factors in both freshwater and marine environments, and assessing overall body condition, and (5) utilizing appropriate statistical approaches to determine the factors that explain the greatest variation in fitness and providing information regarding biological significance, power limitations, and potential sources of error in salmonid parentage studies. Overall, this review emphasizes that studies of LRS have profoundly advanced scientific understanding of salmonid fitness, but substantial challenges need to be overcome to assist with long-term recovery of these keystone species in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana J. Koch
- Columbia River Inter‐Tribal Fish CommissionHagermanIDUSA
| | - Shawn R. Narum
- Columbia River Inter‐Tribal Fish CommissionHagermanIDUSA
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4
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Barrow JS, Yen JDL, Koehn JD, Zampatti BP, Thiem JD, Tonkin Z, Strawbridge A, Morrongiello JR. Lifetime movement history is associated with variable growth of a potamodromous freshwater fish. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2560-2572. [PMID: 34160071 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Directional or stabilising selection should drive the expression of a dominant movement phenotype within a population. Widespread persistence of multiple movement phenotypes within wild populations, however, suggests that individuals that move (movers) and those that do not (residents) can have commensurate performance. The costs and benefits of mover and resident phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we explored how the presence and timing of movements are correlated with annual somatic growth rates, a useful proxy for performance because it is easily measured and rapidly reflects environmental changes. We used otolith growth measurements and stable isotope analyses to recreate growth and among-reach movement histories of a partially migrating, long-lived freshwater fish, golden perch Macquaria ambigua. We compared the association between movement and growth at two temporal scales: (a) short-term (annual) differences in growth, in the years preceding, during or following movement; and (b) long-term (lifetime) differences in growth. Overall, 59% of individuals performed at least one among-reach movement, with these individuals subsequently more likely to move repeatedly throughout their lives. Movers grew faster than residents, with this difference most pronounced in the juvenile and early adult stages, when most movements occurred. Annual growth did not, however, change immediately prior to or following a specific movement event. Among-individual variation in growth was initially higher for residents than for movers but decreased with age, at a faster rate for residents than for movers, such that levels conformed after 5 years of age. Our results indicate that lifetime movement is linked to faster growth in the early years of a fish's life. These faster growing movers are likely to be larger at a given age, leading to numerous potential benefits. However, the persistence of resident phenotypes suggests that there is likely a cost-benefit trade-off to moving. The presence of multiple movement phenotypes may contribute to the resilience of populations by buffering against naturally and anthropogenically exacerbated environmental variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Barrow
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jian D L Yen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Applied Aquatic Ecology, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - John D Koehn
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Applied Aquatic Ecology, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Brenton P Zampatti
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.,Inland Waters and Catchment Ecology Program, SARDI Aquatic Sciences, SA, Australia
| | - Jason D Thiem
- Department of Primary Industries, Narrandera Fisheries Centre, Narrandera, NSW, Australia
| | - Zeb Tonkin
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Applied Aquatic Ecology, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Arron Strawbridge
- Inland Waters and Catchment Ecology Program, SARDI Aquatic Sciences, SA, Australia
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5
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Birnie-Gauvin K, Bordeleau X, Cooke SJ, Davidsen JG, Eldøy SH, Eliason EJ, Moore A, Aarestrup K. Life-history strategies in salmonids: the role of physiology and its consequences. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2304-2320. [PMID: 34043292 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonids are some of the most widely studied species of fish worldwide. They span freshwater rivers and lakes to fjords and oceans; they include short- and long-distance anadromous migrants, as well as partially migratory and non-migratory populations; and exhibit both semelparous and iteroparous reproduction. Salmonid life-history strategies represent some of the most diverse on the planet. For this reason, salmonids provide an especially interesting model to study the drivers of these different life-history pathways. Over the past few decades, numerous studies and reviews have been published, although most have focused on ultimate considerations where expected reproductive success of different developmental or life-history strategies are compared. Those that considered proximate causes generally focused on genetics or the environment, with less consideration of physiology. Our objective was therefore to review the existing literature on the role of physiology as a proximate driver for life-history strategies in salmonids. This link is necessary to explore since physiology is at the core of biological processes influencing energy acquisition and allocation. Energy acquisition and allocation processes, in turn, can affect life histories. We find that life-history strategies are driven by a range of physiological processes, ranging from metabolism and nutritional status to endocrinology. Our review revealed that the role of these physiological processes can vary across species and individuals depending on the life-history decision(s) to be made. In addition, while findings sometimes vary by species, results appear to be consistent in species with similar life cycles. We conclude that despite much work having been conducted on the topic, the study of physiology and its role in determining life-history strategies in salmonids remains somewhat unexplored, particularly for char and trout (excluding brown trout) species. Understanding these mechanistic links is necessary if we are to understand adequately how changing environments will impact salmonid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
