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Ghergus D, Martin M, Knapp AM, Delmotte F, Joublin-Delavat A, Jung S, Schickel JN, Mendel I, Dupuis A, Drénou B, Ghesquières H, Salles G, Baseggio L, Herbrecht R, Korganow AS, Vallat L, Soulas-Sprauel P, Meffre E, Martin T. Normal B cells express ZAP70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A link between autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation? Am J Hematol 2024; 99:48-56. [PMID: 37853951 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
ZAP70 has a prognostic value in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), through altered B-cell receptor signaling, which is important in CLL pathogenesis. A good correlation between ZAP70 expression in CLL cells and the occurrence of autoimmune phenomena has been reported. Yet, the great majority of CLL-associated autoimmune cytopenia is due to polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) G synthesized by nonmalignant B cells, and this phenomenon is poorly understood. Here, we show, using flow cytometry, that a substantial percentage of CD5- nonmalignant B cells from CLL patients expresses ZAP70 compared with CD5- B cells from healthy subjects. This ZAP70 expression in normal B cells from CLL patients was also evidenced by the detection of ZAP70 mRNA at single-cell level with polyclonal Ig heavy- and light-chain gene transcripts. ZAP70+ normal B cells belong to various B-cell subsets and their presence in the naïve B-cell subset suggests that ZAP70 expression may occur during early B-cell development in CLL patients and potentially before malignant transformation. The presence of ZAP70+ normal B cells is associated with autoimmune cytopenia in CLL patients in our cohort of patients, and recombinant antibodies produced from these ZAP70+ nonmalignant B cells were frequently autoreactive including anti-platelet reactivity. These results provide a better understanding of the implication of ZAP70 in CLL leukemogenesis and the mechanisms of autoimmune complications of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ghergus
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mickaël Martin
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Fabien Delmotte
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Sophie Jung
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Dentistry, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Arnaud Dupuis
- French Blood Institute of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Drénou
- Department of Hematology, Groupe Hospitalier de la Région Mulhouse Sud Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Hervé Ghesquières
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gilles Salles
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Lucile Baseggio
- Laboratory of Hematology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Raoul Herbrecht
- Department of Hematology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg, France
- Strasbourg University, IINSERM UMR-S1113/IRFAC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Vallat
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Cancer, Strasbourg University Hospital and INSERM UMR-S1113, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pauline Soulas-Sprauel
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thierry Martin
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
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Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), defined by a minimum of 5 × 109/L monoclonal B cells in the blood, affects more than 200 000 people and is associated with approximately 4410 deaths in the US annually. CLL is associated with an immunocompromised state and an increased rate of complications from infections. OBSERVATIONS At the time of diagnosis, the median age of patients with CLL is 70 years, and an estimated 95% of patients have at least 1 medical comorbidity. Approximately 70% to 80% of patients with CLL are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis, and one-third will never require treatment for CLL. Prognostic models have been developed to estimate the time to first treatment and the overall survival, but for patients who are asymptomatic, irrespective of disease risk category, clinical observation is the standard of care. Patients with symptomatic disease who have bulky or progressive lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly and those with a low neutrophil count, anemia, or thrombocytopenia and/or symptoms of fever, drenching night sweats, and weight loss (B symptoms) should be offered treatment. For these patients, first-line treatment consists of a regimen containing either a covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor (acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, or ibrutinib) or a B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) inhibitor (venetoclax). There is no evidence that starting either class before the other improves outcomes. The covalent BTK inhibitors are typically used indefinitely. Survival rates are approximately 88% at 4 years for acalabrutinib, 94% at 2 years for zanubrutinib, and 78% at 7 years for ibrutinib. Venetoclax is prescribed in combination with obinutuzumab, a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, in first-line treatment for 1 year (overall survival, 82% at 5-year follow-up). A noncovalent BTK inhibitor, pitobrutinib, has shown an overall response rate of more than 70% after failure of covalent BTK inhibitors and venetoclax. Phosphoinositide 3'-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors (idelalisib and duvelisib) can be prescribed for disease that progresses with BTK inhibitors and venetoclax, but patients require close monitoring for adverse events such as autoimmune conditions and infections. In patients with multiple relapses, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy with lisocabtagene maraleucel was associated with a 45% complete response rate. The only potential cure for CLL is allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, which remains an option after use of targeted agents. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE More than 200 000 people in the US are living with a CLL diagnosis, and CLL causes approximately 4410 deaths each year in the US. Approximately two-thirds of patients eventually need treatment. Highly effective novel targeted agents include BTK inhibitors such as acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, ibrutinib, and pirtobrutinib or BCL2 inhibitors such as venetoclax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazyar Shadman
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Medical Oncology Division, University of Washington, Seattle
