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Alhasan K, Alsalmi AA, Almaiman W, Al Herbish AJ, Farhat A, Sandokji I, Aloufi M, Faqeehi HY, Abdulmajeed N, Alanazi A, AlHassan A, Alshathri A, Almalki AM, Bafageeh AA, Aldajani AM, AlMuzain A, Almuteri FS, Nasser HH, Al Alsheikh K, Almokali KM, Maghfuri M, Abukhatwah MW, Ahmed MAM, Fatani N, Al-Harbi N, AlDhaferi RF, Amohaimeed S, AlSannaa ZH, Shalaby MA, Raina R, Broering DC, Kari JA, Temsah MH. Insight into prevalence, etiology, and modalities of pediatric chronic dialysis: a comprehensive nationwide analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:1559-1566. [PMID: 38091245 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the prevalence and etiology of kidney failure (KF) among children below 15 years of age receiving chronic dialysis in Saudi Arabia and describe their dialysis modalities. METHODS This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 8 August 2022, encompassing all 23 pediatric dialysis centers in Saudi Arabia. Data gathered comprised patient demographics, causes of KF, and the dialysis methods employed. Collected data underwent analysis to determine prevalence of children undergoing chronic dialysis, discern underlying causes of KF, and evaluate distribution of patients across different dialysis modalities. RESULTS The prevalence of children on chronic dialysis is 77.6 per million children living in Saudi Arabia, equating to 419 children. The predominant underlying cause of KF was congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT), representing a substantial 41% of cases. Following this, others or unknown etiologies accounted for a noteworthy 25% of cases, with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) comprising 13%, glomerulonephritis at 11%, and congenital nephrotic syndrome contributing 10% to etiological distribution. Regarding dialysis modalities employed, 67% of patients were on peritoneal dialysis (PD), while the remaining 33% were on hemodialysis (HD). CONCLUSIONS This first nationwide study of pediatric chronic dialysis in Saudi Arabia sheds light on the prevalence of children undergoing chronic dialysis and underlying causes of their KF, thereby contributing to our understanding of clinical management considerations. This research serves as a stepping stone for the development of national registries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Alhasan
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amro Attaf Alsalmi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weiam Almaiman
- Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adi J Al Herbish
- Pediatric Nephrology Division, Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah Farhat
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Sandokji
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Aloufi
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Yahya Faqeehi
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, King Fahad Medical City, Children Specialized Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdulmajeed
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim Alanazi
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, King Fahad Medical City, Children Specialized Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz AlHassan
- Pediatric Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alshathri
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Mohammad Almalki
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Children's Hospital, Ministry of Health, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Alawi Bafageeh
- Center of Multi-Organ Transplant, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Aldajani
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Maternity Children Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf AlMuzain
- Pediatric Department, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faten Sudan Almuteri
- Pediatric Nephrology Division, Pediatric Department, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of Health, Madina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haydar Hassan Nasser
- Division of Nephrology, Pediatric Department, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al Alsheikh
- Pediatric Department, Maternity and Children Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khamisa Mohamed Almokali
- Pediatric Nephrology Division, Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magbul Maghfuri
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Waleed Abukhatwah
- Pediatric Nephrology Section, Pediatric Department, Alhada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naeima Fatani
- Pediatric Department, Maternity and Childcare Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naffaa Al-Harbi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rezqah Fajor AlDhaferi
- Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Amohaimeed
- Pediatric Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed A Shalaby
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Nephrology Centre of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rupesh Raina
- Department of Nephrology, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Dieter Clemens Broering
- Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameela A Kari
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Nephrology Centre of Excellence, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Bawazir Y. Clinicopathological correlation of patients with lupus nephritis: Data from a tertiary center in Saudi Arabia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37821. [PMID: 38579022 PMCID: PMC10994433 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus mainly affects young women, and approximately half of systemic lupus erythematosus patients develop lupus nephritis (LN). However, data on the types and remission rates of LN in Saudi Arabia are limited. Therefore, we aimed to highlight the LN remission rates in our population. A retrospective record review was conducted between January 2007 and December 2020 in a tertiary center in the western region of Saudi Arabia to determine the remission rates among patients with biopsy-proven LN who met the EULAR\ACR 2019 classification criteria. We identified 59 patients with biopsy-proven LN, mostly in young women. The common histopathological pattern was Class IV LN in 26 patients (44%). Three induction protocols were identified, along with systemic steroids: the high-dose cyclophosphamide protocol in 21 patients (35.6%), low-dose protocol in 4 patients (6.8%), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in 41 patients (69.5%). Partial response, defined as the reduction of the 24-hour proteinuria by 25% at 3 months and 50% at 6 months, was achieved in 18 patients (33.3%) at 3 months and decreased to 13 patients (24.1%) at 6 months. Complete clinical response, defined as 24-hour urinary protein between 500 and 700 mg at 12 months, was achieved in 44 patients (81.5%). Complete remission was higher among patients with Class IV LN (64.4%). The achievement of partial clinical response at 3 months was significantly lower among patients with hypertension (P = .041). This study presented the LN remission rates in a single center in Saudi Arabia. Similar to previous studies, Class IV LN were the most common histopathological finding in this study. Complete remission at 12 months was achieved in 44 (81%) patients. Delayed remission is associated with hypertension at the time of LN diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Bawazir
