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Imam MW, Luqman S. Unveiling the mechanism of essential oil action against skin pathogens: from ancient wisdom to modern science. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:347. [PMID: 38985339 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Essential oils are among the most well-known phyto-compounds, and since ancient times, they have been utilized in medicine. Over 100 essential oils have been identified and utilized as therapies for various skin infections and related ailments. While numerous commercial medicines are available in different dosage forms to treat skin diseases, the persisting issues include their side effects, toxicity, and low efficacy. As a result, researchers are seeking novel classes of compounds as substitutes for synthetic drugs, aiming for minimal side effects, no toxicity, and high efficacy. Essential oils have shown promising antimicrobial activity against skin-associated pathogens. This review presents essential knowledge and scientific information regarding essential oil's antimicrobial capabilities against microorganisms that cause skin infections. Essential oils mechanisms against different pathogens have also been explored. Many essential oils exhibit promising activity against various microbes, which has been qualitatively assessed using the agar disc diffusion experiment, followed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration for quantitative evaluation. It has been observed that Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans have been extensively researched in the context of skin-related infections and their antimicrobial activity, including established modes of action. In contrast, other skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogens, Propionibacterium acnes, and Malassezia furfur have received less attention or neglected. This review report provides an updated understanding of the mechanisms of action of various essential oils with antimicrobial properties. This review explores the anti-infectious activity and mode of action of essential against distinct skin pathogens. Such knowledge can be valuable in treating skin infections and related ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Waquar Imam
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Zhao L, Wang J, Zhang H, Peng Q, Fan C, Zhou Y, Zhang X. Cell structure damage contributes to antifungal activity of sodium propylparaben against Trichothecium roseum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105758. [PMID: 38225061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecium roseum is a type of fungus that causes pink rot in muskmelon after the melons are harvested. Pink rot leads to severe decay during storage and causes the production of toxins that can be harmful to human health. Sodium propylparaben (SPP, IUPAC name: sodium; 4-propoxycarbonylphenolate) is an antimicrobial preservative that can be used to treat the inedible parts of fruits in addition to food, medications, and packaging. In this study, the effectiveness of SPP in inhibiting T. roseum was tested, and the inhibition mechanism was investigated. The results show that SPP inhibited the growth and spore germination of T. roseum. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content, propidium iodide staining, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, and calcofluor white (CFW) staining results show that SPP produced a disruption of the cell membrane and cell wall integrity of T. roseum. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively) results also indicate that SPP disrupted the cellular structure of T. roseum. Meanwhile, the large amounts of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in T. roseum accumulated due to the effects of SPP on the activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and decreased catalase. In addition, SPP caused a significant reduction in the incidence rate and disease degree of muskmelon pink rot in vivo. In conclusion, SPP appears to be effective against T. roseum via disruption of the cell membrane and wall. SPP could be used to manage melon pink rot after fruit harvesting because of its disease inhibition effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunaike Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qiding Peng
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chunxia Fan
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yueli Zhou
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Thagfan F, Dkhil MA, Al-Shaebi EM, Abdel-Gaber R, Al-Quraishy S, Elshanat S. Biosynthesized Nanosilver from Ginger Extract Exhibits Antioxidant and Hepatic Responses during Eimeria papillata Infection. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23806-23811. [PMID: 37426206 PMCID: PMC10324095 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Although several anticoccidial medications have long been used to prevent coccidiosis, their adverse effects necessitate the use of alternative control methods. In this study, Eimeria papillate was used to infect the mouse jejunum, and the response of the liver to induced coccidiosis on treatment with nanosilver synthesized from Zingiber officinale (NS) and the reference anticoccidial drug amprolium was compared. Mice were infected with 1000 sporulated oocysts to induce coccidiosis. NS was able to inhibit the sporulation of E. papillate by approximately 73%, and also, the NS treatment improved the liver function in mice, as proven by lower levels of the liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP. Furthermore, treatment with NS improved the parasite-induced liver histological injury. Also, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase levels increased following treatment. Moreover, the concentrations of metal ions, Fe, Mg, and Cu, were studied, where only the Fe concentration was affected after treatment of the E. papillate-infected mice with Bio-NS. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in NS is thought to be responsible for its positive effects. Overall, the current study found that NS outperformed amprolium in E. papillata-induced mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felwa
A. Thagfan
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Dkhil
- Department
of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11732, Egypt
- Applied
Science Private University, Amman 11937, Jordan
| | - Esam M. Al-Shaebi
- Department
of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Department
of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department