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Čada Š, Vondálová Blanářová O, Gömoryová K, Mikulová A, Bačovská P, Zezula N, Kumari Jadaun A, Janovská P, Plešingerová H, Bryja V. Role of casein kinase 1 in the amoeboid migration of B-cell leukemic and lymphoma cells: A quantitative live imaging in the confined environment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:911966. [PMID: 36561363 PMCID: PMC9763939 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.911966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The migratory properties of leukemic cells are commonly associated with their pathological potential and can significantly affect the disease progression. While the research in immunopathology mostly employed powerful indirect methods such as flow cytometry, these cells were rarely observed directly using live imaging microscopy. This is especially true for the malignant cells of the B-cell lineage, such as those originating from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). In this study, we employed open-source image analysis tools to automatically and quantitatively describe the amoeboid migration of four B-cell leukemic and lymphoma cell lines and primary CLL cells. To avoid the effect of the shear stress of the medium on these usually non-adherent cells, we have confined the cells using a modified under-agarose assay. Surprisingly, the behavior of tested cell lines differed substantially in terms of basal motility or response to chemokines and VCAM1 stimulation. Since casein kinase 1 (CK1) was reported as a regulator of B-cell migration and a promoter of CLL, we looked at the effects of CK1 inhibition in more detail. Migration analysis revealed that CK1 inhibition induced rapid negative effects on the migratory polarity of these cells, which was quantitatively and morphologically distinct from the effect of ROCK inhibition. We have set up an assay that visualizes endocytic vesicles in the uropod and facilitates morphological analysis. This assay hints that the effect of CK1 inhibition might be connected to defects in polarized intracellular transport. In summary, 1) we introduce and validate a pipeline for the imaging and quantitative assessment of the amoeboid migration of CLL/MCL cells, 2) we provide evidence that the assay is sensitive enough to mechanistically study migration defects identified by the transwell assay, and 3) we describe the polarity defects induced by inhibition or deletion of CK1ε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Čada
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Kristína Gömoryová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antónia Mikulová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Bačovská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Nikodém Zezula
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Alka Kumari Jadaun
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavlína Janovská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Plešingerová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia,Department of Internal Medicine—Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czechia,*Correspondence: Vítězslav Bryja,
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Aberrant Expression of TLR2, TLR7, TLR9, Splicing Variants of TLR4 and MYD88 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040867. [PMID: 33669782 PMCID: PMC7922273 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional toll-like receptors (TLRs) could modulate anti-tumor effects by activating inflammatory cytokines and the cytotoxic T-cells response. However, excessive TLR expression could promote tumor progression, since TLR-induced inflammation might stimulate cancer cells expansion into the microenvironment. Myd88 is involved in activation NF-κB through TLRs downstream signaling, hence in the current study we provided, for the first time, a complex characterization of expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, and MYD88 as well as their splicing forms in two distinct compartments of the microenvironment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): peripheral blood and bone marrow. We found correlations between MYD88 and TLRs expressions in both compartments, indicating their relevant cooperation in CLL. The MYD88 expression was higher in CLL patients compared to healthy volunteers (HVs) (0.1780 vs. 0.128, p < 0.0001). The TLRs expression was aberrant in CLL compared to HVs. Analysis of survival curves revealed a shorter time to first treatment in the group of patients with low level of TLR4(3) expression compared to high level of TLR4(3) expression in bone marrow (13 months vs. 48 months, p = 0.0207). We suggest that TLRs expression is differentially regulated in CLL but is similarly shared between two distinct compartments of the microenvironment.
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Alkharabsheh O, Alsayed A, Morlote DM, Mehta A. Cerebral Invasive Aspergillosis in a Case of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:837-841. [PMID: 33567487 PMCID: PMC7985758 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors have become an important therapy for untreated and previously treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite improved outcomes, rare adverse events, such as invasive fungal infections, have been reported with the use of first-generation BTK inhibitors. Invasive fungal infections carry a high morbidity and mortality risk. There have been several case reports describing the association between aspergillosis and ibrutinib treatment, but none with acalabrutinib, to our knowledge. In this case report, we describe a patient with CLL who developed an intracranial Aspergillus fumigatus infection while receiving acalabrutinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Alkharabsheh
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-251-665-8000; Fax: +1-251-445-8378
| | - Alhareth Alsayed
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Diana M. Morlote
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Amitkumar Mehta
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UAB, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
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Haselager MV, Kater AP, Eldering E. Proliferative Signals in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia; What Are We Missing? Front Oncol 2020; 10:592205. [PMID: 33134182 PMCID: PMC7578574 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.592205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells cycle between lymphoid tissue sites where they actively proliferate, and the peripheral blood (PB) where they become quiescent. Strong evidence exists for a crucial role of B cell receptor (BCR) triggering, either by (self-)antigen or by receptor auto-engagement in the lymph node (LN) to drive CLL proliferation and provide adhesion. The clinical success of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors is widely accepted to be based on blockade of the BCR signal. Additional signals in the LN that support CLL survival derive from surrounding cells, such as CD40L-presenting T helper cells, myeloid and stromal cells. It is not quite clear if and to what extent these non-BCR signals contribute to proliferation in situ. In vitro BCR triggering, in contrast, leads to low-level activation and does not result in cell division. Various combinations of non-BCR signals delivered via co-stimulatory receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and/or soluble cytokines are applied, leading to comparatively modest and short-lived CLL proliferation in vitro. Thus, an unresolved gap exists between the condition in the patient as we now understand it and applicable knowledge that can be harnessed in the laboratory for future therapeutic applications. Even in this era of targeted drugs, CLL remains largely incurable with frequent relapses and emergence of resistance. Therefore, we require better insight into all aspects of CLL growth and potential rewiring of signaling pathways. We aim here to provide an overview of in vivo versus in vitro signals involved in CLL proliferation, point out areas of missing knowledge and suggest future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco V. Haselager
