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State of the Art of the Molecular Biology of the Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065684. [PMID: 36982760 PMCID: PMC10057015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant scientific advances to elucidate the Moniliophthora perniciosa pathosystem have been achieved in recent years, but the molecular biology of this pathogen-host interaction is still a field with many unanswered questions. In order to present insights at the molecular level, we present the first systematic review on the theme. All told, 1118 studies were extracted from public databases. Of these, 109 were eligible for the review, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated that understanding the transition from the biotrophic-necrotrophic phase of the fungus is crucial for control of the disease. Proteins with strong biotechnological potential or that can be targets for pathosystem intervention were identified, but studies regarding possible applications are still limited. The studies identified revealed important genes in the M. perniciosa-host interaction and efficient molecular markers in the search for genetic variability and sources of resistance, with Theobroma cacao being the most common host. An arsenal of effectors already identified and not explored in the pathosystem were highlighted. This systematic review contributes to the understanding of the pathosystem at the molecular level, offering new insights and proposing different paths for the development of new strategies to control witches’ broom disease.
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López-Macías BM, Morales-Martínez SE, Loza-Cornejo S, Reyes CF, Terrazas T, Patakfalvi RJ, Ortiz-Morales M, Miranda-Beltrán MDLL. Variability and composition of calcium oxalate crystals in embryos-seedlings-adult plants of the globose cacti Mammillaria uncinata. Micron 2019; 125:102731. [PMID: 31415982 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and elemental composition of crystals in embryos, seedlings and adult plants of the globose cacti Mammillaria uncinata were studied. Samples of mature fruits and adult plants were collected. To obtain embryos and seedlings, seeds from mature fruits were germinated under laboratory conditions. Both embryos and seedlings as well as stem and root of the adult plants were processed by conventional microtechniques and tissue macerations to isolate the individual crystals. The crystal morphology was evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy while its chemical composition was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy, IR and Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated the occurrence of calcium oxalate crystals in the three stages of plant growth. Solitary and small crystals are present in embryos and seedlings in contrast crystals are aggregates or conglomerates in the adult plants. The compositional analysis showed that seedling crystals contain carbon (50.37%), oxygen (45.29%) and calcium (3.36%) while in adult plants the percentage has changed to carbon (12.54%), oxygen (53.06%) and calcium (34.38%). In the IR spectrum, the vibration bands around 1321 and 1621 cm-1 are attributed to the calcium oxalate in the dihydrate state (weddellite), the Raman peak at 1475 cm-1 shows also that crystals correspond to the pure state of calcium oxalate dihydrate state. The crystal size was also different for seedlings and adult plants, mean values varied from 12.11 to 13.38 μm for width and length, respectively in seedlings and from 65.10 to 73.90 μm, in adult plants. It is concluded that the elemental composition, size and morphology of crystals in M. uncinata depend on the growth stage, as it happens in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Micaela López-Macías
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, 47460, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Sandra Elena Morales-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, 47460, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Sofía Loza-Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, 47460, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Claudio Frausto Reyes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., Unidad Aguascalientes, Prol. Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, Aguascalientes, 20200, Mexico.
| | - Teresa Terrazas
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
| | - Rita Judith Patakfalvi
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, 47460, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Martín Ortiz-Morales
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., Unidad Aguascalientes, Prol. Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita, Aguascalientes, 20200, Mexico.