of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Elshanat
- Department
of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 11511, Egypt
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Role of Fungi in Biodegradation of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids by Activated Sewage Sludge. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031268. [PMID: 36770935 PMCID: PMC9919375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), due to their specific properties, can play the role of persistent water contaminants. Fungi manifest the ability to decompose hardy degradable compounds, showing potential in the biodegradation of ILs, which has been studied extensively on sewage sludge; however, attention was drawn mainly to bacterial and not fungal species. The aim of the research was to determine the significance of fungi in ILs' biodegradation to extend the knowledge and possibly point out ways of increasing their role in this process. The research included: the isolation and genetic identification of fungal strains potentially capable of [OMIM][Cl], [BMIM][Cl], [OMIM][Tf2N], and [BMIM][Tf2N] degradation, adjustment of the ILs concentration for biodegradability test by MICs determination and choosing strains with the highest biological robustness; inoculum adaptation tests, and finally primary biodegradation by OECD 301F test. The study, conducted for 2 mM [OMIM][Cl] as a tested substance and consortium of microorganisms as inoculum, resulted in an average 64.93% biodegradation rate within a 28-day testing period. For the individual fungal strain (Candida tropicalis), the maximum of only 4.89% biodegradation rate was reached in 10 days, then inhibited. Insight into the role of fungi in the biodegradation of ILs was obtained, enabling the creation of a complex overview of ILs toxicity and the possibilities of its biological use. However, only an inoculum consisting of a consortium of microorganisms enriched with a selected strain of fungi was able to decompose the IL, in contrast to that consisting only of an individual fungal strain.
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Zhou AA, Li RY, Mo FX, Ding Y, Li RT, Guo X, Hu K, Li M. Natural Product Citronellal can Significantly Disturb Chitin Synthesis and Cell Wall Integrity in Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121310. [PMID: 36547643 PMCID: PMC9784034 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural products are often favored in the study of crop pests and diseases. Previous studies have shown that citronellal has a strong inhibition effect on Magnaporthe oryzae. The objective of this study was to clarify its mechanism of action against M. oryzae. RESULTS Firstly, the biological activity of citronellal against M. oryzae was determined by direct and indirect methods, and the results show that citronellal had a strong inhibition effect on M. oryzae with EC50 values of 134.00 mg/L and 70.48 μL/L air, respectively. Additionally, a preliminary study on its mechanism of action was studied. After citronellal treatment, electron microscopy revealed that the mycelium became thin and broken; scanning electron microscopy revealed that the mycelium was wrinkled and distorted; and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the mycelium cell wall was invaginated, the mass wall of mycelium was separated, and the organelles were blurred. The mycelium was further stained with CFW, and the nodes were blurred, while the mycelium was almost non-fluorescent after PI staining, and there was no significant difference in the relative conductivity of mycelium. In addition, chitinase was significantly enhanced, and the expression of chitin synthesis-related genes was 17.47-fold upregulated. Finally, we found that the efficacy of citronellal against the rice blast was as high as 82.14% according to indoor efficacy tests. CONCLUSION These results indicate that citronellal can affect the synthesis of chitin in M. oryzae and damage its cell wall, thereby inhibiting the growth of mycelium and effectively protecting rice from rice blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ai Zhou
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rong-Yu Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-151-8514-8063
| | - Fei-Xu Mo
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ruo-Tong Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xue Guo
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ke Hu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
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Baka ZA, El-Zahed MM. Antifungal activity of silver/silicon dioxide nanocomposite on the response of faba bean plants (Vicia faba L.) infected by Botrytis cinerea. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:102. [PMID: 38647774 PMCID: PMC10992879 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) and its nanomaterials could help plants cope with different negative effects of abiotic and/or biotic stresses. In this study, the antifungal role of silver/silicon dioxide nanocomposite (Ag/SiO2NC) biosynthesized using a free-cell supernatant of Escherichia coli D8 was investigated for controlling the growth parameters and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) infected by Botrytis cinerea. This nanocomposite was characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta analysis, and X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). Positively charged Ag/SiO2NC (+ 31.0 mV) with spherical-shaped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) showed strong in vitro antifungal activity with minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) value equal to 40 ppm. In vivo experiments revealed the good resistance of Ag/SiO2NC-treated plants against the B. cinerea infection due to the increase of total phenolic content, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activity. The ultrastructure of Ag/SiO2NC-treated plants showed normal morphology of cells including cell membranes and ellipsoidal-shaped chloroplasts with big starch grains. The concentration of silver content in Ag/SiO2NC-treated plants was similar to the untreated control plant indicating the low realizability of AgNPs. All of these results are promising outcomes for the application of the biosynthesized Ag/SiO2NC as a safe and effective antifungal agent against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria A Baka
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M El-Zahed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt.