| | - Xavier Bordeleau
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Institute, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, QC, G5H 3Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Department of Biology & Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jan G Davidsen
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 1, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Sindre H Eldøy
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 1, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, California, UCSB Marine Science Institute, Building 520, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-6150, U.S.A
| | - Andy Moore
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, U.K
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Vejlsøvej 39, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
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6
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Moradi H, Ghavam M, Tavili A. Study of antioxidant activity and some herbal compounds of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. in different ages of growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 25:e00408. [PMID: 32140440 PMCID: PMC7044509 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss belongs to Lamiaceae and one of the eight species of the genus Dracocephalum, is an endemic species of Iran and is grown in areas such as Isfahan, Yasuj, Mazandaran, and Tabriz. D kotschyi (Zarringiah) using the IUCN grouping criteria is one of the vulnerable species in Iran. The lowest concentration of plant sample (15.8489 ± 0.001 μg/ml) was related to flower organs in the second year of cultivation, an increase can be observed in the antioxidant activity of this plant compared to the synthetic antioxidant (19.95 μg/ml). The six-year-old plant with the highest antioxidant capacity, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds to produce the best age vegetative antioxidant and is mainly based on flower organs are preferred.
Objective Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss is one of eight species of Dracocephalum, an endemic species of Iran, and grows in areas such as Isfahan, Yasuj, Mazandaran, and Tabriz. The present study was designed to analyze the antioxidant, phenol and flavonoids contents of this plant under different conditions of cultivation in a completely randomized, factorial design. Materials and methods Shrubs of different ages (two, three, and six) in cultivated rangeland collected from three randomly plant at the end of May 2018 simultaneously with the flowering time. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of plant samples were evaluated with DPPH method. Total phenolic compounds and the total content of flavonoids were measured using the Folin Sioukhlu and aluminum chloride methods respectively. Results The result showed that there was a significant effect of planting time, plant organs and interaction of time and organ on the total antioxidant capacity and total phenol and flavonoids contents. The highest antioxidant activity, total phenol, and total flavonoid have belonged to the flower of six age plants. The highest antioxidant activity, total phenol, and total flavonoid have belonged to the flower of six age. The highest level of antioxidant activity with IC50 15.8489 ± 0.001 μg/ml belonged to the flower of the two-year-old plant, which has a stronger antioxidant activity than the BHT standard with 19.95 μg/ml. Conclusion But in general, it can be said that the six-year-old plant with the highest antioxidant capacity, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds is the best age and mainly flower organ is preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Moradi
- Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mansureh Ghavam
- Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ali Tavili
- Department of Rehabilitation of Arid and Mountainous, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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7
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Effects of ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and total phenol content of Scrophularia striata Boiss. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16021. [PMID: 31690810 PMCID: PMC6831573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrophularia striata, commonly known as figwort, is one of the most important medicinal plants that mainly grows in cold regions of the Zagros Mountains (West of Iran). Although the chemical composition of this plant species has not yet been explored, people living in Ilam province (W Iran) have used it for many years to treat different illnesses. The present study aims to analyze the effect of some ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and the amount of phenol present in this plant species, using a random factorial design with two factors (elevation and region) and three replicates. The fruits of the plant were gathered from three different elevations. They were collected from three regions of the Ilam province (Badreh, Dareshahr, and Dehloran) in June 2016, when the fruits appear. Moreover, to analyze different soil chemical and physical features, soil samples were gathered from a depth of 0.5 m under the shrubs. The antioxidant action of the methanol extract from the plant samples and the total amount of phenol compounds were measured using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. The results showed that the effects of site and elevation, and the interaction between these factors, on the antioxidant potential and total phenol amount were significant with a probability of error of 1%. The maximum extract efficiency (19.37 ± 3.07%), antioxidant potential (126.5656 ± 0.96 µg/mL), and total amount of phenol (55.7689 ± 3.17 µg/mL) were obtained from Dareshahr at an elevation of 600 m above mean sea level. The minimum amount of total phenol (24.6544 ± 3.21 µg/ml) was recorded at the lowest elevation of Badreh, at which phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, organic material, nitrogen, acidity, lime, and silt were present at the lowest amount. However, the antioxidant activity and total amount of phenol had a strong direct correlation in the two districts of Dareshahr and Badreh, but were reversely and strongly correlated in Dehloran. Therefore, it can be stated that Scrophularia striata has the potential for antioxidant activity, however, the complexity of the effect of ecological factors on one hand, and the emergence of different chemical processes in the plant under such effects on the other hand, has led to the synthesis of different compounds with antioxidant potential in the plant in different regions.
