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Zhang B, Chen S, Yin X, McBride CD, Gertie JA, Yurieva M, Bielecka AA, Hoffmann B, Travis Hinson J, Grassmann J, Xu L, Siniscalco ER, Soldatenko A, Hoyt L, Joseph J, Norton EB, Uthaman G, Palm NW, Liu E, Eisenbarth SC, Williams A. Metabolic fitness of IgA + plasma cells in the gut requires DOCK8. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:431-449. [PMID: 38159726 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) mutations lead to a primary immunodeficiency associated with recurrent gastrointestinal infections and poor antibody responses but, paradoxically, heightened IgE to food antigens, suggesting that DOCK8 is central to immune homeostasis in the gut. Using Dock8-deficient mice, we found that DOCK8 was necessary for mucosal IgA production to multiple T cell-dependent antigens, including peanut and cholera toxin. Yet DOCK8 was not necessary in T cells for this phenotype. Instead, B cell-intrinsic DOCK8 was required for maintenance of antigen-specific IgA-secreting plasma cells (PCs) in the gut lamina propria. Unexpectedly, DOCK8 was not required for early B cell activation, migration, or IgA class switching. An unbiased interactome screen revealed novel protein partners involved in metabolism and apoptosis. Dock8-deficient IgA+ B cells had impaired cellular respiration and failed to engage glycolysis appropriately. These results demonstrate that maintenance of the IgA+ PC compartment requires DOCK8 and suggest that gut IgA+ PCs have unique metabolic requirements for long-term survival in the lamina propria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shuting Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xiangyun Yin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Caleb D McBride
- The Department Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jake A Gertie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marina Yurieva
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Agata A Bielecka
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Microbial Immunoregulation, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Brian Hoffmann
- Mass Spectrometry and Protein Chemistry, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - J Travis Hinson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Cardiology center, Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jessica Grassmann
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emily R Siniscalco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arielle Soldatenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Laura Hoyt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julie Joseph
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Norton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Gowthaman Uthaman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elise Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; The Department Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Adam Williams
- The Department Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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2
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Satitsuksanoa P, Iwasaki S, Boersma J, Imam MB, Schneider SR, Chang I, van de Veen W, Akdis M. B cells: The many facets of B cells in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:567-581. [PMID: 37247640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a key role in our immune system through their ability to produce antibodies, suppress a proinflammatory state, and contribute to central immune tolerance. We aim to provide an in-depth knowledge of the molecular biology of B cells, including their origin, developmental process, types and subsets, and functions. In allergic diseases, B cells are well known to induce and maintain immune tolerance through the production of suppressor cytokines such as IL-10. Similarly, B cells protect against viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that caused the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Considering the unique and multifaceted functions of B cells, we hereby provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of B-cell biology and its clinical applications in allergic diseases, organ transplantation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattraporn Satitsuksanoa
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - Sayuri Iwasaki
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Boersma
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manal Bel Imam
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R Schneider
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Iris Chang
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Sean N. Parker Centre for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland.