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Peng H, Hu H, Xi K, Zhu X, Zhou J, Yin J, Guo F, Liu Y, Zhu Y. Silicon Nanoparticles Enhance Ginger Rhizomes Tolerance to Postharvest Deterioration and Resistance to Fusarium solani. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:816143. [PMID: 35371177 PMCID: PMC8965286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.816143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest deterioration of ginger rhizome caused by microorganisms or wound infections causes significant economic losses. Fusarium solani is one of the important causal agents of prevalent ginger disease soft rot across the world. The massive and continuous use of chemical fungicides in postharvest preservation pose risks to human health and produce environmental contamination. Hence, new alternative tools are required to reduce postharvest deterioration and extend the postharvest life of ginger. In this study, the use of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) on the storability of ginger rhizomes during postharvest storage and their resistance to Fusarium solani was investigated. The results showed that 50, 100, and 150 mg L-1 of SiNPs increased the firmness of the ginger rhizome during storage but decreased the decay severity, water loss, total color difference, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS; H2O2 and superoxide anion) accumulation. Specifically, 100 mg L-1 (SiNP100) demonstrated the best effect in the extension of postharvest life and improved the quality of the ginger rhizomes. SiNP100 application increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and the total phenolics and flavonoid contents, thereby reducing the ROS accumulation and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Meanwhile, SiNP100 treatment negatively impacts the peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, which may have contributed to the lower level of lignin and decreased total color difference. SiNP100 likely decreased water loss and the transfer of water by altering the expression of aquaporin genes. Moreover, SiNP100 modulated the expression of lignin synthesis and phytopathogenic responses genes including MYB and LysM genes. Furthermore, SiNP100 inhibited Fusarium solani by preventing the penetration of hyphae into cells, thus decreasing the severity of postharvest pathogenic decay. In summary, this study revealed the physiology and molecular mechanisms of SiNPs-induced tolerance to postharvest deterioration and resistance to disease, which provides a foundation for using SiNPs resources as a promising alternative tool to maintain ginger quality and control postharvest diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Horticulture and Gardening, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Haijun Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Horticulture and Gardening, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Keyong Xi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Horticulture and Gardening, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiongmeng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Horticulture and Gardening, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Horticulture and Gardening, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Junliang Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Horticulture and Gardening, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fengling Guo
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Horticulture and Gardening, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yongxing Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Horticulture and Gardening, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Poonia BK, Sidhu A, Sharma AB. Cyclo(l-proline-l-serine) Dipeptide Suppresses Seed Borne Fungal Pathogens of Rice: Altered Cellular Membrane Integrity of Fungal Hyphae and Seed Quality Benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2160-2168. [PMID: 35142498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Five proline-containing diketopiperazines (Pro-DKPs) produced by antagonistic microorganisms as secondary metabolites were selected and synthesized under laboratory conditions. Out of five synthesized Pro-DKPs, cyclo(l-Pro-l-Ser) (DKP-6) revealed the best inhibition of fungal pathogens (Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium fujikuroi) of rice under in vitro conditions with effective doses lower than standard fungicide carbendazim. DKP-6 induced stress on the fungal cell membrane integrity, which was revealed by calcofluor white and propidium iodide assays, endorsed by ultra-microscopic details and soluble protein leakage assays. In vivo seed treatment of infested rice seeds with DKP-6 at 2000 μg/mL for 10 h of seed treatment inflicted best reduction in seed rot and seedling blight with respect to control and carbendazim. Significant enhancement in seedling quality parameters were also observed. The work presented the strong influence of cyclo(l-Pro-l-Ser) as a mycocidal seed treatment agent better than synthetic toxic fungicides for rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjali Sidhu
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Anju Bala Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
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Cheng X, Yang Y, Zhu X, Yuan P, Gong B, Ding S, Shan Y. Inhibitory mechanisms of cinnamic acid on the growth of Geotrichum citri-aurantii. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li L, Xin Z, Okwong RO, OuYang Q, Che J, Zhou J, Tao N. Antofine inhibits postharvest green mold due to imazalil-resistant Penicillium digitatum strain Pdw03 by triggering oxidative burst. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13751. [PMID: 33949723 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of imazalil (IMZ) resistance in Penicillium digitatum has become a great threat for controlling citrus green mold. In this paper, we investigated the antifungal efficiency and mechanism of an alkaloid antofine against an IMZ-resistant P. digitatum strain Pdw03. Results showed that antofine exhibited a strong antifungal activity against the mycelial growth of strain Pdw03, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 1.56 × 10-3 and 1.25 × 10-2 g/L, respectively. In vivo application of antofine effectively delayed the disease progress and reduced the incidence of green mold in citrus fruit. The disease incidence of 10 × MFC antofine-treated fruit after 6 days of storage was only 11% ± 4%, which was significantly lower than that of the control (100% ± 0%). Antofine treatment altered mycelial morphology of strain Pdw03 without affecting the cell wall integrity. Although the ergosterol contents remained stable, a decrease in the total lipid content induced by lipid peroxidation was observed at 30 min of exposure, indicating disruption of cell membrane permeability of strain Pdw03. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents were also decreased at 60 min of exposure. These results indicated that antofine inhibited the growth of strain Pdw03 by disrupting cell membrane permeability and impairing energy metabolism induced by oxidative burst. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: One of the most economically important postharvest diseases of citrus fruit is green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum. The pathogen is mainly controlled by using imazalil, but the prolonged and extensive application of this chemical fungicide has led to emergence of numerous IMZ-resistant strains among P. digitatum isolates. Consequently, new and safe strategies for controlling citrus green mold caused by IMZ-resistant P. digitatum strains are urgently needed. In this study, an alkaloid antofine effectively inhibited the growth of IMZ-resistant P. digitatum strain Pdw03 and significantly decreased green mold incidence in the affected citrus fruits. Antofine induced membrane lipid peroxidation of Pdw03 mycelia, resulting in damage to the cell membrane and impairment of energy metabolism. Antofine is therefore a potential antifungal agent for the control of green mold, which provide theoretical guidance for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Zhitong Xin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | | | - Qiuli OuYang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Jinxin Che
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
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Ren Y, Xue Y, Tian D, Zhang L, Xiao G, He J. Improvement of Postharvest Anthracnose Resistance in Mango Fruit by Nitric Oxide and the Possible Mechanisms Involved. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15460-15467. [PMID: 33320657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The anthracnose rot of postharvest mango fruit is a devastating fungal disease often resulting in tremendous quality deterioration and postharvest losses. Nitric oxide (NO), as an important signaling molecule, is involved in the responses to postharvest fruit diseases. In the present study, the effectiveness of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) to prevent anthracnose of "Tainong" mango fruit caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was evaluated through in vivo and in vitro tests. Results from in vivo test showed that SNP treatment effectively inhibited the lesion diameter and disease incidence on inoculated mango fruit during storage. SNP treatment could regulate hydrogen peroxide levels by reinforcing the activities of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase. Furthermore, SNP elevated the accumulation of lignin, total phenolics, anthocyanin, and flavonoids and the activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. In addition, in vitro tests indicated that SNP markedly suppressed mycelial growth and spore germination of C. gloeosporioides through damaging plasma membrane integrity and increasing the leakage of soluble sugar and protein. Our results suggested that SNP could suppress anthracnose decay in postharvest mango fruit, possibly by directly suppressing pathogen growth and indirectly triggering host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Ren
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Petrochemical Safety and Environmental Engineering Research Center, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Xue
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Tian
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyun Xiao
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyu He
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Petrochemical Safety and Environmental Engineering Research Center, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
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Che J, Chen X, Ouyang Q, Tao N. p-Anisaldehyde Exerts Its Antifungal Activity Against Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum by Disrupting the Cell Wall Integrity and Membrane Permeability. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:878-884. [PMID: 32160698 PMCID: PMC9728335 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum are the two important postharvest pathogens in citrus, causing about 90% of the total loss of citrus fruit during storage and transportation. Natural fungicides such as essential oils have been widely used instead of chemical fungicides for preventing and controlling postharvest diseases. In this research, p-anisaldehyde exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on P. digitatum and P. italicum, with the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of both being 2.00 μl/ml. Additionally, p-anisaldehyde visibly inhibited both the green mold and blue mold development of citrus fruits inoculated with P. digitatum and P. italicum. The mycelia morphologies of these pathogens were greatly altered, and the membrane permeability and cell wall integrity of mycelia were severely disrupted under p-anisaldehyde treatment. These results suggest that the antifungal activity of p-anisaldehyde against P. digitatum and P. italicum can be attributed to the disruption of the cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Che
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 405, Hunan, P.R. China,Postdoctoral Station of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 405, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qiuli Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 405, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 405, Hunan, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-731-58298173 Fax: +86-731-58293549 E-mail:
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Zhang M, Li Y, Bi Y, Wang T, Dong Y, Yang Q, Zhang T. 2-Phenylethyl Isothiocyanate Exerts Antifungal Activity against Alternaria alternata by Affecting Membrane Integrity and Mycotoxin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E124. [PMID: 32075318 PMCID: PMC7077316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Black spot caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the important diseases of pear fruit during storage. Isothiocyanates are known as being strong antifungal compounds in vitro against different fungi. The aim of this study was to assess the antifungal effects of the volatile compound 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (2-PEITC) against A. alternata in vitro and in pear fruit, and to explore the underlying inhibitory mechanisms. The in vitro results showed that 2-PEITC significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata-the inhibitory effects showed a dose-dependent pattern and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 1.22 mM. The development of black spot rot on the pear fruit inoculated with A. alternata was also significantly decreased by 2-PEITC fumigation. At 1.22 mM concentration, the lesion diameter was only 39% of that in the control fruit at 7 days after inoculation. Further results of the leakage of electrolyte, increase of intracellular OD260, and propidium iodide (PI) staining proved that 2-PEITC broke cell membrane permeability of A. alternata. Moreover, 2-PEITC treatment significantly decreased alternariol (AOH), alternariolmonomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN) contents of A. alternata. Taken together, these data suggest that the mechanisms underlying the antifungal effect of 2-PEITC against A. alternata might be via reduction in toxin content and breakdown of cell membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (M.Z.)