| | - María de la Luz Miranda-Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, 47460, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Azaiez A, Beaudoin Nadeau M, Bertrand A, Khasa DP. In vitro selection of ecologically adapted ectomycorrhizal fungi through production of fungal biomass and metabolites for use in reclamation of biotite mine tailings. Mycologia 2018; 110:1017-1032. [PMID: 30481136 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1520036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mineral weathering plays an important role in poor-nutrient environments such as mine spoils and tailings. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are able to enhance mineral weathering through different mechanisms, thereby increasing the availability of minerals and nutrients to plants. Six ECM fungi (Cadophora finlandia, Cenococcum geophilum, Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Lactarius aurantiosordidus, Paxillus involutes, and Tricholoma scalpturatum) were tested here for their tolerance to biotite-quartz-rich mine tailings. Either solid- or liquid-medium methods were used for in vitro selection of ECM fungi for their ability to grow on mine tailings. ECM fungi were selected based on their mycelial radial growth and metabolite production (ergosterol and low-molecular-mass organic acids, LMMOAs). We found a strong correlation between fungal ergosterol content and mycelial radial growth using the solid-medium method. However, the liquid-medium method was more appropriate for ergosterol synthesis and permitted direct measurement of organic acid production. We found that LMMOAs were exuded by ECM fungi, which solubilized mine tailings for their own growth and nutrition. Finally, we concluded that the ECM fungi C. finlandia and T. scalpturatum are the species most tolerant to tailings and could potentially improve the survival rate, growth, and health of white spruce seedlings planted on biotite mine spoils and tailings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïda Azaiez
- a Centre for Forest Research and Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval , Québec , Québec , G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Martin Beaudoin Nadeau
- a Centre for Forest Research and Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval , Québec , Québec , G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Annick Bertrand
- b Soil and Crops Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and AgriFood , Québec , Québec , G1V 0A6 , Canada
| | - Damase P Khasa
- a Centre for Forest Research and Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval , Québec , Québec , G1V 0A6 , Canada
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Palmieri F, Estoppey A, House GL, Lohberger A, Bindschedler S, Chain PSG, Junier P. Oxalic acid, a molecule at the crossroads of bacterial-fungal interactions. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 106:49-77. [PMID: 30798804 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxalic acid is the most ubiquitous and common low molecular weight organic acid produced by living organisms. Oxalic acid is produced by fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals. The aim of this review is to give an overview of current knowledge about the microbial cycling of oxalic acid through ecosystems. Here we review the production and degradation of oxalic acid, as well as its implications in the metabolism for fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals. Indeed, fungi are well known producers of oxalic acid, while bacteria are considered oxalic acid consumers. However, this framework may need to be modified, because the ability of fungi to degrade oxalic acid and the ability of bacteria to produce it, have been poorly investigated. Finally, we will highlight the role of fungi and bacteria in oxalic acid cycling in soil, plant and animal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Palmieri
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Aislinn Estoppey
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey L House
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Andrea Lohberger
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick S G Chain
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Yin Y, Wu S, Chui C, Ma T, Jiang H, Hahn M, Ma Z. The MAPK kinase BcMkk1 suppresses oxalic acid biosynthesis via impeding phosphorylation of BcRim15 by BcSch9 in Botrytis cinerea. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007285. [PMID: 30212570 PMCID: PMC6136818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cassette of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway is primarily responsible for orchestrating changes of cell wall. However, functions of this cassette in other cellular processes are not well understood. Here, we found that the Botrytis cinerea mutant of MAPK kinase (BcMkk1) displays more serious defects in mycelial growth, conidiation, responses to cell wall and oxidative stresses, but possesses less reduced virulence than the mutants of its upstream (BcBck1) and downstream (BcBmp3) kinases. Interestingly, BcMkk1, but not BcBck1 and BcBmp3, negatively regulates production of oxalic acid (OA) and activity of extracellular hydrolases (EHs) that are proposed to be virulence factors of B. cinerea. Moreover, we obtained evidence that BcMkk1 negatively controls OA production via impeding phosphorylation of the Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) kinase BcRim15 by the Ser/Thr kinase BcSch9. In addition, the fungal Pro40 homolog BcPro40 was found to interact simultaneously with three MAPKs, implying that BcPro40 is a scaffold protein of the CWI pathway in B. cinerea. Taken together, results of this study reveal that BcMkk1 negatively modulates virulence via suppressing OA biosynthesis in B. cinerea, which provides novel insight into conserved and species-specific functions of the MAPK kinase in fungi. Botrytis cinerea causes pre- and postharvest diseases in more than 200 economically important crops. In this study, the roles of cell wall integrity (CWI)-related MAPK kinase BcMkk1in regulating B. cinerea virulence were investigated using genetic and biochemical approaches. We found that the MAPK kinase BcMkk1 positively regulates virulence via the CWI pathway. Unexpectedly, BcMkk1 also negatively regulates fungal virulence via restraining oxalic acid production, by impeding phosphorylation of the PAS kinase BcRim15 mediated by the kinase BcSch9. To our knowledge, this is the first report that a MAPK kinase can negatively modulate fungal virulence on host plants. Our results provide novel insight into biological functions of a MAPK kinase in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Chui
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huixian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, Kaiserslautern University, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Saprotrophic proteomes of biotypes of the witches' broom pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:743-753. [PMID: 28800846 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nine geographically diverse Moniliophthora perniciosa (witches' broom disease pathogen) isolates were cultured in vitro. They included six C-biotypes differing in virulence on cacao (Theobroma cacao), two S-biotypes (solanaceous hosts), and an L-biotype (liana hosts). Mycelial growth rates and morphologies differed considerably, but no characters were observed to correlate with virulence or biotype. In plant inoculations using basidiospores, one C-biotype caused symptoms on tomato (an S-biotype host), adding to evidence of limited host adaptation in these biotypes. Mycelial proteomes were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and 619 gel spots were indexed on all replicate gels of at least one strain. Multivariate analysis of gel spots discriminated the L-biotype, but not the S-biotypes, from the remaining strains. The proteomic similarity of the S- and C-biotypes is consistent with their reported lack of phylogenetic distinction. Sequences from tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides from major 2-DE spots were matched with Moniliophthora genome and transcript sequences on NCBI and WBD Transcriptome Atlas databases. Protein-spot identifications indicated that M. perniciosa saprotrophic mycelial proteomes expressed functions potentially connected with a 'virulence life-style', including peroxiredoxin, heat-shock proteins, nitrilase, formate dehydrogenase, a prominent complement of aldo-keto reductases, mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase, and central metabolism enzymes with proposed pathogenesis functions.
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Le Fevre R, Evangelisti E, Rey T, Schornack S. Modulation of host cell biology by plant pathogenic microbes. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:201-29. [PMID: 26436707 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-102314-112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions can result in dramatic visual changes in the host, such as galls, phyllody, pseudoflowers, and altered root-system architecture, indicating that the invading microbe has perturbed normal plant growth and development. These effects occur on a cellular level but range up to the organ scale, and they commonly involve attenuation of hormone homeostasis and deployment of effector proteins with varying activities to modify host cell processes. This review focuses on the cellular-reprogramming mechanisms of filamentous and bacterial plant pathogens that exhibit a biotrophic lifestyle for part, if not all, of their lifecycle in association with the host. We also highlight strategies for exploiting our growing knowledge of microbial host reprogramming to study plant processes other than immunity and to explore alternative strategies for durable plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Le Fevre
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Thomas Rey
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom; , , ,
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8