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnon P. Kater
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Nisticò N, Maisano D, Iaccino E, Vecchio E, Fiume G, Rotundo S, Quinto I, Mimmi S. Role of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)-Derived Exosomes in Tumor Progression and Survival. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E244. [PMID: 32937811 PMCID: PMC7557731 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-lymphoproliferative disease, which consists of the abnormal proliferation of CD19/CD5/CD20/CD23 positive lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid organs, such as bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen. The neoplastic transformation and expansion of tumor B cells are commonly recognized as antigen-driven processes, mediated by the interaction of antigens with the B cell receptor (BCR) expressed on the surface of B-lymphocytes. The survival and progression of CLL cells largely depend on the direct interaction of CLL cells with receptors of accessory cells of tumor microenvironment. Recently, much interest has been focused on the role of tumor release of small extracellular vesicles (EVs), named exosomes, which incorporate a wide range of biologically active molecules, particularly microRNAs and proteins, which sustain the tumor growth. Here, we will review the role of CLL-derived exosomes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Nisticò
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Domenico Maisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Salvatore Rotundo
- Department of Health Sciences–University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Selena Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
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9
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Pal Singh S, de Bruijn MJW, de Almeida MP, Meijers RWJ, Nitschke L, Langerak AW, Pillai SY, Stadhouders R, Hendriks RW. Identification of Distinct Unmutated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Subsets in Mice Based on Their T Cell Dependency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1996. [PMID: 30271400 PMCID: PMC6146083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) can be divided into prognostically distinct subsets with stereotyped or non-stereotyped, mutated or unmutated B cell receptors (BCRs). Individual subsets vary in antigen specificity and origin, but the impact of antigenic pressure on the CLL BCR repertoire remains unknown. Here, we employed IgH.TEμ mice that spontaneously develop CLL, expressing mostly unmutated BCRs of which ~35% harbor VH11-2/Vκ14-126 and recognize phosphatidylcholine. Proportions of VH11/Vκ14-expressing CLL were increased in the absence of functional germinal centers in IgH.TEμ mice deficient for CD40L or activation-induced cytidine deaminase. Conversely, in vivo T cell-dependent immunization decreased the proportions of VH11/Vκ14-expressing CLL. Furthermore, CLL onset was accelerated by enhanced BCR signaling in Siglec-G−/− mice or in mice expressing constitutively active Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Transcriptional profiling revealed that VH11 and non-VH11 CLL differed in the upregulation of specific pathways implicated in cell signaling and metabolism. Interestingly, principal component analyses using the 148 differentially expressed genes revealed that VH11 and non-VH11 CLL clustered with BCR-stimulated and anti-CD40-stimulated B cells, respectively. We identified an expression signature consisting of 13 genes that were differentially expressed in a larger panel of T cell-dependent non-VH11 CLL compared with T cell-independent VH11/Vκ14 or mutated IgH.TEμ CLL. Parallel differences in the expression of these 13 signature genes were observed between heterogeneous and stereotypic human unmutated CLL. Our findings provide evidence for two distinct unmutated CLL subsets with a specific transcriptional signature: one is T cell-independent and B-1 cell-derived while the other arises upon antigen stimulation in the context of T-cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Pal Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Post-graduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Lars Nitschke
- Department of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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10
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TLR2 Expression on Leukemic B Cells from Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 67:55-65. [PMID: 30196472 PMCID: PMC6433797 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic stimulation is considered as a possible trigger of neoplastic transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). B-cell receptor plays a key role in the interactions between the microenvironment and leukemic cells; however, an important role has also been attributed to Toll-like receptors (TLRs). It is believed that disorders of TLR expression may play a part in the pathogenesis of CLL. In this study, we investigated the potential role of TLR2 in CLL by analyzing its expression on leukemic B cells in correlation with clinical and laboratory parameters characterizing disease activity and patients’ immune status. We assessed the frequencies of TLR2+/CD19+ cells by the flow cytometry method in peripheral blood of 119 patients with CLL. The percentage of TLR2+/CD19+ cells was significantly lower in patients with CLL as compared to the healthy volunteers. There was also a lower percentage of TLR2+/CD19+ cells in CLL patients with poor prognostic factors, such as ZAP70 and/or CD38 expression, 17p and/or 11q deletion. On the other hand, among patients with del(13q14) associated with favorable prognosis, the percentage of TLR2+/CD19+ cells was higher than among those with del(11q22) and/or del(17p13) as well as in the control group. We found an association between low percentage of CD19+/CD5+/TLR2+ cells and shorter time to treatment. We also demonstrated the relationship between low percentage of CD19+/CD5+ TLR2-positive and overall survival (OS) of CLL patients. CLL patients with a proportion of 1.6% TLR2-positive B CD5+ cells (according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis) or more had a longer time to treatment and longer OS than the group with a lower percentage of TLR2 positive cells. To sum up, the results of the study suggest that low TLR2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in CLL patients. The monitoring of CD19+/CD5+/TLR2+ cells number may provide useful information on disease activity. Level of TLR2 expression on leukemic B cells may be an important factor of immunological dysfunction for patients with CLL. Our study suggests that TLR2 could becomes potential biological markers for the clinical outcome in patients with CLL.