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Wang T, Li Y, Bi Y, Zhang M, Zhang T, Zheng X, Dong Y, Huang Y. Benzyl isothiocyanate fumigation inhibits growth, membrane integrity and mycotoxin production inAlternaria alternata. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1829-1837. [PMID: 35494694 PMCID: PMC9047563 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09225k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal activity of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) against pear pathotype-Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of pear black spot, and its possible mechanisms were studied. The results indicated that both the spore germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata were significantly inhibited by BITC in a dose-dependent manner. BITC concentrations at 1.25 mM completely suppressed mycelial growth of A. alternata and prevented ≥50% of black spot development in wounded pears inoculated with A. alternata. Microscopic analyses and propidium iodide (PI) staining showed that spore morphology in A. alternata treated with BITC at 0.625 mM was severely damaged. Relative electrical conductivity and lysis ability assays further showed that BITC treatment destroyed the integrity of the plasma membrane. Additionally, mycotoxin production was inhibited by 0.312 mM BITC, and the inhibitory rates of alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), altenuene (ALT) and tentoxin (TEN) were 89.36%, 84.57%, 91.41% and 67.78%, respectively. The above results suggest that BITC exerts antifungal activity through membrane-targeted mechanisms. The antifungal activity of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) against pear pathotype-Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of pear black spot, and its possible mechanisms were studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiaolan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Yupeng Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
| | - Yi Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Gansu Agricultural University
- Lanzhou 730070
- China
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Xin Z, OuYang Q, Wan C, Che J, Li L, Chen J, Tao N. Isolation of antofine from Cynanchum atratum BUNGE (Asclepiadaceae) and its antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum. POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.110961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ultra-Structural Alterations in Botrytis cinerea-The Causal Agent of Gray Mold-Treated with Salt Solutions. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100582. [PMID: 31597236 PMCID: PMC6843600 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium bicarbonate (PB), calcium chelate (CCh), and sodium silicate (SSi) have been extensively used as antifungal generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds against plant pathogenic fungi. In this research, in in vitro tests, the radial growth, conidial germination, and germ tube elongation of Botrytis cinerea was completely inhibited at 0.3% of PB, SSi, and CCh. In in vivo tests, application of PB, SSi, and CCh completely inhibited the occurrence of gray mold incidence of inoculated 'Italia' grape berries at concentrations of 1.0, 0.8, and 0.8%, respectively. In order to investigate the detailed mechanisms by which salts exhibited antifungal activity, we analyzed their influence on morphological changes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and also on reactive species of oxygen (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Defects such as malformation and excessive septation were detected on salt-treated hyphae morphology observed by SEM. The internal structure of conidia treated or not with salt solutions was examined by TEM. In treated conidia, most of the conidia were affected and cellular vacuolization and cytoplasmic disorganization was observed. For ROS accumulation, a higher increase was observed in fluorescent conidia in presence of PB, SSi, and CCh by 75, 68, and 70% as compared to control, respectively. MMP was significantly decreased after salt application indicating a loss of mitochondria function. Also, luminescence showed that B. cinerea-conidia treated with salts contained less ATP than the untreated conidia. The results obtained herein are a step towards a comprehensive understanding of the mode of action by which salts act as antifungal agents against B. cinerea.