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de Oliveira Ceita G, Vilas-Boas LA, Castilho MS, Carazzolle MF, Pirovani CP, Selbach-Schnadelbach A, Gramacho KP, Ramos PIP, Barbosa LV, Pereira GAG, Góes-Neto A. Analysis of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway cloning, molecular characterization and phylogeny of lanosterol 14 α-demethylase (ERG11) gene of Moniliophthora perniciosa. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:683-93. [PMID: 25505843 PMCID: PMC4261968 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014005000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytopathogenic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Philips-Mora, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa, causes countless damage to cocoa production in Brazil. Molecular studies have attempted to identify genes that play important roles in fungal survival and virulence. In this study, sequences deposited in the M. perniciosa Genome Sequencing Project database were analyzed to identify potential biological targets. For the first time, the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway in M. perniciosa was studied and the lanosterol 14α-demethylase gene (ERG11) that encodes the main enzyme of this pathway and is a target for fungicides was cloned, characterized molecularly and its phylogeny analyzed. ERG11 genomic DNA and cDNA were characterized and sequence analysis of the ERG11 protein identified highly conserved domains typical of this enzyme, such as SRS1, SRS4, EXXR and the heme-binding region (HBR). Comparison of the protein sequences and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the M. perniciosa enzyme was most closely related to that of Coprinopsis cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geruza de Oliveira Ceita
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia,
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana,
Feira de Santana,
BA,
Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Laurival Antônio Vilas-Boas
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Estadual de Londrina,
Londrina,
PR,
Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos Castilho
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Modelagem Molecular,
Departamento do Medicamento,
Faculdade de Farmácia,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Proteômica,
Departamento de Genética e Evolução,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Campinas,
SP,
Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética,
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz,
Ilhéus,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Alessandra Selbach-Schnadelbach
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular,
Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau,
Ilhéus,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Pablo Ivan Pereira Ramos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Luciana Veiga Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | | | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia,
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana,
Feira de Santana,
BA,
Brazil
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Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate/glutamate biogenesis is required for fungal virulence and sporulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73483. [PMID: 24039956 PMCID: PMC3767830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline dehydrogenase (Prodh) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5Cdh) are two key enzymes in the cellular biogenesis of glutamate. Recombinant Prodh and P5Cdh proteins of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica were investigated and showed activity in in vitro assays. Additionally, the C. parasitica Prodh and P5Cdh genes were able to complement the Saccharomyces cerevisiae put1 and put2 null mutants, respectively, to allow these proline auxotrophic yeast mutants to grow on media with proline as the sole source of nitrogen. Deletion of the Prodh gene in C. parasitica resulted in hypovirulence and a lower level of sporulation, whereas deletion of P5Cdh resulted in hypovirulence though no effect on sporulation; both Δprodh and Δp5cdh mutants were unable to grow on minimal medium with proline as the sole nitrogen source. In a wild-type strain, the intracellular level of proline and the activity of Prodh and P5Cdh increased after supplementation of exogenous proline, though the intracellular Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) content remained unchanged. Prodh and P5Cdh were both transcriptionally down-regulated in cells infected with hypovirus. The disruption of other genes with products involved in the conversion of arginine to ornithine, ornithine and glutamate to P5C, and P5C to proline in the cytosol did not appear to affect virulence; however, asexual sporulation was reduced in the Δpro1 and Δpro2 mutants. Taken together, our results showed that Prodh, P5Cdh and related mitochondrial functions are essential for virulence and that proline/glutamate pathway components may represent down-stream targets of hypovirus regulation in C. parasitica.