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3
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Liu EG, Zhang B, Martin V, Anthonypillai J, Kraft M, Grishin A, Grishina G, Catanzaro JR, Chinthrajah S, Sindher T, Manohar M, Quake AZ, Nadeau K, Burks AW, Kim EH, Kulis MD, Henning AK, Jones SM, Leung DYM, Sicherer SH, Wood RA, Yuan Q, Shreffler W, Sampson H, Shabanova V, Eisenbarth SC. Food-specific immunoglobulin A does not correlate with natural tolerance to peanut or egg allergens. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq0599. [PMID: 36383680 PMCID: PMC10219469 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ImmunoglobulinA (IgA) is the predominant antibody isotype in the gut, where it regulates commensal flora and neutralizes toxins and pathogens. The function of food-specific IgA in the gut is unknown but is presumed to protect from food allergy. Specifically, it has been hypothesized that food-specific IgA binds ingested allergens and promotes tolerance by immune exclusion; however, the evidence to support this hypothesis is indirect and mixed. Although it is known that healthy adults have peanut-specific IgA in the gut, it is unclear whether children also have gut peanut-specific IgA. We found in a cohort of non-food-allergic infants (n = 112) that there is detectable stool peanut-specific IgA that is similar to adult quantities of gut peanut-specific IgA. To investigate whether this peanut-specific IgA is associated with peanut tolerance, we examined a separate cohort of atopic children (n = 441) and found that gut peanut-specific IgA does not predict protection from development of future peanut allergy in infants nor does it correlate with concurrent oral tolerance of peanut in older children. We observed higher plasma peanut-specific IgA in those with peanut allergy. Similarly, egg white-specific IgA was detectable in infant stools and did not predict egg tolerance or outgrowth of egg allergy. Bead-based epitope assay analysis of gut peanut-specific IgA revealed similar epitope specificity between children with peanut allergy and those without; however, gut peanut-specific IgA and plasma peanut-specific IgE had different epitope specificities. These findings call into question the presumed protective role of food-specific IgA in food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise G. Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Biyan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Victoria Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, MGH Professional Office Building, Suite 530, 275 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Food Allergy Science Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John Anthonypillai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Magdalena Kraft
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Alexander Grishin
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Galina Grishina
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jason R. Catanzaro
- Section of Pulmonology, Allergy, Immunology, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sharon Chinthrajah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94040, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tina Sindher
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94040, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monali Manohar
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94040, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Antonia Zoe Quake
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94040, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94040, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Wesley Burks
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Edwin H. Kim
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael D. Kulis
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Stacie M. Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Donald Y. M. Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Scott H. Sicherer
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert A. Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Qian Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, MGH Professional Office Building, Suite 530, 275 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Food Allergy Science Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Pediatrics at Newton Wellesley, Newton, MA 02462, USA
| | - Wayne Shreffler
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, MGH Professional Office Building, Suite 530, 275 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Food Allergy Science Initiative, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hugh Sampson
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Veronika Shabanova
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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Study of the effect of intestinal immunity in neonatal piglets coinfected with porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1649-1657. [PMID: 35661915 PMCID: PMC9166669 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have often been detected simultaneously in piglets with coronavirus diarrhea. However, the intestinal immune response to the interaction between circulating PDCoV and PEDV is unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the intestinal immunity of neonatal piglets that were exposed first to PDCoV and then to PEDV. The amounts and distribution of CD3+ T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and goblet cells (GCs) in the small intestine were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and periodic acid–Schiff staining, respectively. The expression levels of pattern recognition receptors and downstream mediator cytokines were analyzed by qPCR and ELISA. The results showed that the numbers of GCs, CD3+ T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes in the duodenum and jejunum of the PDCoV + PEDV coinoculated piglets were increased compared with those of piglets inoculated with PEDV alone. The piglets in the PDCoV + PEDV group had significantly upregulated IFN-α and IFN-λ1 compared with the PEDV single-inoculated piglets. These results suggest that PDCoV + PEDV-coinfected piglets can activate intestinal antiviral immunity more strongly than piglets infected with PEDV alone, which provides new insight into the pathogenesis mechanism of swine enteric coronavirus coinfection that may be used for vaccination in the future.