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11
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Darwiche W, Gubler B, Marolleau JP, Ghamlouch H. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-Cell Normal Cellular Counterpart: Clues From a Functional Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29670635 PMCID: PMC5893869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature-looking CD19+ CD23+ CD5+ B-cells that accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs. To date, no consensus has been reached concerning the normal cellular counterpart of CLL B-cells and several B-cell types have been proposed. CLL B-cells have remarkable phenotypic and gene expression profile homogeneity. In recent years, the molecular and cellular biology of CLL has been enriched by seminal insights that are leading to a better understanding of the natural history of the disease. Immunophenotypic and molecular approaches (including immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene mutational status, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling) comparing the normal B-cell subset and CLL B-cells provide some new insights into the normal cellular counterpart. Functional characteristics (including activation requirements and propensity for plasma cell differentiation) of CLL B-cells have now been investigated for 50 years. B-cell subsets differ substantially in terms of their functional features. Analysis of shared functional characteristics may reveal similarities between normal B-cell subsets and CLL B-cells, allowing speculative assignment of a normal cellular counterpart for CLL B-cells. In this review, we summarize current data regarding peripheral B-cell differentiation and human B-cell subsets and suggest possibilities for a normal cellular counterpart based on the functional characteristics of CLL B-cells. However, a definitive normal cellular counterpart cannot be attributed on the basis of the available data. We discuss the functional characteristics required for a cell to be logically considered to be the normal counterpart of CLL B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Darwiche
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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12
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Quentmeier H, Pommerenke C, Ammerpohl O, Geffers R, Hauer V, MacLeod RAF, Nagel S, Romani J, Rosati E, Rosén A, Uphoff CC, Zaborski M, Drexler HG. Subclones in B-lymphoma cell lines: isogenic models for the study of gene regulation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63456-63465. [PMID: 27566572 PMCID: PMC5325377 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic heterogeneity though common in tumors has been rarely documented in cell lines. To examine how often B-lymphoma cell lines are comprised of subclones, we performed immunoglobulin (IG) heavy chain hypermutation analysis. Revealing that subclones are not rare in B-cell lymphoma cell lines, 6/49 IG hypermutated cell lines (12%) consisted of subclones with individual IG mutations. Subclones were also identified in 2/284 leukemia/lymphoma cell lines exhibiting bimodal CD marker expression. We successfully isolated 10 subclones from four cell lines (HG3, SU-DHL-5, TMD-8, U-2932). Whole exome sequencing was performed to molecularly characterize these subclones. We describe in detail the clonal structure of cell line HG3, derived from chronic lymphocytic leukemia. HG3 consists of three subclones each bearing clone-specific aberrations, gene expression and DNA methylation patterns. While donor patient leukemic cells were CD5+, two of three HG3 subclones had independently lost this marker. CD5 on HG3 cells was regulated by epigenetic/transcriptional mechanisms rather than by alternative splicing as reported hitherto. In conclusion, we show that the presence of subclones in cell lines carrying individual mutations and characterized by sets of differentially expressed genes is not uncommon. We show also that these subclones can be useful isogenic models for regulatory and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Quentmeier
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ole Ammerpohl
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vivien Hauer
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roderick A F MacLeod
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Nagel
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Romani
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emanuela Rosati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Bioscience and Medical Embryology Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cord C Uphoff
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Margarete Zaborski
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans G Drexler
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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Griggio V, Mandili G, Vitale C, Capello M, Macor P, Serra S, Castella B, Peola S, Foglietta M, Drandi D, Omedé P, Sblattero D, Cappello P, Chiarle R, Deaglio S, Boccadoro M, Novelli F, Massaia M, Coscia M. Humoral immune responses toward tumor-derived antigens in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3274-3288. [PMID: 27906678 PMCID: PMC5356881 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) the occurrence and the impact of antibody responses toward tumor-derived antigens are largely unexplored. Our serological proteomic data show that antibodies toward 47 identified antigens are detectable in 29 out of 35 patients (83%) with untreated CLL. The glycolytic enzyme alpha-enolase (ENO1) is the most frequently recognized antigen (i.e. 54% of CLL sera). We show that ENO1 is upregulated in the proliferating B-cell fraction of CLL lymph nodes. In CLL cells of the peripheral blood, ENO1 is exclusively expressed at the intracellular level, whereas it is exposed on the surface of apoptotic leukemic cells. From the clinical standpoint, patients with progressive CLL show a higher number of antigen recognitions compared to patients with stable disease. Consistently, the anti-ENO1 antibodies are prevalent in sera from patients with progressive disease and their presence is predictive of a shorter time to first treatment. This clinical inefficacy associates with the inability of patients’ sera to trigger complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against leukemic cells. Together, these results indicate that antibody responses toward tumor-derived antigens are frequently detectable in sera from patients with CLL, but they are expression of a disrupted immune system and unable to hamper disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Griggio