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Hasan MA, Alali L, Alsadah F, Alobud S, Alsaif J, Alali Z. Prevalence and Patterns of Renal Involvement Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematous at a Tertiary Center. J Clin Rheumatol 2023; 29:84-90. [PMID: 36251502 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by widespread inflammation and damage to multiple organ systems. One of the most common and severe manifestations of SLE is lupus nephritis (LN). OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of LN among subjects with SLE and to identify the demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters of SLE in subjects diagnosed with LN. METHODS This is a descriptive study conducted at a tertiary hospital. Medical records were reviewed from outpatients who visited between January 2015 and October 2019 and who has fulfilled the classification criteria for diagnosis of SLE and had LN. RESULTS Among 365 patients with SLE, 36% had LN. The most prevalent World Health Organization class of LN was IV, which significantly correlated with both abnormal creatinine levels and nephrotic range proteinuria. Elevated serum creatinine correlated with the presence of hypertension and thrombocytopenia. Cutaneous manifestations were noted to be present in 100% of LN patients, followed by arthritis and/or arthralgia (82.9%), anemia (94.6%), and lymphopenia (87.6%). CONCLUSION This study aids in the recognition of the demographic, clinical, laboratory features, and the histological patterns of LN patients in Saudi Arabia, that probably has a role in the development and disease progression. A significant correlation was found between abnormal kidney function and hypertension, thrombocytopenia and nephrotic range proteinuria. The presence of World Health Organization class IV LN correlated with both impaired kidney function and nephrotic range proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Ahmed Hasan
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Hospital of the University
| | - Lina Alali
- Medical intern, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alsadah
- Medical intern, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Alobud
- Medical intern, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Janat Alsaif
- Medical intern, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Alali
- Medical intern, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Shujairi A, Elbadawi F, Al-Saleh J, Hamouda M, Vasylyev A, Khamashta M. Literature review of lupus nephritis From the Arabian Gulf region. Lupus 2023; 32:155-165. [PMID: 36331103 PMCID: PMC9810828 DOI: 10.1177/09612033221137248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The severity of lupus nephritis (LN) varies between different ethnicities. However, there are limited data regarding disease severity for LN in patients from the Arabian Gulf region; moreover, there are no treatment guidelines developed specifically for this population. The objective of this review was to characterise the incidence of LN, current treatment practices, the severity of LN, and the pathophysiology and biomarkers associated with LN in the Arabian Gulf region. METHODS A literature search using EMBASE was conducted in October, 2021 to identify publications reporting on the incidence, treatment practices, severity, pathophysiology or biomarkers associated with LN, from countries in the Arabian Gulf region (including Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates). Additional relevant publications were provided by collaborators. A manual review of the publications was conducted to determine their relevance and data on the outcomes of interest were extracted. RESULTS Of 3705 publications, 54 publications were identified as relevant. LN is one of the most commonly diagnosed renal diseases within the Arabian Gulf and approximately 10%-36% of all renal biopsies are for LN. Treatment patterns within the region appear to vary and generally follow treatment guidelines recommended by the Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology (APLAR), the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) and Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). The majority of patients receive cyclophosphamide for induction therapy, whilst others receive mycophenolate mofetil. Most studies showed that the most frequently diagnosed class of LN within the Arabian Gulf region was Class IV (up to 63% of patients with LN). Sustained or increased levels of serum creatinine and proteinuria; and depressed levels of complement C3/C4 were commonly seen among patients with LN from the Arabian Gulf region. CONCLUSIONS This review identified that LN may manifest more severely among patients from the Arabian Gulf region than in other populations, such as Caucasian populations. A greater understanding of LN and the treatment practices within the region, as well as the development of more specific treatment guidelines for this population may help improve outcomes for patients with LN in the Arabian Gulf region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faisal Elbadawi
- Department of Rheumatology,
Dubai
Hospital, Dubai, United Arab
Emirates
| | - Jamal Al-Saleh
- Department of Rheumatology,
Dubai
Hospital, Dubai, United Arab
Emirates
| | | | | | - Munther Khamashta
- GSK, Medical
Affairs, Dubai, United Arab Emirates,Department of Women and Children’s
Health, Kings College
London, St Thomas' Hospital, London,
UK,Munther Khamashta; GSK, Medical Affairs,
ARENCO Tower 19th Floor, Dubai Media City, United Arab Emirates, 50199, Dubai.
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5
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Tampe D, Hakroush S, Tampe B. Molecular signatures of intrarenal complement receptors C3AR1 and C5AR1 correlate with renal outcome in human lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med 2022; 9:9/1/e000831. [PMID: 36521939 PMCID: PMC9756185 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2022-000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lupus nephritis is one of the most common and serious complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus nephritis is a major cause of kidney failure in patients with SLE, attributed to increased morbidity and mortality. The in situ deposition of intrarenal immune complexes promotes the accumulation of inflammatory cells and causes kidney injury. METHODS We here extracted transcriptome array datasets for expression of complement molecules in human lupus nephritis. Furthermore, we performed gene set enrichment analysis to identify molecular signatures associated with follow-up kidney function in lupus nephritis. RESULTS Within the glomerular compartment, intrarenal mRNA expression levels of C3AR1 (p=0.0333) and C5AR1 (p=0.0167) correlated with treatment success reflected by kidney function recovery specifically in class III lupus nephritis, while no such association was observed in class II or class IV lupus nephritis. Interestingly, mRNA expression levels of either glomerular C3AR1 or C5AR1 resulted in identical gene set and signalling pathways enrichments in human lupus nephritis, including interferon signalling and signalling by interleukins. Direct comparison of C3AR1 and C5AR1 confirmed a strong association between glomerular mRNA expression levels of both complement receptors (r=0.8955, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This study provides additional insights into signalling pathways associated with intrarenal synthesis of complement components in lupus nephritis that might be also affected by targeted therapy of the complement system. These results require confirmation but may contribute to a personalised treatment approach in distinct classes of human lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samy Hakroush
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Björn Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Hailu GMT, Hussen SU, Getachew S, Berha AB. Management practice and treatment outcomes of adult patients with Lupus Nephritis at the Renal Clinic of St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:214. [PMID: 35715762 PMCID: PMC9206350 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common severe complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which results in high morbidity and mortality. Up to 60% of adult patients with SLE develop the renal disease with different severity. Even with potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapies, many LN patients still progress to chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease. Thus, this study aimed to assess the management practice, treatment outcomes and to identify the associated factors of poor renal outcome in adult LN patients at the renal clinic of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to collect the data using an abstraction tool from patients’ records. The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria were used to diagnose LN among SLE patients. Logistic regression was used to determine crude and adjusted odds ratio and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethical review committee of the School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University and institutional review board of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College. Results Out of 168 study participants enrolled from September 1, 2016 to October 30, 2020, a total of 114 adult LN patients were included for final analysis. The