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Larter LC, Ryan MJ. Sensory-motor tuning allows generic features of conspecific acoustic scenes to guide rapid, adaptive, call-timing responses in túngara frogs. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240992. [PMID: 39319671 PMCID: PMC11423537 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Male frogs court females from within crowded choruses, selecting for mechanisms allowing them to call at favourable times relative to the calls of rivals and background chorus noise. To accomplish this, males must continuously evaluate the fluctuating acoustic scene generated by their competitors for opportune times to call. Túngara frogs produce highly frequency- and amplitude-modulated calls from within dense choruses. We used similarly frequency- and amplitude-modulated playback tones to investigate the sensory basis of their call-timing decisions. Results revealed that different frequencies present throughout this species' call differed in their degree of call inhibition, and that lower-amplitude tones were less inhibitory. Call-timing decisions were then driven by fluctuations in inhibition arising from underlying frequency- and amplitude-modulation patterns, with tone transitions that produced steeper decreases in inhibition having higher probabilities of triggering calls. Interactions between the varied behavioural sensitivities to different conspecific call frequencies revealed here, and the stereotyped amplitude- and frequency-modulation patterns present in this species' calls, can explain previously surprising patterns observed in túngara frog choruses. This highlights the importance of understanding the specific sensory drivers underpinning conspecific signalling interactions, and reveals how sensory systems can mediate the interplay between signal perception and production to facilitate adaptive communication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Larter
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway , Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway , Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092 , Balboa, Republic of Panama
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2
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Leavell BC, Pantoja-Sánchez H, Vélez V, Hemingway CT, Wilhite K, Halfwerk W, Bernal XE. Ripple effects in a communication network: anti-eavesdropper defence elicits elaborated sexual signals in rival males. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231910. [PMID: 38113943 PMCID: PMC10730286 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emitting conspicuous signals into the environment to attract mates comes with the increased risk of interception by eavesdropping enemies. As a defence, a commonly described strategy is for signallers to group together in leks, diluting each individual's risk. Lekking systems are often highly social settings in which competing males dynamically alter their signalling behaviour to attract mates. Thus, signalling at the lek requires navigating fluctuations in risk, competition and reproductive opportunities. Here, we investigate how behavioural defence strategies directed at an eavesdropping enemy have cascading effects across the communication network. We investigated these behaviours in the túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus), examining how a calling male's swatting defence directed at frog-biting midges indirectly affects the calling behaviour of his rival. We found that the rival responds to swat-induced water ripples by increasing his call rate and complexity. Then, performing phonotaxis experiments, we found that eavesdropping fringe-lipped bats (Trachops cirrhosus) do not exhibit a preference for a swatting male compared to his rival, but females strongly prefer the rival male. Defences to minimize attacks from eavesdroppers thus shift the mate competition landscape in favour of rival males. By modulating the attractiveness of signalling prey to female receivers, we posit that eavesdropping micropredators likely have an unappreciated impact on the ecology and evolution of sexual communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Leavell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hoover Pantoja-Sánchez
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Viviana Vélez
- Program of Study and Control of Tropical Diseases, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Claire T. Hemingway
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kyle Wilhite
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Wouter Halfwerk
- Department of Ecological Science, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ximena E. Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá
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3
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Larter LC, Bernal XE, Page RA, Ryan MJ. Local competitive environment and male condition influence within-bout calling patterns in túngara frogs. BIOACOUSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2022.2070544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. Larter
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ximena E. Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Rachel A. Page
- The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Michael J. Ryan
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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4
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Leavell BC, Beaty LE, McNickle GG, Bernal XE. Eavesdropping micropredators as dynamic limiters of sexual signal elaboration and intrasexual competition. Am Nat 2022; 199:653-665. [DOI: 10.1086/718967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Page RA, ter Hofstede HM. Sensory and Cognitive Ecology of Bats. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012921-052635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We see stunning morphological diversity across the animal world. Less conspicuous but equally fascinating are the sensory and cognitive adaptations that determine animals’ interactions with their environments and each other. We discuss the development of the fields of sensory and cognitive ecology and the importance of integrating these fields to understand the evolution of adaptive behaviors. Bats, with their extraordinarily high ecological diversity, are ideal animals for this purpose. An explosion in recent research allows for better understanding of the molecular, genetic, neural, and behavioral bases for sensory ecology and cognition in bats. We give examples of studies that illuminate connections between sensory and cognitive features of information filtering, evolutionary trade-offs in sensory and cognitive processing, and multimodal sensing and integration. By investigating the selective pressures underlying information acquisition, processing, and use in bats, we aim to illuminate patterns and processes driving sensory and cognitive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843–03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
