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Lee SB, Min HJ. Complications of a Barbed Thread in Rhinoplasty. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:e336-e338. [PMID: 38345937 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhinoplasty using threads has been popular for the benefits of being free from anesthesia, shortness of post-surgical recovery process, and surgery-related complications. Compared with its beneficial aspects, studies that evaluated thread rhinoplasty-related complications are relatively limited. Recently, we experienced a patient who underwent barbed thread rhinoplasty in 12 months before visiting our clinic. She presented with a firm mass-like lesion palpated through the nasal dorsum, making hump-looking appearance. During revision rhinoplasty, we found that previously inserted threads were identified from the nasal dorusam and tip area not being resorted. Threads and soft tissue on nasal dorsal area formed firm mass-like lesion and were firmly attached to surrounding soft tissues. Herein, we introduce our case in which the formation of nasal mass on dorsal area is a later complication of thread rhinoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Jin Min
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Wan J, Kim SB, Chan LKW, Lee KWA, Cartier H, Yi KH. Volumising thread lift technique for forehead augmentation. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13813. [PMID: 38873871 PMCID: PMC11177022 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovian Wan
- Asia-Pacific Aesthetic Academy, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Soo-Bin Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Kyu-Ho Yi
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Maylin Clinic (Apgujeong), Seoul, South Korea
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Hong GW, Song S, Park SY, Lee SB, Wan J, Hu KS, Yi KH. Why Do Nasolabial Folds Appear? Exploring the Anatomical Perspectives and the Role of Thread-Based Interventions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:716. [PMID: 38611629 PMCID: PMC11011544 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The classification of nasolabial folds into three types, each with distinct causative factors and mechanisms, is explored. Age-related changes in facial skin and connective tissues are examined in detail, revealing variations across different facial regions due to variances in tissue firmness and thickness. The innovative 'Reverse Technique,' involving cog threads to enhance tissue traction and effectiveness in thread-lifting procedures, is introduced. Detailed technical guidelines, anatomical considerations, and safety measures are provided, emphasizing the importance of identifying optimal vectors and fixing points to achieve maximum lifting effects while minimizing potential risks, particularly those associated with vascular structures. Additionally, the 'Cross Technique using volumizing thread' is discussed, designed to smooth tissue boundaries and rejuvenate sagging areas. Facial anatomy, including the positioning of arteries and ligaments, is underscored as essential for ensuring the safety and efficacy of procedures. In conclusion, this review stands as a comprehensive guide for practitioners, offering insights into innovative thread-lifting methods and their applications in addressing nasolabial folds. The primary focus is on achieving optimal aesthetic results while prioritizing patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Woong Hong
- Samskin Plastic Surgery Clinic, Seoul 06577, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sehyun Song
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soo Yeon Park
- Made-Young Plastic Surgery Clinic, Seoul 06615, Republic of Korea;
| | | | - Jovian Wan
- Asia Pacific Aesthetic Academy, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Kyung-Seok Hu
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyu-Ho Yi
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
- Maylin Clinic (Apgujeong), Seoul 06001, Republic of Korea
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Rios BR, Barbosa S, da Silva WPP, Quirino Louzada MJ, Ervolino E, Kalil EC, Shibli JA, Faverani LP. Polydioxanone Enhances Bone Regeneration After Resection and Reconstruction of Rat Femur with rhBMP2. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2024; 30:102-112. [PMID: 38271574 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the bone regeneration potential of a polydioxanone (PDO) scaffold together with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) for the reconstruction of large bone defect. In total, 24 male rats (6 months old) were subjected to bilateral femoral stabilization using titanium plates to create a 2 mm gap, and reconstruction using rhBMP-2 (Infuse®; 3.25 μg). The bone defects were covered with PDO (PDO group), or with titanium mesh (Ti group). Animals were euthanized on days 14 and 60. Simultaneously, 16 rats received PDO and Ti in their dorsum for the purpose of biocompatibility analysis at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days postoperatively. X-ray densitometry showed a higher density in the PDO group on day 14. On day 60, coverage of the bone defect with PDO showed a larger quantity of newly formed bone than that found for the Ti group, a lower inflammatory infiltrate value, and a more significant number of blood vessels on day 14. By immunohistochemical assessment, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and osteocalcin (OCN) showed higher labeling on day 14 in the PDO group. On day 60, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) showed higher labeling in the PDO group, whereas Ti showed higher labeling for osteoprotegerin, nuclear factor kappa B ligand-activating receptor, RUNX2, and OCN. Furthermore, biocompatibility analysis showed a higher inflammatory response in the Ti group. The PDO scaffold enhanced bone regeneration when associated with rhBMP-2 in rat femur reconstruction. Impact statement Regeneration of segmental bone defects is a difficult task, and several techniques and materials have been used. Recent advances in the production of synthetic polymers, such as polydioxanone (PDO), produced by three-dimensional printing, have shown distinct characteristics that could improve tissue regeneration even in an important bone defect. The present preclinical study showed that PDO membranes used as scaffolds to carry recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) improved bone tissue regeneration by more than 8-fold when compared with titanium mesh, suggesting that PDO membranes could be a feasible and useful material for use in guided bone regeneration. (In English, viable is only used for living creatures capable of sustaining life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ribeiro Rios
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stéfany Barbosa
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William Phillip Pereira da Silva