mean (± SD) age of the LN patients at onset was 29.10 ± 9.67 years and 99 (86.8%) of all the patients were females. More than three-fourths (78.9%) of the LN patients had a good prognosis. However, 24 (21.1%) of the patients who didn’t achieve complete or partial remission had a poor prognosis. A kidney biopsy was done for 71 patients at initial presentation with class IV and III as the commonest class. The commonly prescribed immunosuppressive medications were cyclophosphamide as induction therapy in 67 (58.7%) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as maintenance therapy in 76 (66.7%). Gastrointestinal intolerances like abdominal pain, nausea, or diarrhea from MMF were the most common 27(31.2%) treatment-related adverse events reported. Acute kidney injury (AKI) at onset (AOR = 4.83, P = 0.026), high serum creatinine (SCr) at six months (AOR = 0.12, P = 0.003), no response at six months to attain complete remission (AOR = 0.05, P = 0.041) and presence of flare (AOR = 0.04, P = 0.004) were predictors poor treatment outcomes. Conclusion Despite good response with the present immunosuppressive regimens, relapse, treatment-related complications and adverse events are major problems that require close monitoring. The results and identified gaps of this study are used as an input to improve the management practice of LN in the study setting. Overall, this study is comparable with other findings and strengthen the present available literatures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-022-02846-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebre-Mariam Tsegay Hailu
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shemsu Umer Hussen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seifemichael Getachew
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemseged Beyene Berha
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Aly R, Zeng X, Acharya R, Upadhyay K. Delayed Onset Minimal Change Disease as a Manifestation of Lupus Podocytopathy. Clin Pract 2021; 11:747-754. [PMID: 34698110 PMCID: PMC8544568 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract11040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus podocytopathy (LP) is an uncommon manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is not included in the classification of lupus nephritis. The diagnosis of LP is confirmed by the presence of diffuse foot process effacement in the absence of capillary wall deposits with or without mesangial immune deposits in a patient with SLE. Here we describe a 13-year-old female who presented with nephrotic syndrome (NS) seven years after the diagnosis of SLE. The renal function had been stable for seven years since the SLE diagnosis, as manifested by the normal serum creatinine, serum albumin and absence of proteinuria. Renal biopsy showed evidence of minimal change disease without immune complex deposits or features of membranous nephropathy. Renal function was normal. The patient had an excellent response to steroid therapy with remission within two weeks. The patient remained in remission five months later during the most recent follow-up. This report highlights the importance of renal histology to determine the accurate etiology of NS in patients with SLE. Circulating factors, including cytokines such as interleukin 13, may play a role in the pathophysiology of LP and needs to be studied further in future larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Aly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Xu Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Ratna Acharya
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Kiran Upadhyay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-352-273-9180; Fax: +1-352-273-9028
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Zahab M, Fouda MA, Elhendy Y, Elokely A, Abdul Rahim M, Refaie AF, Alobaidi S, Akl A. Treatment Outcomes of Proliferative vs. Non-proliferative Adult Lupus Nephritis: A 10-Year Follow-Up. Cureus 2021; 13:e16955. [PMID: 34513521 PMCID: PMC8418876 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic disease with clinically heterogeneous outcomes. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common complication of SLE. LN impacts clinical SLE outcomes both directly, in the form of target organ damage, and indirectly, through the adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapy. Patients & methods The study included 402 SLE cases with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis who were under follow-up for the past 13 years at Mansoura Urology and Nephrology Center, Egypt. We studied the differences in outcome among various LN classes and between 275 proliferative cases and 102 non-proliferative cases. Results Class IV was the main LN class in our series with renal survival of 60% at 10 years. The major induction regimen after the first biopsy was cyclophosphamide. Mycophenolate mofetil was the main induction and adjunctive regimen after the second biopsy. The mean follow-up period was 6.7 + 5.2 years. Higher serum creatinine, proteinuria, activity, and chronicity indices were noted in proliferative LN. Patients suffering from proliferative lesions received higher immunosuppression and demonstrated higher morbidity than those with non-proliferative lesions. Remission was higher among the non-proliferative compared to the proliferative group. Conclusions Serum creatinine, proteinuria, and LN class were the most relevant prognostic factors for renal survival among Egyptian LN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zahab
- Nephrology Department, Urology & Nephrology Center, Mansoura, EGY
| | - Mohammed A Fouda
- Nephrology Department, Urology & Nephrology Center, Mansoura, EGY
| | - Yasser Elhendy
- Internal Medicine Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, EGY
| | - Amir Elokely
- Internal Medicine Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, EGY
| | - Mona Abdul Rahim
- Pathology Department, Urology & Nephrology Center, Mansoura, EGY
| | - Ayman F Refaie
- Nephrology Department, Urology & Nephrology Center, Mansoura, EGY
| | - Sami Alobaidi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ahmed Akl
- Nephrology Department, Urology & Nephrology Center, Mansoura, EGY
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Omair MA, AlQahtani BS, AlHamad EH, Tashkandy YA, Othman NS, AlShahrani KA, Paramasivam MP, AlEnzi F, Halwani R, Daghestani MH. Disease phenotype and diagnostic delay in Saudi patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: An exploratory cross-sectional study. Saudi Med J 2021; 42:405-410. [PMID: 33795496 PMCID: PMC8128627 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.4.20200767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To describe primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) cohort in Saudi Arabiain view in of clinical/serological/histopathological phentotype, and, diagnostic delay. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted between October 2018 and May 2019. Diagnostic delay was calculated from symptoms onset to clinical diagnosis. The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) and EULAR Sjogren’s Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI) were calculated. Results: Forty-one patients were included in the study. There were predominantly females (78%) with a mean (±SD) age of 58.76±12.7 and disease duration of 4.6±2.28 years. The mean diagnostic delay was 2.2±2.4 (range 1-11) years. Minor salivary gland biopsy was performed on 38 (92.7%) patients with a mean focus score of 2.3± 1.2 points. Interstitial lung disease and arthritis were the most common extra-glandular manifestations (EGM) affecting 27 (65.9%) patients for both. The mean ESSDAI was 9.95±7.73 and ESSPRI was 5.17±2.4. Conclusion: Saudi primary Sjogren’s syndrome patients have a high prevalence of EGM predominantly arthritis and ILD. The diagnostic delay is variable in our cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A. Omair
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Mohammed A. Omair, Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-5473
| | - Bashaer S. AlQahtani
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Esam H. AlHamad
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Yusra A. Tashkandy
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Nashwa S. Othman
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Khalid A. AlShahrani
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Muthurajan P. Paramasivam
