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Lendvai ÁZ, Tóth Z, Mahr K, Pénzes J, Vogel-Kindgen S, Gander BA, Vágási CI. IGF-1 induces sex-specific oxidative damage and mortality in a songbird. Oecologia 2024:10.1007/s00442-024-05587-y. [PMID: 39014256 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a pleiotropic hormone that regulates essential life-history traits and is known for its major contribution to determining individual ageing processes. High levels of IGF-1 have been linked to increased mortality and are hypothesised to cause oxidative stress. This effect has been observed in laboratory animals, but whether it pertains to wild vertebrates has not been tested. This is surprising because studying the mechanisms that shape individual differences in lifespan is important to understanding mortality patterns in populations of free-living animals. We tested this hypothesis under semi-natural conditions by simulating elevated IGF-1 levels in captive bearded reedlings, a songbird species with an exceptionally fast pace of life. We subcutaneously injected slow-release biodegradable microspheres loaded with IGF-1 and achieved a systemic 3.7-fold increase of the hormone within the natural range for at least 24 h. Oxidative damage to lipids showed marked sexual differences: it significantly increased the day after the manipulation in treated males and returned to baseline levels four days post-treatment, while no treatment effect was apparent in females. Although there was no overall difference in survival between the treatment groups, high initial (pre-treatment) IGF-1 and low post-treatment plasma malondialdehyde levels were associated with enhanced survival prospects in males. These results suggest that males may be more susceptible to IGF-1-induced oxidative stress than females and quickly restoring oxidative balance may be related to fitness. IGF-1 levels evolve under opposing selection forces, and natural variation in this hormone's level may reflect the outcome of individual optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Z Lendvai
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Tóth
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Pál Juhász-Nagy Doctoral School of Biology Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katharina Mahr
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janka Pénzes
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Bruno A Gander
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Csongor I Vágási
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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2
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Ndunguru SF, Reda GK, Csernus B, Knop R, Gulyás G, Szabó C, Czeglédi L, Lendvai ÁZ. Embryonic methionine triggers post-natal developmental programming in Japanese quail. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:179-189. [PMID: 38520538 PMCID: PMC11070397 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Embryonic development is one of the most sensitive and critical stages when maternal effects may influence the offspring's phenotype. In birds and other oviparous species, embryonic development is confined to the eggs, therefore females must deposit resources into the eggs to prepare the offspring for the prevailing post-natal conditions. However, the mechanisms of such phenotypic adjustments remain poorly understood. We simulated a maternal nutritional transfer by injecting 1 mg of L-methionine solution into Japanese quail eggs before the onset of incubation. The increase in early methionine concentration in eggs activated the insulin/insulin-like signalling and mechanistic target of rapamycin (IIS/mTOR) signalling pathways and affected post-natal developmental trajectories. Chicks from methionine-supplemented eggs had higher expression of liver IGF1 and mTOR genes at hatching but were similar in size, and the phenotypic effects of increased growth became apparent only a week later and remained up to three weeks. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and expression of ribosomal protein serine 6 kinase 1 (RPS6K1), the mTOR downstream effector, were elevated only three weeks after hatching. These results show that specific nutritional cues may have phenotypic programming effects by sequentially activating specific nutrient-sensing pathways and achieving transgenerational phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawadi F Ndunguru
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Gebrehaweria K Reda
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Csernus
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Renáta Knop
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Gulyás
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Levente Czeglédi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ádám Z Lendvai
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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3
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Zhou W, Zhang N, Huang K, Lin H, Tu J, Zheng C, Que P, Chiang CY, Martinez J, Naerhulan H, Székely T, Zhang Z, Liu Y. Divergent Selection in Low Recombination Regions Shapes the Genomic Islands in Two Incipient Shorebird Species. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae006. [PMID: 38225175 PMCID: PMC10835341 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Speciation in the face of gene flow is usually associated with a heterogeneous genomic landscape of divergence in nascent species pairs. However, multiple factors, such as divergent selection and local recombination rate variation, can influence the formation of these genomic islands. Examination of the genomic landscapes of species pairs that are still in the early stages of speciation provides an insight into this conundrum. In this study, population genomic analyses were undertaken using a wide range of sampling and whole-genome resequencing data from 96 unrelated individuals of Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) and white-faced plover (Charadrius dealbatus). We suggest that the two species exhibit varying levels of population admixture along the Chinese coast and on the Taiwan Island. Genome-wide analyses for introgression indicate that ancient introgression had occurred in Taiwan population, and gene flow is still ongoing in mainland coastal populations. Furthermore, we identified a few genomic regions with significant levels of interspecific differentiation and local recombination suppression, which contain several genes potentially associated with disease resistance, coloration, and regulation of plumage molting and thus may be relevant to the phenotypic and ecological divergence of the two nascent species. Overall, our findings suggest that divergent selection in low recombination regions may be a main force in shaping the genomic islands in two incipient shorebird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaichi Huang
