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Wang C, Han M, Min Y, Hu J, Pan Y, Huang L, Nie J. Colletotrichum fructicola co-opts cytotoxic ribonucleases that antagonize host competitive microorganisms to promote infection. mBio 2024:e0105324. [PMID: 38953357 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01053-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens secrete numerous molecules into the environment to establish a microbial niche and facilitate host infection. The phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum fructicola, which causes pear anthracnose, can colonize different plant tissues like leaves and fruits, which are occupied by a diversity of microbes. We speculate that this fungus produces antimicrobial effectors to outcompete host-associated competitive microorganisms. Herein, we identified two secreted ribonucleases, CfRibo1 and CfRibo2, from the C. fructicola secretome. The two ribonucleases both possess ribonuclease activity and showed cytotoxicity in Nicotianan benthamiana without triggering immunity in an enzymatic activity-dependent manner. CfRibo1 and CfRibo2 recombinant proteins exhibited toxicity against Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and, importantly, the phyllosphere microorganisms isolated from the pear host. Among these isolated microbial strains, Bacillus altitudinis is a pathogenic bacterium causing pear soft rot. Strikingly, CfRibo1 and CfRibo2 were found to directly antagonize B. altitudinis to facilitate C. fructicola infection. More importantly, CfRibo1 and CfRibo2 functioned as essential virulence factors of C. fructicola in the presence of host-associated microorganisms. Further analysis revealed these two ribonucleases are widely distributed in fungi and are undergoing purifying selection. Our results provide the first evidence of antimicrobial effectors in Colletotrichum fungi and extend the functional diversity of fungal ribonucleases in plant-pest-environment interactions. IMPORTANCE Colletotrichum fructicola is emerging as a devastating pathogenic fungus causing anthracnose in various crops in agriculture, and understanding how this fungus establishes successful infection is of great significance for anthracnose disease management. Fungi are known to produce secreted effectors as weapons to promote virulence. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating how effectors manipulate plant immunity; however, their importance in modulating environmental microbes is frequently neglected. The present study identified two secreted ribonucleases, CfRibo1 and CfRibo2, as antimicrobial effectors of C. fructicola. These two proteins both possess toxicity to pear phyllosphere microorganisms, and they efficiently antagonize competitive microbes to facilitate the infection of pear hosts. This study represents the first evidence of antimicrobial effectors in Colletotrichum fungi, and we consider that CfRibo1 and CfRibo2 could be targeted for anthracnose disease management in diverse crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengqing Han
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanyan Min
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiayi Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiajun Nie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Albergoni EC, Oliveira HC, Honorato L, Valdez AF, Sena BG, Castelli RF, Rodrigues AJC, Marcon BH, Robert AW, Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML. Morphological and pathogenic investigation of the emerging fungal threat Emergomyces africanus. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0086324. [PMID: 38916362 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00863-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Emergomyces africanus is a highly fatal fungal pathogen affecting individuals with advanced HIV disease. Molecular patterns and ultrastructural aspects of E. africanus are unknown, and pathogenic models have not been investigated in detail. Since the cell wall of fungi is a determinant for interaction with the host and antifungal development, we characterized the ultrastructural aspects of E. africanus and the general properties of cell wall components under different conditions of growth in vitro and in vivo. We also tested the pathogenic potential of E. africanus in a Galleria mellonella model of infection. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the common intracellular, ultrastructural features of fungi in association with a thick cell wall. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a smooth cell surface, with no apparent decorative structures. Yeast cultures of E. africanus showed the distribution of chitin, chitooligomers, and mannoproteins commonly observed in fungi. However, in mixed microenvironments containing yeast and filamenting forms of E. africanus, the detection of chitooligomers was increased in comparison with isolated yeast cells, while the detection of these components in filamenting forms was markedly reduced. These observations were suggestive of the ability of E. africanus to change its cell wall composition in response to different microenvironments. Although E. africanus was unable to kill G. mellonella, this infection model allowed us to isolate infected hemocytes for further analysis of mannoproteins, chitin, and chitooligomers. Once again, the detection of E. africanus chitooligomers was markedly increased. These results reveal previously unknown ultrastructural features of E. africanus and suggest a high plasticity in the cell wall of this lethal pathogen. IMPORTANCE The epidemiology of fungal infections is very dynamic, and novel health emergencies are hard to predict. New fungal pathogens have been continuously emerging for the last few decades, and Emergomyces africanus is one of these threats to human health. This complex scenario points to the need for generating knowledge about emerging pathogens so that new therapeutic strategies can be designed. In this study, we characterized the general cellular and pathogenic properties of the emerging fungal pathogen E. africanus. Our results reveal that E. africanus manifests some of the typical properties of fungal cells but also exhibits some unique characteristics that might be helpful for the future development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Albergoni
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Haroldo C Oliveira
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Leandro Honorato
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Valdez
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca G Sena
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Castelli
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna H Marcon
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Anny W Robert
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Aldebert D, Suarez B, Bettega F, Boucher E, Garnaud C, Cornet M. Easy-to-use imaging-cytometry assay to analyze chitin patterns in yeasts. J Mycol Med 2024; 34:101493. [PMID: 38945044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Pathogenic fungi are a major threat to public health, and fungal infections are becoming increasingly common and treatment resistant. Chitin, a component of the fungal cell wall, modifies host immunity and contributes to antifungal resistance. Moreover, chitin content is regulated by chitin synthases and chitinases. However, the specific roles and mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we developed a cytometric imaging assay to quantify chitin content and identify the distribution of chitin in the yeast cell wall. METHODS The Candida albicans SC5314 and Nakaseomyces glabratus (ex. C. glabrata) ATCC2001 reference strains, as well as 106 clinical isolates, were used. Chitin content, distribution, and morphological parameters were analysed in 12 yeast species. Moreover, machine learning statistical software was used to evaluate the ability of the cytometric imaging assay to predict yeast species using the values obtained for these parameters. RESULTS Our imaging-cytometry assay was repeatable, reproducible, and sensitive to variations in chitin content in C. albicans mutants or after antifungal stimulation. The evaluated parameters classified the yeast species into the correct clade with an accuracy of 85 %. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that this easy-to-use assay is an effective tool for the exploration of chitin content in yeast species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Aldebert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, CHU Grenoble Alpes, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Bastien Suarez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, CHU Grenoble Alpes, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Bettega
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, HP2, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Emilie Boucher
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, CHU Grenoble Alpes, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cecile Garnaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, CHU Grenoble Alpes, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Muriel Cornet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, CHU Grenoble Alpes, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Unuofin JO, Odeniyi OA, Majengbasan OS, Igwaran A, Moloantoa KM, Khetsha ZP, Iwarere SA, Daramola MO. Chitinases: expanding the boundaries of knowledge beyond routinized chitin degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38045-38060. [PMID: 38789707 PMCID: PMC11195638 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Chitinases, enzymes that degrade chitin, have long been studied for their role in various biological processes. They play crucial roles in the moulting process of invertebrates, the digestion of chitinous food, and defense against chitin-bearing pathogens. Additionally, chitinases are involved in physiological functions in crustaceans, such as chitinous food digestion, moulting, and stress response. Moreover, chitinases are universally distributed in organisms from viruses to mammals and have diverse functions including tissue degradation and remodeling, nutrition uptake, pathogen invasion, and immune response regulation. The discovery of these diverse functions expands our understanding of the biological significance and potential applications of chitinases. However, recent research has shown that chitinases possess several other functions beyond just chitin degradation. Their potential as biopesticides, therapeutic agents, and tools for bioremediation underscores their significance in addressing global challenges. More importantly, we noted that they may be applied as bioweapons if ethical regulations regarding production, engineering and application are overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Onolame Unuofin
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Research Group (SEERG), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | | | | | - Aboi Igwaran
- The Life Science Center Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, Örebro University, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Karabelo MacMillan Moloantoa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of Kwazulu Natal, Private Bag X540001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Zenzile Peter Khetsha
- Department of Agriculture, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Samuel Ayodele Iwarere
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Research Group (SEERG), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael Olawale Daramola
