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Effects of 6-mercaptopurine in pressure overload induced right heart failure. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225122. [PMID: 31714926 PMCID: PMC6850541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several antineoplastic drugs have been proposed as new compounds for pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment but many have cardiotoxic side effects. The chemotherapeutic agent 6-mercaptopurine may have an effect in treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension but at the same time, its effects on the afterload adaption of the right ventricle is unpredictable due to interaction with multiple downstream signalling pathways in the cardiomyocytes. We investigated the direct cardiac effects of 6-mercaptopurine in rats with isolated right heart failure caused by pulmonary trunk banding (PTB). Methods Male Wistar rat weanlings (112±2 g) were randomized to sham operation (sham, n = 10) or PTB. The PTB animals were randomized to placebo (PTB-control, n = 10) and 6-mercaptopurine (7.5 mg/kg/day) groups with treatment start before the PTB procedure (PTB-prevention, n = 10) or two weeks after (PTB-reversal, n = 10). Right ventricular effects were evaluated by echocardiography, cardiac MRI, invasive pressure-volume measurements, and histological and molecular analyses. Results PTB increased right ventricular afterload and caused right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. 6-mercaptopurine did not improve right ventricular function nor reduce right ventricular remodelling in both prevention and reversal studies compared with placebo-treated rats. Conclusion Treatment with 6-mercaptopurine did not have any beneficial or detrimental effects on right ventricular function or remodelling. Our data suggest that treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with 6-mercaptopurine is not harmful to the failing right ventricle.
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Lavrova AI, Postnikov EB, Zyubin AY, Babak SV. Ordinary differential equations and Boolean networks in application to modelling of 6-mercaptopurine metabolism. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160872. [PMID: 28484608 PMCID: PMC5414245 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We consider two approaches to modelling the cell metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine, one of the important chemotherapy drugs used for treating acute lymphocytic leukaemia: kinetic ordinary differential equations, and Boolean networks supplied with one controlling node, which takes continual values. We analyse their interplay with respect to taking into account ATP concentration as a key parameter of switching between different pathways. It is shown that the Boolean networks, which allow avoiding the complexity of general kinetic modelling, preserve the possibility of reproducing the principal switching mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I. Lavrova
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo st. 14A, Kaliningrad, Russia
- St Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Polytechnicheskaya st. 32, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugene B. Postnikov
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Kursk State University, Radishcheva st. 33, Kursk, Russia
| | - Andrey Yu. Zyubin
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo st. 14A, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Babak
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo st. 14A, Kaliningrad, Russia
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The protective effect of Capparis ovata on 6-mercaptopurine-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 37:290-4. [PMID: 25411867 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Capparis ovata is a member of Capparidacaeae family has been used in phytomedicine with a lot of positive effects such as an antioxidative, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antihepatotoxic agent. The aim of this study was to research the protective effect of C. ovata on 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) induced to hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups: control, 6-MP, C. ovataovate, and 6-MP + C. ovata. A complete blood count was performed, liver function test and antioxidant enzymes levels such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and malondialdehyde were measured in blood before and after a 14-day test period. White blood cell and platelet counts were lower in the 6-MP group than other 3 groups (P < 0.005). Hepatic transaminase levels were higher in 6-MP group than the 3 groups (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and CAT levels were lower and malondialdehyde was higher in blood samples in 6-MP group than other 3 groups (P < 0.005). In conclusion, our tests were showed that C. ovata may be useful in patients receiving 6-MP therapy to prevent hepatotoxicity and in order to maintain uninterrupted therapy possibly reducing the risk of relapse. Although additional studies ensure that Capparis does not affect 6-MP antileukemic activity. We believe these results are important contribution to the literature.