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8
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Fukui S, May‐McNally SL, Taylor EB, Koizumi I. Maladaptive secondary sexual characteristics reduce the reproductive success of hybrids between native and non-native salmonids. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12173-12182. [PMID: 30598809 PMCID: PMC6303740 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-mediated hybridization between introduced and native species is one of the most serious threats to native taxa. Although field studies have attempted to quantify the relative fitness or reproductive success of parental species and their hybrids, only a few studies have unraveled the factors determining the fitness of hybrids. Here, we hypothesized that maladaptive secondary sexual characteristics may reduce fitness of hybrids between two fish species. To test this, we evaluated the reproductive success of introduced brook trout (BT: Salvelinus fontinalis), native white-spotted charr (WSC: S. leucomaenis) and their hybrids in a natural stream in Hokkaido, Japan, where the two parental species show remarkably different male secondary sexual characteristics, such as elongated jaws and deeper bodies. We predicted that introgression from WSC is maladaptive for BT males because the BT male has more prominent secondary sexual characteristics. Our results suggest that both sexual selection and outbreeding depression in males and females significantly influence an individual's reproductive success. Our results also suggest that asymmetric introgression may increase the risks to persistence in the recipient species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Fukui
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Shannan L. May‐McNally
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre and Beaty Biodiversity MuseumUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Eric B. Taylor
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre and Beaty Biodiversity MuseumUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Itsuro Koizumi
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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9
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Crespel A, Dupont-Prinet A, Bernatchez L, Claireaux G, Tremblay R, Audet C. Divergence in physiological factors affecting swimming performance between anadromous and resident populations of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2170-2193. [PMID: 28317121 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an anadromous strain (L) and a freshwater-resident (R) strain of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis as well as their reciprocal hybrids, were reared in a common environment and submitted to swimming tests combined with salinity challenges. The critical swimming speeds (Ucrit ) of the different crosses were measured in both fresh (FW) and salt water (SW) and the variations in several physiological traits (osmotic, energetic and metabolic capacities) that are predicted to influence swimming performance were documented. Anadromous and resident fish reached the same Ucrit in both FW and SW, with Ucrit being 14% lower in SW compared with FW. The strains, however, seemed to use different underlying strategies: the anadromous strain relied on its streamlined body shape and higher osmoregulatory capacity, while the resident strain had greater citrate synthase (FW) and lactate dehydrogenase (FW, SW) capacity and either greater initial stores or more efficient use of liver (FW, SW) and muscle (FW) glycogen during exercise. Compared with R♀ L♂ hybrids, L♀ R♂ hybrids had a 20% lower swimming speed, which was associated with a 24% smaller cardio-somatic index and higher physiological costs. Thus swimming performance depends on cross direction (i.e. which parental line was used as dam or sire). The study thus suggests that divergent physiological factors between anadromous and resident S. fontinalis may result in similar swimming capacities that are adapted to their respective lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crespel
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - A Dupont-Prinet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - L Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Local 1145, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - G Claireaux
- LEMAR UMR 6539 (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Unité PFOM-ARN - Centre de Bretagne, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - R Tremblay
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - C Audet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
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10