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mandili
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Candida Vitale
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Capello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences - University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Serra
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino and Immunogenetics Unit - Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Castella
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Peola
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Myriam Foglietta
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Drandi
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Omedé
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Paola Cappello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino and Immunogenetics Unit - Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Boccadoro
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Novelli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy.,Service of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Massaia
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Coscia
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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14
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Functional studies of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells expressing β 2-integrin type complement receptors CR3 and CR4. Immunol Lett 2017; 189:73-81. [PMID: 28577901 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression and role of CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) in B cells are not yet explored in contrast to myeloid cells, where these β2-integrin type receptors are known to participate in various cellular functions, including phagocytosis, adherence and migration. Here we aimed to reveal the expression and role of CR3 and CR4 in human B cells. In B cells of healthy donors CR3 and CR4 are scarcely expressed. However, two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) characterized by a peculiar immune-phenotype containing both CD5-positive and CD5-negative B cell populations made possible to study these molecules in distinct B cell subsets. We found that CD11b and CD11c were expressed on both CD5-positive and CD5-negative B cells, albeit to different extents. Our data suggest that these receptors are involved in spreading, since this activity of CpG-activated B cells on fibrinogen could be partially blocked by monoclonal antibodies specific for CD11b or CD11c. CpG-stimulation lead to proliferation of both CD5-positive and CD5-negative B cells of the patients with a less pronounced effect on the CD5-positive cells. In contrast to normal B cells, CLL B cells of both patients reacted to CpG-stimulation with robust IL-10 production. The concomitant, suboptimal stimulus via the BCR and TLR9 exerted either a synergistic enhancing effect or resulted in inhibition of proliferation and IL-10 production of patients' B cells. Our data obtained studying B cells of leukemic patients point to the role of CR3 and probably CR4 in the interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment and suggest the involvement of IL-10 producing B cells in the pathologic process.
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15
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Demir C, Kara E, Ekinci Ö, Ebinç S. Clinical and Laboratory Features of CD5-Negative Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2137-2142. [PMID: 28473690 PMCID: PMC5427937 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) usually expresses CD5 antigen. However, 7–20% of patients are CD5 negative. We report here a series of 19 CD5-negative B-CLL cases. Material/Methods We reviewed 19 consecutive CD5-negative B-CLL cases seen in our medical center from 2009 to 2015 and compared them with 105 CD5-positive B-CLL cases. The two groups were compared in terms of clinical parameters, laboratory parameters, and survival characteristics. Results Lymphadenopathy was present in 31.5% of the CD5-negative group and 51.4% of the CD5-positive group (p=0.029). Splenomegaly was present in 42.1% of the CD5-negative group and 16.1% of the CD5-positive group (p=0.029). There was no difference between the groups in terms of Binet A, B, and C stages (p=0.118, p=0.051, and p=0.882, respectively). The median thrombocyte count was 144×109/L and 160×109/L in the CD5-negative and CD5-positive groups, respectively (p=0.044). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of median neutrophil count (p=0.169). The mean lymphocyte count was 43.2±4.0×109/L and 36.7±3.2×109/L in the CD5-negative and CD5-positive groups, respectively (p=0.001). There was no difference between the groups in terms of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and autoimmune thrombocytopenia. In five-year follow-up, 84.2% of CD5-negative patients and 90.5% of CD5-positive patients were alive (p=0.393). Conclusions We found more isolated splenomegaly, less lymphadenopathy, a higher lymphocyte count, and a lower thrombocyte count in the CD5-negative group. There was no difference between the groups in terms of clinical stage, autoimmune phenomena, hemoglobin and neutrophil count, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Demir