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5
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Zhang B, Liu E, Gertie JA, Joseph J, Xu L, Pinker EY, Waizman DA, Catanzaro J, Hamza KH, Lahl K, Gowthaman U, Eisenbarth SC. Divergent T follicular helper cell requirement for IgA and IgE production to peanut during allergic sensitization. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/47/eaay2754. [PMID: 32385053 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the dominant antibody isotype in the gut and has been shown to regulate microbiota. Mucosal IgA is also widely believed to prevent food allergens from penetrating the gut lining. Even though recent work has elucidated how bacteria-reactive IgA is induced, little is known about how IgA to food antigens is regulated. Although IgA is presumed to be induced in a healthy gut at steady state via dietary exposure, our data do not support this premise. We found that daily food exposure only induced low-level, cross-reactive IgA in a minority of mice. In contrast, induction of significant levels of peanut-specific IgA strictly required a mucosal adjuvant. Although induction of peanut-specific IgA required T cells and CD40L, it was T follicular helper (TFH) cell, germinal center, and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cell-independent. In contrast, IgG1 and IgE production to peanut required TFH cells. These data suggest an alternative paradigm in which the cellular mechanism of IgA production to food antigens is distinct from IgE and IgG1. We developed an equivalent assay to study this process in stool samples from healthy, nonallergic humans, which revealed substantial levels of peanut-specific IgA that were stable over time. Similar to mice, patients with loss of CD40L function had impaired titers of gut peanut-specific IgA. This work challenges two widely believed but untested paradigms about antibody production to dietary antigens: (i) the steady state/tolerogenic response to food antigens includes IgA production and (ii) TFH cells drive food-specific gut IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Elise Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jake A Gertie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Julie Joseph
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Elisha Y Pinker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Daniel A Waizman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jason Catanzaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Section of Pulmonology, Allergy, Immunology and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Kedir Hussen Hamza
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Department for Experimental Medicine, Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden.,Division of Biopharma, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uthaman Gowthaman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.,Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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6
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Suther C, Moore MD, Beigelman A, Zhou Y. The Gut Microbiome and the Big Eight. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123728. [PMID: 33287179 PMCID: PMC7761723 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are increasing at an alarming rate, with 6.5% of the general population affected. It has been hypothesized that the increase in allergies stems from the “hygiene hypothesis”. The gut microbiome, a collection of microbiota and their genetic contents from the gastrointestinal tract, has been shown to play a part in the development of food allergies. The Food and Drug Administration requires all regulated food companies to clearly state an inclusion of the major, or “big eight” food allergens on packaging. This review is to provide information on the significant advancements related to the gut microbiome and each of the eight major food allergies individually. Establishment of causal connection between the microbiome and food allergies has uncovered novel mechanisms. New strategies are discussed to prevent future sensitization and reaction through novel treatments involving functional additives and dietary changes that target the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Suther
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (C.S.); (M.D.M.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew D. Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (C.S.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Avraham Beigelman
- Kipper Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 5891000, Israel;
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-860-679-6379
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7
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Wiertsema SP, Garssen J, Hogenkamp A. Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1007. [PMID: 32547547 PMCID: PMC7270293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is indicated to support neonatal immune development and to protect against neonatal infections and allergies. Human milk composition is widely studied in relation to these unique abilities, which has led to the identification of various immunomodulating components in human milk, including various bioactive proteins. In addition to proteins, human milk contains free amino acids (FAAs), which have not been well-studied. Of those, the FAAs glutamate and glutamine are by far the most abundant. Levels of these FAAs in human milk sharply increase during the first months of lactation, in contrast to most other FAAs. These unique dynamics are globally consistent, suggesting that their levels in human milk are tightly regulated throughout lactation and, consequently, that they might have specific roles in the developing neonate. Interestingly, free glutamine and glutamate are reported to exhibit immunomodulating capacities, indicating that these FAAs could contribute to neonatal immune development and to the unique protective effects of breastfeeding. This review describes the current understanding of the FAA composition in human milk. Moreover, it provides an overview of the effects of free glutamine and glutamate on immune parameters relevant for allergic sensitization and infections in early life. The data reviewed provide rationale to study the role of free glutamine and glutamate in human milk in the protection against neonatal allergies and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H J van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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8