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Pesciaroli L, Petruccioli M, Federici F, D'Annibale A. Pleurotus ostreatus
biofilm-forming ability and ultrastructure are significantly influenced by growth medium and support type. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1750-62. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Pesciaroli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food, and Forestry systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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11
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de Oliveira BV, Teixeira GS, Reis O, Barau JG, Teixeira PJPL, do Rio MCS, Domingues RR, Meinhardt LW, Paes Leme AF, Rincones J, Pereira GAG. A potential role for an extracellular methanol oxidase secreted by Moniliophthora perniciosa in Witches' broom disease in cacao. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:922-32. [PMID: 23022488 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of Witches' broom disease (WBD) in cacao, is able to grow on methanol as the sole carbon source. In plants, one of the main sources of methanol is the pectin present in the structure of cell walls. Pectin is composed of highly methylesterified chains of galacturonic acid. The hydrolysis between the methyl radicals and galacturonic acid in esterified pectin, mediated by a pectin methylesterase (PME), releases methanol, which may be decomposed by a methanol oxidase (MOX). The analysis of the M. pernciosa genome revealed putative mox and pme genes. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR performed with RNA from mycelia grown in the presence of methanol or pectin as the sole carbon source and with RNA from infected cacao seedlings in different stages of the progression of WBD indicate that the two genes are coregulated, suggesting that the fungus may be metabolizing the methanol released from pectin. Moreover, immunolocalization of homogalacturonan, the main pectic domain that constitutes the primary cell wall matrix, shows a reduction in the level of pectin methyl esterification in infected cacao seedlings. Although MOX has been classically classified as a peroxisomal enzyme, M. perniciosa presents an extracellular methanol oxidase. Its activity was detected in the fungus culture supernatants, and mass spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of this enzyme in the fungus secretome. Because M. pernciosa possesses all genes classically related to methanol metabolism, we propose a peroxisome-independent model for the utilization of methanol by this fungus, which begins with the extracellular oxidation of methanol derived from the demethylation of pectin and finishes in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno V de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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12
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Dias CV, Mendes JS, dos Santos AC, Pirovani CP, da Silva Gesteira A, Micheli F, Gramacho KP, Hammerstone J, Mazzafera P, de Mattos Cascardo JC. Hydrogen peroxide formation in cacao tissues infected by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:917-922. [PMID: 21641227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In plant-pathogen interaction, the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) may play a dual role: its accumulation inhibits the growth of biotrophic pathogens, while it could help the infection/colonization process of plant by necrotrophic pathogens. One of the possible pathways of H₂O production involves oxalic acid (Oxa) degradation by apoplastic oxalate oxidase. Here, we analyzed the production of H₂O₂, the presence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals and the content of Oxa and ascorbic acid (Asa)--the main precursor of Oxa in plants--in susceptible and resistant cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) infected by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. We also quantified the transcript level of ascorbate peroxidase (Apx), germin-like oxalate oxidase (Glp) and dehydroascorbate reductase (Dhar) by RT-qPCR. We report that the CaOx crystal amount and the H₂O₂ levels in the two varieties present distinct temporal and genotype-dependent patterns. Susceptible variety accumulated more CaOx crystals than the resistant one, and the dissolution of these crystals occurred in the early infection steps and in the final stage of the disease in the resistant and the susceptible variety, respectively. High expression of the Glp and accumulation of Oxa were observed in the resistant variety. The content of Asa increased in the inoculated susceptible variety, but remained constant in the resistant one. The susceptible variety presented reduced Dhar expression. The role of H₂O₂ and its formation from Oxa via Apx and Glp in resistant and susceptible variety infected by M. perniciosa were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Villela Dias
- UESC, DCB, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