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Research Group (SEERG), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Xia Z, Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Xue W. N-succinyl-chitosan as ecofriendly pesticide carriers: Nano encapsulation and synergistic antifungal effect on 4-hydroxyphenyl-2-propenyl-1-one derivatives based on chalcone structure. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00219-4. [PMID: 38825315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditional pesticides have poor-water solubility, high toxicity and low bioavailability. Therefore, it is of great significance for the sustainable and healthy development of the pesticide industry to develop efficient and ecofriendly new chemical pesticide products and formulations. OBJECTIVES This study aims to synthesize a series of derivatives based on chalcone structure (HPPO), and then use the amphiphilic and self-assembly characteristics of N-succinyl-chitosan (NSCS) to prepare HPPO@NSCS nanoparticles (HPPO@NSCS NPs) in order to realize the green application of HPPO, and investigate the antifungal activity and mechanisms of HPPO@NSCS NPs. METHODS NSCS was synthesized by structural modification using chitosan as the carrier. Based on its amphiphilic and self-assembly characteristics, HPPO-16@NSCS NPs were reasonably prepared by combining with active small molecule HPPO-16. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of NSCS and HPPO-16@NSCS NPs. The inhibitory activity of nanopesticides against Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) was tested in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of antifungal action was discussed from the observation of pathogen morphology, fluorescence staining and enzyme activity determination. RESULTS 28 small molecules based on chalcone structure (HPPO-1-28), NSCS and HPPO-16@NSCS were successfully synthesized. The application of HPPO-16@NSCS could impair the development, cell structure, cellular energy utilization, and metabolism pathways of the fungi. The protective effects of HPPO-16@NSCS NPs on rice leaves and leaf sheaths were 80.9 and 76.1 %, respectively, which were better than those of azoxystrobin. CONCLUSION This study reveals that these simple chalcone derivatives can be further explored as viable antibacterial alternatives and NSCS as a novel pesticide matrix can be used for the delivery of more insoluble pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Bijie 551700, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Bijie 551700, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Lu Z, Zhu Q, Bai Y, Zhao X, Wang H, Peng X, Luo Z, Zhang Y. A fungal pathogen secretes a cell wall-associated β-N-acetylhexosaminidase that is co-expressed with chitinases to contribute to infection of insects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38771009 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are widely distributed in fungi and involved in cell wall chitin metabolism and utilization of chitin-containing substrates. However, details of the fungal pathogens-derived HEXs in the interaction with their hosts remain limited. RESULTS An insect nutrients-induced β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, BbHex1, was identified from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, which was involved in cell wall modification and degradation of insect cuticle. BbHex1 was localized to cell wall and secreted, and displayed enzyme activity to degrade the chitinase-hydrolyzed product (GlcNAc)2. Disruption of BbHex1 resulted in a significant decrease in the level of cell wall chitin in the presence of insect nutrients and during infection of insects, with impaired ability to penetrate insect cuticle, accompanying downregulated cell wall metabolism-involved and cuticle-degrading chitinase genes. However, the opposite phenotypes were examined in the gene overexpression strain. Distinctly altered cell wall structures caused by BbHex1 mutation and overexpression led to the easy activation and evasion (respectively) of insect immune response during fungal infection. As a result, BbHex1 contributed to fungal virulence. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that promoters of some co-expressed chitinase genes with the BbHex1 promoter shared conserved transcription factors Skn7, Msn2 and Ste12, and CreA-binding motifs, implying co-regulation of those genes with BbHex1. CONCLUSION These data support a mechanism that the fungal pathogen specifically expresses BbHex1, which is co-expressed with chitinases to modify cell wall for evasion of insect immune recognition and to degrade insect cuticle, and contributes to the fungal virulence against insects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiankuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Figueroa-Corona L, Baesen K, Bhattarai A, Kegley A, Sniezko RA, Wegrzyn J, De La Torre AR. Transcriptional Profiling of Early Defense Response to White Pine Blister Rust Infection in Pinus albicaulis (Whitebark Pine). Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:602. [PMID: 38790231 PMCID: PMC11121556 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogen perception generates the activation of signal transduction cascades to host defense. White pine blister rust (WPBR) is caused by Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch and affects a number of species of Pinus. One of the most severely affected species is Pinus albicaulis Engelm (whitebark pine). WPBR resistance in the species is a polygenic and complex trait that requires an optimized immune response. We identified early responses in 2-year-old seedlings after four days of fungal inoculation and compared the underlying transcriptomic response with that of healthy non-inoculated individuals. A de novo transcriptome assembly was constructed with 56,796 high quality-annotations derived from the needles of susceptible and resistant individuals in a resistant half-sib family. Differential expression analysis identified 599 differentially expressed transcripts, from which 375 were upregulated and 224 were downregulated in the inoculated seedlings. These included components of the initial phase of active responses to abiotic factors and stress regulators, such as those involved in the first steps of flavonoid biosynthesis. Four days after the inoculation, infected individuals showed an overexpression of chitinases, reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation signaling, and flavonoid intermediates. Our research sheds light on the first stage of infection and emergence of disease symptoms among whitebark pine seedlings. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data encoding hypersensitive response, cell wall modification, oxidative regulation signaling, programmed cell death, and plant innate immunity were differentially expressed during the defense response against C. ribicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Figueroa-Corona
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA (A.R.D.L.T.)
| | - Kailey Baesen
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA (A.R.D.L.T.)
| | - Akriti Bhattarai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Angelia Kegley
- USDA Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, Cottage Grove, OR 97424, USA (R.A.S.)
| | - Richard A. Sniezko
- USDA Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, Cottage Grove, OR 97424, USA (R.A.S.)
| | - Jill Wegrzyn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Amanda R. De La Torre
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, 200 E. Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA (A.R.D.L.T.)
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Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Vatankhah M, Kennedy JF. Chitin-induced disease resistance in plants: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131105. [PMID: 38531527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chitin is composed of N-acetylglucosamine units. Chitin a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, can elicit a potent defense response in plants. Through the activation of defense genes, stimulation of defensive compound production, and reinforcement of physical barriers, chitin enhances the plant's ability to defend against pathogens. Chitin-based treatments have shown efficacy against various plant diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, and have been integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, chitin treatments have demonstrated additional benefits, such as promoting plant growth and improving tolerance to abiotic stresses. Further research is necessary to optimize treatment parameters, explore chitin derivatives, and conduct long-term field studies. Continued efforts in these areas will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable strategies for disease management in agriculture, ultimately leading to improved crop productivity and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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John E, Chau MQ, Hoang CV, Chandrasekharan N, Bhaskar C, Ma LS. Fungal Cell Wall-Associated Effectors: Sensing, Integration, Suppression, and Protection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:196-210. [PMID: 37955547 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0142-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of plant-interacting fungi, as the direct interface with host plants, plays a crucial role in fungal development. A number of secreted proteins are directly associated with the fungal CW, either through covalent or non-covalent interactions, and serve a range of important functions. In the context of plant-fungal interactions many are important for fungal development in the host environment and may therefore be considered fungal CW-associated effectors (CWAEs). Key CWAE functions include integrating chemical/physical signals to direct hyphal growth, interfering with plant immunity, and providing protection against plant defenses. In recent years, a diverse range of mechanisms have been reported that underpin their roles, with some CWAEs harboring conserved motifs or functional domains, while others are reported to have novel features. As such, the current understanding regarding fungal CWAEs is systematically presented here from the perspective of their biological functions in plant-fungal interactions. An overview of the fungal CW architecture and the mechanisms by which proteins are secreted, modified, and incorporated into the CW is first presented to provide context for their biological roles. Some CWAE functions are reported across a broad range of pathosystems or symbiotic/mutualistic associations. Prominent are the chitin interacting-effectors that facilitate fungal CW modification, protection, or suppression of host immune responses. However, several alternative functions are now reported and are presented and discussed. CWAEs can play diverse roles, some possibly unique to fungal lineages and others conserved across a broad range of plant-interacting fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Quang Chau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Chibbhi Bhaskar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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10
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Valdez AF, de Souza TN, Bonilla JJA, Zamith-Miranda D, Piffer AC, Araujo GRS, Guimarães AJ, Frases S, Pereira AK, Fill TP, Estevao IL, Torres A, Almeida IC, Nosanchuk JD, Nimrichter L. Traversing the Cell Wall: The Chitinolytic Activity of Histoplasma capsulatum Extracellular Vesicles Facilitates Their Release. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1052. [PMID: 37998859 PMCID: PMC10672645 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is the causative agent of histoplasmosis. Treating this fungal infection conventionally has significant limitations, prompting the search for alternative therapies. In this context, fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold relevant potential as both therapeutic agents and targets for the treatment of fungal infections. To explore this further, we conducted a study using pharmacological inhibitors of chitinase (methylxanthines) to investigate their potential to reduce EV release and its subsequent impact on fungal virulence in an in vivo invertebrate model. Our findings revealed that a subinhibitory concentration of the methylxanthine, caffeine, effectively reduces EV release, leading to a modulation of H. capsulatum virulence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of a pharmacological inhibitor that reduces fungal EV release without any observed fungicidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro F. Valdez
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (A.F.V.); (T.N.d.S.); (J.J.A.B.); (A.C.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Taiane Nascimento de Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (A.F.V.); (T.N.d.S.); (J.J.A.B.); (A.C.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jhon Jhamilton Artunduaga Bonilla
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (A.F.V.); (T.N.d.S.); (J.J.A.B.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alicia Corbellini Piffer
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (A.F.V.); (T.N.d.S.); (J.J.A.B.); (A.C.P.)
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Départament de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Glauber R. S. Araujo
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (G.R.S.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Allan J. Guimarães
- Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia—MIP, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, RJ, Brazil;
- Rede Micologia, RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (G.R.S.A.); (S.F.)
- Rede Micologia, RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alana Kelyene Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (A.K.P.); (T.P.F.)
| | - Taicia Pacheco Fill
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, SP, Brazil; (A.K.P.); (T.P.F.)
| | - Igor L. Estevao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA; (I.L.E.); (A.T.); (I.C.A.)
| | - Angel Torres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA; (I.L.E.); (A.T.); (I.C.A.)
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA; (I.L.E.); (A.T.); (I.C.A.)
| | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (A.F.V.); (T.N.d.S.); (J.J.A.B.); (A.C.P.)