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Schmiechen ZC, Weissler KA, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA. Recent developments in understanding the mechanisms of food allergy. Curr Opin Pediatr 2019; 31:807-814. [PMID: 31693591 PMCID: PMC6993896 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prevalence of food allergy is rising globally. This review will discuss recent discoveries regarding the immunologic mechanisms that drive the initial sensitization and allergic response to food antigens, which may inform prevention and treatment strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Tolerance to food antigens is antigen-specific and promoted by oral exposure early in life and maternal transfer of immune complexes via breast milk. IgG can inhibit both the initiation and effector phases of allergic responses to food antigens in mice, and high levels of food-specific IgG4 are associated with acquisition of tolerance in humans. Disruption of the skin barrier provides a route for food sensitization through the actions of mast cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and IL-33 signaling. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) promote acquisition of oral tolerance, although defects in circulating allergen-specific Tregs are not evident in children with established food allergy. Certain microbes can offer protection against the development of IgE and food allergic responses, while dysbiosis increases susceptibility to food allergy. SUMMARY Tolerance to food antigens is antigen-specific and is promoted by oral exposure early in life, maternal transfer of immune complexes, food-specific IgG, Tregs, an intact skin barrier, and a healthy microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe C Schmiechen
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
A well-functioning immune system is critical for survival. The immune system must be constantly alert, monitoring for signs of invasion or danger. Cells of the immune system must be able to distinguish self from non-self and furthermore discriminate between non-self molecules which are harmful (e.g., those from pathogens) and innocuous non-self molecules (e.g., from food). This Special Issue of Nutrients explores the relationship between diet and nutrients and immune function. In this preface, we outline the key functions of the immune system, and how it interacts with nutrients across the life course, highlighting the work included within this Special Issue. This includes the role of macronutrients, micronutrients, and the gut microbiome in mediating immunological effects. Nutritional modulation of the immune system has applications within the clinical setting, but can also have a role in healthy populations, acting to reduce or delay the onset of immune-mediated chronic diseases. Ongoing research in this field will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the role of diet and nutrients in immune function and will facilitate the use of bespoke nutrition to improve human health.
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10
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Landa SB, Korabliov PV, Semenova EV, Filatov MV. Peculiarities of the formation and subsequent removal of the circulating immune complexes from the bloodstream during the process of digestion. F1000Res 2018; 7:618. [PMID: 30079242 PMCID: PMC6058468 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14406.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Large protein aggregates, known as circulating immune complexes (CICs), are formed in biological fluids as a result of the development of the body's immune response to various provoking factors. The kinetic characteristics of the formation and removal of immune complexes (ICs), their physical parameters, the isotypic composition of immunoglobulins (Igs) and the antigenic component of the CICs may reflect certain aspects of certain pathological and metabolic processes taking place in humans and animals. The aim of this study is to assess the kinetic characteristics of the formation and removal of the CICs that form in blood after eating. We also analyze the changes in the isotypic composition of Igs of ICs that accompany this biological process in rodents and humans. Methods: We identified the CICs, which differed in size and class of Igs, using dynamic light scattering. To remove ICs from the plasma, we used immune-affinity sedimentation. Monoclonal antibodies for the Igs of different isotypes were added to the plasma samples to determine the isotypic composition of the ICs. Results: A large number of ICs were formed in the blood of rats and humans after eating (food CICs). In rats, food ICs are almost immediately filtered in the liver, without circulating in the bloodstream through the body. In humans, the level of food ICs in the blood increases for 3.5 h after ingestion, then within 7-8 h their gradual removal takes place. It was found that in the process of digestion in humans, the isotypic composition of Igs in the CICs changes and becomes more diverse. Conclusions: The molecular-cellular mechanisms of the formation and utilization of food CICs in humans and rodents do not match completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej B. Landa