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da Silva LF, Dias CV, Cidade LC, Mendes JS, Pirovani CP, Alvim FC, Pereira GAG, Aragão FJL, Cascardo JCM, Costa MGC. Expression of an oxalate decarboxylase impairs the necrotic effect induced by Nep1-like protein (NLP) of Moniliophthora perniciosa in transgenic tobacco. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:839-48. [PMID: 21405988 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-10-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid (OA) and Nep1-like proteins (NLP) are recognized as elicitors of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants, which is crucial for the pathogenic success of necrotrophic plant pathogens and involves reactive oxygen species (ROS). To determine the importance of oxalate as a source of ROS for OA- and NLP-induced cell death, a full-length cDNA coding for an oxalate decarboxylase (FvOXDC) from the basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes, which converts OA into CO(2) and formate, was overexpressed in tobacco plants. The transgenic plants contained less OA and more formic acid compared with the control plants and showed enhanced resistance to cell death induced by exogenous OA and MpNEP2, an NLP of the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. This resistance was correlated with the inhibition of ROS formation in the transgenic plants inoculated with OA, MpNEP2, or a combination of both PCD elicitors. Taken together, these results have established a pivotal function for oxalate as a source of ROS required for the PCD-inducing activity of OA and NLP. The results also indicate that FvOXDC represents a potentially novel source of resistance against OA- and NLP-producing pathogens such as M. perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F da Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil
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Gombert AK, Veiga T, Puig-Martinez M, Lamboo F, Nijland JG, Driessen AJM, Pronk JT, Daran JM. Functional characterization of the oxaloacetase encoding gene and elimination of oxalate formation in the β-lactam producer Penicillium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:831-9. [PMID: 21549851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum is widely used as an industrial antibiotic producer, in particular in the synthesis of ß-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins. In industrial processes, oxalic acid formation leads to reduced product yields. Moreover, precipitation of calcium oxalate complicates product recovery. We observed oxalate production in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of P. chrysogenum grown with or without addition of adipic acid, side-chain of the cephalosporin precursor adipoyl-6-aminopenicillinic acid (ad-6-APA). Oxalate accounted for up to 5% of the consumed carbon source. In filamentous fungi, oxaloacetate hydrolase (OAH; EC3.7.1.1) is generally responsible for oxalate production. The P. chrysogenum genome harbours four orthologs of the A. niger oahA gene. Chemostat-based transcriptome analyses revealed a significant correlation between extracellular oxalate titers and expression level of the genes Pc18g05100 and Pc22g24830. To assess their possible involvement in oxalate production, both genes were cloned in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yeast that does not produce oxalate. Only the expression of Pc22g24830 led to production of oxalic acid in S. cerevisiae. Subsequent deletion of Pc22g28430 in P. chrysogenum led to complete elimination of oxalate production, whilst improving yields of the cephalosporin precursor ad-6-APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gombert
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628BC Delft, The Netherlands
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Ethylene glycol induces calcium oxalate crystal deposition in Malpighian tubules: a Drosophila model for nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis. Kidney Int 2011; 80:369-77. [PMID: 21451462 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several animal species are used to study calcium oxalate urolithiasis; however, an ideal model has yet to be identified. We used Drosophila as a model organism and fed the flies lithogenic agents such as ethylene glycol, hydroxyl-L-proline, and sodium oxalate. At different times, the Malpighian tubules, the kidney equivalent of insects, were dissected and a polarized light microscope used to highlight the birefringent crystals. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed that the crystal composition was predominately calcium oxalate. Furthermore, administration of potassium citrate successfully reduced the quantity of and modulated the integrity of the ethylene glycol-induced crystals. Thus, the Drosophila model of bio-mineralization produces crystals in the urinary system through many lithogenic agents, permits observation of crystal formation, and is amenable to genetic manipulation. This model may mimic the etiology and clinical manifestations of calcium oxalate stone formation and aid in identification of the genetic basis of this disease.