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Fahidah AlEnzi
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rabih Halwani
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Maha H. Daghestani
- From the Rheumatology Division (Omair), Pulmonary Division (AlHamad, Paramasivam) Department of Medicine, from the Department of Zoology (AlQahtani, Daghestani), College of Medicine, from the Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Sciences (Tashkandy), Central Laboratory (Othman), King Saud University; from the Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine (AlShahrani), Diriyah General Hospital, Ministry of Health; from the Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine (AlEnzi), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine (Halwani), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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10
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Launching the Saudi Arthritis Registry. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:1207-1208. [PMID: 33550512 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Gasparotto M, Gatto M, Binda V, Doria A, Moroni G. Lupus nephritis: clinical presentations and outcomes in the 21st century. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:v39-v51. [PMID: 33280015 PMCID: PMC7751166 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a frequent and severe manifestation of SLE. Along the decades, the epidemiology of LN and its clinical presentation have been changing. However, even though retrospective cohort studies report a decreased mortality rate and an improvement in the disease prognosis, the percentage of patients progressing into end stage renal disease (ESRD) keeps steady despite the improvements in therapeutic strategies. Current in-use medications have been available for decades now, yet over the years, regimens for optimizing their efficacy and minimizing toxicity have been developed. Therapeutic research is now moving towards the direction of precision medicine and several new drugs, targeting selectively different pathogenetic pathways, are currently under evaluation with promising results. In this review, we address the main changes and persistent unmet needs in LN management throughout the past decades, with a focus on prognosis and upcoming treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariele Gatto
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua
| | - Valentina Binda
- Nephrology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua
| | - Gabriella Moroni
- Nephrology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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12
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Mahajan A, Amelio J, Gairy K, Kaur G, Levy RA, Roth D, Bass D. Systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis and end-stage renal disease: a pragmatic review mapping disease severity and progression. Lupus 2020; 29:1011-1020. [PMID: 32571142 PMCID: PMC7425376 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320932219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective The understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN) pathogenesis remains incomplete. This review assessed LN development in SLE, within-LN progression and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods A keyword-based literature search was conducted, and 26 publications were included. Results Overall, 7–31% of patients had LN at SLE diagnosis; 31–48% developed LN after SLE diagnosis, most within 5 years. Class IV was the most commonly found LN class and had the worst prognosis. Histological transformation occurred in 40–76% of patients, more frequently from non-proliferative rather than proliferative lesions. Cumulative 5- and 10-year ESRD incidences in patients with SLE were 3% and 4%, respectively, and 3–11% and 6–19%, respectively, in patients with SLE and LN. Conclusions Elevated serum creatinine was identified as a predictor of worsening disease state, and progression within LN classes and from SLE/LN to ESRD. This review highlights the substantial risk for developing LN and progressing to ESRD amongst patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Amelio
- GlaxoSmithKline, Real World Evidence and Epidemiology, Stevenage, UK
| | - Kerry Gairy
- GlaxoSmithKline, Value Evidence and Outcomes, Brentford, UK
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13
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Saleh M, Eltoraby EE, Tharwat S, Nassar MK. Clinical and histopathological features and short-term outcomes of lupus nephritis: a prospective study of 100 Egyptian patients. Lupus 2020; 29:993-1001. [PMID: 32493152 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320928424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The short-term outcomes of lupus nephritis (LN) are variable and unpredictable among individuals. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and histopathological features and short-term renal outcomes in LN patients. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study carried out at nephrology and rheumatology units in Egypt between 2018 and 2019. A total of 100 patients with biopsy-proven LN were studied. Patients were evaluated for response after six months. RESULTS The female-to-male ratio was 8.1:1. About 70% of patients were hypertensive at disease onset, with rates for classes I, II, III, IV, V and VI LN being 1%, 7%, 20%, 53%, 14% and 6%, respectively. Among the immunosuppressive drugs used for induction, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) represented the most commonly used (44%) followed by cyclophosphamide (CYC; 37%). After six months of follow-up, about two thirds of patients achieved remission. There was no significant difference in remission rate between MMF and CYC. On multivariate analysis, serum creatinine (SCr) at presentation was the most significant predictor of renal recovery. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve, the cut-off value of SCr was 1.6 mg/dL, with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 71% predicting renal recovery. Repeat renal biopsy was needed in 10 patients; class and treatment strategy changed in 40% and 70% of them, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings in Egyptian LN patients compare favourably with most studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Saleh
- Nephrology unit, Internal Medicine Department, The Ministry of Health and Population of Egypt, Egypt
| | - Ehab E Eltoraby
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Samar Tharwat
- Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Kamal Nassar
- Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (MNDU), Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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14
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Ramírez Sepúlveda JI, Bolin K, Mofors J, Leonard D, Svenungsson E, Jönsen A, Bengtsson C, Nordmark G, Rantapää Dahlqvist S, Bengtsson AA, Rönnblom L, Sjöwall C, Gunnarsson I, Wahren-Herlenius M. Sex differences in clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:60. [PMID: 31843005 PMCID: PMC6915972 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects women, but previous studies suggest that men with SLE present a more severe disease phenotype. In this study, we investigated a large and well-characterized patient group with the aim of identifying sex differences in disease manifestations, with a special focus on renal involvement. Methods We studied a Swedish multi-center SLE cohort including 1226 patients (1060 women and 166 men) with a mean follow-up time of 15.8 ± 13.4 years. Demographic data, disease manifestations including ACR criteria, serology and renal histopathology were investigated. Renal outcome and mortality were analyzed in subcohorts. Results Female SLE patients presented more often with malar rash (p < 0.0001), photosensitivity (p < 0.0001), oral ulcers (p = 0.01), and arthritis (p = 0.007). Male patients on the other hand presented more often with serositis (p = 0.0003), renal disorder (p < 0.0001), and immunologic disorder (p = 0.04) by the ACR definitions. With regard to renal involvement, women were diagnosed with nephritis at an earlier age (p = 0.006), while men with SLE had an overall higher risk for progression into end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.1 (95% CI, 2.1–12.5). The mortality rate among men with SLE and nephritis compared with women was HR 1.7 (95% CI, 0.8–3.8). Conclusion SLE shows significant sex-specific features, whereby men are affected by a more severe disease with regard to both renal and extra-renal manifestations. Additionally, men are at a higher risk of developing ESRD which may require an increased awareness and monitoring in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Bolin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johannes Mofors