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Bc, Canada
| | - Hongzhou Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinjia Que
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, China
| | - Chung-Yu Chiang
- Department of Environmental Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| | | | - Halimubieke Naerhulan
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Tamás Székely
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Lodjak J, Boonekamp J, Lendvai ÁZ, Verhulst S. Short- and long-term effects of nutritional state on IGF-1 levels in nestlings of a wild passerine. Oecologia 2023; 203:27-35. [PMID: 37676486 PMCID: PMC10615909 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth trajectories of young animals are intimately connected to their fitness prospects, but we have little knowledge of growth regulation mechanisms, particularly in the wild. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a central hormone in regulating resource allocation, with higher IGF-1 levels resulting in more growth. IGF-1 levels generally increase in conjunction with nutritional state, but whether IGF-1 levels are adjusted in response to current nutrient availability or to the nutrient availability integrated over a longer term is not well known. We tested for such effects by supplementary feeding the jackdaw (Corvus monedula) nestlings in experimentally reduced or enlarged broods with either water (control) or a food solution; these manipulations have long- and short-term effects on the nutritional state, respectively. Baseline plasma IGF-1 levels were higher in reduced broods. Food supplementation induced an increase in plasma IGF-1 levels measured one hour later, and this effect was significantly more substantial in nestlings in reduced broods. Changes in plasma IGF-1 levels increased with increased retention of the supplementary food, which was higher in reduced broods, explaining the stronger IGF-1 response. Thus, IGF-1 levels respond to short-term variations in the nutritional state, but this effect is amplified by longer-term variations in the nutritional state. We discuss our findings using a graphical model that integrates the results of the two treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanis Lodjak
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 2 Juhan Liivi Street, 50409, Tartu, Estonia.
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Jelle Boonekamp
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ádám Z Lendvai
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands.
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Moreira LR, Smith BT. Convergent genomic signatures of local adaptation across a continental-scale environmental gradient. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd0560. [PMID: 37205757 PMCID: PMC10198635 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Convergent local adaptation offers a glimpse into the role of constraint and stochasticity in adaptive evolution, in particular the extent to which similar genetic mechanisms drive adaptation to common selective forces. Here, we investigated the genomics of local adaptation in two nonsister woodpeckers that are codistributed across an entire continent and exhibit remarkably convergent patterns of geographic variation. We sequenced the genomes of 140 individuals of Downy (Dryobates pubescens) and Hairy (Dryobates villosus) woodpeckers and used a suite of genomic approaches to identify loci under selection. We showed evidence that convergent genes have been targeted by selection in response to shared environmental pressures, such as temperature and precipitation. Among candidates, we found multiple genes putatively linked to key phenotypic adaptations to climate, including differences in body size (e.g., IGFPB) and plumage (e.g., MREG). These results are consistent with genetic constraints limiting the pathways of adaptation to broad climatic gradients, even after genetic backgrounds diverge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Moreira
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, NY, USA
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Brian Tilston Smith
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY, USA
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Mahr K, Anzengruber M, Hellerschmid A, Slezacek J, Hoi H, Subbiahdoss G, Gabor F, Lendvai ÁZ. Biocompatible polymeric microparticles serve as novel and reliable vehicles for exogenous hormone manipulations in passerines. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 336:114234. [PMID: 36791824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The administration of exogenous hormones emerged as an essential tool for field studies in endocrinology. However, working with wild animals remains challenging, because under field conditions not every available method meets the necessary requirements. Achieving a sustained elevation in hormone levels, while simultaneously minimising handling time and invasiveness of the procedure is a difficult task in field endocrinology. Facing this challenge, we have investigated the suitability of biocompatible polymeric microparticles, a novel method for drug-administration, as a tool to manipulate hormones in small songbirds. We chose the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as target hormone, because it receives great interest from the research community due to its important role in shaping life-history traits. Moreover, its short half-life and hydrophilic properties imply a major challenge in finding a suitable method to achieve a sustained, systemic long-term release. To study the release kinetics, we injected either IGF-1 loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles or dispersion medium (control group) in the skin pocket of the interscapular region of captive bearded reedlings (Panurus biarmicus). We collected blood samples for 7 consecutive days plus an additional sampling period after two weeks and complemented these with an in vitro experiment. Our results show that in vitro, PLGA microparticles allowed a stable IGF-1 release for more than 15 days, following a burst release at the beginning of the measurement. In vivo, the initial burst was followed by a drop to still elevated levels in circulating IGF-1 until the effect vanished by 16 days post-treatment. This study is the first to describe the use of PLGA-microparticles as a novel tool for exogenous hormone administration in a small passerine. We suggest that this method is highly suitable to achieve the systemic long-term release of hydrophilic hormones with short half-life and reduces overall handling time, as it requires only one subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Mahr