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Das S, Singh VK, Dwivedy AK, Chaudhari AK, Upadhyay N, Singh A, Dubey NK. Antimicrobial activity, antiaflatoxigenic potential and in situ efficacy of novel formulation comprising of Apium graveolens essential oil and its major component. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 160:102-111. [PMID: 31519243 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the formulation of Apium graveolens essential oil (AGEO) with its major components linalyl acetate (LA) and geranyl acetate (GA) (1:1:1) as a novel green preservative for protection of postharvest food commodities from fungal infestations, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) secretion, free radical generation and lipid peroxidation. The essential oil based novel formulation displayed considerable inhibitory action against fourteen food borne molds responsible for deterioration of stored food commodities, in addition to the most toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus (AFLHPR14) isolated from fungal and aflatoxin contaminated rice seeds. The observed higher efficacy of designed formulation was due to the synergistic action of essential oil and its major components. Fungal plasma membrane was recorded as the possible target site of antifungal action of the formulation as revealed through reduction in membrane ergosterol content, increased intracellular propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence and enhanced leakage of cellular ions (sodium, potassium, calcium) and 260, 280 nm absorbing materials. Further, inhibition of methylglyoxal (an aflatoxin inducer) confirmed the aflatoxin inhibitory potential of novel formulation based on essential oil and its major components. High antioxidant potential as observed through DPPH and ABTS·+ radical scavenging assay, improved phenolic content, considerable inhibition of lipid peroxidation in stored rice seeds, in situ efficacy on AFB1 inhibition in food system under storage container system, acceptable sensorial characteristics and favorable safety profile during animal trials suggest the recommendation of the designed formulation for large scale application as green preservative by food and agriculture based industries against fungal and aflatoxin contamination of stored commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Das
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Anand Kumar Chaudhari
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Neha Upadhyay
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nawal Kishore Dubey
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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18
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Li W, Yuan S, Sun J, Li Q, Jiang W, Cao J. Ethyl p -coumarate exerts antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo against fruit Alternaria alternata via membrane-targeted mechanism. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 278:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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He J, Wu D, Zhang Q, Chen H, Li H, Han Q, Lai X, Wang H, Wu Y, Yuan J, Dong H, Qin W. Efficacy and Mechanism of Cinnamon Essential Oil on Inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum Isolated From 'Hongyang' Kiwifruit. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1288. [PMID: 29967599 PMCID: PMC6015887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, one of the dominant pathogens, which caused postharvest diseases such as anthracnose, was isolated from decayed ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit. It was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum by its morphological characteristics and standard internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequence. Further, the efficacy and possible mechanism of cinnamon essential oil on inhibition of C. acutatum were investigated. Results showed that C. acutatum was dose-dependently inhibited by cinnamon essential oil. Meanwhile, the mycelial growth and spore germination of C. acutatum were completely inhibited at the concentrations of 0.200 μL/mL and 0.175 μL/mL (v/v), respectively. Indeed, both minimal inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentrations of cinnamon essential oil were measured as 0.200 μL/mL. Additionally, the possible antifungal mechanism of cinnamon essential oil on C. acutatum was demonstrated. Results showed that the cinnamon essential oil could destroy the cell membrane integrity of C. acutatum, and the structure of cell membrane was changed. Indeed, the cell cytoplasm including soluble protein, sugar, and nucleic acid was released, which significantly changed the extracellular conductivity. Results suggested that the cinnamon essential oil exerted great potential to be used as a natural and efficient preservative for kiwifruit postharvest storage, which were helpful for the better understanding of the efficacy and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil on inhibition of pathogens isolated from decayed ‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliu He
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Dingtao Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qiaohong Han
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xingyue Lai
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yingxue Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jiagen Yuan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hongming Dong
- Faculty of Agricultural, Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wen Qin
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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20
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Gao Y, He L, Li X, Lin J, Mu W, Liu F. Toxicity and biochemical action of the antibiotic fungicide tetramycin on Colletotrichum scovillei. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 147:51-58. [PMID: 29933993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tetramycin, a novel polyene macrolide antibiotic, has strong activity against a broad spectrum of fungi and may have potential uses in future agricultural applications. Thus, the antifungal activity and biochemical action of tetramycin on Colletotrichum scovillei were investigated in this study. The experimental results indicated that tetramycin had strong inhibitory activity against the mycelial growth, spore germination and germ tube elongation of C. scovillei. The baseline sensitivity curves were unimodal, with mean EC50 values of 1.98 ± 0.078 μg/mL and 0.003 ± 0.005 μg/mL for mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition, respectively. Tetramycin also inhibited the germination of spores and formation of appressoria. After tetramycin treatment, the edge of the mycelial diaphragm showed protuberances, with decreased offshoots at the top. Additionally, disruption of the membrane was detected through an increase in membrane permeability, leakage of sugars and a reduction in the ergosterol content. Tetramycin effectively controlled C. scovillei on detached pepper fruits. These results will contribute to our evaluation of the potential of tetramycin for successful management of pepper anthracnose and to our understanding of the possible biochemical action of tetramycin against C. scovillei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Lifei He