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Erdal Kara
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ömer Ekinci
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Senar Ebinç
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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16
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García-Muñoz R, Panizo C. Follicular lymphoma (FL): Immunological tolerance theory in FL. Hum Immunol 2016; 78:138-145. [PMID: 27693433 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate cause of follicular lymphoma (FL) remains unknown. Remarkably, almost nothing is known about immunological tolerance mechanisms that might contribute to FL development. Immunological tolerance mechanisms, like other stimuli, also induce persistent changes of B cell receptors that induce genetic instability and molecular aberrations promoting the development of a neoplasm. Using the same method as Burnet, we provide a new perspective taking advantage of the comparison of a normal linear B cell differentiation process and FL development within the framework of clonal selection theory. We propose that FL is a malignancy of cells that acquire both translocation t(14;18) and self-BCR, inducing them to proliferate and mature, resistant to negative selection. Additional genetic damage induced by non-apoptotic tolerance mechanisms, such as receptor editing, may transform a self-reactive B cell with t(14;18) into an FL. The result of tolerogenic mechanisms and genetic aberrations is the survival of FL B cell clones with similar markers and homogenous gene expression signatures despite the different stages of maturation at which the molecular damage occurs. To antagonize further growth advantage due to self-antigen recognition and chronic activation of tolerance mechanisms in the apoptosis-resistant background of FL B cells, inhibitors of BCR signaling may be promising therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Panizo
- Hematology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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17
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Rodríguez Preciado SY, Barros-Núñez P. El estado mutacional de las inmunoglobulinas en pacientes con leucemia linfocítica crónica: significado y pronóstico. GACETA MEXICANA DE ONCOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gamo.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Oh PS, Hwang H, Jeong HS, Kwon J, Kim HS, Kim M, Lim S, Sohn MH, Jeong HJ. Blue light emitting diode induces apoptosis in lymphoid cells by stimulating autophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 70:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Follicular lymphoma: in vitro effects of combining lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell-induced cytotoxicity and rituximab- and obinutuzumab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. Immunol Res 2015; 64:548-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Applied Protein and Molecular Techniques for Characterization of B Cell Neoplasms in Horses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1133-45. [PMID: 26311245 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00374-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mature B cell neoplasms cover a spectrum of diseases involving lymphoid tissues (lymphoma) or blood (leukemia), with an overlap between these two presentations. Previous studies describing equine lymphoid neoplasias have not included analyses of clonality using molecular techniques. The objective of this study was to use molecular techniques to advance the classification of B cell lymphoproliferative diseases in five adult equine patients with a rare condition of monoclonal gammopathy, B cell leukemia, and concurrent lymphadenopathy (lymphoma/leukemia). The B cell neoplasms were phenotypically characterized by gene and cell surface molecule expression, secreted immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype concentrations, Ig heavy-chain variable (IGHV) region domain sequencing, and spectratyping. All five patients had hyperglobulinemia due to IgG1 or IgG4/7 monoclonal gammopathy. Peripheral blood leukocyte immunophenotyping revealed high proportions of IgG1- or IgG4/7-positive cells and relative T cell lymphopenia. Most leukemic cells lacked the surface B cell markers CD19 and CD21. IGHG1 or IGHG4/7 gene expression was consistent with surface protein expression, and secreted isotype and Ig spectratyping revealed one dominant monoclonal peak. The mRNA expression of the B cell-associated developmental genes EBF1, PAX5, and CD19 was high compared to that of the plasma cell-associated marker CD38. Sequence analysis of the IGHV domain of leukemic cells revealed mutated Igs. In conclusion, the protein and molecular techniques used in this study identified neoplastic cells compatible with a developmental transition between B cell and plasma cell stages, and they can be used for the classification of equine B cell lymphoproliferative disease.
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21
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Prognosis and therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma. Cancer Treat Res 2015; 165:147-75. [PMID: 25655609 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13150-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by a highly variable clinical course that has guided treatment principles in as much as anti-leukemic therapy is reserved for patients with active disease. This heterogeneity is somewhat dissected by prognostic markers, many of which represent pathogenic mechanisms. Recently, the introduction of highly active targeted agents and maturing data on predictive markers may lead to more individualized therapeutic approaches. In this chapter, we review key prognostic markers, current and emerging therapy, and will attempt to outline a future "where the two may connect".