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Narum SR, Gallardo P, Correa C, Matala A, Hasselman D, Sutherland BJG, Bernatchez L. Genomic patterns of diversity and divergence of two introduced salmonid species in Patagonia, South America. Evol Appl 2017; 10:402-416. [PMID: 28352299 PMCID: PMC5367078 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species have become widespread in aquatic environments throughout the world, yet there are few studies that have examined genomic variation of multiple introduced species in newly colonized environments. In this study, we contrast genomic variation in two salmonid species (anadromous Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, 11,579 SNPs and resident Brook Charr Salvelinus fontinalis, 13,522 SNPs) with differing invasion success after introduction to new environments in South America relative to populations from their native range in North America. Estimates of genetic diversity were not significantly different between introduced and source populations for either species, indicative of propagule pressure that has been shown to maintain diversity in founding populations relative to their native range. Introduced populations also demonstrated higher connectivity and gene flow than those in their native range. Evidence for candidate loci under divergent selection was observed, but was limited to specific introduced populations and was not widely evident. Patterns of genomic variation were consistent with general dispersal potential of each species and therefore also the notion that life history variation may contribute to both invasion success and subsequent genetic structure of these two salmonids in Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R. Narum
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment StationColumbia River Inter‐Tribal Fish CommissionHagermanIDUSA
| | - Pablo Gallardo
- Centro de Cultivos Marinos Bahía LaredoUniversity of MagallanesPunta ArenasChile
| | - Cristian Correa
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos NaturalesInstituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y TerritorioUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Facultad de CienciasInstituto de Ciencias Marinas y LimnológicasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Amanda Matala
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment StationColumbia River Inter‐Tribal Fish CommissionHagermanIDUSA
| | - Daniel Hasselman
- Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment StationColumbia River Inter‐Tribal Fish CommissionHagermanIDUSA
| | - Ben J. G. Sutherland
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecQCCanada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecQCCanada
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11
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Whiteley AR, Coombs JA, Cembrola M, O'Donnell MJ, Hudy M, Nislow KH, Letcher BH. Effective number of breeders provides a link between interannual variation in stream flow and individual reproductive contribution in a stream salmonid. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3585-602. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Whiteley
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Jason A. Coombs
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Matthew Cembrola
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Matthew J. O'Donnell
- U.S. Geological Survey Leetown Science Center S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center Turners Falls MA 01376 USA
| | - Mark Hudy
- U.S. Geological Survey, Ecosystems 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston VA 20192 USA
| | - Keith H. Nislow
- U.S. Forest Service Northern Research Station University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Benjamin H. Letcher
- U.S. Geological Survey Leetown Science Center S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center Turners Falls MA 01376 USA
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12
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Thériault V, Dunlop ES, Dieckmann U, Bernatchez L, Dodson JJ. The impact of fishing-induced mortality on the evolution of alternative life-history tactics in brook charr. Evol Appl 2015; 1:409-23. [PMID: 25567640 PMCID: PMC3352438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although contemporary trends indicative of evolutionary change have been detected in the life-history traits of exploited populations, it is not known to what extent fishing influences the evolution of alternative life-history tactics in migratory species such as salmonids. Here, we build a model to predict the evolution of anadromy and residency in an exploited population of brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Our model allows for both phenotypic plasticity and genetic change in the age and size at migration by including migration reaction norms. Using this model, we predict that fishing of anadromous individuals over the course of 100 years causes evolution in the migration reaction norm, resulting in a decrease in average probabilities of migration with increasing harvest rate. Moreover, we show that differences in natural mortalities in freshwater greatly influence the magnitude and rate of evolutionary change. The fishing-induced changes in migration predicted by our model alter population abundances and reproductive output and should be accounted for in the sustainable management of salmonids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Thériault
- Département de Biologie, Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur le Saumon Atlantique (CIRSA), Université Laval, Cité Universitaire Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Erin S Dunlop
- Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway ; Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de Biologie, Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur le Saumon Atlantique (CIRSA), Université Laval, Cité Universitaire Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julian J Dodson
- Département de Biologie, Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur le Saumon Atlantique (CIRSA), Université Laval, Cité Universitaire Québec, QC, Canada
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13
