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Syamsir A, Ean LW, Asyraf MRM, Supian ABM, Madenci E, Özkılıç YO, Aksoylu C. Recent Advances of GFRP Composite Cross Arms in Energy Transmission Tower: A Short Review on Design Improvements and Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2778. [PMID: 37049072 PMCID: PMC10095936 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Currently, pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites have been extensively applied as cross-arm structures in latticed transmission towers. These materials were chosen for their high strength-to-weight ratio and lightweight characteristics. Nevertheless, several researchers have discovered that several existing composite cross arms can decline in performance, which leads to composite failure due to creep, torsional movement, buckling, moisture, significant temperature change, and other environmental factors. This leads to the composite structure experiencing a reduced service life. To resolve this problem, several researchers have proposed to implement composite cross arms with sleeve installation, an addition of bracing systems, and the inclusion of pGFRP composite beams with the core structure in order to have a sustainable composite structure. The aforementioned improvements in these composite structures provide superior performance under mechanical duress by having better stiffness, superiority in flexural behaviour, enhanced energy absorption, and improved load-carrying capacity. Even though there is a deficiency in the previous literature on this matter, several established works on the enhancement of composite cross-arm structures and beams have been applied. Thus, this review articles delivers on a state-of-the-art review on the design improvement and mechanical properties of composite cross-arm structures in experimental and computational simulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agusril Syamsir
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Lee-Woen Ean
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty Mechanical of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Mohd Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Emrah Madenci
- Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ceyhun Aksoylu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Konya Technical University, 42090 Konya, Turkey
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Asyraf MRM, Rafidah M, Madenci E, Özkılıç YO, Aksoylu C, Razman MR, Ramli Z, Zakaria SZS, Khan T. Creep Properties and Analysis of Cross Arms' Materials and Structures in Latticed Transmission Towers: Current Progress and Future Perspectives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1747. [PMID: 36837376 PMCID: PMC9959001 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been selected as an alternative to conventional wooden timber cross arms. The advantages of FRP composites include a high strength-to-weight ratio, lightweight, ease of production, as well as optimal mechanical performance. Since a non-conductive cross arm structure is exposed to constant loading for a very long time, creep is one of the main factors that cause structural failure. In this state, the structure experiences creep deformation, which can result in serviceability problems, stress redistribution, pre-stress loss, and the failure of structural elements. These issues can be resolved by assessing the creep trends and properties of the structure, which can forecast its serviceability and long-term mechanical performance. Hence, the principles, approaches, and characteristics of creep are used to comprehend and analyse the behaviour of wood and composite cantilever structures under long-term loads. The development of appropriate creep methods and approaches to non-conductive cross arm construction is given particular attention in this literature review, including suitable mitigation strategies such as sleeve installation, the addition of bracing systems, and the inclusion of cross arm beams in the core structure. Thus, this article delivers a state-of-the-art review of creep properties, as well as an analysis of non-conductive cross arm structures using experimental approaches. Additionally, this review highlights future developments and progress in cross arm studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlan Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Emrah Madenci
- Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ceyhun Aksoylu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Konya Technical University, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zuliskandar Ramli
- Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tabrej Khan
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
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Rahman I, Singh P, Dev N, Arif M, Yusufi FNK, Azam A, Alam MM, Singh S, Chohan JS, Kumar R, Sharma L, Tag-Eldin E, Sharma S, Asyraf MRM. Improvements in the Engineering Properties of Cementitious Composites Using Nano-Sized Cement and Nano-Sized Additives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15228066. [PMID: 36431551 PMCID: PMC9696350 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The findings of an extensive experimental research study on the usage of nano-sized cement powder and other additives combined to form cement-fine-aggregate matrices are discussed in this work. In the laboratory, dry and wet methods were used to create nano-sized cements. The influence of these nano-sized cements, nano-silica fumes, and nano-fly ash in different proportions was studied to the evaluate the engineering properties of the cement-fine-aggregate matrices concerning normal-sized, commercially available cement. The composites produced with modified cement-fine-aggregate matrices were subjected to microscopic-scale