- Rede Micologia, RJ, FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Liu H, Lu X, Li M, Lun Z, Yan X, Yin C, Yuan G, Wang X, Liu N, Liu D, Wu M, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Bhadauria V, Yang J, Talbot NJ, Peng YL. Plant immunity suppression by an exo-β-1,3-glucanase and an elongation factor 1α of the rice blast fungus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5491. [PMID: 37679340 PMCID: PMC10484928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal cell walls undergo continual remodeling that generates β-1,3-glucan fragments as products of endo-glycosyl hydrolases (GHs), which can be recognized as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger plant immune responses. How fungal pathogens suppress those responses is often poorly understood. Here, we study mechanisms underlying the suppression of β-1,3-glucan-triggered plant immunity by the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. We show that an exo-β-1,3-glucanase of the GH17 family, named Ebg1, is important for fungal cell wall integrity and virulence of M. oryzae. Ebg1 can hydrolyze β-1,3-glucan and laminarin into glucose, thus suppressing β-1,3-glucan-triggered plant immunity. However, in addition, Ebg1 seems to act as a PAMP, independent of its hydrolase activity. This Ebg1-induced immunity appears to be dampened by the secretion of an elongation factor 1 alpha protein (EF1α), which interacts and co-localizes with Ebg1 in the apoplast. Future work is needed to understand the mechanisms behind Ebg1-induced immunity and its suppression by EF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Changfa Yin
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Di Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mian Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziluolong Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Bakhat N, Vielba-Fernández A, Padilla-Roji I, Martínez-Cruz J, Polonio Á, Fernández-Ortuño D, Pérez-García A. Suppression of Chitin-Triggered Immunity by Plant Fungal Pathogens: A Case Study of the Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Fungus Podosphaera xanthii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:771. [PMID: 37504759 PMCID: PMC10381495 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are significant plant-destroying microorganisms that present an increasing threat to the world's crop production. Chitin is a crucial component of fungal cell walls and a conserved MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) that can be recognized by specific plant receptors, activating chitin-triggered immunity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the perception of chitin by specific receptors are well known in plants such as rice and Arabidopsis thaliana and are believed to function similarly in many other plants. To become a plant pathogen, fungi have to suppress the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. Therefore, fungal pathogens have evolved various strategies, such as prevention of chitin digestion or interference with plant chitin receptors or chitin signaling, which involve the secretion of fungal proteins in most cases. Since chitin immunity is a very effective defensive response, these fungal mechanisms are believed to work in close coordination. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current understanding of chitin-triggered immune signaling and the fungal proteins developed for its suppression. Second, as an example, we discuss the mechanisms operating in fungal biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi, particularly in the model species Podosphaera xanthii, the main causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits. The key role of fungal effector proteins involved in the modification, degradation, or sequestration of immunogenic chitin oligomers is discussed in the context of fungal pathogenesis and the promotion of powdery mildew disease. Finally, the use of this fundamental knowledge for the development of intervention strategies against powdery mildew fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Bakhat
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandra Vielba-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Padilla-Roji
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
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13
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Thakur D, Bairwa A, Dipta B, Jhilta P, Chauhan A. An overview of fungal chitinases and their potential applications. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1031-1046. [PMID: 36752884 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the world's second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose, is composed of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues. It is the key structural component of many organisms, including crustaceans, mollusks, marine invertebrates, algae, fungi, insects, and nematodes. There has been a significant increase in the generation of chitinous waste from seafood businesses, resulting in a big amount of scrap. Although several organisms, such as plants, crustaceans, insects, nematodes, and animals, produce chitinases, microorganisms are promising candidates and a sustainable option that mediates chitin degradation. Fungi are the dominant group of chitinase producers among microorganisms. In fungi, chitinases are involved in morphogenesis, cell division, autolysis, chitin acquisition for nutritional purposes, and mycoparasitism. Many efficient chitinolytic fungi with potential applications have been identified in a variety of environments, including soil, water, marine wastes, and plants. The current review highlights the key sources of chitinolytic fungi and the characterization of fungal chitinases. It also discusses the applications of fungal chitinases and the cloning of fungal chitinase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Thakur
- Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aarti Bairwa
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Dipta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Prakriti Jhilta
- Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
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14
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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15
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Guo J, Mou Y, Li Y, Yang Q, Wang X, Lin H, Kang Z, Guo J. Silencing a Chitinase Gene, PstChia1, Reduces Virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098215. [PMID: 37175921 PMCID: PMC10179651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the main component of fungal cell walls, which can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). Chitinase in filamentous fungi has been reported to degrade immunogenic chitin oligomers, thereby preventing chitin-induced immune activation. In this study, we identified the chitinase families in 10 fungal genomes. A total of 131 chitinase genes were identified. Among the chitinase families, 16 chitinase genes from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) were identified, and the expression of PstChia1 was the highest during Pst infection. Further studies indicated that PstChia1 is highly induced during the early stages of the interaction of wheat and Pst and has chitinase enzyme activity. The silencing of PstChia1 revealed that PstChia1 limited the growth and reduced the virulence of Pst. The expression level of TaPR1 and TaPR2 was induced in PstChia1 knockdown plants, suggesting that PstChia1 is involved in regulating wheat resistance to Pst. Our data suggest that PstChia1 contributes to pathogenicity by interfering with plant immunity and regulating the growth of Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ying Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuanxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Haocheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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16
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Chi M, Gu L, Zhang L, Lin J, Xu Q, Jiang N, Wang Y, Qi Y, Diao W, Yi W, Zhao G, Li C. Pentoxifylline treats Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by reducing fungal burden and suppressing corneal inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175607. [PMID: 36822458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a blinding ocular disease, which mainly results from fungal damage and excessive inflammation. Pentoxifylline, a kind of methylxanthine, has been discovered to have anti-inflammatory properties in various infectious diseases, hinting a potential therapeutic effect on treating corneal fungal infection. Whereas, the therapeutic impact of pentoxifylline on fungal keratitis is still uncertain. This study investigated the antifungal capability against Aspergillus fumigatus and the anti-inflammatory role of pentoxifylline by activating nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase1 (HO1) pathway in the process of FK. In our research, we demonstrated that pentoxifylline could effectively inhibit fungal growth and inflammatory reaction. Pentoxifylline reduced the production of pro-inflammatory factors by stimulating the Nrf2/HO1 pathway. Although there was no statistical difference between the curative efficacy of pentoxifylline and natamycin application to FK, pentoxifylline could promote corneal epithelial repair and was less toxicity to the ocular surface than natamycin. In conclusion, pentoxifylline performs antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects by lessening the fungus burden and activating the Nrf2/HO1 pathway, hinting that it has the potential to be a new therapeutic medication for Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Lingwen Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Yinghe Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Weilin Diao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Wendan Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China.
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China.
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17
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Gupta YK, Marcelino-Guimarães FC, Lorrain C, Farmer A, Haridas S, Ferreira EGC, Lopes-Caitar VS, Oliveira LS, Morin E, Widdison S, Cameron C, Inoue Y, Thor K, Robinson K, Drula E, Henrissat B, LaButti K, Bini AMR, Paget E, Singan V, Daum C, Dorme C, van Hoek M, Janssen A, Chandat L, Tarriotte Y, Richardson J, Melo BDVA, Wittenberg AHJ, Schneiders H, Peyrard S, Zanardo LG, Holtman VC, Coulombier-Chauvel F, Link TI, Balmer D, Müller AN, Kind S, Bohnert S, Wirtz L, Chen C, Yan M, Ng V, Gautier P, Meyer MC, Voegele RT, Liu Q, Grigoriev IV, Conrath U, Brommonschenkel SH, Loehrer M, Schaffrath U, Sirven C, Scalliet G, Duplessis S, van Esse HP. Major proliferation of transposable elements shaped the genome of the soybean rust pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1835. [PMID: 37005409 PMCID: PMC10067951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With >7000 species the order of rust fungi has a disproportionately large impact on agriculture, horticulture, forestry and foreign ecosystems. The infectious spores are typically dikaryotic, a feature unique to fungi in which two haploid nuclei reside in the same cell. A key example is Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust disease, one of the world's most economically damaging agricultural diseases. Despite P. pachyrhizi's impact, the exceptional size and complexity of its genome prevented generation of an accurate genome assembly. Here, we sequence three independent P. pachyrhizi genomes and uncover a genome up to 1.25 Gb comprising two haplotypes with a transposable element (TE) content of ~93%. We study the incursion and dominant impact of these TEs on the genome and show how they have a key impact on various processes such as host range adaptation, stress responses and genetic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh K Gupta
- 2Blades, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Cécile Lorrain
- Pathogen Evolutionary Ecology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sajeet Haridas
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Everton Geraldo Capote Ferreira
- 2Blades, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Paraná, Brazil
| | - Valéria S Lopes-Caitar
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Paraná, Brazil
| | - Liliane Santana Oliveira
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Connor Cameron
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- 2Blades, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kathrin Thor
- 2Blades, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Kelly Robinson
- 2Blades, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Elodie Drula
- AFMB, Aix-Marseille Univ., INRAE, Marseille, France
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kurt LaButti
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Aline Mara Rudsit Bini
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Technology of Paraná (UTFPR), Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eric Paget
- Bayer SAS, Crop Science Division, Lyon, France
| | - Vasanth Singan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Christopher Daum