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22
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García-Muñoz R, Feliu J, Llorente L. The top ten clues to understand the origin of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). J Autoimmun 2015; 56:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Pasiarski M, Rolinski J, Grywalska E, Stelmach-Goldys A, Korona-Glowniak I, Gozdz S, Hus I, Malm A. Antibody and plasmablast response to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients--preliminary report. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114966. [PMID: 25506837 PMCID: PMC4266633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) leads to significant immune system dysfunction. The predominant clinical presentation in 50% of patients involves recurrent, often severe, infections. Infections are also the most common (60-80%) cause of deaths in CLL patients. The scope of infections varies with the clinical stage of the disease. Treatment-naive patients typically present with respiratory tract infections caused by encapsulated bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Since 2012, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has been recommended in the United States and some EU countries for pneumococcal infection prevention in patients with CLL (besides the long-standing standard, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, PPV23). The aim of this study was to compare the immune response to PCV13 in 24 previously untreated CLL patients and healthy subjects. METHODS Both groups were evaluated for: the levels of specific pneumococcal antibodies, the levels of IgG and IgG subclasses and selected peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations including the frequency of plasmablasts before and after immunization. RESULTS Adequate response to vaccination, defined as an at least two-fold increase in specific pneumococcal antibody titers versus pre-vaccination baseline titers, was found in 58.3% of CLL patients and 100% of healthy subjects. Both the CLL group and the control group demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the IgG2 subclass levels following vaccination (P = 0.0301). After vaccination, the frequency of plasmablasts was significantly lower (P<0.0001) in CLL patients in comparison to that in controls. Patients who responded to vaccination had lower clinical stage of CLL as well as higher total IgG, and IgG2 subclass levels. No significant vaccine-related side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS PCV13 vaccination in CLL patients is safe and induces an effective immune response in a considerable proportion of patients. To achieve an optimal vaccination response, the administration of PCV13 is recommended as soon as possible following CLL diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pneumococcal Infections/blood
- Pneumococcal Infections/complications
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pasiarski
- Department of Hematology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Jacek Rolinski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Stanislaw Gozdz
- Department of Chemotherapy and Clinical Oncology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Iwona Hus
- Department of Clinical Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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24
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García-Muñoz R, Llorente L. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: could immunological tolerance mechanisms be the origin of lymphoid neoplasms? Immunology 2014; 142:536-50. [PMID: 24645778 PMCID: PMC4107664 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance theory in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): we suggest that B cells that express B-cell receptors (BCR) that recognize their own BCR epitopes are viewed by immune system as 'dangerous cells'. BCR autonomous signalling may induce constant receptor editing and mistakes in allelic exclusion. The fact that whole BCR recognizes a self-antigen or foreing antigen may be irrelevant in early B cell development. In early B cells, autonomous signalling induced by recognition of the BCR's own epitopes simulates an antigen-antibody engagement. In the bone marrow this interaction is viewed as recognition of self-molecules and induces receptor editing. In mature B cells autonomous signalling by the BCR may promote 'reversible anergy' and also may correct self-reactivity induced by the somatic hypermutation mechanisms in mutated CLL B cells. However, in unmutated CLL B cells, BCR autonomous signalling in addition to self-antigen recognition augments B cell activation, proliferation and genomic instability. We suggest that CLL originates from a coordinated normal immunologic tolerance mechanism to destroy self-reactive B cells. Additional genetic damage induced by tolerance mechanisms may immortalize self-reactive B cells and transform them into a leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Llorente
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMéxico City, México
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Malcikova J, Pavlova S, Kozubik KS, Pospisilova S. TP53 Mutation Analysis in Clinical Practice: Lessons From Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:663-71. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Malcikova
- Central European Institute of Technology; Center of Molecular Medicine, and Faculty of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pavlova
- Central European Institute of Technology; Center of Molecular Medicine, and Faculty of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Stano Kozubik
- Central European Institute of Technology; Center of Molecular Medicine, and Faculty of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Central European Institute of Technology; Center of Molecular Medicine, and Faculty of Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
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Toll-like receptors in lymphoid malignancies: Double-edged sword. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 89:262-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Qi XF, Kim DH, Lee KJ, Kim CS, Song SB, Cai DQ, Kim SK. Autophagy contributes to apoptosis in A20 and EL4 lymphoma cells treated with fluvastatin. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:111. [PMID: 24209962 PMCID: PMC3832223 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence indicates that statins stimulate apoptotic cell death in several types of proliferating tumor cells in a cholesterol-lowering-independent manner. However, the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy in lymphoma cells exposed to statins remains unclear. The objective of this study was to elucidate the potential involvement of autophagy in fluvastatin-induced cell death of lymphoma cells. We found that fluvastatin treatment enhanced the activation of pro-apoptotic members such as caspase-3 and Bax, but suppressed the activation of anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 in lymphoma cells including A20 and EL4 cells. The process was accompanied by increases in numbers of annexin V alone or annexin V/PI double positive cells. Furthermore, both autophagosomes and increases in levels of LC3-II were also observed in fluvastatin-treated lymphoma cells. However, apoptosis in fluvastatin-treated lymphoma cells could be blocked by the addition of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), the specific inhibitor of autophagy. Fluvastatin-induced activation of caspase-3, DNA fragmentation, and activation of LC3-II were blocked by metabolic products of the HMG-CoA reductase reaction, such as mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). These results suggest that autophagy contributes to fluvastatin-induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells, and that these regulating processes require inhibition of metabolic products of the HMG-CoA reductase reaction including mevalonate, FPP and GGPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Feng Qi