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Anzengruber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Hellerschmid
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Slezacek
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Hoi
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guruprakash Subbiahdoss
- Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Gabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ádám Z Lendvai
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Tóth Z, Mahr K, Ölveczki G, Őri L, Lendvai ÁZ. Food Restriction Reveals Individual Differences in Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Reaction Norms. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.826968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms have to cope with unpredictable environmental challenges such as fluctuations in nutritional resources. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an evolutionarily conserved hormone that is highly sensitive to the individual nutritional status and regulates major life-history traits including lifespan and reproduction across vertebrates. We investigated the role of IGF-1 during periods of food shortages by altering between two feeding regimes (110 and 70% of daily food intake) after a period of ad libitum feeding in captive bearded reedlings (Panurus biarmicus). Each dietary treatment was repeated twice. Birds lost mass under food restriction, but the magnitude of mass change depended on the preceding dietary conditions. Moreover, bearded reedlings showed large, repeatable individual differences in their IGF-1 reaction norms with some individuals increasing IGF-1 levels in response to a restricted diet, whereas others showed no responses or decreased IGF-1 levels. This variation was explained by differences in average body mass: heavier individuals had higher IGF-1 levels during the control treatment and were more likely to decrease IGF-1 levels in response to the dietary restriction than did lighter ones. This result uncovers an individual by environment interaction (I × E) and may have important implications for the evolution of IGF-1 related hormonal phenotypes in this species.
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Montoya B, Tóth Z, Lendvai ÁZ, Stier A, Criscuolo F, Zahn S, Bize P. Does IGF-1 Shape Life-History Trade-Offs? Opposite Associations of IGF-1 With Telomere Length and Body Size in a Free-Living Bird. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.853674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal pathways have been proposed to be key at modulating how fast individuals grow and reproduce and how long they live (i.e., life history trajectory). Research in model species living under controlled environment is suggesting that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is an evolutionarily conserved polypeptide hormone, has an important role in modulating animal life histories. Much remains, however, to be done to test the role played by IGF-1 in shaping the phenotype and life history of animals in the wild. Using a wild long-lived bird, the Alpine swift (Tachymarptis melba), we show that adults with higher levels of IGF-1 had longer wings and shorter telomeres. Hence, telomeres being a proxy of lifespan in this species, our results support a potential role of IGF-1 at shaping the life-history of wild birds and suggest that IGF-1 may influence the growth-lifespan trade-off.
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Lendvai ÁZ, Tóth Z, Mahr K, Osváth G, Vogel-Kindgen S, Gander BA. Effects of experimental increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 on feather growth rate, moult intensity and feather quality in a passerine bird. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:269142. [PMID: 34124749 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Moulting is a crucial, yet often overlooked life-history stage in many animals, when they renew their integumental structures. This life-history stage is an energetically demanding somatic growth event that has particular importance in birds because feathers play a crucial role in flight, insulation and communication. Somatic growth processes are regulated by the evolutionarily conserved peptide hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). However, the role of IGF-1 in feather growth remains unknown. In this study, we captured 41 juvenile free-living bearded reedlings (Panurus biarmicus) that had started their first complete moult and brought them into captivity. Then, we manipulated their circulating IGF-1 levels using poly-(lactic-co-glycolid acid) microparticles (microspheres) that provide a sustained release of IGF-1. The treatment increased IGF-1 levels but did not affect the feather growth rate. However, 2 weeks after the treatment, birds in the increased IGF-1 group were moulting more feathers simultaneously than the controls and were at a more advanced stage of moult. Birds with experimentally increased IGF-1 levels had better quality feathers (measured by a lower number of fault bars) than the controls. These results suggest that an increase in IGF-1 does not speed up feather growth, but may alter moult intensity by initiating the renewal of several feathers simultaneously. This may shorten the overall moulting time but may imply costs in terms of IGF-1-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Z Lendvai
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Tóth
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.,Juhász-Nagy Pál Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences , University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katharina Mahr
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.,Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gergely Osváth
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.,Juhász-Nagy Pál Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences , University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.,Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Museum of Zoology, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Bruno A Gander
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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