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dag Leonard
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Rheumatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christine Bengtsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Gunnel Nordmark
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anders A Bengtsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology/Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Wahren-Herlenius
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Almalki AH, Alrowaie FA, Alhozali HM, Almalki NK, Alsubei AI, Alturki MS, Sadagah LF. Remission and long-term outcomes of proliferative lupus nephritis: retrospective study of 96 patients from Saudi Arabia. Lupus 2019; 28:1082-1090. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203319860584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Few data are available about the rate of short-term remission and its impact on the long-term outcomes of proliferative lupus nephritis in the Middle East. Methods An observational study was carried out involving 96 adult patients with biopsy-proven focal or diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (PLN) from four different hospitals. Data on induction, remission and long-term outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results Among the 96 patients with biopsy-proven PLN (median age 27 (IQR: 21,34) years, 85% women and median duration of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) prior to diagnosis 27 (IQR: 11, 55) months), 67% developed remission at 6 months (proportion 0.67; 95% CI 0.57, 0.76). Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was used in 45/96 (47%), CYC in 41/95 (43%) and other agents in 10/96 (10%). The choice of MMF as induction agent has increased in recent years. Among baseline characteristics, only histologic activity was found to have a significant association with remission, with active lesions more likely to remit than active/chronic and chronic lesions (AOR 6.5, 95% CI 1.44–29.39, p = 0.015). Based on Kaplan–Meier analysis, the 5-year renal survival rate without doubling serum creatinine was 73.8%. Compared to patients with complete remission, lower long-term renal survival rates were observed in patients with no remission (89.7 versus 43%, p = 0.001) and partial remission (89.7 versus 77.6%, p = 0.256). The cumulative rate of doubling serum creatinine, dialysis, relapse and death was 23%, 11%, 10% and 5%, respectively, at 48-month median follow up. Conclusion Approximately two-thirds of patients with PLN develop remission in response to standard induction therapy. Remission was negatively associated with the presence of chronic changes in renal biopsy. Overall, MMF is the most commonly used agent to induce remission; however, with more severe disease CYC, is used more frequently. PLN is associated with significant long-term renal outcomes including a 26% cumulative rate of doubling of serum creatinine at 5 years. Initial remission predicts this long-term renal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Almalki
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia
| | - F A Alrowaie
- Department of Medical Subspecialties, Nephrology Section, King Fahd Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H M Alhozali
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - N K Almalki
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Section, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A I Alsubei
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M S Alturki
- Department of Nephrology, Alhada Armed Force Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - L F Sadagah
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Characteristics and Histological Types of Lupus Nephritis in a Jordanian Tertiary Medical Center. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7087461. [PMID: 31019971 PMCID: PMC6452530 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7087461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Few reports of lupus nephritis (LN) from Jordan and the Middle East exist. This study assessed the demographic, clinical, and basic laboratory characteristics of Jordanian patients with LN and correlations with the histological class of LN. Methods This was a retrospective study of all patients who underwent kidney biopsy between 2007 and 2018 at a tertiary medical center in Jordan. Patients' demographic, clinical, laboratory, and pathological data were reviewed. Results In total, 79 patients were included in this study [mean age, 29.95 ± 12.16 years; 11 men (13.9%), 68 women (86.1%)]. Asymptomatic proteinuria and hematuria were the most common presentations in LN patients at biopsy (59.5%). The study revealed a significant difference in frequency of nephritic syndrome (p= 0.01) between sexes (10.3% female vs. 45.5% male). Class IV was the most common pathological class of LN [37 (46.8%)], followed by class V [15 (19%)] and class III [10 (12.7%)]. Post hoc analysis of the associations between laboratory values and histopathological patterns revealed a significant correlation between class IV lupus and renal failure (p= 0.018) and class IV lupus and anti-DNA antibodies p= 0.030). End-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurred in 25% of lupus nephritis cases. There was an increased likelihood of ESRD among men than women (45% vs. 22%). Overall mortality was 10%. Conclusion Although some clinical and laboratory findings correlate with histological types of LN, clinical and laboratory parameters of Jordanian patients with LN are not predictive of the histological type, although differences with regional studies were noted.
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17
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Metry AM, Al Salmi I, Al Balushi F, Yousef MA, Al Ismaili F, Hola A, Hannawi S. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Symptoms and Signs at Initial Presentations. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2019; 18:142-150. [PMID: 30488801 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666181128161828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune multisystem inflammatory condition that causes microvascular inflammation with the production of various auto-antibodies that play a major role in its pathogenesis. SLE can affect both sexes, all ages, and all ethnic groups with widespread geographical and socioeconomic backgrounds. Asia encompasses people of many sociocultural backgrounds with diverse ethnic. OBJECTIVE Due to a lack of national epidemiological research, the incidence and prevalence of SLE in Middle Eastern and Arab countries, have only recently been studied. This article aims to explore the status of SLE in Oman and to record symptoms and signs of SLE at first presentation. METHODOLOGY Medical records of all patients diagnosed with SLE at the Royal Hospital from 2006 to 2014 were reviewed for information recorded at first visit. SLE diagnosis was based on the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria; ACR97 (which includes the clinical manifestation and laboratory evidence). Patients with SLE disease manifestations extrapolated and analyzed. There were 966 patients diagnosed with SLE during the period from 2006 to 2014. Mean (SD) age at presentations was 35.5 (11.5) years. Majority of patients were female which constitutes 88.7% of the total SLE patients with mean age 27.6 (1.4) years. RESULTS Constitutional symptoms were found in 48.68 of SLE population including fatigue in 35.22%, and weight changes in 13.43%. The cutaneous manifestations that were present included malar rash 37.69%, photosensitivity 35.10%, discoid lupus 17.63%, and hair loss 39.29%. Musculoskeletal manifestations were commonly seen among the studied population including arthralgia in 68.75%, myalgia in 55.65%, arthritis in 48.31%, whilst myositis, tendon abnormalities and avascular necrosis were found in only 2.47%, 0.31% and 1.98%. respectively. CONCLUSION This is the first study of the symptoms and signs at initial clinical presentation of SLE patients compared to other studies done regionally where most have focused on clinical manifestations during the progression course of SLE. SLE manifestations may be related to the differences in the genetic make-up of the patients who come from various ethnic groups despite similar geography or sociocultural background, or to referral bias, as some studies were performed in the nephrology units and others in the rheumatology units. There is a pressing need to establish a nationwide and regional collaboration to establish LUPUS and to put forward a strategic planning with each MOH to provide an easy and efficient report of SLE cases and provide various effective management for such a debilitating syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Issa Al Salmi