| | - Hannah M. ter Hofstede
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843–03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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6
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Ruether BF, Brady MJ, Derick TL, Dula BT, Smith SA, Trillo PA. Mechanisms of collateral damage: heterospecific neighbor density mediates parasitism by eavesdroppers on hourglass treefrogs. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.1975313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian F. Ruether
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Meghan J. Brady
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Genetics, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Taylor L. Derick
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Brendan T. Dula
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sarah A.R. Smith
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Paula A. Trillo
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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Prakash H, Greif S, Yovel Y, Balakrishnan R. Acoustically eavesdropping bat predators take longer to capture katydid prey signalling in aggregation. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:268371. [PMID: 34047777 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prey that are signalling in aggregation become more conspicuous with increasing numbers and tend to attract more predators. Such grouping may, however, benefit prey by lowering the risk of being captured because of the predator's difficulty in targeting individuals. Previous studies have investigated anti-predatory benefits of prey aggregation using visual predators, but it is unclear whether such benefits are gained in an auditory context. We investigated whether katydids of the genus Mecopoda gain protection from their acoustically eavesdropping bat predator Megaderma spasma when calling in aggregation. In a choice experiment, bats approached calls of prey aggregations more often than those of prey calling alone, indicating that prey calling in aggregation are at higher risk. In prey capture tasks, however, the average time taken and the number of flight passes made by bats before capturing a katydid were significantly higher for prey calling in aggregation than when calling alone, indicating that prey face lower predation risk when calling in aggregation. Another common anti-predatory strategy, calling from within vegetation, increased the time taken by bats to capture katydids calling alone but did not increase the time taken to capture prey calling from aggregations. The increased time taken to capture prey calling in aggregation compared with solitary calling prey offers an escape opportunity, thus providing prey that signal acoustically in aggregations with anti-predatory benefits. For bats, greater detectability of calling prey aggregations is offset by lower foraging efficiency, and this trade-off may shape predator foraging strategies in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Prakash
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Stefan Greif
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yossi Yovel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rohini Balakrishnan
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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8
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Pena-Firme P, Guillermo-Ferreira R. Females of the red damselfly Mnesarete pudica are attracted to more ornamented males and attract rival males. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14320. [PMID: 32868843 PMCID: PMC7458925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Male calopterygid damselflies often exhibit colourful wings used during aggressive contests and courtship displays. Evidence suggests that male wing coloration is a secondary sexual character assessed by males and females to identify male quality. In some species, males adopt a lekking strategy, where females visit exhibition arenas and choose the best mate. Here, we addressed whether the behaviour of Mnesarete pudica males is influenced by female visitation when gathering in leks. We hypothesized that female visitation would increase male investment in courtship and fighting, while reducing patrolling flights and harassment attempts. Moreover, we tested the hypothesis that more ornamented males attract more females to the territory, following the hotshot model of lek evolution. Our results suggest that, indeed, males with more pigmented wings attract more visiting females, independently of male size. Our results also show that the number of females in a territory attracts more males and elicits male contest behaviour, reducing male harassment. We conclude that male ornament and male clustering is a good predictor of female visitation rates, suggesting that females may exert mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Pena-Firme
- LESTES Lab, Hydrobiology Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Edomwande C, Barbosa F. The influence of predation risk on mate signaling and mate choice in the lesser waxmoth Achroia grisella. Sci Rep 2020; 10:524. [PMID: 31949273 PMCID: PMC6965105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating signals are often conspicuous and can be eavesdropped on by predators. Therefore, it is expected that predation risk will shape the evolution of sexual communication in both senders and receivers. Males of the lesser waxmoth Achroia grisella produce ultrasonic signals to attract females, and females have preferences for certain signal traits. When they detect predator cues such as bat echolocation calls, males typically stop signaling and females freeze. Here we examine different ways in which predation risk affects male signaling and female choice. We exposed calling males to predator cues under three different treatments: in isolation, within a simulated lek composed of attractive males, or within a simulated lek of unattractive males. We also tested if female choice depends on predation risk by submitting females to a two-choice test between an attractive and an unattractive signal, in the presence and the absence of predator cues. We found that risk-taking behavior is not only impacted by the presence of competitors, but by the competitors’ attractiveness as well. Additionally, more attractive males take more risks when calling in isolation, but not when lekking. In females, we found that preference for the more attractive call disappeared when the attractive call was associated with higher predation risk. These results reinforce the trade-off between traits that increase survival and mate attraction, and bring new insight into the evolution of leks in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Barbosa
- Lake Forest College, Department of Biology, Lake Forest, IL, 60045, USA.