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tobias I Link
- Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dirk Balmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Stein, Switzerland
| | - André N Müller
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Kind
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bohnert
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Louisa Wirtz
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cindy Chen
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mi Yan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Vivian Ng
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Maurício Conrado Meyer
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - National Soybean Research Center (Embrapa Soja), Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Qingli Liu
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marco Loehrer
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - H Peter van Esse
- 2Blades, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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18
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Maillard F, Kohler A, Morin E, Hossann C, Miyauchi S, Ziegler-Devin I, Gérant D, Angeli N, Lipzen A, Keymanesh K, Johnson J, Barry K, Grigoriev IV, Martin FM, Buée M. Functional genomics gives new insights into the ectomycorrhizal degradation of chitin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:845-858. [PMID: 36702619 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi play a crucial role in the mineral nitrogen (N) nutrition of their host trees. While it has been proposed that several EcM species also mobilize organic N, studies reporting the EcM ability to degrade N-containing polymers, such as chitin, remain scarce. Here, we assessed the capacity of a representative collection of 16 EcM species to acquire 15 N from 15 N-chitin. In addition, we combined genomics and transcriptomics to identify pathways involved in exogenous chitin degradation between these fungal strains. Boletus edulis, Imleria badia, Suillus luteus, and Hebeloma cylindrosporum efficiently mobilized N from exogenous chitin. EcM genomes primarily contained genes encoding for the direct hydrolysis of chitin. Further, we found a significant relationship between the capacity of EcM fungi to assimilate organic N from chitin and their genomic and transcriptomic potentials for chitin degradation. These findings demonstrate that certain EcM fungal species depolymerize chitin using hydrolytic mechanisms and that endochitinases, but not exochitinases, represent the enzymatic bottleneck of chitin degradation. Finally, this study shows that the degradation of exogenous chitin by EcM fungi might be a key functional trait of nutrient cycling in forests dominated by EcM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Maillard
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Christian Hossann
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Silvatech, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Shingo Miyauchi
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | | | - Dominique Gérant
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Angeli
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Silvatech, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Anna Lipzen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Keykhosrow Keymanesh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jenifer Johnson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Francis M Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Marc Buée
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
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19
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Thakur D, Chauhan A, Jhilta P, Kaushal R, Dipta B. Microbial chitinases and their relevance in various industries. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:29-53. [PMID: 35972681 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is composed of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units. It is widely distributed in nature, especially as a structural polysaccharide in the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects, and nematodes. However, the principal commercial source of chitin is the shells of marine or freshwater invertebrates. Microbial chitinases are largely responsible for chitin breakdown in nature, and they play an important role in the ecosystem's carbon and nitrogen balance. Several microbial chitinases have been characterized and are gaining prominence for their applications in various sectors. The current review focuses on chitinases of microbial origin, their diversity, and their characteristics. The applications of chitinases in several industries such as agriculture, food, the environment, and pharmaceutical sectors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Thakur
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prakriti Jhilta
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kaushal
- Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, 173230, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Bhawna Dipta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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20
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Legumes Regulate Symbiosis with Rhizobia via Their Innate Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032800. [PMID: 36769110 PMCID: PMC9917363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots are constantly exposed to a diverse microbiota of pathogens and mutualistic partners. The host's immune system is an essential component for its survival, enabling it to monitor nearby microbes for potential threats and respond with a defence response when required. Current research suggests that the plant immune system has also been employed in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis as a means of monitoring different rhizobia strains and that successful rhizobia have evolved to overcome this system to infect the roots and initiate nodulation. With clear implications for host-specificity, the immune system has the potential to be an important target for engineering versatile crops for effective nodulation in the field. However, current knowledge of the interacting components governing this pathway is limited, and further research is required to build on what is currently known to improve our understanding. This review provides a general overview of the plant immune system's role in nodulation. With a focus on the cycles of microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (MTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), we highlight key molecular players and recent findings while addressing the current knowledge gaps in this area.
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21
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Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6: A nematocidal activity of endochitinase gene exploration and its function identification. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1641-1652. [PMID: 36273547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endochitinase is a natural extracellular protein in Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6, which can degrade the eggshell of Heterodera avenae significantly, however the related genes that coding this protein was rarely characterized. In the present study, the endochitinase 18-5 gene (T6-Echi18-5) of T. longibrachiatum T6 was cloned and sequenced. The expression level of T6-Echi18-5 gene in T. longibrachiatum T6 was induced and increased after the H. avenae cysts inoculation. The full-length cDNA sequence of T6-Echi18-5 was 1671 bp that contained an ORF of 1275 bp, corresponding to 424 amino acids with a 45.9 kDa molecular weight. A single band of 60.04 kDa was detected and identified using SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis after transferring the T6-Echi18-5 gene to Escherichia coli BL21 Rosetta (DE3). The concentration of purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein was 1.53 mg·ml-1, and the optimal temperature and pH were 50 °C and 5.0, respectively. The eggshell and content were dissolved and exuded from 4 to10 days after treatment with the purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein. The relative inhibition rate of eggs hatching was 86.79 % at 12 days after treatment. Our study demonstrated the key role of T6-Echi18-5 gene in degrading the H. avenae eggshell and inhibiting the eggs hatching.
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22
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Gong X, Yu Y, Hao Y, Wang Q, Ma J, Jiang Y, Lv G, Li L, Qian C. Characterizing corn-straw-degrading actinomycetes and evaluating application efficiency in straw-returning experiments. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003157. [PMID: 36545193 PMCID: PMC9760696 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn straw is an abundant lignocellulose resource and by-product of agricultural production. With the continuous increase in agricultural development, the output of corn straw is also increasing significantly. However, the inappropriate disposal of straw results in wasting of resources, and also causes a serious ecological crisis. Screening microorganisms with the capacity to degrade straw and understanding their mechanism of action is an efficient approach to solve such problems. For this purpose, our research group isolated three actinomycete strains with efficient lignocellulose degradation ability from soil in the cold region of China: Streptomyces sp. G1T, Streptomyces sp. G2T and Streptomyces sp. G3T. Their microbial properties and taxonomic status were assessed to improve our understanding of these strains. The three strains showed typical characteristics of the genus Streptomyces, and likely represent three different species. Genome functional annotation indicated that most of their genes were related to functions like carbohydrate transport and metabolism. In addition, a similar phenomenon also appeared in the COG and CAZyme analyses, with a large number of genes encoding carbohydrate-related hydrolases, such as cellulase, glycosidase and endoglucanase, which could effectively destroy the structure of lignocellulose in corn straw. This unambiguously demonstrated the potential of the three microorganisms to hydrolyze macromolecular polysaccharides at the molecular level. In addition, in the straw-returning test, the decomposing consortium composed of the three Streptomyces isolates (G123) effectively destroyed the recalcitrant bonds between the various components of straw, and significantly reduced the content of active components in corn straw. Furthermore, microbial diversity analysis indicated that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, reportedly associated with soil antibiotic resistance and antibiotic degradation, was significantly improved with straw returning at both tested time points. The microbial diversity of each treatment was also dramatically changed by supplementing with G123. Taken together, G123 has important biological potential and should be further studied, which will provide new insights and strategies for appropriate treatment of corn straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Gong
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yubo Hao
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuju Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
| | - Juntao Ma
- Institute of Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yubo Jiang
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guoyi Lv
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chunrong Qian
- Institute of Farming and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Chunrong Qian,
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23
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Ma J, Yang X, Fan W, Zhao C, Li W, Zhou D, Jiang S. Cloning and sequence analysis of a serine protease gene from Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG5. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2466-2474. [PMID: 34877711 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify the subtilisin-like proteases (SLPs) of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn potentially involved in the virulence of this phytopathogenic fungus, which has 14 anastomosis groups (AGs) responsible for many crop diseases. Through mycelial microscope observation and strain identification of pathogenic fungus MS-3, it was determined to be R. solani AG-5. Both 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends were used to clone the serine protease gene RsSLP from R. solani AG-5. The full-length obtained for RsSLP was 1714 bp with an open reading frame of 1587 bp, encoding a protein of 528 amino acids with a molecular mass of 55.8 kDa. This protein contained a predicted signal peptide for secretion but lacked a transmembrane domain or membrane anchor site. Bioinformatics analysis identified this protein as a serine protease with the Peptidase_S8 and Inhibitor_I9 characteristic domains of SLPs. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that frequent gene duplications of the SLPs occurred in R. solani (RsSLP), and RsSLP shares characteristic sequence features with virulence factors of other phytopathogenic fungi. Because the secretory serine protease RsSLP from R. solani AG5 is similar to the virulence factors of other phytopathogenic fungi, its identification will be helpful in studies considering the roles of these proteases in pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiling Yang