analyses using a petrographic microscope, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). These studies unravelled the placement and behaviour of additives in controlling the engineering properties of the mix. The test results indicated that nano-cement and nano-sized particles improved the engineering properties of the hardened cement matrix. The wet-ground nano-cement showed the best result, 40 MPa 28th-day compressive strength, without mixing any additive compared with ordinary and dry-ground cements. The mix containing 50:50 normal and wet-ground cement exhibited 37.20 MPa 28th-day compressive strength. All other mixes with nano-sized dry cement, silica fume, and fly ash with different permutations and combinations gave better results than the normal-cement-fine-aggregate mix. The petrographic studies and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analyses further validated the above findings. Statistical analyses and techniques such as correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted to compose a predictive equation to calculate the 28th-day compressive strength. In addition to these methods, a repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was also implemented to analyse the statistically significant differences among three differently timed strength readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibadur Rahman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Nirendra Dev
- Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad, Daulatpur, Bawana Road, New Delhi 110042, India
| | - Mohammed Arif
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Faiz Noor Khan Yusufi
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Ameer Azam
- Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - M. Masroor Alam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Raman Kumar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Lovneesh Sharma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Elsayed Tag-Eldin
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.T.-E.); or (S.S.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
- Correspondence: (E.T.-E.); or (S.S.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
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Asyraf MRM, Syamsir A, Zahari NM, Supian ABM, Usman F, Itam Z. Effect of Stacking Sequence on Long-Term Creep Performance of Pultruded GFRP Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194064. [PMID: 36236012 PMCID: PMC9570742 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pultruded glass-fibre reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites are classified as lightweight material, which exhibit high strength-to-weight ratio for structural usage. This composite material has been applied as cross-arm members in transmission towers due to its ability in thermal and electrical insulation. However, the influence of the stacking sequence of pGFRP composite on its mechanical performance has not been fully covered in the literature to explain the long-term durability of the current cross-arm designs. The study expected to evaluate five fiber layers with various stacking sequences in terms of quasi-static and creep tests in a four-point bending mode. The creep test was performed for 1440 h (60 days). These composites were fabricated using the pultrusion process in the form of a square hollow structure. Later, it was cut into composite coupons with various sizes depending on the test conducted. The results showed that nine layers with 0°/45°/0°/−45°/0°/−45°/0°/45°/0° had the ultimate flexural strength. This stacking sequence configurations seemed to be optimally manufactured in continuous roving fibre by alternating between 0° and ±45° fiber orientations. Additionally, the S-9 pGFRP composite sample showed that it had a low-creep deflection with high elastic and apparent creep moduli in 1440 h. In terms of strength reduction factor, this configuration was recorded as the highest. The findings showed that the nine layers of pGFRP composites with alternation of 0° and ±45° fiber orientations were highly suitable for structural application at transmission towers for a long-term operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.R.M.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.R.M.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Nazirul Mubin Zahari
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Mohd Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fathoni Usman
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Itam
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
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Critical Review on Polylactic Acid: Properties, Structure, Processing, Biocomposites, and Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124312. [PMID: 35744371 PMCID: PMC9228835 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Composite materials are emerging as a vital entity for the sustainable development of both humans and the environment. Polylactic acid (PLA) has been recognized as a potential polymer candidate with attractive characteristics for applications in both the engineering and medical sectors. Hence, the present article throws lights on the essential physical and mechanical properties of PLA that can be beneficial for the development of composites, biocomposites, films, porous gels, and so on. The article discusses various processes that can be utilized in the fabrication of PLA-based composites. In a later section, we have a detailed discourse on the various composites and nanocomposites-based PLA along with the properties’ comparisons, discussing our investigation on the effects of various fibers, fillers, and nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties of PLA. Lastly, the various applications in which PLA is used extensively are discussed in detail.