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Moore JS, Loewen TN, Harris LN, Tallman RF. Genetic analysis of sympatric migratory ecotypes of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus: alternative mating tactics or reproductively isolated strategies? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:145-162. [PMID: 24383802 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three populations of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus from southern Baffin Island were previously identified to display variable migratory phenotypes, with an anadromous component of the population and another remaining resident in fresh water. In this study, 14 microsatellite markers were used to help distinguish between two alternative hypotheses to explain the co-existence of the two ecotypes: that the two ecotypes originate from a single population and are the result of a conditional mating tactic or that the migratory ecotypes are reproductively isolated populations utilizing alternative migratory strategies. In two of the three replicate systems, F(ST) values between the resident and anadromous individuals were non-significant, while they were significant in a third sampling location. Bayesian clustering analysis implemented in structure, however, failed to identify any within-location clustering in all three sampling locations. It is concluded from these analyses that the life-history ecotypes are most likely conditional mating tactics, rather than reproductively isolated populations. Other evidence in favour of the alternative mating tactic hypothesis is briefly reviewed, and implications for management of those populations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Moore
- Department of Zoology and Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre and Museum, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
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14
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Blanchet S, Dubut V. 'Back to the future': how archaeological remains can describe salmon adaptation to climate change. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:2311-4. [PMID: 22548252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for species to survive climate change will be to change adaptively their way of life. Understanding rapid adaptation to climate change is therefore a priority for current research. In this issue, Turrero et al. (2012) use an original approach to unravel life history trait responses to climate change in two fish species (Salmo trutta and S. salar). Going against the flow, the authors adopt the strategy of going back to the future by investigating the responses of fish to the warming periods that followed the Last Glacial Period (approximately 30-20,000 years BP). To do this, they analysed Salmo vertebrae from well-dated archaeological sites in northern Spain in order to uncover key life history traits, which they then compared to those of contemporary specimens. They found that, as the climate got warmer, Salmo species tended to reduce the time spent in growing areas and reached spawning areas at a younger age; this tendency began approximately 15,000 years BP and accelerated in contemporary periods. The implication is a lower age at maturity and a lower reproductive success, which they tentatively related to recent declines in population growth rate. This innovative study demonstrates how changes in life history traits are linked both to the population growth rate and to the evolutionary rate under climatic constraints, which may serve as a basis for future conservation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blanchet
- CNRS, USR 2936 - SEEM, Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France.
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15
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Belmar-Lucero S, Wood JLA, Scott S, Harbicht AB, Hutchings JA, Fraser DJ. Concurrent habitat and life history influences on effective/census population size ratios in stream-dwelling trout. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:562-73. [PMID: 22822435 PMCID: PMC3399145 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower effective sizes (Ne) than census sizes (N) are routinely documented in natural populations, but knowledge of how multiple factors interact to lower Ne/N ratios is often limited. We show how combined habitat and life-history influences drive a 2.4- to 6.1-fold difference in Ne/N ratios between two pristine brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations occupying streams separated by only 750 m. Local habitat features, particularly drainage area and stream depth, govern trout biomass produced in each stream. They also generate higher trout densities in the shallower stream by favoring smaller body size and earlier age-at-maturity. The combination of higher densities and reduced breeding site availability in the shallower stream likely leads to more competition among breeding trout, which results in greater variance in individual reproductive success and a greater reduction in Ne relative to N. A similar disparity between juvenile or adult densities and breeding habitat availability is reported for other species and hence may also result in divergent Ne/N ratios elsewhere. These divergent Ne/N ratios between adjacent populations are also an instructive reminder for species conservation programs that genetic and demographic parameters may differ dramatically within species.