- The Renal Medicine Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | | | | | | | - Alan Hola
- The Renal Medicine Department, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Suad Hannawi
- Rheumatology Department, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Dubai 65522, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Abstract
Proliferative lupus nephritis requires prompt diagnosis and treatment with immunosuppressive therapy. Cyclophosphamide is the longest studied agent, but mycophenolate mofetil has recently emerged as an efficacious induction and maintenance treatment that does not impart the risk of infertility. However, overall remission rates remain suboptimal and there is a need for improved therapeutic options. To this end, ongoing clinical studies are focusing on agents that target key molecules and pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis based on previous animal and human studies. This article reviews key findings of trials supporting established induction and maintenance treatment regimens along with novel therapeutic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Meliambro
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1243, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kirk N Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1243, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1243, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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19
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AlMatham KI, AlFayez AF, AlHarthi RA, AlMutairi FS, Alrasheedi FS, Mustafa A, Ahmed M, AlMatouq BA, AlRowaei FA. Glomerulonephritis disease pattern at Saudi tertiary care center. Saudi Med J 2018; 38:1113-1117. [PMID: 29114699 PMCID: PMC5767614 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.11.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess changes in the pattern of glomerular diseases to help guide optimal allocation of resources, to focus future reasearch, and improve outcomes. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on kidney biopsies taken between 2007 and 2016 at a single tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia (King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh) to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of glomerulonephritis (GN). Results: The most common primary GN in 102 biopsies from adult patients with a mean age of 28.9 ± 13.6 years and 40.2% female, was focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (35.3%). Among 64 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus associated nephritis, of whom most (82.8%) were female, lupus nephritis (LN) 4 (46.9%), and (LN) 3 (32.8%) were the most common lupus nephritis classes. Conclusion: Establishing prospective GN registries from which robust diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes data can be acquired is warranted; however, registry development and maintenance are often precluded by resource limitations. Accordingly, retrospective analysis of administrative data will continue to provide important complementary information on GN epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid I AlMatham
- Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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20
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Mahmoud GA, Shahin AA, Zayed HS, Moghazy A, Eissa BM. Clinical and immunological pattern and outcome of Egyptian systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a single center experience. Lupus 2018; 27:1562-1569. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203318776085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and immunological pattern and disease outcome in Egyptian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Patients and methods The medical records of 770 systemic lupus erythematosus patients who were followed from 2002–2015 at Kasr Alainy Hospital, Cairo University, were retrospectively reviewed. Results There were 707 (91.8%) females. The mean age at disease onset was 22.1 ± 8.6 and the disease duration was 6.1 ± 4.5 years. The main clinical manifestations were mucocutaneous (90.8% with oral ulcers affecting 52.5%), arthritis (80.3%), nephritis (67.8%), hematologic involvement (64.9%), serositis (55.2%) and neuropsychiatric manifestations (44.3%). The frequencies of antinuclear antibodies were 94.3%, anti-dsDNA 74.8%, anti-Smith 11%, anticardiolipin antibodies 29.5% and lupus anticoagulant 19.8%. Infections, predominantly bacterial, affected 337 (43.8%) patients. Thirty-three (4.3%) patients died. The main causes of death were sepsis and disease activity. The five- and 10-year survival rates for the total cohort were 97.4% and 96.3%, respectively, and were 96% and 92%, respectively for those with nephritis ( p = 0.008). Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum creatinine, a higher damage index, infections, a higher glucocorticoid dose and cyclophosphamide use ≥ six months were associated with an increased risk of mortality with odds ratios of 3.69, p < 0.01; 4.12, p < 0.001; 1.54, p < 0.001; 1.43, p < 0.001; 5.08, p < 0.001; 5.04, p < 0.001 and 2.25, p = 0.03, respectively. Conclusion Compared to other cohorts, a relatively lower mean age at systemic lupus erythematosus onset and higher frequencies of oral ulcers, serositis and nephritis were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mahmoud
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A A Shahin
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H S Zayed
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Moghazy
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - B M Eissa
- Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence of Biopsy-Proven Lupus Nephritis. Arch Rheumatol 2017; 33:17-25. [PMID: 29900975 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2017.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to conduct a meta-analysis to clarify the epidemiologic characteristics of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis (BPLN), including those relating to its prevalence and prognosis. Patients and methods A literature search for relevant studies was conducted in the electronic databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane trial register. The following search terms were used for original articles published between January 1982 and April 2016: "lupus nephritis" or systemic lupus erythematosus ('SLE') or 'systemic lupus erythematous' and "pathology" or 'epidemiology' or prevalence or incidence. Pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results Nineteen studies were included (mean age of SLE patients at renal biopsy: ~30 years). Of total BPLN patients, 85% were females. BPLN developed in 29% of SLE patients, and accounted for 60% of secondary glomerular diseases in renal biopsy databases. BPLN prevalence among SLE patients was higher in Saudi Arabia compared with pooled Europe/USA data (43% vs 26%, p<0.05). Pooled BPLN prevalence among secondary glomerular diseases patients was higher in Asian/Latin American countries than in Europe (63% vs 34%, p<0.05). Overall five-, 10- and 20-year survival rates of BPLN patients were 94%, 86%, and 71%, respectively, which were higher than those before 1995 (84%, 72%, and 52%, respectively) and lower than those after 1995 (96%, 89%, and 80%, respectively) (all p<0.05). Class IV nephritis, present in 40% of BPLN patients, was a risk factor for renal failure that contributed to poor prognosis. Conclusion Lupus nephritis is a common complication of young female patients with SLE, and the most prevalent etiology of secondary glomerular diseases. Attention should be paid to class IV nephritis due to its high frequency and association with poor prognosis.