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenyan Fan
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changjiang Zhao
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Agronomy College, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
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24
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Breyer E, Zhao Z, Herndl GJ, Baltar F. Global contribution of pelagic fungi to protein degradation in the ocean. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:143. [PMID: 36050758 PMCID: PMC9434897 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi are important degraders of organic matter responsible for reintegration of nutrients into global food chains in freshwater and soil environments. Recent evidence suggests that they are ubiquitously present in the oceanic water column where they play an active role in the degradation of carbohydrates. However, their role in processing other abundant biomolecules in the ocean in comparison with that of prokaryotes remains enigmatic. Here, we performed a global-ocean multi-omics analysis of all fungal-affiliated peptidases (main enzymes responsible for cleaving proteins), which constitute the major fraction (> 50%) of marine living and detrital biomass. We determined the abundance, expression, diversity, taxonomic affiliation, and functional classification of the genes encoding all pelagic fungal peptidases from the epi- and mesopelagic layers. RESULTS We found that pelagic fungi are active contributors to protein degradation and nitrogen cycling in the global ocean. Dothideomycetes are the main fungi responsible for protease activity in the surface layers, whereas Leotiomycetes dominate in the mesopelagic realm. Gene abundance, diversity, and expression increased with increasing depth, similar to fungal CAZymes. This contrasts with the total occurrence of prokaryotic peptidases and CAZymes which are more uniformly distributed in the oceanic water column, suggesting potentially different ecological niches of fungi and prokaryotes. In-depth analysis of the most widely expressed fungal protease revealed the potentially dominating role of saprotrophic nutrition in the oceans. CONCLUSIONS Our findings expand the current knowledge on the role of oceanic fungi in the carbon cycle (carbohydrates) to the so far unknown global participation in nitrogen (proteins) degradation, highlighting potentially different ecological niches occupied by fungi and prokaryotes in the global ocean. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Breyer
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J. Herndl
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- NIOZ, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Federico Baltar
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Li Y, Gu J, Irshad A, Zhao L, Guo H, Xiong H, Xie Y, Zhao S, Ding Y, Zhou L, Kong F, Fang Z, Liu L. Physiological and Differential Proteomic Analysis at Seedling Stage by Induction of Heavy-Ion Beam Radiation in Wheat Seeds. Front Genet 2022; 13:942806. [PMID: 35928451 PMCID: PMC9343878 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.942806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel genetic variations can be obtained by inducing mutations in the plant which help to achieve novel traits. The useful mutant can be obtained through radiation mutation in a short period which can be used as a new material to produce new varieties with high yield and good quality wheat. In this paper, the proteomic analysis of wheat treated with different doses of 12C and 7Li ion beam radiation at the seedling stage was carried out through a Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) tagging quantitative proteomic analysis platform based on high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the traditional 60Co-γ-ray radiation treatment for reference. A total of 4,764 up-regulated and 5,542 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins were identified. These proteins were mainly enriched in the KEGG pathway associated with amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, carbon metabolism, photosynthesis, signal transduction, protein synthesis, and DNA replication. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed proteins showed that the oxidative defense system in the plant defense system was fully involved in the defense response after 12C ion beam and 7Li ion beam radiation treatments. Photosynthesis and photorespiration were inhibited after 12C ion beam and 60Co-γ-ray irradiation treatments, while there was no effect on the plant with 7Li ion beam treatment. In addition, the synthesis of biomolecules such as proteins, as well as multiple signal transduction pathways also respond to radiations. Some selected differentially expressed proteins were verified by Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) and qPCR, and the experimental results were consistent with the quantitative results of TMT. The present study shows that the physiological effect of 12C ion beam radiation treatment is different as compared to the 7Li ion beam, but its similar to the 60Co-γ ray depicting a significant effect on the plant by using the same dose. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for the application of 12C and 7Li ion beam radiation in the mutation breeding of wheat and other major crops and promote the development of heavy ion beam radiation mutation breeding technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Li
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ahsan Irshad
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linshu Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchun Xiong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongdun Xie
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Ding
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Biophysics Group, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuquan Kong
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengwu Fang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Luxiang Liu, ; Zhengwu Fang,
| | - Luxiang Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Luxiang Liu, ; Zhengwu Fang,
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de Oliveira HC, Castelli RF, Reis FCG, Samby K, Nosanchuk JD, Alves LR, Rodrigues ML. Screening of the Pandemic Response Box Reveals an Association between Antifungal Effects of MMV1593537 and the Cell Wall of Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus deuterogattii, and Candida auris. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0060122. [PMID: 35471056 PMCID: PMC9241760 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00601-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent unmet need for novel antifungals. In this study, we searched for novel antifungal activities in the Pandemic Response Box, a collection of 400 structurally diverse compounds in various phases of drug discovery. We identified five molecules which could control the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus deuterogattii, and the emerging global threat Candida auris. After eliminating compounds which demonstrated paradoxical antifungal effects or toxicity to mammalian macrophages, we selected compound MMV1593537 as a nontoxic, fungicidal molecule for further characterization of antifungal activity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that MMV1593537 affected cellular division in all three pathogens. In Cryptococcus, MMV1593537 caused a reduction in capsular dimensions. Treatment with MMV1593537 resulted in increased detection of cell wall chitooligomers in these three species. Since chitooligomers are products of the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin, we investigated whether surface chitinase activity was altered in response to MMV1593537 exposure. We observed peaks of enzyme activity in C. neoformans and C. deuterogattii in response to MMV1593537. We did not detect any surface chitinase activity in C. auris. Our results suggest that MMV1593537 is a promising, nontoxic fungicide whose mechanism of action, at least in Cryptococcus spp, requires chitinase-mediated hydrolysis of chitin. IMPORTANCE The development of novel antifungals is a matter of urgency. In this study, we evaluated antifungal activities in a collection of 400 molecules, using highly lethal fungal pathogens as targets. One of these molecules, namely, MMV1593537, was not toxic to host cells and controlled the growth of isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans, C. deuterogattii, C. gattii, Candida auris, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei. We tested the mechanisms of antifungal action of MMV1593537 in the Cryptococcus and C. auris models and concluded that the compound affects the cell wall, a structure which is essential for fungal life. At least in Cryptococcus, this effect involved chitinase, an enzyme which is required for remodeling the cell wall. Our results suggest that MMV1593537 is a candidate for future antifungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael F. Castelli
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia C. G. Reis
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Joshua D. Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lysangela R. Alves
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcio L. Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Whole-genome sequencing and functional analysis of a novel chitin-degrading strain Rhodococcus sp. 11-3. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:167-173. [PMID: 35644796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature. Therefore, how to utilize the resource is an important issue. Rhodococcus sp. 11-3 is a strain with high chitin deacetylase (CDA) activity. In the present study, we used a combined Illumina and PacBio sequencing strategy to assemble the whole genome sequence of this strain. The genome of Rhodococcus sp. 11-3 was 5,627,661 bp in size and contained 5983 coding genes, of which 5983, 4040, 4648, 4914, 4174, 2350, and 173 genes were annotated in the Non-Redundant Protein Database (NR), Swiss-Prot, Pfam, Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG), Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) databases, respectively. The genome was annotated to a chitin deacetylase gene (RhoCDA) and a chitinase gene (RhoChi). They were not very similar to the previously reported chitin deacetylase and chitinase. This made it possible to investigate the genes associated with chitin degradation and would provide an important reference for subsequent gene cloning, functional research, development and application. Therefore, the Rhodococcus sp. 11-3 strain has great potential in the development of chitin resources.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Plenodomus tracheiphilus Infecting Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) Indicates a Multifaceted Strategy during Host Pathogenesis. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050761. [PMID: 35625489 PMCID: PMC9138800 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The cultivation of the lemon is strongly impacted by mal secco, a disease that causes huge losses in yield every year. In this work, we have identified, retrieved, and classified genes that may play a crucial role in the onset and progression of the disease. Understanding the function of these genes will increase knowledge of the processes involving the mode of action of necrotrophic fungi during pathogenesis. Our results may be relevant to help identify sustainable field treatments to cope with disease diffusion and to provide direction into possible biotechnological approaches to generate resistant lemon plants. Abstract The causal agent of mal secco disease is the fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus, mainly affecting lemon tree survival in the Mediterranean area. Using a fully compatible host-pathogen interaction, the aim of our work was to retrieve the fungus transcriptome by an RNA seq approach during infection of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) to identify crucial transcripts for pathogenesis establishment and progression. A total of 2438 clusters belonging to P. tracheiphilus were retrieved and classified into the GO and KEGG categories. Transcripts were categorized mainly within the “membrane”, “catalytic activity”, and “primary metabolic process” GO terms. Moreover, most of the transcripts are included in the “ribosome”, “carbon metabolism”, and “oxidative phosphorylation” KEGG categories. By focusing our attention on transcripts with FPKM values higher than the median, we were able to identify four main transcript groups functioning in (a) fungus cell wall remodeling and protection, (b) destroying plant defensive secondary metabolites, (c) optimizing fungus development and pathogenesis, and (d) toxin biosynthesis, thus indicating that a multifaceted strategy to subdue the host was executed.