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Kemmerling J, Fehlert E, Kuper CF, Rühl-Fehlert C, Stropp G, Vogels J, Krul C, Vohr HW. The transferability from rat subacute 4-week oral toxicity study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:326-42. [PMID: 25823813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals may have an influence on the immune system. Often, this is an unwanted effect but in some pharmaceuticals, it is the intended mechanism of action. Immune function tests and in depth histopathological investigations of immune organs were integrated in rodent toxicity studies performed according to an extended OECD test guideline 407 protocol. Exemplified by two immunosuppressive drugs, azathioprine and cyclosporine A, and two environmental chemicals, hexachlorobenzene and benzo[a]pyrene, results of subacute rat studies were compared to knowledge in other species particular in humans. Although immune function has a high concordance in mammalian species, regarding the transferability from rodents to humans various factors have to be taken into account. In rats, sensitivity seems to depend on factors such as strain, sex, stress levels as well as metabolism. The two immunosuppressive drugs showed a high similarity of effects in animals and humans as the immune system was the most sensitive target in both. Hexachlorobenzene gave an inconsistent pattern of effects when considering the immune system of different species. In some species pronounced inflammation was observed, whereas in primates liver toxicity seemed more obvious. Generally, the immune system was not the most sensitive target in hexachlorobenzene-treatment. Immune function tests in rats gave evidence of a reaction to systemic inflammation rather than a direct impact on immune cells. Data from humans are likewise equivocal. In the case of benzo[a]pyrene, the immune system was the most sensitive target in rats. In the in vitro plaque forming cell assay (Mishell-Dutton culture) a direct comparison of cells from different species including rat and human was possible and showed similar reactions. The doses in the rat study had, however, no realistic relation to human exposure, which occurs exclusively in mixtures and in a much lower range. In summary, a case by case approach is necessary when testing immunotoxicity. Improvements for the translation from animals to humans related to immune cells can be expected from in vitro tests which offer direct comparison with reactions of human immune cells. This may lead to a better understanding of results and variations seen in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kemmerling
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Ellen Fehlert
- Department of Medicine IV, Eberhard-Karls University, Otfried-Müller Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gisela Stropp
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-Product Stewardship Industrial Chemicals, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jack Vogels
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Krul
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Werner Vohr
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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Jayachandran D, Rundell AE, Hannemann RE, Vik TA, Ramkrishna D. Optimal chemotherapy for leukemia: a model-based strategy for individualized treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109623. [PMID: 25310465 PMCID: PMC4195683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, commonly known as ALL, is a predominant form of cancer during childhood. With the advent of modern healthcare support, the 5-year survival rate has been impressive in the recent past. However, long-term ALL survivors embattle several treatment-related medical and socio-economic complications due to excessive and inordinate chemotherapy doses received during treatment. In this work, we present a model-based approach to personalize 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) treatment for childhood ALL with a provision for incorporating the pharmacogenomic variations among patients. Semi-mechanistic mathematical models were developed and validated for i) 6-MP metabolism, ii) red blood cell mean corpuscular volume (MCV) dynamics, a surrogate marker for treatment efficacy, and iii) leukopenia, a major side-effect. With the constraint of getting limited data from clinics, a global sensitivity analysis based model reduction technique was employed to reduce the parameter space arising from semi-mechanistic models. The reduced, sensitive parameters were used to individualize the average patient model to a specific patient so as to minimize the model uncertainty. Models fit the data well and mimic diverse behavior observed among patients with minimum parameters. The model was validated with real patient data obtained from literature and Riley Hospital for Children in Indianapolis. Patient models were used to optimize the dose for an individual patient through nonlinear model predictive control. The implementation of our approach in clinical practice is realizable with routinely measured complete blood counts (CBC) and a few additional metabolite measurements. The proposed approach promises to achieve model-based individualized treatment to a specific patient, as opposed to a standard-dose-for-all, and to prescribe an optimal dose for a desired outcome with minimum side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Jayachandran
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ann E. Rundell
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Hannemann
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Terry A. Vik
- Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Doraiswami Ramkrishna
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Naik KM, Nandibewoor ST. RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of 6-Mercaptopurine in spiked human plasma and pharmaceutical formulations. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813120046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Umrethia ML, Ghosh PK, Majithiya RJ, Murthy RSR. New RP‐HPLC Method for the Estimation of 6‐Mercaptopurine in Rat Plasma and Various Tissue Homogenates. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500362540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Umrethia
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory , Pharmacy Department, The M.S. University of Baroda , Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - P. K. Ghosh
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory , Pharmacy Department, The M.S. University of Baroda , Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - R. J. Majithiya
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory , Pharmacy Department, The M.S. University of Baroda , Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - R. S. R. Murthy
- a Drug Delivery Research Laboratory , Pharmacy Department, The M.S. University of Baroda , Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Selvaraj V, Alagar M, Hamerton I. Analytical detection and biological assay of antileukemic drug using gold nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tapner MJ, Jones BE, Wu WM, Farrell GC. Toxicity of low dose azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in rat hepatocytes. Roles of xanthine oxidase and mitochondrial injury. J Hepatol 2004; 40:454-63. [PMID: 15123360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To study effects of pharmacologic concentrations of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on rat hepatocytes. METHODS Hepatocytes cultured on matrigel were incubated with azathioprine or 6-MP; effects of putative protective agents were studied. Viability (LDH leakage), reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), mitochondrial (mt) GSH, ATP and ultrastructural changes were determined. RESULTS Azathioprine and 6-MP (0.5-5 micromol/l) reduced viability 5-34% at day 1 and 42-92% by day 4. Allopurinol (20 microM) (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) and 2 mM Trolox (vitamin E analog) together provided near complete protection. During culture with azathioprine, GSSG increased before cell death and there was a disproportionate reduction of mtGSH and ATP, together with ultrastructural abnormalities in mitochondria. All changes were prevented by allopurinol and trolox. Discontinuation of 1 micromol/l azathioprine restored ATP levels and arrested cell injury, while culture in glucose-enriched media augmented ATP levels and ameliorated cell death. CONCLUSIONS Clinically relevant concentrations of azathioprine and 6-MP are toxic to rat hepatocyte cultures by a mechanism that involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury and ATP depletion. This can lead to irreversible de-energization and cell death by oncosis (necrosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Tapner
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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