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Lewis MJ, Jawad AS. The effect of ethnicity and genetic ancestry on the epidemiology, clinical features and outcome of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:i67-i77. [PMID: 27940583 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this in-depth review, we examine the worldwide epidemiology of SLE and summarize current knowledge on the influence of race/ethnicity on clinical manifestations, disease activity, damage accumulation and outcome in SLE. Susceptibility to SLE has a strong genetic component, and trans-ancestral genetic studies have revealed a substantial commonality of shared genetic risk variants across different genetic ancestries that predispose to the development of SLE. The highest increased risk of developing SLE is observed in black individuals (incidence 5- to 9-fold increased, prevalence 2- to 3-fold increased), with an increased risk also observed in South Asians, East Asians and other non-white groups, compared with white individuals. Black, East Asian, South Asian and Hispanic individuals with SLE tend to develop more severe disease with a greater number of manifestations and accumulate damage from lupus more rapidly. Increased genetic risk burden in these populations, associated with increased autoantibody reactivity in non-white individuals with SLE, may explain the more severe lupus phenotype. Even after taking into account socio-economic factors, race/ethnicity remains a key determinant of poor outcome, such as end-stage renal failure and mortality, in SLE. Community measures to expedite diagnosis through increased awareness in at-risk racial/ethnic populations and ethnically personalized treatment algorithms may help in future to improve long-term outcomes in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles J Lewis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ali S Jawad
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Yu KH, Kuo CF, Chou IJ, Chiou MJ, See LC. Risk of end-stage renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a nationwide population-based study. Int J Rheum Dis 2016; 19:1175-1182. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Hui Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fu Kuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
- Health Examination Center; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - I-Jun Chou
- Department of Pediatrics; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jiun Chiou
- Biostatistics Consulting Center; Department of Public Health; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Lai-Chu See
- Biostatistics Consulting Center; Department of Public Health; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
- Biostatistics Core Laboratory; Molecular Medical Research Center; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
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Kono M, Yasuda S, Kato M, Kanetsuka Y, Kurita T, Fujieda Y, Otomo K, Horita T, Oba K, Kondo M, Mukai M, Yanai M, Fukasawa Y, Atsumi T. Long-term outcome in Japanese patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus 2014; 23:1124-32. [PMID: 24860121 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314536246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to clarify the long-term outcome in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) according to the International Society of Nephrology and Renal Pathology Society classification. This retrospective analysis comprised 186 Japanese patients given a diagnosis of LN by renal specimen with a mean observation period of 12 years. Primary end point was defined as death or end-stage renal disease, and standardized mortality ratios were calculated. Five patients presented with histopathological class I, 62 with II, 21 with III or III+V, 73 with IV or IV+V and 25 with V. Fourteen deaths occurred, corresponding to an overall standardized mortality ratio of 3.59 (95% confidence interval 2.02-5.81, p < 0.0001). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a 10-year overall survival of 95.7%. Nephrotic proteinuria (≥3.5 g/day) at baseline was identified as an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival in Cox regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a 10-year renal survival as 94.3%. Male gender and nephrotic proteinuria at baseline were identified as independent poor prognostic factors for renal survival in Cox regression analysis. In conclusion, LN was associated with a 3.59-fold increase in mortality compared with the general population. Male gender and nephrotic proteinuria were predictive for poor renal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kono
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Yasuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Kato
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y Kanetsuka
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Kurita
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y Fujieda
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K Otomo
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Horita
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K Oba
- Translational Research and Clinical Trial Center, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Kondo
- Department of Rheumatology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Mukai
- Department of Rheumatology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Yanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Y Fukasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Atsumi
- Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Gomaa W, Bahlas S, Habhab W, Mushtaq M, Al-Ghamdi S, Al-Maghrabi J. Clinicopathological characteristics of lupus nephritis in Western region of Saudi Arabia: An experience from two tertiary medical centres. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Fatemi A, Kazemi M, Sayedbonakdar Z, Farajzadegan Z, Karimzadeh H, Moosavi M. Long-term outcome of biopsy-proven lupus nephritis in Iran. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 16:739-46. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alimohammad Fatemi
- Department of Rheumatology; Alzahra Hospital; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Mehdi Kazemi
- Department of Internal Medicine; Alzahra Hospital; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Zahra Sayedbonakdar
- Department of Rheumatology; Alzahra Hospital; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Ziba Farajzadegan
- Department of Community Medicine; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Hadi Karimzadeh
- Department of Rheumatology; Alzahra Hospital; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Mahdi Moosavi
- Department of Internal Medicine; Alzahra Hospital; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
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Bozzolo EP, Ramirez GA, Bonavida G, Lanzani C, Scotti R, Dell’Antonio G, Baldissera E, Canti V, Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P, Sabbadini MG. Efficacy and toxicity of treatments for nephritis in a series of consecutive lupus patients. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:537-46. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.817560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abid N, Khan AS, Al Otaibi FH. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. A comparative study. Lupus 2013; 22:1529-33. [PMID: 23934402 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313500548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study aimed to collect data related to the clinical manifestations and laboratory investigations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia, in one of the tertiary-care centers, King Fahd Hospital Al-Hasa, and to compare it with other regions of Saudi Arabia. Forty-six patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology 1997 criteria (ACR) were collected over a period from January 2004 to December 2008. The results showed an average age of onset of 26.17 (±9.17). The most common clinical features were nonspecific constitutional symptoms (fever, fatigue and malaise) seen in 44 patients (95.7%). Musculoskeletal features seen were mostly arthralgias (91.3%) and arthritis (76.1%). Nephritis was seen in 58.7% and hypertension in 52.2%. Mucocutaneous involvement included oral ulcers (71.7%), hair loss (65.2%), butterfly rashes (67.4%), photosensitivity (47.8%) and discoid lupus (13%). Neurologic manifestations showed psychosis in 17.4%, depression in 15.2% and headache in 28.3%. The most common hematologic presentation was leukopenia (58.7%) followed by hemolytic anemia and anemia of chronic disease (47.8%). Antinuclear antibodies were positive in 44 (95.7%), anti-dsDNA in 38 (42.6%), anti-Ro SSA and La SSB in 38 (82.6%). Anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant were positive in eight (17.4%). Low complement levels (C3 and C4) were seen in 41 (89.1%) of the patients with active disease. The drugs used in treatment were NSAIDs (100%), antimalarials (97.8%), steroids (100%), intermittent cyclophosphamide and other immunosuppressive drugs (71.7%). We found that the age of onset and sex distributions were different from other areas of Saudi Arabia, while clinical manifestations were the same as in other areas. The prognosis of lupus was good overall despite the multi-organ involvement. However, further studies based on larger number of patients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Abid
- 1Internal Medicine Department