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16
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Temporal variation in selection on body length and date of return in a wild population of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:116. [PMID: 22805481 PMCID: PMC3482603 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of studies have measured selection in nature to understand how populations adapt to their environment; however, the temporal dynamics of selection are rarely investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal variation in selection by comparing the mode, direction and strength of selection on fitness-related traits between two cohorts of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Specifically, we quantified individual reproductive success and examined selection on date of return and body length in a wild population at Big Beef Creek, Washington (USA). Results Reproductive success and the mode, direction and strength of selection on date of return and body length differed between two cohorts sampled in 2006 and 2007. Adults of the first brood year had greater success over those of the second. In 2006, disruptive selection favored early and late returning individuals in 2-year-old males, and earlier returning 3-year-old males had higher fitness. No evidence of selection on date of return was detected in females. In 2007, selection on date of return was not observed in males of either age class, but stabilizing selection on date of return was observed in females. No selection on body length was detected in males of both age classes in 2006, and large size was associated with higher fitness in females. In 2007, selection favored larger size in 3-year-old males and intermediate size in females. Correlational selection between date of return and body length was observed only in 2-year-old males in 2006. Conclusions We found evidence of selection on body length and date of return to the spawning ground, both of which are important fitness-related traits in salmonid species, but this selection varied over time. Fluctuation in the mode, direction and strength of selection between two cohorts was likely to be due to factors such as changes in precipitation, occurrence of catastrophic events (flooding), the proportion of younger- versus older-maturing males, sex ratio and densities of spawners.
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17
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Parkos JJ, Wahl DH, Philipp DP. Influence of behavior and mating success on brood-specific contribution to fish recruitment in ponds. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:2576-2586. [PMID: 22073645 DOI: 10.1890/10-1870.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
One source of uncertainty in predicting the response of populations to exploitation is individual differences within a population in both vulnerability to capture and contribution to population renewal. For species with parental care, individuals engaged in nesting behavior are often targeted for exploitation, but predicting outcomes of this nonrandom vulnerability will depend in part on an understanding of how parental traits are related to potential for brood contribution to the population. Variation in brood-specific contribution to recruitment of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), a fish species with extended parental care, was quantified to determine if differences in mating success, parental care behaviors, and timing of reproduction influenced offspring recruitment. Dependence of these relationships on brood predation was tested in communities that differed in the presence of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, an important nest predator. Daily snorkel surveys were conducted in experimental ponds during spring to monitor male spawning and parental care behaviors in populations of largemouth bass. Tissue samples collected from larvae in nests were used to develop brood-specific DNA fingerprints for determining nest origins of fall recruits. Largemouth bass spawning period in bluegill ponds was longer and more variable in duration, with lower, more variable mating success, than in ponds without bluegill. In all populations, only one or two broods provided the majority of recruits, and these were broods produced during the earliest days of spawning by the oldest, largest males. In bluegill ponds, brood contribution from earliest nests also increased with brood size. Earliest nesters were the oldest males, and recruits from these nests were often above average in body size. Offspring needed to be guarded to at least swim-up larval stage to contribute any recruits. Termination of parental protection before offspring were free swimming mainly occurred with broods guarded by smaller males in ponds with brood predators. These age- and size-specific differences in timing of spawning and duration of parental care are consistent with influences of residual reproductive value and energetic constraints on reproductive behavior. Furthermore, these patterns of individual contribution to recruitment imply that fisheries that selectively target either nesting individuals or larger, older males could potentially decrease recruitment at the population scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Parkos
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA.
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18
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Thériault V, Moyer GR, Jackson LS, Blouin MS, Banks MA. Reduced reproductive success of hatchery coho salmon in the wild: insights into most likely mechanisms. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:1860-9. [PMID: 21438931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation of wild salmonids with captive-bred fish is a common practice for both commercial and conservation purposes. However, evidence for lower fitness of captive-reared fish relative to wild fish has accumulated in recent years, diminishing the apparent effectiveness of supplementation as a management tool. To date, the mechanism(s) responsible for these fitness declines remain unknown. In this study, we showed with molecular parentage analysis that hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) had lower reproductive success than wild fish once they reproduced in the wild. This effect was more pronounced in males than in same-aged females. Hatchery spawned fish that were released as unfed fry (age 0), as well as hatchery fish raised for one year in the hatchery (released as smolts, age 1), both experienced lower lifetime reproductive success (RS) than wild fish. However, the subset of hatchery males that returned as 2-year olds (jacks) did not exhibit the same fitness decrease as males that returned as 3-year olds. Thus, we report three lines of evidence pointing to the absence of sexual selection in the hatchery as a contributing mechanism for fitness declines of hatchery fish in the wild: (i) hatchery fish released as unfed fry that survived to adulthood still had low RS relative to wild fish, (ii) age-3 male hatchery fish consistently showed a lower relative RS than female hatchery fish (suggesting a role for sexual selection), and (iii) age-2 jacks, which use a sneaker mating strategy, did not show the same declines as 3-year olds, which compete differently for females (again, implicating sexual selection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Thériault
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA.