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edilson Ervolino
- Division of Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Kalil
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Centro, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - Jamil Awad Shibli
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Centro, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - Leonardo P Faverani
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Park SY, Kim S, Suwanchinda A, Yi K. Non-surgical rhinoplasty through minimal invasive nose thread procedures: Adverse effects and prevention methods. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13590. [PMID: 38279564 PMCID: PMC10818120 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review addresses the intricacies of non-surgical rhinoplasty, particularly focusing on the utilization of absorbable sutures known as "Volumizing threads" in combination with fillers. The aim is to explore the enhanced precision of nasal contouring offered by these combined procedures compared to sole filler injections. METHODS Through comprehensive clinical cases, this article scrutinizes the landscape of adverse effects and their prevention strategies associated with minimal invasive nose thread procedures. The discussion emphasizes various complications, including thread protrusion, migration, infections, skin dimpling, and granuloma formation, along with their respective management approaches. RESULTS This article delineates cases of complications arising from thread placement, ranging from visibility issues to skin infections and granuloma formation. It highlights instances of thread visibility, oral mucosa protrusion, skin infections, dimpling, and granuloma formation. Additionally, it outlines the corresponding management strategies, accentuating the criticality of early intervention to preclude severe complications in non-surgical rhinoplasty involving nose threads. CONCLUSION Non-surgical rhinoplasty, leveraging nose thread procedures, offers heightened precision compared to conventional filler injections. However, the review underscores the importance of recognizing potential risks and promptly addressing complications like thread extrusion, migration, and infections. Understanding these complexities in non-surgical rhinoplasty aids in informed decision-making and efficient patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soo‐Bin Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral BiologyHuman Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of DentistrySeodaemun‐guSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Atchima Suwanchinda
- Department of DermatologyChulabhorn Hospital, Chulabhorn Royal AcademyBangkokThailand
- Department of DermatologyChulabhorn International Collage of Medicine, Thammasat UniversityBangkokThailand
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineRamathibodi Hospital, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kyu‐Ho Yi
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral BiologyHuman Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of DentistrySeodaemun‐guSeoulSouth Korea
- Maylin Clinic (Apgujeong)SeoulSouth Korea
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Eng J, Sivam SK. Repairing the Nose after Failed Minimally Invasive Procedures. Facial Plast Surg 2023; 39:654-659. [PMID: 37321261 DOI: 10.1055/a-2111-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimally invasive nasal procedures can be aimed at treating both functional and cosmetic problems. These procedures include lateral nasal wall implants, dermal fillers, thread lifting, and radiofrequency ablation. Though increasingly popular, nasal surgeons have limited data to draw from when faced with operating in a nose that has been altered by these techniques. In this article, best practice recommendations are described based on the available data for each of the techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sunthosh Kumar Sivam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Complications and Treatments of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection After Rhinoplasty With Implants: A Clinical Study. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:e104-e108. [PMID: 35882015 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, and because of its specificity, its treatments appear tricky in postrhinoplasty infections with internal implants. This study summarizes the clinical characteristics and treatment of this type of infections to provide some reference for clinical work. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 10 patients who were diagnosed with a nasal infection of P. aeruginosa after implant nasal augmentation. The results of the bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test of the patients' wound secretions were summarized and analyzed. We summarized the characteristics of the patients' infection and the treatments, and we also summarized the patients' prognosis. RESULTS In these 10 cases, their implants included rib cartilage and ear cartilage alone, as well as their own cartilage combined with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone. All patients developed wound infections within 1 month after rhinoplasty, with bacterial cultures of P. aeruginosa . Prolonged use of sensitive antibiotics, as well as wound dressing changes, failed to keep the infection well under control. Patients whose implant was removed and thoroughly debrided within 1 week of infection did not experience any serious complications. In patients who were infected for >1 week before surgery to remove the implants, complications such as nasal column necrosis and nasal contracture occurred, and later the nasal repair was performed after multiple surgeries. CONCLUSIONS For bacterial infections in postrhinoplasty wounds with implants, we recommend early bacterial culture. If the infection is clearly P. aeruginosa , the implant should be removed and thoroughly debrided as soon as possible to avoid serious complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Chen Y, Hu J, Xing J, Li Y, Xu Y, Li N, Liu J, Liu M, An Y, Han Y. Complications Following Thread Rhinoplasty. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4722-4726. [PMID: 35506191 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The debate on thread rhinoplasty (TR) has never stopped owing to its complications. However, few studies have reported the clinical characteristics of TR complications, as well as their treatment. AIMS We aim to summarize the clinical, ultrasonographic, and histopathologic characteristics of TR complications. PATIENTS/METHODS This retrospective case series study included consecutive patients presenting with TR complications. Patients demographics, medical history, complications, ultrasonography, treatment, histopathology, and follow-up outcome were collected through the electronic medical record. RESULTS A total of 30 patients (28 females) with an average age of 28.7±6.8 years were included. The most common complication leading to consultation was infection (46.7%), followed by thread extrusion (30%), chronic inflammation (16.7%), and dimpling (6.7%). Most patients who developed complications received TRs at illegal non-medical places (70%). Ultrasonography of infection showed multiple dotted heterogeneous hyperecho signals surrounded by a hypoecho area. 20 patients (66.7%) received debridement, thread removal, or release of dimpling. Threads could be completely removed within one month of TR. Histopathological examination showed multifocal crystal-like material surrounded by excessive inflammatory cells in hyperplastic granulation tissues. All patients were satisfied with the clinical outcomes over a follow-up of 25.6±14 months. CONCLUSIONS Infection is the most common complication that always warrants thread removal. Ultrasonography is helpful in detecting the remaining threads and delineating the infection area. We do not recommend threading as a regular method for rhinoplasty owing to its complications for an expedience with short-lasting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbai Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jintian Hu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahua Xing
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujian Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Institute of Hospital Management, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jin HR, Kim SJ. Presentation Patterns and Surgical Management of the Complications of Thread Rhinoplasty. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 15:247-253. [PMID: 35413169 PMCID: PMC9441499 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2022.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Nonsurgical rhinoplasty using threads has gained popularity in recent years. While the benefits of this procedure have been emphasized, possible complications and their management are not well-known. This study aimed to present the surgical management and results of the complications of thread rhinoplasty. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of seven patients who underwent revision rhinoplasty due to the complications of thread rhinoplasty from January 2018 to May 2021. The presentation of complications, detailed surgical procedures, and outcomes of revision rhinoplasty were reviewed. Results Visible or extruded threads at the tip were the most common complication, followed by dorsum irregularity. All the threads were unabsorbed and intact in shape, even several years after insertion. Thread removal necessitated careful tissue dissection, resulting in the loss of tip support and dorsal irregularity. To restore the tip support and camouflage the dorsum shape, an autologous tissue graft was needed. Conclusion Removal of threads at the tip and dorsum was accompanied by structural weakening and partial tissue loss, which required tip support restoration and dorsum camouflage.
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Barbed PDO Thread Face Lift: A Case Study of Bacterial Complication. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2022; 10:e4157. [PMID: 35265439 PMCID: PMC8901212 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000004157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Procedures with polydioxanone (PDO) threads are increasingly used for aesthetic indications. To date, eight cases of serious complications following the use of PDO threads have been published. In this case report, we present a case of a serious bacterial complication after a procedure with four PDO threads. A 52-year-old female patient presented to our center 1 month after undergoing the procedure at another center. Despite early symptoms, no treatment had previously been implemented. Perforating abscesses were found along the course of the threads. After 5 days of antibiotic therapy (amoxicillin 875 mg and clavulanic acid 125 mg p.o. every 12 hours), the threads were surgically removed due to skin rippling. During the procedure, the threads were found to be fragile, and several incisions were necessary to remove them. After 1 month, no signs of inflammation were reported. However, persistent deformities occurred due to delayed treatment implementation. Bacterial complications seem to be a typical complication following the procedure with PDO threads. PDO threads can be difficult to remove due their fragility. The possible need for surgical removal of the threads should be considered when selecting areas for application.
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Li K, Zhang X, Guo W, Wang L, Wang G, Gao L. Polydioxanone thread insertion in combination with radio frequency treatment does not exhibit synergistic efficacy: Animal study with pigs. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:3479-3485. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospitial Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospitial Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospitial Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospitial Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospitial Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Dermatology Xijing Hospitial Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
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Lee DW, Ryu H, Jang SH, Kim JH. Clinical features and literature review related to the material differences in thread rhinoplasty: Two case reports. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:9635-9644. [PMID: 34877301 PMCID: PMC8610882 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i31.9635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thread rhinoplasty can trigger a reaction to thread material, which is a foreign body. We compared clinical features induced by absorbable and non-absorbable threads following thread rhinoplasty.
CASE SUMMARY Two patients who underwent different thread materials showed different clinical courses and different Hounsfield unit (HU) values in computed tomography. Patients with absorbable thread showed high HU values similar to a metallic material, and the HU value of inflammation was similar to vascular tissues with a lot of water (250). In the intraoperative field, absorbable thread materials and micro-abscesses were observed. In contrast, in the case of a non-absorbable thread, an object presumed to be thread was seen on the computed tomography (CT), and the HU value of inflammatory tissues was less than 100. In both patients, post-operative HU decreased to less than 100 and the clinical course improved. In both cases, histopathologic findings revealed foreign body granuloma associated with inflammation.
CONCLUSION Absorbable threads were more aggressive and are more easily detected on CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Woon Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Heongrae Ryu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Si-Hyong Jang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea
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