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, National Research Center , Gatchina, 188300, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V. Korabliov
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, LT-01102, Lithuania
| | - Elena V. Semenova
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, National Research Center , Gatchina, 188300, Russian Federation
| | - Michael V. Filatov
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, National Research Center , Gatchina, 188300, Russian Federation
- Saint Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, 191036, Russian Federation
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11
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Introduction of various allergenic foods during infancy reduces risk of IgE sensitization at 12 months of age: a birth cohort study. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:733-740. [PMID: 29040259 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundIn this study, we aimed to determine whether introducing various allergenic foods during infancy is associated with IgE sensitization at 12 months of age.MethodsDetailed information on feeding practices regarding six possible allergenic foods (fruits, egg white, egg yolk, fish, shellfish, and peanuts) was obtained by administering age-specific questionnaires to parents of infants at ages 6 and 12 months. Fecal secretory IgA (sIgA), fecal eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and serum levels of total IgE and IgE specific to 20 foods, and IgE specific to 20 inhalant allergens were also quantified at 12 months of age.ResultsAt 12 months of age, infants with IgE sensitization had been introduced to fewer allergenic food items during infancy (3.2±1.4 vs. 3.7±1.3 items). Compared with infants who were given 0-2 allergenic food items, infants introduced to 3-4 or ≥5 allergenic food items showed a significantly lower risk of IgE sensitization (odds ratios (ORs) 0.62 and 0.61, respectively) and lower total IgE levels. In addition, non-introduction of egg white or egg yolk was significantly related to IgE sensitization (ORs 1.41 and 1.26, respectively).ConclusionIncreasing the diversity of allergenic foods in infancy, including fruits, egg white, egg yolk, fish, shellfish, and peanuts, may protect infants from IgE sensitization at 12 months of age.
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12
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract has an abundant mucosal immune system to develop and maintain oral tolerance. The oral route of administration takes advantage of the unique set of immune cells and pathways involved in the induction of oral tolerance. Food allergy results from a loss of oral tolerance toward ingested antigens. Oral immunotherapy is thought to initiate desensitization through interaction of an allergen with mucosal dendritic cells that initiate downstream immune system modulation through regulatory T cells and effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - David Jeong
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1201 Terry Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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13
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Tan J, McKenzie C, Vuillermin PJ, Goverse G, Vinuesa CG, Mebius RE, Macia L, Mackay CR. Dietary Fiber and Bacterial SCFA Enhance Oral Tolerance and Protect against Food Allergy through Diverse Cellular Pathways. Cell Rep 2017; 15:2809-24. [PMID: 27332875 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of food allergies in western countries has increased dramatically in recent decades. Tolerance to food antigens relies on mucosal CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs), which promote differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. We show that high-fiber feeding in mice improved oral tolerance and protected from food allergy. High-fiber feeding reshaped gut microbial ecology and increased the release of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly acetate and butyrate. High-fiber feeding enhanced oral tolerance and protected against food allergy by enhancing retinal dehydrogenase activity in CD103(+) DC. This protection depended on vitamin A in the diet. This feeding regimen also boosted IgA production and enhanced T follicular helper and mucosal germinal center responses. Mice lacking GPR43 or GPR109A, receptors for SCFAs, showed exacerbated food allergy and fewer CD103(+) DCs. Dietary elements, including fiber and vitamin A, therefore regulate numerous protective pathways in the gastrointestinal tract, necessary for immune non-responsiveness to food antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Gera Goverse
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurence Macia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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14
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De Bruyne R, Gevaert P, Van Winckel M, De Ruyck N, Minne A, Bogaert D, Van Biervliet S, Vande Velde S, Smets F, Sokal E, Gottrand F, Vanhelst J, Detry B, Pilette C, Lambrecht BN, Dullaers M. Raised immunoglobulin A and circulating T follicular helper cells are linked to the development of food allergy in paediatric liver transplant patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1060-70. [PMID: 25702946 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-transplant food allergy (LTFA) is increasingly observed after paediatric liver transplantation (LT). Although the immunopathology of LTFA remains unclear, immunoglobulin (Ig) E seems to be implicated. OBJECTIVE To study humoral and cellular immunity in paediatric LT patients in search for factors associated with LTFA, and compare with healthy controls (HC) and non-transplant food-allergic children (FA). METHODS We studied serum Ig levels in 29 LTFA, 43 non-food-allergic LT patients (LTnoFA), 21 FA patients and 36 HC. Serum-specific IgA and IgE against common food allergens in LTFA, IgA1 , IgA2 and joining-chain-containing polymeric IgA (pIgA) were measured. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analysed by flow cytometry for B and T cell populations of interest. RESULTS Serum IgA and specific IgA were higher in LTFA compared to LTnoFA. LTFA patients had the highest proportion of circulating T follicular helper cells (cTfh). The percentage of cTfh correlated positively with serum IgA. Unique in LTFA was also the significant increase in serum markers of mucosal IgA and the decrease in the Th17 subset of CXCR5(-) CD4(+) cells compared to HC. Both LT patients exhibited a rise in IgA(+) memory B cells and plasmablasts compared to HC and FA. CONCLUSIONS LT has an impact on humoral immunity, remarkably in those patients developing FA. The increase in serum markers of mucosal IgA, food allergen-specific IgA and cTfh cells observed in LTFA, point towards a disturbance in intestinal immune homoeostasis in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Bruyne
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Van Winckel
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N De Ruyck
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Minne
- Department of Pediatrics, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Bogaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Van Biervliet
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Vande Velde
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Smets
- Service de Gastro-entérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique et Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Sokal
- Service de Gastro-entérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique et Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Gottrand
- Inserm U995, Faculty of Medicine, CIC-PT-9301, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU Lille, University Lille2, Lille, France
| | - J Vanhelst
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lille-PT-1403-Inserm-CH&U, Inserm U995, Faculty of Medicine, University Lille2, Lille, France
| | - B Detry
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B N Lambrecht
- Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Dullaers
- Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Berin MC, Shreffler WG. Mechanisms Underlying Induction of Tolerance to Foods. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36:87-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Prince BT, Mandel MJ, Nadeau K, Singh AM. Gut Microbiome and the Development of Food Allergy and Allergic Disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 2015; 62:1479-92. [PMID: 26456445 PMCID: PMC4721650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of gut microbiome on human development, nutritional needs, and disease has become evident with advances in the ability to study these complex communities of microorganisms, and there is growing appreciation for the role of the microbiome in immune regulation. Several studies have examined associations between changes in the commensal microbiota and the development of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and asthma, but far less have evaluated the impact of the microbiome on the development of food allergy. This article reviews the human gastrointestinal microbiome, focusing on the theory and evidence for its role in the development of IgE-mediated food allergy and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark J. Mandel
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Anne Marie Singh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, 225 East Chicago Avenue, #60, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 225 East Chicago Avenue, #60, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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17
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Wood RA, Kim JS, Lindblad R, Nadeau K, Henning AK, Dawson P, Plaut M, Sampson HA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of omalizumab combined with oral immunotherapy for the treatment of cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1103-1110.e11. [PMID: 26581915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies of oral immunotherapy (OIT) for food allergy have shown promise, treatment is frequently complicated by adverse reactions and, even when successful, has limited long-term efficacy because benefits usually diminish when treatment is discontinued. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine whether the addition of omalizumab to milk OIT reduces treatment-related reactions, improves outcomes, or both. METHODS This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with subjects randomized to omalizumab or placebo. Open-label milk OIT was initiated after 4 months of omalizumab/placebo with escalation to maintenance over 22 to 40 weeks, followed by daily maintenance dosing through month 28. At month 28, omalizumab was discontinued, and subjects passing an oral food challenge (OFC) continued OIT for 8 weeks, after which OIT was discontinued with rechallenge at month 32 to assess sustained unresponsiveness (SU). RESULTS Fifty-seven subjects (7-32 years) were randomized, with no significant baseline differences in age, milk-specific IgE levels, skin test results, or OFC results. At month 28, 24 (88.9%) omalizumab-treated subjects and 20 (71.4%) placebo-treated subjects passed the 10-g "desensitization" OFC (P = .18). At month 32, SU was demonstrated in 48.1% in the omalizumab group and 35.7% in the placebo group (P = .42). Adverse reactions were markedly reduced during OIT escalation in omalizumab-treated subjects for percentages of doses per subject provoking symptoms (2.1% vs 16.1%, P = .0005), dose-related reactions requiring treatment (0.0% vs 3.8%, P = .0008), and doses required to achieve maintenance (198 vs 225, P = .008). CONCLUSIONS In this first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of omalizumab in combination with food OIT, we found significant improvements in measurements of safety but not in outcomes of efficacy (desensitization and SU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Wood