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Rajput M, Kumar M, Pareek N. Myco-chitinases as versatile biocatalysts for translation of coastal residual resources to eco-competent chito-bioactives. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Meshram S, Gogoi R, Bashyal BM, Kumar A, Mandal PK, Hossain F. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Fungal Pathogen Bipolaris maydis to Understand Pathogenicity Behavior on Resistant and Susceptible Non-CMS Maize Genotypes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:837056. [PMID: 35572625 PMCID: PMC9100685 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.837056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolaris maydis is pathogen of maize which causes maydis leaf blight disease. In India major losses occur due to the B. maydis race “O” pathogen, whereas in other parts of the world, major losses are due to the race “T” pathogen. In the present study, we conducted an in planta transcriptomics study of the B. maydis race “O” pathogen after infection on non-CMS maize resistant and susceptible genotypes by mRNA sequencing to understand the molecular basis of pathogenicity for better management of the pathogen. Approximately 23.4 GB of mRNA-seq data of B. maydis were obtained from both resistant and susceptible maize backgrounds for fungus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis of B. maydis in two different genetic backgrounds suggested that the majority of highly DEGs were associated with mitochondrial, cell wall and chitin synthesis, sugar metabolism, peroxidase activity, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and shikimate dehydrogenase. KEGG analysis showed that the biosynthetic pathways for secondary metabolism, antibiotics, and carbon metabolism of fungus were highly enriched, respectively, in susceptible backgrounds during infection. Previous studies in other host pathogen systems suggest that these genes play a vital role in causing disease in their host plants. Our study is probably the first transcriptome study of the B. maydis race “O” pathogen and provides in-depth insight of pathogenicity on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Meshram
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Robin Gogoi
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Robin Gogoi,
| | - Bishnu Maya Bashyal
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aundy Kumar
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mandal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Akram F, Jabbar Z, Aqeel A, Haq IU, Tariq S, Malik K. A Contemporary Appraisal on Impending Industrial and Agricultural Applications of Thermophilic-Recombinant Chitinolytic Enzymes from Microbial Sources. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1055-1075. [PMID: 35397055 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of chitinases to degrade the second most abundant polymer, chitin, into potentially useful chitooligomers and chitin derivatives has not only rendered them fit for chitinous waste management but has also made them important from industrial point of view. At the same time, they have also been recognized to have an imperative role as promising biocontrol agents for controlling plant diseases. As thermostability is an important property for an industrially important enzyme, various bacterial and fungal sources are being exploited to obtain such stable enzymes. These stable enzymes can also play a role in agriculture by maintaining their stability under adverse environmental conditions for longer time duration when used as biocontrol agent. Biotechnology has also played its role in the development of recombinant chitinases with enhanced activity, thermostability, fungicidal and insecticidal activity via recombinant DNA techniques. Furthermore, a relatively new approach of generating pathogen-resistant transgenic plants has opened new ways for sustainable agriculture by minimizing the yield loss of valuable crops and plants. This review focuses on the potential applications of thermostable and recombinant microbial chitinases in industry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Tariq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Stalder L, Oggenfuss U, Mohd‐Assaad N, Croll D. The population genetics of adaptation through copy‐number variation in a fungal plant pathogen. Mol Ecol 2022; 32:2443-2460. [PMID: 35313056 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens can adapt rapidly to changing environments such as the application of pesticides or host resistance. Copy number variations (CNVs) are a major source of adaptive genetic variation for recent adaptation. Here, we analyse how a major fungal pathogen of barley, Rhynchosporium commune, has adapted to the host environment and fungicide applications. We screen the genomes of 125 isolates sampled across a worldwide set of populations and identify a total of 7,879 gene duplications and 116 gene deletions. Most gene duplications result from segmental chromosomal duplications. Although CNVs are generally under negative selection, we find that genes affected by CNVs are enriched in functions related to host exploitation (i.e., effectors and cell-wall-degrading enzymes). We perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and identify a large segmental duplication of CYP51A that has contributed to the emergence of azole resistance and a duplication encompassing an effector gene affecting virulence. We show that the adaptive CNVs were probably created by recently active transposable element families. Moreover, we find that specific transposable element families are important drivers of recent gene CNV. Finally, we use a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data set to replicate the GWAS and contrast it with the CNV-focused analysis. Together, our findings show how extensive segmental duplications create the raw material for recent adaptation in global populations of a fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Stalder
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Ursula Oggenfuss
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Norfarhan Mohd‐Assaad
- Plant Pathology Institute of Integrative Biology ETH, Zurich 8092 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics Faculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
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Gao Y, Shah K, Kwok I, Wang M, Rome LH, Mahendra S. Immobilized fungal enzymes: Innovations and potential applications in biodegradation and biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 57:107936. [PMID: 35276253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial enzymes catalyze various reactions inside and outside living cells. Among the widely studied enzymes, fungal enzymes have been used for some of the most diverse purposes, especially in bioremediation, biosynthesis, and many nature-inspired commercial applications. To improve their stability and catalytic ability, fungal enzymes are often immobilized on assorted materials, conventional as well as nanoscale. Recent advances in fungal enzyme immobilization provide effective and sustainable approaches to achieve improved environmental and commercial outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of commonly studied fungal enzymes and immobilization technologies. It also summarizes recent advances involving immobilized fungal enzymes for the degradation or assembly of compounds used in the manufacture of products, such as detergents, food additives, and fossil fuel alternatives. Furthermore, challenges and future directions are highlighted to offer new perspectives on improving existing technologies and addressing unexplored fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Kshitjia Shah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ivy Kwok
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Shaily Mahendra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Elagamey E, Abellatef MA, Arafat MY. Proteomic insights of chitosan mediated inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum. J Proteomics 2022; 260:104560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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N-Acetylglucosamine Sensing and Metabolic Engineering for Attenuating Human and Plant Pathogens. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9020064. [PMID: 35200417 PMCID: PMC8869657 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During evolution, both human and plant pathogens have evolved to utilize a diverse range of carbon sources. N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), an amino sugar, is one of the major carbon sources utilized by several human and phytopathogens. GlcNAc regulates the expression of many virulence genes of pathogens. In fact, GlcNAc catabolism is also involved in the regulation of virulence and pathogenesis of various human pathogens, including Candida albicans, Vibrio cholerae, Leishmania donovani, Mycobacterium, and phytopathogens such as Magnaporthe oryzae. Moreover, GlcNAc is also a well-known structural component of many bacterial and fungal pathogen cell walls, suggesting its possible role in cell signaling. Over the last few decades, many studies have been performed to study GlcNAc sensing, signaling, and metabolism to better understand the GlcNAc roles in pathogenesis in order to identify new drug targets. In this review, we provide recent insights into GlcNAc-mediated cell signaling and pathogenesis. Further, we describe how the GlcNAc metabolic pathway can be targeted to reduce the pathogens’ virulence in order to control the disease prevalence and crop productivity.
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Bradley EL, Ökmen B, Doehlemann G, Henrissat B, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. Secreted Glycoside Hydrolase Proteins as Effectors and Invasion Patterns of Plant-Associated Fungi and Oomycetes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853106. [PMID: 35360318 PMCID: PMC8960721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During host colonization, plant-associated microbes, including fungi and oomycetes, deliver a collection of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) to their cell surfaces and surrounding extracellular environments. The number and type of GHs secreted by each organism is typically associated with their lifestyle or mode of nutrient acquisition. Secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes serve a number of different functions, with many of them acting as virulence factors (effectors) to promote microbial host colonization. Specific functions involve, for example, nutrient acquisition, the detoxification of antimicrobial compounds, the manipulation of plant microbiota, and the suppression or prevention of plant immune responses. In contrast, secreted GHs of plant-associated fungi and oomycetes can also activate the plant immune system, either by acting as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as a consequence of their enzymatic activity. In this review, we highlight the critical roles that secreted GHs from plant-associated fungi and oomycetes play in plant-microbe interactions, provide an overview of existing knowledge gaps and summarize future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Bradley
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR 7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Carl H. Mesarich,
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Potential Antagonistic Bacteria against Verticillium dahliae Isolated from Artificially Infested Nursery. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123588. [PMID: 34944096 PMCID: PMC8699867 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As an ecofriendly biocontrol agent, antagonistic bacteria are a crucial class of highly efficient fungicides in the field against Verticillium dahliae, the most virulent pathogen for cotton and other crops. Toward identifying urgently needed bacterial candidates, we screened bacteria isolated from the cotton rhizosphere soil for antagonisitic activity against V. dahliae in an artificially infested nursery. In preliminary tests of antagonistic candidates to characterize the mechanism of action of on culture medium, 88 strains that mainly belonged to Bacillus strongly inhibited the colony diameter of V. dahliae, with inhibiting efficacy up to 50% in 9 strains. Among the most-effective bacterial strains, Bacillus sp. ABLF-18, and ABLF-50 and Paenibacillus sp. ABLF-90 significantly reduced the disease index and fungal biomass of cotton to 40–70% that of the control. In further tests to elucidate the biocontrol mechanism (s), the strains secreted extracellular enzymes cellulase, glucanase, and protease, which can degrade the mycelium, and antimicrobial lipopeptides such as surfactin and iturin homologues. The expression of PAL, MAPK and PR10, genes related to disease resistance, was also elicited in cotton plants. Our results clearly show that three candidate bacterial strains can enhance cotton defense responses against V. dahliae; the secretion of fungal cell-wall-degrading enzymes, synthesis of nonribosomal antimicrobial peptides and induction of systemic resistance shows that the strains have great potential as biocontrol fungicides.
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The Role of Plant Hormones in the Interaction of Colletotrichum Species with Their Host Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212454. [PMID: 34830343 PMCID: PMC8620030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum is a plant pathogenic fungus which is able to infect virtually every economically important plant species. Up to now no common infection mechanism has been identified comparing different plant and Colletotrichum species. Plant hormones play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions regardless whether they are symbiotic or pathogenic. In this review we analyze the role of ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, auxin and salicylic acid during Colletotrichum infections. Different Colletotrichum strains are capable of auxin production and this might contribute to virulence. In this review the role of different plant hormones in plant—Colletotrichum interactions will be discussed and thereby auxin biosynthetic pathways in Colletotrichum spp. will be proposed.