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Development of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites Ballistic Helmet Using Concurrent Engineering Approach: A Brief Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this decade, all researchers and industry players compete to develop sustainable product design by exploring natural fibre composites in product design development. One of the essential methodologies in creating composite products is concurrent engineering (CE). Industrial design and production engineering should be involved in the development of ballistic helmets. This publication aims to provide a quick overview of the evolution of natural fibre composite ballistic helmet designs. This manuscript is still in its early stages, but it already includes a summary of the progress of ballistic helmet design from 1915 to the present. Renewable materials, such as natural fibre, should be highlighted as an alternative to synthetic composites in developing a sustainable ballistic helmet design. Furthermore, launching the design development process for a ballistic helmet demands a CE strategy that includes multi-disciplinary knowledge. Computational modelling aids in the development of ballistic helmet designs, reducing the time and cost of manufacturing ballistic helmets. The ergonomic component of ballistic helmet design is also crucial, as is the thermal comfort factor, which can be handled using natural fibre composites with thermal solid insulating characteristics. The development of natural fibre composite ballistic helmets can be used as a consideration in the future as a revolution to create a sustainable design. Finally, this review can be used as a guide for industrial designers. In conclusion, this review might be utilized as a reference for industrial designers due to a shortage of studies, especially in producing product-related natural fibre.
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Bahrain SHK, Masdek NRN, Mahmud J, Mohammed MN, Sapuan SM, Ilyas RA, Mohamed A, Shamseldin MA, Abdelrahman A, Asyraf MRM. Morphological, Physical, and Mechanical Properties of Sugar-Palm ( Arenga pinnata ( Wurmb) Merr.)-Reinforced Silicone Rubber Biocomposites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124062. [PMID: 35744121 PMCID: PMC9228608 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of environmentally benign silicone composites from sugar palm fibre and silicone rubber was carried out in this study. The mechanical, physical, and morphological properties of the composites with sugar palm (SP) filler contents ranging from 0% to 16% by weight (wt%) were investigated. Based on the uniaxial tensile tests, it was found that the increment in filler content led to higher stiffness. Via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the viscoelastic properties of the silicone biocomposite showed that the storage modulus and loss modulus increased with the increment in filler content. The physical properties also revealed that the density and moisture absorption rate increased as the filler content increased. Inversely, the swelling effect of the highest filler content (16 wt%) revealed that its swelling ratio possessed the lowest rate as compared to the lower filler addition and pure silicone rubber. The morphological analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the sugar palm filler was evenly dispersed and no agglomeration could be seen. Thus, it can be concluded that the addition of sugar palm filler enhanced the stiffness property of silicone rubber. These new findings could contribute positively to the employment of natural fibres as reinforcements for greener biocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Humairah Kamarul Bahrain
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.R.N.M.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.K.B.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Nik Rozlin Nik Masdek
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.R.N.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Jamaluddin Mahmud
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.R.N.M.); (J.M.)
| | - M. N. Mohammed
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Gulf University, Sanad 26489, Bahrain;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.H.K.B.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Abdullah Mohamed
- Research Centre, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. Shamseldin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt;
| | - Anas Abdelrahman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
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Bahrain SHK, Rahim NNCA, Mahmud J, Mohammed MN, Sapuan SM, Ilyas RA, Alkhatib SE, Asyraf MRM. Hyperelastic Properties of Bamboo Cellulosic Fibre-Reinforced Silicone Rubber Biocomposites via Compression Test. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6338. [PMID: 35683017 PMCID: PMC9181817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Materials that exhibit highly nonlinear behaviour are intricate to study. This is due to their physical properties, as they possess a very large deformation. Silicone rubber is among the materials that can be classified as possessing such characteristics, despite their being soft and frequently applied in medical applications. Due to their low mechanical properties, however, it is believed that a filler addition could enhance them. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the effect of the addition of bamboo cellulosic filler to silicone rubber in terms of its compressive properties in order to quantify its material constants using the hyperelastic theory, specifically the Neo-Hookean and Mooney-Rivlin models. The specimens' compressive properties were also compared between specimens immersed in seawater and those not immersed in seawater. The findings showed that the compressive properties, stiffness, and compressive strength of the bamboo cellulosic fibre reinforced the silicone rubber biocomposites, improved with higher bamboo filler addition. Specimens immersed in seawater showed that they can withstand a compressive load of up to 83.16 kPa in comparison to specimens not immersed in seawater (up to 79.8 kPa). Using the hyperelastic constitutive models, the Mooney-Rivlin model displayed the most accurate performance curve fit with the experimental compression data with an R2 of up to 0.9999. The material constant values also revealed that the specimens immersed in seawater improved in stiffness property, as the C1 material constant values are higher than for the specimens not immersed in seawater. From these findings, this study has shown that bamboo cellulosic filler added into silicone rubber enhances the material's compressive properties and that the rubber further improves with immersion in seawater. Thus, these findings contribute significantly towards knowledge of bamboo cellulosic fibre-reinforced silicone rubber biocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Humairah Kamarul Bahrain
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (N.N.C.A.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Nor Nabilah Che Abd Rahim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (N.N.C.A.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Jamaluddin Mahmud
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia; (N.N.C.A.R.); (J.M.)