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19
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Sibship reconstruction for inferring mating systems, dispersal and effective population size in headwater brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations. CONSERV GENET 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Innocent until proven guilty? Stable coexistence of alien rainbow trout and native marble trout in a Slovenian stream. Naturwissenschaften 2010; 98:57-66. [PMID: 21088818 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-010-0741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Brunelli JP, Steele CA, Thorgaard GH. Deep divergence and apparent sex-biased dispersal revealed by a Y-linked marker in rainbow trout. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:983-90. [PMID: 20546904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers can reveal phylogenetic patterns by allowing tracking of male and female lineages, respectively. We used sequence data from a recently discovered Y-linked marker and a mitochondrial marker to examine phylogeographic structure in the widespread and economically important rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Two distinct geographic groupings that generally correspond to coastal and inland subspecies were evident within the Y-marker network while the mtDNA haplotype network showed little geographic structure. Our results suggest that male-specific behavior has prevented widespread admixture of Y haplotypes and that gene flow between the coastal and inland subspecies has largely occurred through females. This new Y marker may also aid conservation efforts by genetically identifying inland populations that have not hybridized with widely stocked coastal-derived hatchery fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Brunelli
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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22
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Morrissey MB, Ferguson MM. Marker-assisted determination of the relationship between body size and reproductive success and consequences for evaluation of adaptive life histories. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:4330-40. [PMID: 19765223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We tested for differences in the predicted optimal ages at first maturity in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Freshwater River, Newfoundland, when life-history data were collated based on the marker-assisted estimation of the relationship between body size and reproductive success rather than using fecundity as a surrogate for reproductive success. Jointly with capture-recapture data to estimate the growth and survival costs of reproduction, we found that weak relationships between body size and reproductive success generate selection against delayed maturation. This finding would not have held for females if the relationship between body size and fecundity had been used as a surrogate for the relationship between body size and reproductive success. This shows that predictions of optimal life histories can be qualitatively changed when using molecular markers to directly evaluate age- and/or size-specific effects of body size on reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Morrissey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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23
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Pearse DE, Hayes SA, Bond MH, Hanson CV, Anderson EC, Macfarlane RB, Garza JC. Over the falls? Rapid evolution of ecotypic differentiation in steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 100:515-25. [PMID: 19561050 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to novel habitats and phenotypic plasticity can be counteracting forces in evolution, but both are key characteristics of the life history of steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Anadromous steelhead reproduce in freshwater river systems and small coastal streams but grow and mature in the ocean. Resident rainbow trout, either sympatric with steelhead or isolated above barrier dams or waterfalls, represent an alternative life-history form that lives entirely in freshwater. We analyzed population genetic data from 1486 anadromous and resident O. mykiss from a small stream in coastal California with multiple barrier waterfalls. Based on data from 18 highly variable microsatellite loci (He = 0.68), we conclude that the resident population above one barrier, Big Creek Falls, is the result of a recent anthropogenic introduction from the anadromous population of O. mykiss below the falls. Furthermore, fish from this above-barrier population occasionally descend over the falls and have established a genetically differentiated below-barrier subpopulation at the base of the falls, which appears to remain reproductively isolated from their now-sympatric anadromous ancestors. These results support a hypothesis of rapid evolution of a purely resident life history in the above-barrier population in response to strong selection against downstream movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon E Pearse
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