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Jin Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Wei Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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21
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OuYang Q, Tao N, Zhang M. A Damaged Oxidative Phosphorylation Mechanism Is Involved in the Antifungal Activity of Citral against Penicillium digitatum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:239. [PMID: 29503638 PMCID: PMC5820319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citral exhibits strong antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum. In this study, 41 over-expressed and 84 repressed proteins in P. digitatum after 1.0 μL/mL of citral exposure for 30 min were identified by the iTRAQ technique. The proteins were closely related with oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle and RNA transport. The mitochondrial complex I, complex II, complex III, complex IV and complex V, which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation were drastically affected. Among of them, the activities of mitochondrial complex I and complex IV were apparently suppressed, whereas those of mitochondrial complex II, complex III and complex V were significantly induced. Meanwhile, citral apparently triggered a reduction in the intracellular ATP, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and glutathione content, in contrast to an increase in the glutathione S-transferase activity and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Addition of exogenous cysteine decreased the antifungal activity. In addition, cysteine maintained the basal ROS level, deferred the decrease of MMP and the membrane damage. These results indicate that citral inhibited the growth of P. digitatum by damaging oxidative phosphorylation and cell membranes through the massive accumulation of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli OuYang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Miaoling Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
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Plasma membrane damage contributes to antifungal activity of citronellal against Penicillium digitatum. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2016; 53:3853-3858. [PMID: 28018001 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal activity of citronellal, a typical terpenoid of plant essential oils, against Penicllium digitatum and the possible action mode involved were investigated. Results showed that the mycelial growth and spores' germination of P. digitatum were inhibited by citronellal in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined to be 1.60 µL/mL and 3.20 µL/mL, respectively. It was found that the plasma membrane of citronellal-treated P. digitatum spores was damaged, as confirmed by the propidium iodide stain results, as well as a higher extracellular conductivity and release of cell constituents in citronellal-treated samples than those of control samples. Moreover, in vivo test results demonstrated that wax + citronellal (WC; 10 × MFC) treatment effectively reduced the incidence of green mold after 5 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C. These findings suggested that the plasma damage mechanism contributed to the antifungal activity of citronellal against P. digitatum. In addition, citronellal was suggested to be a potential alternative to fungicidal agents in controlling green mold of citrus fruit.
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23
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Niu LL, Bi Y, Bai XD, Zhang SG, Xue HL, Li YC, Wang Y, Calderón-Urrea A. Damage to Trichothecium roseum caused by sodium silicate is independent from pH. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:161-72. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Grassland Sciences and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-dong Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-gui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-li Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-cai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
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da Rocha Neto AC, Maraschin M, Di Piero RM. Antifungal activity of salicylic acid against Penicillium expansum and its possible mechanisms of action. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 215:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Jing GX, Tao NG, Jia L, Zhou HE. Influence of α-terpineol on the growth and morphogenesis of Penicillium digitatum. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2015; 56:35. [PMID: 28510844 PMCID: PMC5430327 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-015-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant essential oils could act effectively against postharvest diseases, α-terpineol, a typical terpenoid of plant essential oils, exhibited strong antifungal activity in against Penicillium italicum, but the possible action mechanism remains undetermined. In present study, α-terpineol was evaluated for antibacterial activity against Penicillium digitatum along with the mode of their antibacterial action. RESULTS The results showed that mycelial growth of P. digitatum was strongly inhibited by α-terpineol, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 2.00 and 8.00 µl/ml, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that α-terpineol obviously altered the morphology of P. digitatum hyphae by causing the loss of cytoplasm and distortion of mycelia. A rapid increase in the membrane permeability of P. digitatum was observed after treated with MIC or MFC of α-terpineol, evidenced by the release of cell constituents, the extracellular conductivity, and the extracellular pH. In addition, α-terpineol apparently induced a decrease in total lipid contents of P. digitatum cells, indicating the destruction of cell membrane structures after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Based on our study, α-terpineol might affect the cell wall synthesis and lead to the disruption of cell wall. The cell wall disruption affected fungal morphogenesis, the integrity of membrane and leakage of intracellular components, these results suggested that α-terpineol treatment inhibited the growth of P. digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-xing Jing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - Neng-guo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-en Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