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Soltan MA, Eldeen MA, Elbassiouny N, Kamel HL, Abdelraheem KM, El-Gayyed HA, Gouda AM, Sheha MF, Fayad E, Ali OAA, Ghany KAE, El-damasy DA, Darwish KM, Elhady SS, Sileem AE. In Silico Designing of a Multitope Vaccine against Rhizopus microsporus with Potential Activity against Other Mucormycosis Causing Fungi. Cells 2021; 10:3014. [PMID: 34831237 PMCID: PMC8616407 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the current era of the COVID-19 pandemic, the dissemination of Mucorales has been reported globally, with elevated rates of infection in India, and because of the high rate of mortality and morbidity, designing an effective vaccine against mucormycosis is a major health priority, especially for immunocompromised patients. In the current study, we studied shared Mucorales proteins, which have been reported as virulence factors, and after analysis of several virulent proteins for their antigenicity and subcellular localization, we selected spore coat (CotH) and serine protease (SP) proteins as the targets of epitope mapping. The current study proposes a vaccine constructed based on top-ranking cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and B cell lymphocyte (BCL) epitopes from filtered proteins. In addition to the selected epitopes, β-defensins adjuvant and PADRE peptide were included in the constructed vaccine to improve the stimulated immune response. Computational tools were used to estimate the physicochemical and immunological features of the proposed vaccine and validate its binding with TLR-2, where the output data of these assessments potentiate the probability of the constructed vaccine to stimulate a specific immune response against mucormycosis. Here, we demonstrate the approach of potential vaccine construction and assessment through computational tools, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of a proposed vaccine against mucormycosis based on the immunoinformatics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Soltan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia 41611, Egypt;
| | - Muhammad Alaa Eldeen
- Cell Biology, Histology & Genetics Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Nada Elbassiouny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia 41611, Egypt;
| | - Hasnaa L. Kamel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia 41611, Egypt;
| | - Kareem M. Abdelraheem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (K.M.A.); (H.A.E.-G.)
| | - Hanaa Abd El-Gayyed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (K.M.A.); (H.A.E.-G.)
| | - Ahmed M. Gouda
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed F. Sheha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Eman Fayad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ola A. Abu Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Dalia A. El-damasy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo 11829, Egypt;
| | - Khaled M. Darwish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Sameh S. Elhady
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ashraf E. Sileem
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
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Khokhani D, Carrera Carriel C, Vayla S, Irving TB, Stonoha-Arther C, Keller NP, Ané JM. Deciphering the Chitin Code in Plant Symbiosis, Defense, and Microbial Networks. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:583-607. [PMID: 34623896 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-051921-114809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a structural polymer in many eukaryotes. Many organisms can degrade chitin to defend against chitinous pathogens or use chitin oligomers as food. Beneficial microorganisms like nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi produce chitin-based signal molecules called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short chitin oligomers to initiate a symbiotic relationship with their compatible hosts and exchange nutrients. A recent study revealed that a broad range of fungi produce LCOs and chitooligosaccharides (COs), suggesting that these signaling molecules are not limited to beneficial microbes. The fungal LCOs also affect fungal growth and development, indicating that the roles of LCOs beyond symbiosis and LCO production may predate mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review describes the diverse structures of chitin; their perception by eukaryotes and prokaryotes; and their roles in symbiotic interactions, defense, and microbe-microbe interactions. We also discuss potential strategies of fungi to synthesize LCOs and their roles in fungi with different lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Khokhani
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , , .,Current affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA;
| | - Cristobal Carrera Carriel
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Shivangi Vayla
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Thomas B Irving
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Christina Stonoha-Arther
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , ,
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , , .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA; , , , , , .,Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Pitangui NDS, Fernandes FF, Gonçales RA, Roque-Barreira MC. Virulence Vs. Immunomodulation: Roles of the Paracoccin Chitinase and Carbohydrate-Binding Sites in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:700797. [PMID: 34532342 PMCID: PMC8438136 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.700797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccin (PCN) is a bifunctional protein primarily present in the cell wall of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a human pathogenic dimorphic fungus. PCN has one chitinase region and four potential lectin sites and acts as both a fungal virulence factor and an immunomodulator of the host response. The PCN activity on fungal virulence, mediated by the chitinase site, was discovered by infecting mice with yeast overexpressing PCN (PCN-ov). PCN-ov are characterized by increased chitin hydrolysis, a narrow cell wall, and augmented resistance to phagocytes' fungicidal activity. Compared to wild-type (wt) yeast, infection with PCN-ov yeast causes a more severe disease, which is attributed to the increased PCN chitinase activity. In turn, immunomodulation of the host response was demonstrated by injecting, subcutaneously, recombinant PCN in mice infected with wt-P. brasiliensis. Through its carbohydrate binding site, the injected recombinant PCN interacts with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) N-glycans on macrophages, triggers M1 polarization, and stimulates protective Th1 immunity against the fungus. The PCN-treatment of wt yeast-infected mice results in mild paracoccidioidomycosis. Therefore, PCN paradoxically influences the course of murine paracoccidioidomycosis. The disease is severe when caused by yeast that overexpress endogenous PCN, which exerts a robust local chitinase activity, followed by architectural changes of the cell wall and release of low size chito-oligomers. However, the disease is mild when exogenous PCN is injected, which recognizes N-glycans on systemic macrophages resulting in immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayla de Souza Pitangui
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freitas Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Relber Aguiar Gonçales
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Phylogeny and Optimization of Trichoderma harzianum for Chitinase Production: Evaluation of Their Antifungal Behaviour against the Prominent Soil Borne Phyto-Pathogens of Temperate India. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091962. [PMID: 34576858 PMCID: PMC8471080 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is the most commonly used fungal biocontrol agent throughout the world. In the present study, various Trichoderma isolates were isolated from different vegetable fields. In the isolated microflora, the colony edges varied from wavy to smooth. The mycelial forms were predominantly floccose with hyaline color and conidiophores among all the strains were highly branched. Based on morphological attributes, all the isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum. The molecular identification using multilocus sequencing ITS, rpb2 and tef1α, genes further confirmed the morphological identification. The average chitinase activity varied from 1.13 units/mL to 3.38 units/mL among the various isolates, which increased linearly with temperature from 15 to 30 °C. There was an amplified production in the chitinase production in the presence of Mg+ and Ca2+ and Na+ metal ions, but the presence of certain ions was found to cause the down-regulated chitinase activity, i.e., Zn2+, Hg2+, Fe2+, Ag+ and K+. All the chitinase producing Trichoderma isolates inhibited the growth of tested pathogens viz., Dematophora necatrix, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium aphanidermatum at 25% culture-free filtrate concentration under in vitro conditions. Also, under in vivo conditions, the lowest wilt incidence and highest disease control on Fusarium oxysporum was observed in isolate BT4 with mean wilt incidence and disease control of 21% and 48%, respectively. The Trichoderma harzianum identified in this study will be further used in formulation development for the management of diseases under field conditions.
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The Role of Glycoside Hydrolases in Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179359. [PMID: 34502268 PMCID: PMC8431085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi need to secrete different hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall in order to enter the host and develop the disease. Fungi produce various types of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) during infection. Most of the characterized CWDEs belong to glycoside hydrolases (GHs). These enzymes hydrolyze glycosidic bonds and have been identified in many fungal species sequenced to date. Many studies have shown that CWDEs belong to several GH families and play significant roles in the invasion and pathogenicity of fungi and oomycetes during infection on the plant host, but their mode of function in virulence is not yet fully understood. Moreover, some of the CWDEs that belong to different GH families act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which trigger plant immune responses. In this review, we summarize the most important GHs that have been described in eukaryotic phytopathogens and are involved in the establishment of a successful infection.