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Mavarez J, Audet C, Bernatchez L. Major disruption of gene expression in hybrids between young sympatric anadromous and resident populations of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill). J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1708-20. [PMID: 19549137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide analyses of the transcriptome have suggested that male-biased genes are the first targets of genomic incompatibilities (g.i.) in inter-specific hybrids. However, those studies have almost invariably focused on Drosophila species that diverged at least 0.9 Ma, and with sterile male hybrids. Here, we use microarrays to analyse patterns of gene expression in very closely related (divergence <12,000 years), sympatric, but ecologically divergent anadromous and resident populations of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) and their F(1) hybrids. Our results show a dramatic breakdown of gene expression patterns in hybrids compared with their parental relatives. Several disrupted genes are related to energetic metabolism, immune response, osmoregulation and protection against oxidative stress, and none has sex-biased functions. Besides, pure individuals show no expression differences at most of the genes disrupted in hybrids, which may suggest the operation of some form of stabilizing selection. Taken together, these results both confirm the idea that perturbations of regulatory networks represent a significant source of g.i. and support the suggestion that developmental pathways can diverge through time without any manifest change in the phenotypic outcome. While the role of other evolutionary forces (e.g. genetic drift) cannot be ruled out, this study suggests that ecological selective processes may provide the initial driving force behind disruption of gene expression in inter-specific hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Mavarez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Morita K, Morita SH, Yamamoto S. Effects of habitat fragmentation by damming on salmonid fishes: lessons from white-spotted charr in Japan. Ecol Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-008-0579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Côté G, Perry G, Blier P, Bernatchez L. The influence of gene-environment interactions on GHR and IGF-1 expression and their association with growth in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). BMC Genet 2007; 8:87. [PMID: 18154679 PMCID: PMC2257973 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-8-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative reaction norm theory proposes that genotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) results from inter-individual differences of expression in adaptive suites of genes in distinct environments. However, environmental norms for actual gene suites are poorly documented. In this study, we investigated the effects of GxE interactions on levels of gene transcription and growth by documenting the impact of rearing environment (freshwater vs. saltwater), sex and genotypic (low vs. high estimated breeding value EBV) effects on the transcription level of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). Results Males grew faster than females (μ♀ = 1.20 ± 0.07 g·d-1, μ♂ = 1.46 ± 0.06 g·d-1) and high-EBV fish faster than low-EBV fish (μLOW = 0.97 ± 0.05 g·d-1, μHIGH = 1.58 ± 0.07 g·d-1; p < 0.05). However, growth was markedly lower in saltwater-reared fish than freshwater sibs (μFW = 1.52 ± 0.07 g·d-1, μSW = 1.15 ± 0.06 g·d-1), yet GHR mRNA transcription level was significantly higher in saltwater than in freshwater (μSW = 0.85 ± 0.05, μFW = 0.61 ± 0.05). The ratio of actual growth to units in assayed mRNA ('individual transcript efficiency', iTE; g·d-1·u-1) also differed among EBV groups (μLOW = 2.0 ± 0.24 g·d-1·u-1; μHIGH = 3.7 ± 0.24 g·d-1·u-1) and environments (μSW = 2.0 ± 0.25 g·d-1·u-1; μFW = 3.7 ± 0.25 g·d-1·u-1) for GHR. Males had a lower iTE for GHR than females (μ♂ = 2.4 ± 0.29 g·d-1·u-1; μ♀ = 3.1 ± 0.23 g·d-1·u-1). There was no difference in IGF-1 transcription level between environments (p > 0.7) or EBV groups (p > 0.15) but the level of IGF-1 was four times higher in males than females (μ♂ = 2.4 ± 0.11, μ♀ = 0.58 ± 0.09; p < 0.0001). We detected significant sexual differences in iTE (μ♂ = 1.3 ± 0.59 g·d-1·u-1; μ♀ = 3.9 ± 0.47 g·d-1·u-1), salinities (μSW = 2.3 ± 0.52 g·d-1·u-1; μFW = 3.7 ± 0.53 g·d-1·u-1) and EBV-groups (μLOW = 2.4 ± 0.49 g·d-1·u-1; μHIGH = 3.8 ± 0.49 g·d-1·u-1). Interaction between EBV-group and environment was detected for both GHR (p = 0.027) and IGF-1 (p = 0.019), and for iTE in the two genes (p < 0.0001; p < 0.05, respectively), where increased divergence in levels of GHR and IGF-1 transcription occurred among EBV-groups in the saltwater environment. Conclusion Our results show that both environment and sex have major impacts on the expression of mRNA for two key genes involved in the physiological pathway for growth. We also demonstrate for the first time, at least in fish, genotype-by-environment interaction at the level of individual gene transcription. This work contributes significantly to ongoing efforts towards documenting environmentally and sexually induced variance of gene activity and understanding the resulting phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Côté
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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