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Yu D, Wang J, Shao X, Xu F, Wang H. Antifungal modes of action of tea tree oil and its two characteristic components against Botrytis cinerea. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1253-62. [PMID: 26294100 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) has been evaluated as a potential eco-friendly antifungal agent against Botrytis cinerea. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of tea tree oil (TTO) and its components against B. cinerea. METHODS AND RESULTS Of the components we tested in contact phase, terpinen-4-ol had the highest antifungal activity, followed by TTO, α-terpineol, terpinolene, then 1,8-cineole. As one of characteristic components of TTO, terpinen-4-ol treatment led to pronounced alterations in mycelial morphology, cellular ultrastructure, membrane permeability under scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and fluorescent microscope, and also reduced the ergosterol content of fungi. As another characteristic component, 1,8-cineole caused serious intracellular damage but only slightly affected B. cinerea otherwise. When terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole were used together, the synergistic antifungal activity was significantly higher than either component by itself. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study confirmed that terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole act mainly on the cell membranes and organelles of B. cinerea, respectively, and when combined are similar to TTO in antifungal activity due to their differences. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Understanding the mechanism of terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole antifungal action to B. cinerea is helpful for investigation on their synergistic effect and explaining antifungal action modes of TTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - X Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - F Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Tao N, OuYang Q, Jia L. Citral inhibits mycelial growth of Penicillium italicum by a membrane damage mechanism. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Inhibitory Effect of Selenium Against Penicillium expansum and Its Possible Mechanisms of Action. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:192-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Effect of octanal on the mycelial growth of Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:1169-75. [PMID: 24162951 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the antifungal activity of octanal against Penicillium italicum and P. digitatum. Results showed that octanal exhibited strong antifungal activity against the test pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that octanal obviously altered the morphology of P. italicum and P. digitatum hyphae by causing the loss of cytoplasm and distortion of mycelia. A rapid increase in the membrane permeability of P. italicum and P. digitatum was observed after treated with octanal at minimum inhibitory concentration or minimum fungicidal concentration, evidenced by the release of cell constituents, the extracellular conductivity and the extracellular potential of hydrogen. In addition, octanal apparently induced a decrease in total lipid contents of P. italicum and P. digitatum cells. These results suggested that the antifungal activity of octanal against P. italicum and P. digitatum can be attributed to the disruption of the cell membrane integrity and the leakage of cell components.
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Xiong ZQ, Tu XR, Wei SJ, Huang L, Li XH, Lu H, Tu GQ. The mechanism of antifungal action of a new polyene macrolide antibiotic antifungalmycin 702 from Streptomyces padanus JAU4234 on the rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73884. [PMID: 23951364 PMCID: PMC3741153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungalmycin 702, a new polyene macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomycespadanus JAU4234, has a broad antifungal activity and may have potential future agricultural and/or clinical applications. However, the mechanism of antifungal action of antifungalmycin 702 remains unknown. Antifungalmycin 702 strongly inhibited mycelial growth and sclerotia formation/germination of Rhizoctonia solani. When treated with antifungalmycin 702, the hyphae morphology of R. solani became more irregular. The membrane and the cellular organelles were disrupted and there were many vacuoles in the cellular space. The lesion in the plasma membrane was detected through the increase of membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation and leakage of cell constituents. In summary, antifungalmycin 702 may exert its antifungal activity against R. solani by changing the structure of cell membranes and the cytoskeleton and interacting with the organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (Z-QX); (G-QT)
| | - Xiao-Rong Tu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sai-Jin Wei
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin Huang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xun-Hang Li
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Lu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guo-Quan Tu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- * E-mail: (Z-QX); (G-QT)
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Wang J, Shi XG, Wang HY, Xia XM, Wang KY. Effects of esterified lactoferrin and lactoferrin on control of postharvest blue mold of apple fruit and their possible mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6432-6438. [PMID: 22663181 DOI: 10.1021/jf300483v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of esterified lactoferrin (ELF) and lactoferrin (LF) on blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit stored at 25 °C were investigated. Both ELF and LF provided an effective control and strongly inhibited spore germination and germ tube elongation of P. expansum in vitro. Assessment by propidium iodide staining combined with fluorescent microscopy revealed that the plasma membrane of P. expansum spores was damaged more seriously by ELF than by LF treatment, and the leakage of protein and sugar was higher from ELF-treated mycelia. Interestingly, ELF treatment induced a significant increase in the activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and peroxidase in apple fruit, whereas both LF treatment and the control showed no obvious difference. These findings indicated that the effects of ELF on blue mold in apple fruit might be associated with the direct fungitoxic property against the pathogens and the elicitation of defense-related enzymes in fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, Shandong 271018, Peole's Republic of China
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Petkovic M, Hartmann DO, Adamová G, Seddon KR, Rebelo LPN, Pereira CS. Unravelling the mechanism of toxicity of alkyltributylphosphonium chlorides in Aspergillus nidulans conidia. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20470j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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