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10
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Page RA, Bernal XE. The challenge of detecting prey: Private and social information use in predatory bats. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ximena E. Bernal
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panamá
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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11
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Trillo PA, Benson CS, Caldwell MS, Lam TL, Pickering OH, Logue DM. The Influence of Signaling Conspecific and Heterospecific Neighbors on Eavesdropper Pressure. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Quantitative Genetic Mapping and Genome Assembly in the Lesser Wax Moth Achroia grisella. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:2349-2361. [PMID: 31101652 PMCID: PMC6643890 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Specific characteristics of the male Achroia grisella acoustic mating signal determine a male’s attractiveness toward females. These features are genetically variable in populations, and mapping experiments have been used to identify loci contributing to song variation, and understand the evolutionary forces acting on this important sexual trait. Here we built on this foundation and carried out QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) mapping using >1,000 recombinant individuals, genotyping this large cohort at thousands of sequence-based markers covering the entire collection of 30 A. grisella chromosomes. This dense marker set, coupled with our development of an annotated, draft genome of A. grisella, allowed us to link >3,000 genome scaffolds, >10,000 predicted genes, and close to 275Mb of genome sequence to chromosomes. Our QTL mapping confirmed a fraction of the QTL identified in a previous study, and additionally revealed novel loci. Collectively, QTL explained only small fractions of the phenotypic variance, suggesting many more causative factors remain below the detection threshold of our study. A surprising, and ultimately challenging feature of our study was the low level of intrachromosomal recombination present in our mapping population. This led to difficulty ordering markers along linkage groups, necessitating a chromosome-by-chromosome mapping approach, rather than true interval mapping, and precluded confident ordering/orienting of scaffolds along each chromosome. Nonetheless, our study increased the genomic resources available for the A. grisella system. Enabled by ever more powerful technologies, future investigators will be able to leverage our data to provide more detailed genetic dissection of male song variation in A. grisella.
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13
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Nakano R, Nagamine K. Loudness–Duration Tradeoff in Ultrasonic Courtship Songs of Moths. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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14
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Torsekar VR, Isvaran K, Balakrishnan R. Is the predation risk of mate-searching different between the sexes? Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-09982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Goubault M, Burlaud R. Do males choose their mates in the lekking moth Achroia grisella? Influence of female body mass and male reproductive status on male mate choice. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:861-868. [PMID: 28432814 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lekking males aggregate to attract females and contribute solely to egg fertilization, without any further parental care. Evolutionary theory therefore predicts them to be nonchoosy toward their mates, because any lost mating opportunities would outweigh the benefits associated with such preferences. Nevertheless, due to time costs, the production of energetically costly sexual displays, and potential sperm limitation, the mating effort of lekking males is often considerable. These factors, combined with the fact that many females of varying quality are likely to visit leks, could favor the evolution of male mate preferences. Here, we show that males of the lekking lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella, were indeed more likely to mate with heavier females in choice experiments, even at their virgin mating (i.e., when their reproductive resources have not yet been depleted by previous matings). This differential female mating success could not be attributed to female behavior as heavy and light females showed similar motivation to mate (i.e., latency to approach the males) and time to copulate. Males seem to benefit from mating with heavier females, as fecundity positively correlated with female mass. This new empirical evidence shows that male mate choice may have been underestimated in lekking species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Goubault
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Rebecca Burlaud
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS-Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
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16
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17
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Chaverri G, Ancillotto L, Russo D. Social communication in bats. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1938-1954. [PMID: 29766650 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bats represent one of the most diverse mammalian orders, not only in terms of species numbers, but also in their ecology and life histories. Many species are known to use ephemeral and/or unpredictable resources that require substantial investment to find and defend, and also engage in social interactions, thus requiring significant levels of social coordination. To accomplish these tasks, bats must be able to communicate; there is now substantial evidence that demonstrates the complexity of bat communication and the varied ways in which bats solve some of the problems associated with their unique life histories. However, while the study of communication in bats is rapidly growing, it still lags behind other taxa. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of communication in bats, from the reasons why they communicate to the diversity and application of different signal modalities. The most widespread form of communication is the transmission of a signaller's characteristics, such as species identity, sex, individual identity, group membership, social status and body condition, and because many species of bats can rely little on vision due to their nocturnal lifestyles, it is assumed that sound and olfaction are particularly important signalling modes. For example, research suggests that secretions from specialized glands, often in combination with urine and saliva, are responsible for species recognition in several species. These olfactory signals may also convey information about sex and colony membership. Olfaction may be used in combination with sound, particularly in species that emit constant frequency (CF) echolocation calls, to recognize conspecifics from heterospecifics, yet their simple structure and high frequency do not allow much information of individual identity to be conveyed over long distances. By contrast, social calls may encode a larger number of cues of individual identity, and their lower frequencies increase their range of detection. Social calls are also known to deter predators, repel competitors from foraging patches, attract group mates to roost sites, coordinate foraging activities, and are used during courtship. In addition to sound, visual displays such as wing flapping or hovering may be used during courtship, and swarming around roost sites may serve as a visual cue of roost location. However, visual communication in bats still remains a poorly studied signal modality. Finally, the most common form of tactile communication known in bats is social grooming, which may be used to signal reproductive condition, but also to facilitate and strengthen cooperative interactions. Overall, this review demonstrates the rapid advances made in the study of bat social communication during recent years, and also identifies topics that require further study, particularly those that may allow us to understand adaptation to rapidly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloriana Chaverri
- Recinto de Golfito, Universidad de Costa Rica, Golfito, 60701, Costa Rica
| | - Leonardo Ancillotto
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, Portici NA 80055, Italy
| | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, Portici NA 80055, Italy.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, U.K
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18
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Ter Hofstede HM, Ratcliffe JM. Evolutionary escalation: the bat-moth arms race. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:1589-602. [PMID: 27252453 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.086686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Echolocation in bats and high-frequency hearing in their insect prey make bats and insects an ideal system for studying the sensory ecology and neuroethology of predator-prey interactions. Here, we review the evolutionary history of bats and eared insects, focusing on the insect order Lepidoptera, and consider the evidence for antipredator adaptations and predator counter-adaptations. Ears evolved in a remarkable number of body locations across insects, with the original selection pressure for ears differing between groups. Although cause and effect are difficult to determine, correlations between hearing and life history strategies in moths provide evidence for how these two variables influence each other. We consider life history variables such as size, sex, circadian and seasonal activity patterns, geographic range and the composition of sympatric bat communities. We also review hypotheses on the neural basis for anti-predator behaviours (such as evasive flight and sound production) in moths. It is assumed that these prey adaptations would select for counter-adaptations in predatory bats. We suggest two levels of support for classifying bat traits as counter-adaptations: traits that allow bats to eat more eared prey than expected based on their availability in the environment provide a low level of support for counter-adaptations, whereas traits that have no other plausible explanation for their origination and maintenance than capturing defended prey constitute a high level of support. Specific predator counter-adaptations include calling at frequencies outside the sensitivity range of most eared prey, changing the pattern and frequency of echolocation calls during prey pursuit, and quiet, or 'stealth', echolocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Ter Hofstede
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - John M Ratcliffe
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5L 1C6
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19
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Trillo PA, Bernal XE, Caldwell MS, Halfwerk WH, Wessel MO, Page RA. Collateral damage or a shadow of safety? The effects of signalling heterospecific neighbours on the risks of parasitism and predation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0343. [PMID: 27194694 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although males often display from mixed-species aggregations, the influence of nearby heterospecifics on risks associated with sexual signalling has not been previously examined. We tested whether predation and parasitism risks depend on proximity to heterospecific signallers. Using field playback experiments with calls of two species that often display from the same ponds, túngara frogs and hourglass treefrogs, we tested two hypotheses: (1) calling near heterospecific signallers attractive to eavesdroppers results in increased attention from predatory bats and parasitic midges (collateral damage hypothesis) or (2) calling near heterospecific signallers reduces an individual's predation and parasitism risks, as eavesdroppers are drawn to the heterospecifics (shadow of safety hypothesis). Bat visitation was not affected by calling neighbours. The number of frog-biting midges attracted to hourglass treefrog calls, however, rose threefold when played near túngara calls, supporting the collateral damage hypothesis. We thus show that proximity to heterospecific signallers can drastically alter both the absolute risks of signalling and the relative strengths of pressures from predation and parasitism. Through these mechanisms, interactions between heterospecific guild members are likely to influence the evolution of signalling strategies and the distribution of species at both local and larger scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Trillo
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Ximena E Bernal
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michael S Caldwell
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá
| | - Wouter H Halfwerk