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44
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Mart Nez-Cruz JS, Romero D, Hierrezuelo JS, Thon M, de Vicente A, P Rez-Garc A A. Effectors with chitinase activity (EWCAs), a family of conserved, secreted fungal chitinases that suppress chitin-triggered immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1319-1340. [PMID: 33793825 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants, chitin-triggered immunity is one of the first lines of defense against fungi, but phytopathogenic fungi have developed different strategies to prevent the recognition of chitin. Obligate biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi suppress the activation of host responses; however, little is known about how these fungi subvert the immunity elicited by chitin. During epiphytic growth, the cucurbit powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii expresses a family of candidate effector genes comprising nine members with an unknown function. In this work, we examine the role of these candidates in the infection of melon (Cucumis melo L.) plants, using gene expression analysis, RNAi silencing assays, protein modeling and protein-ligand predictions, enzymatic assays, and protein localization studies. Our results show that these proteins are chitinases that are released at pathogen penetration sites to break down immunogenic chitin oligomers, thus preventing the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. In addition, these effectors, designated effectors with chitinase activity (EWCAs), are widely distributed in pathogenic fungi. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which fungi suppress plant immunity and reinforce the idea that preventing the perception of chitin by the host is mandatory for survival and development of fungi in plant environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jes S Mart Nez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
| | - Jes S Hierrezuelo
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
| | - Michael Thon
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 37185, Spain
| | - Antonio de Vicente
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
| | - Alejandro P Rez-Garc A
- Departamento de Microbiolog�a, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de M�laga, M�laga 29071, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterr�nea "La Mayora", Universidad de M�laga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient�ficas (IHSM‒UMA‒CSIC), M�laga 29071, Spain
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Singh NK, Badet T, Abraham L, Croll D. Rapid sequence evolution driven by transposable elements at a virulence locus in a fungal wheat pathogen. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:393. [PMID: 34044766 PMCID: PMC8157644 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant pathogens cause substantial crop losses in agriculture production and threaten food security. Plants evolved the ability to recognize virulence factors and pathogens have repeatedly escaped recognition due rapid evolutionary change at pathogen virulence loci (i.e. effector genes). The presence of transposable elements (TEs) in close physical proximity of effector genes can have important consequences for gene regulation and sequence evolution. Species-wide investigations of effector gene loci remain rare hindering our ability to predict pathogen evolvability. RESULTS Here, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on a highly polymorphic mapping population of 120 isolates of Zymoseptoria tritici, the most damaging pathogen of wheat in Europe. We identified a major locus underlying significant variation in reproductive success of the pathogen and damage caused on the wheat cultivar Claro. The most strongly associated locus is intergenic and flanked by genes encoding a predicted effector and a serine-type endopeptidase. The center of the locus contained a highly dynamic region consisting of multiple families of TEs. Based on a large global collection of assembled genomes, we show that the virulence locus has undergone substantial recent sequence evolution. Large insertion and deletion events generated length variation between the flanking genes by a factor of seven (5-35 kb). The locus showed also strong signatures of genomic defenses against TEs (i.e. RIP) contributing to the rapid diversification of the locus. CONCLUSIONS In conjunction, our work highlights the power of combining GWAS and population-scale genome analyses to investigate major effect loci in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Badet
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Leen Abraham
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Knežević M, Berić T, Buntić A, Delić D, Nikolić I, Stanković S, Stajković-Srbinović O. Potential of root nodule nonrhizobial endophytic bacteria for growth promotion of Lotus corniculatus L. and Dactylis glomerata L. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2929-2940. [PMID: 34003543 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This research aimed to isolate and characterize nonrhizobial endophytic bacteria from root nodules of Medicago sativa L. and Lotus corniculatus L. with plant growth-promoting characteristics and to test its activity in a pot experiment with acid soil. METHODS AND RESULTS Out of 44 nonrhizobial isolates, the majority exhibited indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production; 29 produced siderophores, few isolates performed phosphate solubilization and/or produced lytic enzymes, while 30% of isolates showed notable antifungal activity. The most promising strains were identified as members of Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Serratia genera, based on 16S rRNA. Bacillus megaterium DZK1BH exhibited the overall best attributes for plant growth promotion and positively influenced the growth of L. corniculatus and Dactylis glomerata. CONCLUSIONS Root nodule endophytic B. megaterium DZK1BH could potentially be used as a biofertilizer for growing L. corniculatus L. and D. glomerata L. in acid soils, while Bacillus mojavensis L3 is a candidate for further antifungal potential investigation. SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT OF THE STUDY The use of root nodule endophytic bacteria with PGP traits may find its future application in organic agriculture, as their utilization could decrease the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and simultaneously promote plant growth, especially in soils with low production quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knežević
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Berić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Buntić
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Delić
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Soil Science, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - I Nikolić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Stanković
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Zamora-Ballesteros C, Pinto G, Amaral J, Valledor L, Alves A, Diez JJ, Martín-García J. Dual RNA-Sequencing Analysis of Resistant ( Pinus pinea) and Susceptible ( Pinus radiata) Hosts during Fusarium circinatum Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5231. [PMID: 34063405 PMCID: PMC8156185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium circinatum causes one of the most important diseases of conifers worldwide, the pine pitch canker (PPC). However, no effective field intervention measures aiming to control or eradicate PPC are available. Due to the variation in host genetic resistance, the development of resistant varieties is postulated as a viable and promising strategy. By using an integrated approach, this study aimed to identify differences in the molecular responses and physiological traits of the highly susceptible Pinus radiata and the highly resistant Pinus pinea to F. circinatum at an early stage of infection. Dual RNA-Seq analysis also allowed to evaluate pathogen behavior when infecting each pine species. No significant changes in the physiological analysis were found upon pathogen infection, although transcriptional reprogramming was observed mainly in the resistant species. The transcriptome profiling of P. pinea revealed an early perception of the pathogen infection together with a strong and coordinated defense activation through the reinforcement and lignification of the cell wall, the antioxidant activity, the induction of PR genes, and the biosynthesis of defense hormones. On the contrary, P. radiata had a weaker response, possibly due to impaired perception of the fungal infection that led to a reduced downstream defense signaling. Fusarium circinatum showed a different transcriptomic profile depending on the pine species being infected. While in P. pinea, the pathogen focused on the degradation of plant cell walls, active uptake of the plant nutrients was showed in P. radiata. These findings present useful knowledge for the development of breeding programs to manage PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zamora-Ballesteros
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (J.J.D.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Pinto
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (G.P.); (J.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Joana Amaral
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (G.P.); (J.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Luis Valledor
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Artur Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (G.P.); (J.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Julio J. Diez
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (J.J.D.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Martín-García
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (J.J.D.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
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Abdelhafez AA, Eid KE, El-Abeid SE, Abbas MHH, Ahmed N, Mansour RRME, Zou G, Iqbal J, Fahad S, Elkelish A, Alamri S, Siddiqui MH, Mohamed I. Application of soil biofertilizers to a clayey soil contaminated with Sclerotium rolfsii can promote production, protection and nutritive status of Phaseolus vulgaris. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129321. [PMID: 33434829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotium rolfsii is a soil-borne fungus that causes big losses in productivity of various plant species including Phaseolus vulgaris L. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the impacts of Sclerotium rolfsii on growth and production of common bean plants, (2) determine the effects of Sclerotium rolfsii on nutritive contents of beans, and (3) test the efficacy of bio-inoculants on suppressing plant infection with Sclerotium rolfsii. To fulfill these objectives, we used a coupled pot and field experimental approaches during two growing seasons. Common beans were inoculated with either arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Claroideoglomus etunicatum), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Trichoderma viride solely or in different combinations. Non-inoculated plants and fungicide treated ones were considered as reference treatments. Throughout these experiments, minimal amounts of rock phosphate were added during soil preparation for bio-inoculated treatments, while the non-inoculated reference treatments received a full dose of P as calcium superphosphate. Results revealed that all tested bioinoculants significantly raised the activities of plant defense enzymes i.e. chitinase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase as compared to non-inoculated control. Likewise, pre-, post- and plant survival percentages significantly increased due to these bio-inoculations. Increased survival percentages were attributed to the concurrent increases in uptake of N, P and Zn nutrients by plants treated with bioinoculants. In this concern, plant nutrients uptake was higher in combined than single bio-inoculant treatments. Moreover, the uptake values of plant nutrients owing to the combined bio-inoculants were higher than the corresponding ones achieved due to fungicide treatment. In conclusion, application of the tested bio-inoculants, especially the combined ones can be considered an eco-friendly approach that not only enhances plants resistance against infection with Sclerotium rolfsii but also improves plant nutritive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Abdelhafez
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science (SAAS), China; New Valley University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soils and Water Department, Egypt; National Committee of Soil Science, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, Egypt
| | - Khaled E Eid
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University Egypt
| | - Sozan E El-Abeid
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H H Abbas
- Soils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt
| | - Nevin Ahmed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt
| | | | - Guoyan Zou
- Eco-environmental Protection Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science (SAAS), China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan.
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suze Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Mohamed
- Soils and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt.
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Du C, Zhao X, Song W, He N, Jiang S, Zhou Y, Zhang G. Combined strategies to improve the expression of acidic mammalian chitinase in Pichia pastoris for the production of N, N'-diacetylchitobiose. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Akram F, Akram R, Ikram Ul Haq, Nawaz A, Jabbar Z, Ahmed Z. Biotechnological Eminence of Chitinases: A Focus on Thermophilic Enzyme Sources, Production Strategies and Prominent Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1009-1022. [PMID: 33602064 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210218215359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, is a constantly valuable and renewable raw material after cellulose. Due to advancement in technology, industrial interest has grown to take advantage of the chitin. OBJECTIVE Now, biomass is being treated with diverse microbial enzymes or cells for the production of desired products under best industrial conditions. Glycosidic bonds in chitin structure are degraded by chitinase enzymes, which are characterized into number of glycoside hydrolase (GHs) families. METHODS Thermophilic microorganisms are remarkable sources of industrially important thermostable enzymes, having ability to survive harsh industrial processing conditions. Thermostable chitinases have an edge over mesophilic chitinases as they can hydrolyse the substrate at relatively high temperatures and exhibit decreased viscosity, significantly reduced contamination risk, thermal and chemical stability and increased solubility. Various methods are employed to purify the enzyme and increase its yield by optimizing various parameters such as temperature, pH, agitation, and by investigating the effect of different chemicals and metal ions etc. Results: Thermostable chitinase enzymes show high specific activity at elevated temperature which distinguish them from mesophiles. Genetic engineering can be used for further improvement of natural chitinases, and unlimited potential for the production of thermophilic chitinases has been highlighted due to advancement in synthetic biological techniques. Thermostable chitinases are then used in different fields such as bioremediation, medicine, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION This review will provide information about chitinases, biotechnological potential of thermostable enzyme and the methods by which they are being produced and optimized for several industrial applications. Some of the applications of thermostable chitinases have also been briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Rabia Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore-54000, . Pakistan
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