| | - M. N. Mohammed
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Gulf University, Sanad 26489, Bahrain;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Samah Elsayed Alkhatib
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
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Asyraf MRM, Syamsir A, Supian ABM, Usman F, Ilyas RA, Nurazzi NM, Norrrahim MNF, Razman MR, Zakaria SZS, Sharma S, Itam Z, Rashid MZA. Sugar Palm Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Influence of Chemical Treatments on Its Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3852. [PMID: 35683149 PMCID: PMC9181418 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the era of globalisation, decreasing synthetic resources, especially petroleum, have encouraged global communities to apply biomass waste as a substitute material for green technology development. The development of plastic products from lignocellulosic fibre-reinforced composites has been a hot topic among material scientists and engineers due to their abundance, sustainable in nature, and less toxic towards health. For the Malaysian scenario, sugar palm is a plant found in the wild and locally planted in certain areas in Malaysia and Indonesia. Generally, sugar palm can be harvested for traditional foods, fruits, starch sugar (gula kabung), and alcohol, whereas sugar palm fibre (SPF) is used in conventional products (brushes and brooms). Various researchers are working on the characterisation of fibre and its composites for engineering and packaging products. The main drawback of SPF is its hydrophilic behaviour, which leads to high moisture uptake and inhibits a good bond between the fibre and the matrix. Thus, a solution for this problem is by implementing chemical treatments on the fibre. From the literature review, no comprehensive review paper has been published on the influence of chemical treatment on the mechanical behaviour of SPF-reinforced polymer composites. Thus, the present review examines recent studies on the mechanical properties of sugar palm lignocellulosic fibres with various chemical treatments to evaluate their potential in structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Abu Bakar Mohd Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Fathoni Usman
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.B.M.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norizan Mohd Nurazzi
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Research Centre for Environmental, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India
| | - Zarina Itam
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohamad Zakir Abd Rashid
- TNB Grid Division, Grid Solution Expertise (GSE), Bangunan Dua Sentral No. 8, Jalan Tun Sambanthan, Kuala Lumpur 50470, Malaysia;
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10
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Effects of Elevated Temperature on the Residual Behavior of Concrete Containing Marble Dust and Foundry Sand. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103632. [PMID: 35629658 PMCID: PMC9145382 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Concrete is a composite material that is commonly used in the construction industry. It will certainly be exposed to fires of varying intensities when used in buildings and industries. The major goal of this article was to look into the influence of mineral additions such as foundry sand and marble dust on the residual characteristics of concrete. To examine the behavior of residual characteristics of concrete after fire exposure, marble dust was substituted for cement and fine sand was substituted for foundry sand in varying amounts ranging from 0% to 20%. It aided in the better disposal of waste material so that it might be used as an addition. The purpose of the experiment was to see how increased temperatures affected residual properties of concrete, including flexural strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, static as well as dynamic elastic modulus, water absorption, mass loss, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. At temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, and 1000 °C, the typical fire exposure behavior of concrete was investigated. The effects of two cooling techniques, annealing and quenching, on the residual properties of concrete after exposure to high temperatures were investigated in this study. Replacement of up to 10% of the cement with marble dust and fine sand with foundry sand when concrete is exposed to temperatures up to 400 °C does not influence the behavior of concrete. At temperatures above 400 °C, however, the breakdown of concrete, which includes marble dust and foundry sand, causes a rapid deterioration in the residual properties of concrete, primarily for replacement of more than 10%.