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universitait, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mallory O Wessel
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panamá
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Reid A, Marin-Cudraz T, Windmill JFC, Greenfield MD. Evolution of directional hearing in moths via conversion of bat detection devices to asymmetric pressure gradient receivers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7740-E7748. [PMID: 27849607 PMCID: PMC5137745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615691113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small animals typically localize sound sources by means of complex internal connections and baffles that effectively increase time or intensity differences between the two ears. However, some miniature acoustic species achieve directional hearing without such devices, indicating that other mechanisms have evolved. Using 3D laser vibrometry to measure tympanum deflection, we show that female lesser waxmoths (Achroia grisella) can orient toward the 100-kHz male song, because each ear functions independently as an asymmetric pressure gradient receiver that responds sharply to high-frequency sound arriving from an azimuth angle 30° contralateral to the animal's midline. We found that females presented with a song stimulus while running on a locomotion compensation sphere follow a trajectory 20°-40° to the left or right of the stimulus heading but not directly toward it, movement consistent with the tympanum deflections and suggestive of a monaural mechanism of auditory tracking. Moreover, females losing their track typically regain it by auditory scanning-sudden, wide deviations in their heading-and females initially facing away from the stimulus quickly change their general heading toward it, orientation indicating superior ability to resolve the front-rear ambiguity in source location. X-ray computer-aided tomography (CT) scans of the moths did not reveal any internal coupling between the two ears, confirming that an acoustic insect can localize a sound source based solely on the distinct features of each ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Reid
- Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, United Kingdom;
| | - Thibaut Marin-Cudraz
- Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - James F C Windmill
- Centre for Ultrasonic Engineering, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Greenfield
- Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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21
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Rhebergen F, Taylor RC, Ryan MJ, Page RA, Halfwerk W. Multimodal cues improve prey localization under complex environmental conditions. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1403. [PMID: 26336176 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators often eavesdrop on sexual displays of their prey. These displays can provide multimodal cues that aid predators, but the benefits in attending to them should depend on the environmental sensory conditions under which they forage. We assessed whether bats hunting for frogs use multimodal cues to locate their prey and whether their use varies with ambient conditions. We used a robotic set-up mimicking the sexual display of a male túngara frog (Physalaemus pustulosus) to test prey assessment by fringe-lipped bats (Trachops cirrhosus). These predatory bats primarily use sound of the frog's call to find their prey, but the bats also use echolocation cues returning from the frog's dynamically moving vocal sac. In the first experiment, we show that multimodal cues affect attack behaviour: bats made narrower flank attack angles on multimodal trials compared with unimodal trials during which they could only rely on the sound of the frog. In the second experiment, we explored the bat's use of prey cues in an acoustically more complex environment. Túngara frogs often form mixed-species choruses with other frogs, including the hourglass frog (Dendropsophus ebraccatus). Using a multi-speaker set-up, we tested bat approaches and attacks on the robofrog under three different levels of acoustic complexity: no calling D. ebraccatus males, two calling D. ebraccatus males and five D. ebraccatus males. We found that bats are more directional in their approach to the robofrog when more D. ebraccatus males were calling. Thus, bats seemed to benefit more from multimodal cues when confronted with increased levels of acoustic complexity in their foraging environments. Our data have important consequences for our understanding of the evolution of multimodal sexual displays as they reveal how environmental conditions can alter the natural selection pressures acting on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rhebergen
- Behavioral Biology, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, PO Box 9516, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - R C Taylor
- Department of Biology, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801, USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - M J Ryan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - W Halfwerk
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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22
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Effects of acoustic environment on male calling activity and timing in Neotropical forest katydids. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Hartbauer M, Römer H. Rhythm Generation and Rhythm Perception in Insects: The Evolution of Synchronous Choruses. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:223. [PMID: 27303257 PMCID: PMC4885851 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect sounds dominate the acoustic environment in many natural habitats such as rainforests or meadows on a warm summer day. Among acoustic insects, usually males are the calling sex; they generate signals that transmit information about the species-identity, sex, location, or even sender quality to conspecific receivers. Males of some insect species generate signals at distinct time intervals, and other males adjust their own rhythm relative to that of their conspecific neighbors, which leads to fascinating acoustic group displays. Although signal timing in a chorus can have important consequences for the calling energetics, reproductive success and predation risk of individuals, still little is known about the selective forces that favor the evolution of insect choruses. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the neuronal network responsible for acoustic pattern generation of a signaler, and pattern recognition in receivers. We also describe different proximate mechanisms that facilitate the synchronous generation of signals in a chorus and provide examples of suggested hypotheses to explain the evolution of chorus synchrony in insects. Some hypotheses are related to sexual selection and inter-male cooperation or competition, whereas others refer to the selection pressure exerted by natural predators. In this article, we summarize the results of studies that address chorus synchrony in the tropical katydid Mecopoda elongata, where some males persistently signal as followers although this reduces their mating success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Hartbauer