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Ji Nan University School of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
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Cutucache CE. Tumor-induced host immunosuppression: Special focus on CLL. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chavez JC, Sahakian E, Pinilla-Ibarz J. Ibrutinib: an evidence-based review of its potential in the treatment of advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CORE EVIDENCE 2013; 8:37-45. [PMID: 23717217 PMCID: PMC3662532 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s34068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous disease with a variable course, and remains an incurable disease. Frequent relapses and eventual resistance to fludarabine characterize symptomatic CLL and portends a dismal prognosis for patients. Growing evidence has shown that signaling pathways such as the B cell receptor and NFkB are implicated in the survival and proliferation of the CLL cells which are ultimately associated with persistence of the disease. The Bruton's tyrosine kinase pathway regulates downstream activation of the B cell receptor and has emerged as an attractive target. Ibrutinib inhibits the Bruton's tyrosine kinase pathway, and consequently induces apoptosis of B cells. Phase I and II studies have shown impressive response rates with an excellent safety profile in patients with refractory/relapsed CLL and elderly treatment-naïve CLL patients. This paper reviews the preclinical and clinical data for ibrutinib when used in the treatment of CLL. Recent studies showing the benefit of combination therapy using ibrutinib, monoclonal antibodies, and chemoimmunotherapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Chavez
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research Institute, Division of Malignant Hematology, and University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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D'Arena G, Guariglia R, La Rocca F, Trino S, Condelli V, De Martino L, De Feo V, Musto P. Autoimmune cytopenias in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:730131. [PMID: 23690826 PMCID: PMC3652131 DOI: 10.1155/2013/730131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) may be complicated at any time by autoimmune phenomena.The most common ones are hematologic disorders, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and autoimmune agranulocytosis (AG) are, indeed, more rarely seen. However, they are probably underestimated due to the possible misleading presence of cytopenias secondary to leukemic bone marrow involvement or to chemotherapy cytotoxicity. The source of autoantibodies is still uncertain, despite the most convincing data are in favor of the involvement of resting normal B-cells. In general, excluding the specific treatment of underlying CLL, the managementof these complications is not different from that of idiopathic autoimmune cytopenias or of those associated to other causes. Among different therapeutic approaches, monoclonal antibody rituximab, given alone or in combination, has shown to be very effective.
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MESH Headings
- Agranulocytosis/complications
- Agranulocytosis/drug therapy
- Agranulocytosis/immunology
- Agranulocytosis/pathology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/complications
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/drug therapy
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/immunology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/pathology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoimmunity
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure/complications
- Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure/drug therapy
- Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure/immunology
- Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure/pathology
- Rituximab
- Thrombocytopenia/complications
- Thrombocytopenia/drug therapy
- Thrombocytopenia/immunology
- Thrombocytopenia/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Arena
- Onco-Hematology Department, IRCCS Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors induce apoptosis of lymphoma cells by promoting ROS generation and regulating Akt, Erk and p38 signals via suppression of mevalonate pathway. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e518. [PMID: 23449454 PMCID: PMC3734846 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Statins, the inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are widely used cholesterol-lowering drugs. Convincing evidence indicates that statins stimulate apoptotic cell death in several types of proliferating tumor cells in a cholesterol-lowering-independent manner. The objective here was to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which statins induce lymphoma cells death. Statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin and simvastatin) treatment enhanced the DNA fragmentation and the activation of proapoptotic members such as caspase-3, PARP and Bax, but suppressed the activation of anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 in lymphoma cells including A20 and EL4 cells, which was accompanied by inhibition of cell survival. Both increase in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of p38 MAPK and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of Akt and Erk pathways were observed in statin-treated lymphoma cells. Statin-induced cytotoxic effects, DNA fragmentation and changes of activation of caspase-3, Akt, Erk and p38 were blocked by antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine) and metabolic products of the HMG-CoA reductase reaction, such as mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). These results suggests that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors induce lymphoma cells apoptosis by increasing intracellular ROS generation and p38 activation and suppressing activation of Akt and Erk pathways, through inhibition of metabolic products of the HMG-CoA reductase reaction including mevalonate, FPP and GGPP.
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Pighi C, Barbi S, Bertolaso A, Zamò A. Mantle cell lymphoma cell lines show no evident immunoglobulin heavy chain stereotypy but frequent light chain stereotypy. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:1747-55. [PMID: 23245212 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.758843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma shows a peculiar immunogenetic profile, but the functional consequences of this fact are unknown. We have determined the precise sequences of rearranged heavy and light chain genes in several mantle cell lymphoma cell lines and investigated the presence of heavy and light chain stereotypy. These cell lines use IGHV and IGLV genes that are known to be preferentially rearranged in mantle cell lymphoma, but we found no evidence of heavy chain stereotypy. In contrast, one cell line (Mino) showed a nearly identical light chain complementarity-determining region 3 when compared to the only published light chain cluster. Two cell line couples (Jeko-1/UPN-2 and JVM-2/JVM-13) showed a highly similar light chain that satisfied the criteria for stereotypy. Our data show that mantle cell lymphoma cell lines resemble the IGHV and IGLV usage of mantle cell lymphoma, and foster the hypothesis that light chain stereotypy might be under-recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pighi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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