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | | | | | - Kari Nadeau
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | | | | | - Marshall Plaut
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
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18
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Browning KN, Travagli RA. Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1339-68. [PMID: 25428846 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the gastrointestinal (GI) tract possesses intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a significant degree of autonomy over GI functions, the central nervous system (CNS) provides extrinsic neural inputs that regulate, modulate, and control these functions. While the intestines are capable of functioning in the absence of extrinsic inputs, the stomach and esophagus are much more dependent upon extrinsic neural inputs, particularly from parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways. The sympathetic nervous system exerts a predominantly inhibitory effect upon GI muscle and provides a tonic inhibitory influence over mucosal secretion while, at the same time, regulates GI blood flow via neurally mediated vasoconstriction. The parasympathetic nervous system, in contrast, exerts both excitatory and inhibitory control over gastric and intestinal tone and motility. Although GI functions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and occur, by and large, independently of conscious perception, it is clear that the higher CNS centers influence homeostatic control as well as cognitive and behavioral functions. This review will describe the basic neural circuitry of extrinsic inputs to the GI tract as well as the major CNS nuclei that innervate and modulate the activity of these pathways. The role of CNS-centered reflexes in the regulation of GI functions will be discussed as will modulation of these reflexes under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide these answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsteen N Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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19
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Kamemura N, Takashima M, Morita H, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Kido H. Measurement of allergen-specific secretory IgA in stool of neonates, infants and toddlers by protection against degradation of immunoglobulins and allergens. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2015; 62:137-44. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.62.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kamemura
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University
| | - Miwa Takashima
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University
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20
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
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Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
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21
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González-Navajas JM, Corr MP, Raz E. The immediate protective response to microbial challenge. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2536-49. [PMID: 24965684 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system detects infection and tissue injury through different families of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors. Most PRR-mediated responses initiate elaborate processes of signaling, transcription, translation, and secretion of effector mediators, which together require time to achieve. Therefore, PRR-mediated processes are not active in the early phases of infection. These considerations raise the question of how the host limits microbial replication and invasion during this critical period. Here, we examine the crucial defense mechanisms, such as antimicrobial peptides or extracellular traps, typically activated within minutes of the initial infection phase, which we term the "immediate protective response". Deficiencies in different components of the immediate protective response are often associated with severe and recurrent infectious diseases in humans, highlighting their physiologic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M González-Navajas
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, Spain; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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22
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Tordesillas L, Gómez-Casado C, Garrido-Arandia M, Murua-García A, Palacín A, Varela J, Konieczna P, Cuesta-Herranz J, Akdis CA, O'Mahony L, Díaz-Perales A. Transport of Pru p 3 across gastrointestinal epithelium - an essential step towards the induction of food allergy? Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:1374-83. [PMID: 24261947 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since intestinal absorption of food protein can trigger an allergic reaction, the effect of plant food allergen on intestinal epithelial cell permeability and its ability to cross the epithelial monolayer was evaluated. OBJECTIVE To study the interaction of Pru p 3 with intestinal epithelium, its natural entrance, analyzing transport kinetics and cellular responses that trigger. METHODS This was achieved using Pru p 3, the peach LTP, as a model. Enterocytic monolayers were established by culturing Caco 2 cells, as a model of enterocytes, on permeable supports that separate the apical and basal compartments. Pru p 3 was added to the apical compartment, the transepithelial resistance (TEER) was measured, and the transport was quantified. RESULTS The peach allergen that crossed the cell monolayer was detected in the cell fraction and in the basal medium by immunodetection with specific antibodies and the quantity was measured by ELISA assay. Pru p 3 was able to cross the monolayer without disturbing the integrity of the tight junctions. This transport was significantly higher than that of a non-allergenic peach LTP, LTP1, and occurred via lipid raft pathway. The incubation of Caco 2 cells with Pru p 3 and LTP1 produced the expression of epithelial-specific cytokines TSLP, IL33 and IL25. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Pru p 3 was able to cross the cell monolayer by the transcellular route and then induce the production of Th2 cytokines. The results of the present study represent a step towards clarifying the importance of Pru p 3 as a sensitizer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The capacity of food allergens to cross the intestinal monolayer could explain their high allergenic capacity and its fast diffusion through the body associating to severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tordesillas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapies are important therapy options in human oncology. Although human humoral specific immunity is constituted of five different immunoglobulin classes, currently only IgG-based immunotherapies have proceeded to clinical application. This review, however, discusses the benefits and difficulties of IgE-based immunotherapy of cancer, with special emphasis on how to translate promising preclinical results into clinical studies. Pursuing the “Comparative Oncology” approach, novel drug candidates are investigated in clinical trials with veterinary cancer patients, most often dogs. By this strategy drug development could be speeded up, animal experiments could be reduced and novel therapy options could be introduced benefitting humans as well as man’s best friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Singer
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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The potential link between gut microbiota and IgE-mediated food allergy in early life. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:7235-56. [PMID: 24351744 PMCID: PMC3881164 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10127235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been a dramatic rise in the prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy over recent decades, particularly among infants and young children. The cause of this increase is unknown but one putative factor is a change in the composition, richness and balance of the microbiota that colonize the human gut during early infancy. The coevolution of the human gastrointestinal tract and commensal microbiota has resulted in a symbiotic relationship in which gut microbiota play a vital role in early life immune development and function, as well as maintenance of gut wall epithelial integrity. Since IgE mediated food allergy is associated with immune dysregulation and impaired gut epithelial integrity there is substantial interest in the potential link between gut microbiota and food allergy. Although the exact link between gut microbiota and food allergy is yet to be established in humans, recent experimental evidence suggests that specific patterns of gut microbiota colonization may influence the risk and manifestations of food allergy. An understanding of the relationship between gut microbiota and food allergy has the potential to inform both the prevention and treatment of food allergy. In this paper we review the theory and evidence linking gut microbiota and IgE-mediated food allergy in early life. We then consider the implications and challenges for future research, including the techniques of measuring and analyzing gut microbiota, and the types of studies required to advance knowledge in the field.
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25
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Reitsma M, Westerhout J, Wichers HJ, Wortelboer HM, Verhoeckx KCM. Protein transport across the small intestine in food allergy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:194-205. [PMID: 24395537 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In view of the imminent deficiency of protein sources for human consumption in the near future, new protein sources need to be identified. However, safety issues such as the risk of allergenicity are often a bottleneck, due to the absence of predictive, validated and accepted methods for risk assessment. The current strategy to assess the allergenic potential of proteins focuses mainly on homology, stability and cross-reactivity, although other factors such as intestinal transport might be of added value too. In this review, we present an overview of the knowledge of protein transport across the intestinal wall and the methods currently being used to measure this. A literature study reveals that protein transport in sensitised persons occurs para-cellularly with the involvement of mast cells, and trans-cellularly via enterocytes, while in non-sensitised persons micro-fold cells and enterocytes are considered most important. However, there is a lack of comparable systematic studies on transport of allergenic proteins. Knowledge of the multiple protein transport pathways and which model system can be useful to study these processes may be of added value in the risk assessment of food allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Reitsma
- TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands; Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands
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