- Behavioural Ecology and Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
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24
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Nakano R, Ihara F, Mishiro K, Toyama M, Toda S. High duty cycle pulses suppress orientation flights of crambid moths. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 83:15-21. [PMID: 26549128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bat-and-moth is a good model system for understanding predator-prey interactions resulting from interspecific coevolution. Night-flying insects have been under predation pressure from echolocating bats for 65Myr, pressuring vulnerable moths to evolve ultrasound detection and evasive maneuvers as counter tactics. Past studies of defensive behaviors against attacking bats have been biased toward noctuoid moth responses to short duration pulses of low-duty-cycle (LDC) bat calls. Depending on the region, however, moths have been exposed to predation pressure from high-duty-cycle (HDC) bats as well. Here, we reveal that long duration pulse of the sympatric HDC bat (e.g., greater horseshoe bat) is easily detected by the auditory nerve of Japanese crambid moths (yellow peach moth and Asian corn borer) and suppress both mate-finding flights of virgin males and host-finding flights of mated females. The hearing sensitivities for the duration of pulse stimuli significantly dropped non-linearly in both the two moth species as the pulse duration shortened. These hearing properties support the energy integrator model; however, the threshold reduction per doubling the duration has slightly larger than those of other moth species hitherto reported. And also, Asian corn borer showed a lower auditory sensitivity and a lower flight suppression to short duration pulse than yellow peach moth did. Therefore, flight disruption of moth might be more frequently achieved by the pulse structure of HDC calls. The combination of long pulses and inter-pulse intervals, which moths can readily continue detecting, will be useful for repelling moth pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakano
- Breeding and Pest Management Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Fumio Ihara
- Breeding and Pest Management Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Koji Mishiro
- Breeding and Pest Management Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Toyama
- Grape and Persimmon Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 301-2 Mitsu, Akitsu, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2494, Japan
| | - Satoshi Toda
- Breeding and Pest Management Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
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25
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Party V, Streiff R, Marin-Cudraz T, Greenfield MD. Group synchrony and alternation as an emergent property: elaborate chorus structure in a bushcricket is an incidental by-product of female preference for leading calls. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-2008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Alem S, Clanet C, Party V, Dixsaut A, Greenfield MD. What determines lek size? Cognitive constraints and per capita attraction of females limit male aggregation in an acoustic moth. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Turner JRG. The flexible lek:Phymatopus hectathe gold swift demonstrates the evolution of leking and male swarming via a hotspot (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. G. Turner
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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28
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Hartbauer M, Haitzinger L, Kainz M, Römer H. Competition and cooperation in a synchronous bushcricket chorus. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2014; 1:140167. [PMID: 26064537 PMCID: PMC4448899 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous signalling within choruses of the same species either emerges from cooperation or competition. In our study on the katydid Mecopoda elongata, we aim to identify mechanisms driving evolution towards synchrony. The increase of signal amplitude owing to synchronous signalling and the preservation of a conspecific signal period may represent cooperative mechanisms, whereas chorus synchrony may also result from the preference of females for leading signals and the resulting competition for the leader role. We recorded the timing of signals and the resulting communal signal amplitudes in small choruses and performed female choice experiments to identify such mechanisms. Males frequently timed their signals either as leader or follower with an average time lag of about 70 ms. Females selected males in such choruses on the basis of signal order and signal duration. Two-choice experiments revealed a time lag of only 70 ms to bias mate choice in favour of the leader. Furthermore, a song model with a conspecific signal period of 2 s was more attractive than a song model with an irregular or longer and shorter than average signal period. Owing to a high degree of overlap and plasticity of signals produced in 'four male choruses', peak and root mean square amplitudes increased by about 7 dB relative to lone singers. Modelling active space of synchronous males and solo singing males revealed a strongly increased broadcast area of synchronous signallers, but a slightly reduced per capita mating possibility compared with lone singers. These results suggest a strong leader preference of females as the ultimate causation of inter-male competition for timing signals as leader. The emerging synchrony increases the amplitude of signals produced in a chorus and has the potential to compensate a reduction of mating advantage in a chorus. We discuss a possible fitness benefit of males gained through a beacon effect and the possibility that signalling as follower is stabilized via natural selection.