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11
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Syamsir A, Nadhirah A, Mohamad D, Beddu S, Asyraf MRM, Itam Z, Anggraini V. Performance Analysis of Full Assembly Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arm in Transmission Tower. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081563. [PMID: 35458313 PMCID: PMC9025422 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite cross-arms in transmission towers is relatively new compared to wood timber cross-arms. In this case, many research works conducted experiments on composite cross-arms, either in coupon or full-scale size. However, none performed finite element (FE) analyses on full-scale composite cross-arms under actual working load and broken wire conditions. Thus, this work evaluates the performance of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite cross-arm tubes in 275 kV transmission towers using FE analysis. In this study, the performance analysis was run mimicking actual normal and broken wire conditions with five and three times more than working loads (WL). The full-scale assembly load test experiment outcomes were used to validate the FE analysis. Furthermore, the mechanical properties values of the GFRP composite were incorporated in simulation analysis based on the previous experimental work on coupons samples of GFRP tubes. Additionally, parametric studies were performed to determine the ultimate applied load and factor of safety for both normal and broken wire loading conditions. This research discovered that the GFRP composite cross-arm could withstand the applied load of five times and three times working load (WL) for normal and broken wire conditions, respectively. In addition, the factor of safety of tubes was 1.08 and 1.1 for normal and broken wire conditions, respectively, which can be considered safe to use. Hence, the composite cross-arms can sustain load two times more than the design requirement, which is two times the working load for normal conditions. In future studies, it is recommended to analyze the fatigue properties of the composite due to wind loading, which may induce failure in long-term service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.R.M.A.)
| | - Afiqah Nadhirah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (D.M.); (S.B.); (Z.I.)
| | - Daud Mohamad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (D.M.); (S.B.); (Z.I.)
| | - Salmia Beddu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (D.M.); (S.B.); (Z.I.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.R.M.A.)
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (D.M.); (S.B.); (Z.I.)
| | - Vivi Anggraini
- Civil Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sun Way, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
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12
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Juneja S, Chohan JS, Kumar R, Sharma S, Ilyas RA, Asyraf MRM, Razman MR. Impact of Process Variables of Acetone Vapor Jet Drilling on Surface Roughness and Circularity of 3D-Printed ABS Parts: Fabrication and Studies on Thermal, Morphological, and Chemical Characterizations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071367. [PMID: 35406241 PMCID: PMC9002569 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the introduction of 3D printing, industries have seen an exponential growth in production and efficiency. Three-dimensional printing is the process of additive manufacturing (AM) in which the conventional method of material removal is challenged. Layer-on-layer deposition is the basic principle of the AM. Additive manufacturing technologies are used to create 3D-printed objects. An object is built in an additive technique by laying down successive layers of material until the object is complete. Each of these layers can be viewed as a cross-section of the item that has been lightly cut. When compared to traditional production methods, 3D printing allows the creation of complicated shapes with less material. In conventional methods, the materials go through several damages due to the tool–workpiece contact creating friction between them and the dissipated heat that damages the material. Overcoming the conventional method of machining with the help of 3D printing is a new advancement in the industries. The process involves using non-conventional methods for the machining of the parts. This research was oriented towards the chemical vapor jet drilling of the acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) materials. ABS materials are highly machinable and can be recycled for further usage. This paper focused on the usage of acetone as the chemical for drilling. The surface roughness and circularity of the drilled hole was taken into account for this research paper. We set up a manual experiment to run tests and get results. A vapor jet machine was designed with acetone as the core for the vapor. Various analyses were also formulated and conducted during experimentations. Surface roughness analysis provided the insight of roughness after the machining with the help of acetone vapor jet spray. SEM and micro-image parameters were also considered for more clear and advanced reports. In this research paper, DSC and FTIR analysis were performed to understand changes in the internal structure and the material properties of the ABS. Moreover, the research aimed to investigate the effect of various inputs processing parameters such as pressure, flow rate, and stand-off distance on the surface roughness and circularity of ABS workpiece