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Schmid J, Müller-Hagen D, Bekel T, Funk L, Stahl U, Sieber V, Meyer V. Transcriptome sequencing and comparative transcriptome analysis of the scleroglucan producer Sclerotium rolfsii. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:329. [PMID: 20504312 PMCID: PMC2887420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant pathogenic basidiomycete Sclerotium rolfsii produces the industrially exploited exopolysaccharide scleroglucan, a polymer that consists of (1 --> 3)-beta-linked glucose with a (1 --> 6)-beta-glycosyl branch on every third unit. Although the physicochemical properties of scleroglucan are well understood, almost nothing is known about the genetics of scleroglucan biosynthesis. Similarly, the biosynthetic pathway of oxalate, the main by-product during scleroglucan production, has not been elucidated yet. In order to provide a basis for genetic and metabolic engineering approaches, we studied scleroglucan and oxalate biosynthesis in S. rolfsii using different transcriptomic approaches. RESULTS Two S. rolfsii transcriptomes obtained from scleroglucan-producing and scleroglucan-nonproducing conditions were pooled and sequenced using the 454 pyrosequencing technique yielding approximately 350,000 reads. These could be assembled into 21,937 contigs and 171,833 singletons, for which 6,951 had significant matches in public protein data bases. Sequence data were used to obtain first insights into the genomics of scleroglucan and oxalate production and to predict putative proteins involved in the synthesis of both metabolites. Using comparative transcriptomics, namely Agilent microarray hybridization and suppression subtractive hybridization, we identified approximately 800 unigenes which are differently expressed under scleroglucan-producing and non-producing conditions. From these, candidate genes were identified which could represent potential leads for targeted modification of the S. rolfsii metabolism for increased scleroglucan yields. CONCLUSIONS The results presented in this paper provide for the first time genomic and transcriptomic data about S. rolfsii and demonstrate the power and usefulness of combined transcriptome sequencing and comparative microarray analysis. The data obtained allowed us to predict the biosynthetic pathways of scleroglucan and oxalate synthesis and to identify important genes putatively involved in determining scleroglucan yields. Moreover, our data establish the first sequence database for S. rolfsii, which allows research into other biological processes of S. rolfsii, such as host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schmid
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Straubing Centre of Science, Technische Universität München, Schulgasse 16, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
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Genes acquired by horizontal transfer are potentially involved in the evolution of phytopathogenicity in Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri, two of the major pathogens of cacao. J Mol Evol 2009; 70:85-97. [PMID: 20033398 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-009-9311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri are phytopathogenic basidiomycete species that infect cacao causing two important diseases in this crop: "Witches' Broom" and "Frosty Pod Rot", respectively. The ability of species from this genus (Moniliophthora) to cause disease is exceptional in the family Marasmiaceae. Species in closely related genera including, Marasmius, Crinipellis, and Chaetocalathus, are mainly saprotrophs and are not known to cause disease. In this study, the possibility that this phytopathogenic lifestyle has been acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) was investigated. A stringent genome comparison pipeline was used to identify potential genes that have been obtained by Moniliophthora through HGT. This search led to the identification of three genes: a metallo-dependent hydrolase (MDH), a mannitol phosphate dehydrogenase (MPDH), and a family of necrosis-inducing proteins (NEPs). Phylogenetic analysis of these genes suggests that Moniliophthora acquired NEPs from oomycetes, MDH from actinobacteria and MPDH from firmicutes. Based on the known gene functions and on previous studies of M. perniciosa infection and development, a correlation between gene acquisition and the evolution of the phytopathogenic genus Moniliophthora can be postulated.
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Pungartnik C, Melo S, Basso T, Macena W, Cascardo J, Brendel M. Reactive oxygen species and autophagy play a role in survival and differentiation of the phytopathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:461-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mondego JMC, Carazzolle MF, Costa GGL, Formighieri EF, Parizzi LP, Rincones J, Cotomacci C, Carraro DM, Cunha AF, Carrer H, Vidal RO, Estrela RC, García O, Thomazella DPT, de Oliveira BV, Pires AB, Rio MCS, Araújo MRR, de Moraes MH, Castro LAB, Gramacho KP, Gonçalves MS, Neto JPM, Neto AG, Barbosa LV, Guiltinan MJ, Bailey BA, Meinhardt LW, Cascardo JC, Pereira GAG. A genome survey of Moniliophthora perniciosa gives new insights into Witches' Broom Disease of cacao. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:548. [PMID: 19019209 PMCID: PMC2644716 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of Witches' Broom Disease (WBD) in cacao (Theobroma cacao). It is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that colonizes the apoplast of cacao's meristematic tissues as a biotrophic pathogen, switching to a saprotrophic lifestyle during later stages of infection. M. perniciosa, together with the related species M. roreri, are pathogens of aerial parts of the plant, an uncommon characteristic in the order Agaricales. A genome survey (1.9× coverage) of M. perniciosa was analyzed to evaluate the overall gene content of this phytopathogen. Results Genes encoding proteins involved in retrotransposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) resistance, drug efflux transport and cell wall degradation were identified. The great number of genes encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (1.15% of gene models) indicates that