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29
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Nakano R, Takanashi T, Surlykke A. Moth hearing and sound communication. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 201:111-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Signal interactions and interference in insect choruses: singing and listening in the social environment. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 201:143-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Hartbauer M, Römer H. From microseconds to seconds and minutes-time computation in insect hearing. Front Physiol 2014; 5:138. [PMID: 24782783 PMCID: PMC3990047 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The computation of time in the auditory system of insects is of relevance at rather different time scales, covering a large range from microseconds to several minutes. At the one end of this range, only a few microseconds of interaural time differences are available for directional hearing, due to the small distance between the ears, usually considered too small to be processed reliably by simple nervous systems. Synapses of interneurons in the afferent auditory pathway are, however, very sensitive to a time difference of only 1–2 ms provided by the latency shift of afferent activity with changing sound direction. At a much larger time scale of several tens of milliseconds to seconds, time processing is important in the context species recognition, but also for those insects where males produce acoustic signals within choruses, and the temporal relationship between song elements strongly deviates from a random distribution. In these situations, some species exhibit a more or less strict phase relationship of song elements, based on phase response properties of their song oscillator. Here we review evidence on how this may influence mate choice decisions. In the same dimension of some tens of milliseconds we find species of katydids with a duetting communication scheme, where one sex only performs phonotaxis to the other sex if the acoustic response falls within a very short time window after its own call. Such time windows show some features unique to insects, and although its neuronal implementation is unknown so far, the similarity with time processing for target range detection in bat echolocation will be discussed. Finally, the time scale being processed must be extended into the range of many minutes, since some acoustic insects produce singing bouts lasting quite long, and female preferences may be based on total signaling time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heiner Römer
- Institute of Zoology, Karl-Franzens University Graz Graz, Austria
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32
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Cordes N, Engqvist L, Schmoll T, Reinhold K. Sexual signaling under predation: attractive moths take the greater risks. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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33
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Alem S, Streiff R, Courtois B, Zenboudji S, Limousin D, Greenfield MD. Genetic architecture of sensory exploitation: QTL mapping of female and male receiver traits in an acoustic moth. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2581-96. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Alem
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UMR 7261 (IRBI); Université François Rabelais de Tours; Tours France
| | - R. Streiff
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR CBGP (INRA-IRD-CIRAD-Montpellier SupAgro); Montferrier sur Lez France
| | - B. Courtois
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD); UMR AGAP; Montpellier France
| | - S. Zenboudji
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UMR 5175 (CEFE); Montpellier France
| | - D. Limousin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA); UMR 1272; Physiologie de l'Insecte Signalisation et Communication; Versailles France
| | - M. D. Greenfield
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UMR 7261 (IRBI); Université François Rabelais de Tours; Tours France
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34
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Turner JRG. The dawn flight of the gold swiftHepialus hecta: predator avoidance and the integration of complex lek behaviour (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. G. Turner
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds; LS2 9JT; UK
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35
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Risk-taking behavior in the lesser wax moth: disentangling within- and between-individual variation. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Ligout S, Munier D, Marquereau L, Greenfield MD. Chronological vs. Physiological Age as Determinants of Mating Decisions: Studies on Female Choice Over Lifespan in An Acoustic Moth. Ethology 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2012.02064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ligout
- Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261; Université François Rabelais de Tours; Tours; France
| | - Damien Munier
- Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261; Université François Rabelais de Tours; Tours; France
| | - Lucie Marquereau
- Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261; Université François Rabelais de Tours; Tours; France
| | - Michael D. Greenfield
- Institut de recherche sur la biologie de l'insecte (IRBI), CNRS UMR 7261; Université François Rabelais de Tours; Tours; France
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