material. The Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design was utilized to conduct tests by chemical vapor jet drilling using acetone and to evaluate the performance of the set-up while reducing the influence of interfering factors in order to provide reliable surface finish and circularity results. The results and conclusion of the research paper aimed to determine the most suitable parameters for the non-conventional acetone vapor jet drilling of the ABS material. The theoretical calculations predicted 1.64432 and 0.3289080 values of surface roughness and circularity, respectively. On the other hand, the experimental values were recorded as 1.598 for surface roughness and 0.322 for circularity. Therefore, a negligible error of 0.046 for surface roughness and 0.0031 for circularity, respectively, was noted which validate the statistical equations and the consistency of the combined vapor jet drilling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahbaz Juneja
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140301, India;
| | - Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140301, India; (J.S.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Raman Kumar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140301, India; (J.S.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140301, India; (J.S.C.); (R.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Kapurthala 144603, India
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (M.R.R.)
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (M.R.R.)
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13
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Rajawat AS, Singh S, Gangil B, Ranakoti L, Sharma S, Asyraf MRM, Razman MR. Effect of Marble Dust on the Mechanical, Morphological, and Wear Performance of Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Structural Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1325. [PMID: 35406199 PMCID: PMC9002972 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The reinforcement of natural fibre and fillers in polymer resin is the latest trend followed by research groups and industries for the development of sustainable composites. Basalt fibre and waste marble powder are naturally occurring substances used to enhanced polymer properties. The present research examined the effect of both basalt fibre and waste marble powder in epoxy resin. The hand lay-up method was employed to fabricate the composite and test for mechanical and wear behaviour. The tensile, flexural, and impact energy were enhanced up to 7.5 wt. % of WMP, and the Vickers hardness of epoxy enhanced every state of reinforcement of WMP. The specific wear rate was observed to be increased with the addition of WMP until 7.5 wt. %. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to examine the nature of fractured surface wear phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinay Singh Rajawat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharana Pratap College of Technology, Gwalior 474406, Madhya Pradesh, India; (A.S.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sanjeev Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharana Pratap College of Technology, Gwalior 474406, Madhya Pradesh, India; (A.S.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Brijesh Gangil
- Mechanical Engineering Department, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar-Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Lalit Ranakoti
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248003, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Shubham Sharma
- University Center for Research & Development, Mechanical Engineering Department, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Main Campus-Kapurthala, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, Punjab, India
| | | | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (S.G.K.), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (U.K.M.), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Product Development of Natural Fibre-Composites for Various Applications: Design for Sustainability. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050920. [PMID: 35267742 PMCID: PMC8912451 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New product development review article aims to consolidate the principles and current literature on design for sustainability to seek the field’s future direction. In this point of view, the design for sustainability methods can be established under the idea of sustainability in dimensions of ecology, economy and social pillars. Design for sustainability concept is implemented in concurrent engineering, including concept, embodiment and detail design processes. Integrating sustainability in engineering designs is crucial to producing greener products, system innovation, and services aligned with current market demand. Currently, many concurrent engineering studies related to natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites associated with sustainability enhance the application of design for sustainability techniques by professional designers. However, the current literature is scarce in bridging the design for sustainability concept with concurrent engineering during the design development stage, and these areas should be further developed. Several other future research directions, such as the need for aligning with principles and applications, along with exploring the relationships between the design for sustainability techniques and views of sustainability, are presented in this review paper.
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