M. perniciosa has a great potential for detoxification, production of toxins and hormones; which may confer a high adaptive ability to the fungus. We have also discovered new genes encoding putative secreted polypeptides rich in cysteine, as well as genes related to methylotrophy and plant hormone biosynthesis (gibberellin and auxin). Analysis of gene families indicated that M. perniciosa have similar amounts of carboxylesterases and repertoires of plant cell wall degrading enzymes as other hemibiotrophic fungi. In addition, an approach for normalization of gene family data using incomplete genome data was developed and applied in M. perniciosa genome survey. Conclusion This genome survey gives an overview of the M. perniciosa genome, and reveals that a significant portion is involved in stress adaptation and plant necrosis, two necessary characteristics for a hemibiotrophic fungus to fulfill its infection cycle. Our analysis provides new evidence revealing potential adaptive traits that may play major roles in the mechanisms of pathogenicity in the M. perniciosa/cacao pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M C Mondego
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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The mitochondrial genome of the phytopathogenic basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa is 109kb in size and contains a stable integrated plasmid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:1136-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Identification of a second family of genes in Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao, encoding necrosis-inducing proteins similar to cerato-platanins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 113:61-72. [PMID: 18796332 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao. This is a dimorphic species, with monokaryotic hyphae during the biotrophic phase, which is converted to dikaryotic mycelia during the saprophytic phase. The infection in pod is characterized by the formation of hypertrophic and hyperplasic tissues in the biotrophic phase, which is followed by necrosis and complete degradation of the organ. We found at least five sequences in the fungal genome encoding putative proteins similar to cerato-platanin (CP)-like proteins, a novel class of proteins initially found in the phytopathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata. One M. perniciosa CP gene (MpCP1) was expressed in vitro and proved to have necrosis-inducing ability in tobacco and cacao leaves. The protein is present in solution as dimers and is able to recover necrosis activity after heat treatment. Transcription analysis ex planta showed that MpCP1 is more expressed in biotrophic-like mycelia than saprotrophic mycelia. The necrosis profile presented is different from that caused by M. perniciosa necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins (MpNEPs), another family of elicitors expressed by M. perniciosa. Remarkably, a mixture of MpCP1 with MpNEP2 led to a synergistic necrosis effect very similar to that found in naturally infected plants. This is the first report of a basidiomycete presenting both NEP1-like proteins (NLPs) and CPs in its genome.
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Rincones J, Scarpari LM, Carazzolle MF, Mondego JMC, Formighieri EF, Barau JG, Costa GGL, Carraro DM, Brentani HP, Vilas-Boas LA, de Oliveira BV, Sabha M, Dias R, Cascardo JM, Azevedo RA, Meinhardt LW, Pereira GAG. Differential gene expression between the biotrophic-like and saprotrophic mycelia of the witches' broom pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:891-908. [PMID: 18533830 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-7-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes witches' broom disease (WBD) in cacao. Marked dimorphism characterizes this fungus, showing a monokaryotic or biotrophic phase that causes disease symptoms and a later dikaryotic or saprotrophic phase. A combined strategy of DNA microarray, expressed sequence tag, and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses was employed to analyze differences between these two fungal stages in vitro. In all, 1,131 putative genes were hybridized with cDNA from different phases, resulting in 189 differentially expressed genes, and 4,595 reads were clusterized, producing 1,534 unigenes. The analysis of these genes, which represent approximately 21% of the total genes, indicates that the biotrophic-like phase undergoes carbon and nitrogen catabolite repression that correlates to the expression of phytopathogenicity genes. Moreover, downregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the presence of a putative ngr1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could help explain its lower growth rate. In contrast, the saprotrophic mycelium expresses genes related to the metabolism of hexoses, ammonia, and oxidative phosphorylation, which could explain its faster growth. Antifungal toxins were upregulated and could prevent the colonization by competing fungi. This work significantly contributes to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of WBD and, to our knowledge, is the first to analyze differential gene expression of the different phases of a hemibiotrophic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Rincones
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, Campinas 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
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