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Mok CC, Kwok RCL, Yip PSF. Effect of Renal Disease on the Standardized Mortality Ratio and Life Expectancy of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:2154-60. [PMID: 23754671 DOI: 10.1002/art.38006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Vozmediano C, Rivera F, López-Gómez JM, Hernández D. Risk factors for renal failure in patients with lupus nephritis: data from the spanish registry of glomerulonephritis. NEPHRON EXTRA 2012; 2:269-77. [PMID: 23139689 PMCID: PMC3493001 DOI: 10.1159/000342719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. Data from national registries based on renal biopsies are scarce. The aim of our study was to analyze the demographic characteristics, clinicopathological correlations, and risk factors associated with renal failure in patients with LN at the time of renal biopsy. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional observational study based on data from the Spanish Registry of Glomerulonephritis for the years 1994-2009. The outcome measure was the presence of renal failure (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). We also recorded age, gender, proteinuria levels, hypertension, and histological class. RESULTS We collected 17,525 native renal biopsies, of which 1,648 biopsies showed LN lesions. In total, 609 patients (37%) showed renal failure at the time of renal biopsy. The univariate analysis showed that these patients were older, had higher levels of proteinuria, and a higher prevalence of hypertension than the group with eGFR ≥60 ml/min/ 1.73 m(2). The histological class of LN was recorded for 566 patients, and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for renal failure at the time of renal biopsy were age (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.04), male gender (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.12-3.10), hypertension (OR 3.18; 95% CI 2.16-4.67), proteinuria (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.08-1.24), and histological classes III and IV (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.16-2.87). CONCLUSIONS Data from the Spanish Registry of Glomerulonephritis provide valuable information about risk factors for renal failure in patients with LN at the time of renal biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vozmediano
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital General Universitario Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Borchers AT, Leibushor N, Naguwa SM, Cheema GS, Shoenfeld Y, Gershwin ME. Lupus nephritis: a critical review. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:174-94. [PMID: 22982174 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis remains one of the most severe manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis is an important step in identifying more targeted and less toxic therapeutic approaches. Substantial research has helped define the pathogenetic mechanisms of renal manifestations and, in particular, the complex role of type I interferons is increasingly recognized; new insights have been gained into the contribution of immune complexes containing endogenous RNA and DNA in triggering the production of type I interferons by dendritic cells via activation of endosomal toll-like receptors. At the same time, there have been considerable advances in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Corticosteroids have long been the cornerstone of therapy, and the addition of cyclophosphamide has contributed to renal function preservation in patients with severe proliferative glomerulonephritis, though at the cost of serious adverse events. More recently, in an effort to minimize drug toxicity and achieve equal effectiveness, other immunosuppressive agents, including mycophenolate mofetil, have been introduced. Herein, we provide a detailed review of the trials that established the equivalency of these agents in the induction and/or maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis, culminating in the recent publication of new treatment guidelines by the American College of Rheumatology. Although newer biologics have been approved and continue to be a focus of research, they have, for the most part, been relatively disappointing compared to the effectiveness of biologics in other autoimmune diseases. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for renal preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Kari JA. Pediatric renal diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. World J Pediatr 2012; 8:217-21. [PMID: 22886193 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-012-0360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric nephrology is a growing subspecialty in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Pediatric nephrologists are challenged with a different spectrum of renal diseases. Moreover, there is a lack of epidemiological studies for most of these diseases. In this article, we discuss the spectrum of renal diseases in KSA and highlight the differences that exist between reports from KSA and those from other countries. DATA SOURCES PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched for articles on pediatric renal diseases. RESULTS Genetically mediated renal diseases are considerably high in KSA. Congenital and infantile nephrotic syndrome is higher in KSA than in other countries. Post-infectious glomerular pathology is rather common but is declining, while tropical infections such as schistosomiasis have been controlled. Neurogenic bladder caused by spinal lesion is an important cause of chronic kidney disease among pediatric patients. Renal stones are also more frequent in KSA than in other countries. CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of pediatric renal diseases in KSA is rather different from that reported from Western countries. More epidemiological studies are required to understand the actual incidence and nature of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameela Abdulaziz Kari
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Department of King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Zheng ZH, Zhang LJ, Liu WX, Lei YS, Xing GL, Zhang JJ, Quan SX, Liu D, Hu DS, Li LL, Liu ZS. Predictors of survival in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus 2012; 21:1049-56. [PMID: 22513365 DOI: 10.1177/0961203312445230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current study was to determine the predictors of survival in 491 Chinese patients with lupus nephritis (LN). All patients were evaluated and consecutively followed up from 2003 to 2010. The female: male ratio was 9.5:1, with a median age of 31.1 ± 12 years. Forty-nine (10.0%) patients were lost to follow-up and 47 (10.3%) patients died. The overall cumulative probability of survival at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years by Kaplan-Meier analysis was 88%, 77%, 53% and 45%, respectively. The log-rank test showed that the probability of survival was significantly decreased in the late-onset patients (≥50 years) ( P = 0.036), patients with hypoproteinaemia (≤35 g/l) ( P = 0.014), patients with increased creatinine (≥1.5 mg/dl) ( P = 0.002) and patients with massive proteinuria (≥3.5 g/24 h) ( P = 0.009). However, the probability of survival was significantly higher in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) ( P = 0.003) than those not treated with it. Based on a multivariate model, increased creatinine (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.041; P = 0.017) and proteinuria ≥3.5 g/24hours (HR=1.716; P = 0.016) were independent risk factors. Glucocorticoid (HR = 0.457; P = 0.01) and HCQ (HR=0.197; P = 0.026) were independent protective factors. Our findings suggest that renal dysfunction and massive proteinuria are independent risk factors for mortality. HCQ could improve the survival of patients with LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZH Zheng
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - LJ Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - WX Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - YS Lei
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - GL Xing
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - JJ Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - SX Quan
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - D Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - DS Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - LL Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - ZS Liu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Okpechi IG, Swanepoel CR, Tiffin N, Duffield M, Rayner BL. Clinicopathological insights into lupus nephritis in South Africans: a study of 251 patients. Lupus 2012; 21:1017-24. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203312441981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are few published studies on biopsy proven lupus nephritis (LN) from sub-Sahara Africa, mainly due to lack of expertise and pathology back-up for performing and interpreting renal biopsies in many centres. The purpose of this study was to document factors associated with biopsy proven LN and to determine clinical and laboratory models that best predict proliferative LN in South Africans. Of the 251 patients studied, 84.1% were females and 79.3% were of mixed ancestry. There were more observed cases of proliferative LN (63%) than non-proliferative LN. Factors associated with proliferative LN were male gender ( p = 0.049), haematuria on dipstix ( p < 0.0001), proteinuria on dipstix ( p = 0.042), low serum albumin ( p = 0.032), low complement C3 ( p < 0.0001), low complement C4 ( p = 0.009) and positive double-stranded DNA ( p = 0.039). Using four models designed from various combinations of the factors associated with proliferative LN, the specificity and positive predictive values were highest for the model that combined gender (male), presence of dipstix haematuria and proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, low C3 and low C4 and positive double-stranded DNA (100% respectively). Further study is recommended to identify the value of using these demographic and laboratory parameters in identifying patients with proliferative LN in resource limited centres where the performance of a biopsy is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- IG Okpechi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - CR Swanepoel
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N Tiffin
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - M Duffield
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - BL Rayner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Ruiz-Irastorza G, Espinosa G, Frutos MA, Jiménez Alonso J, Praga M, Pallarés L, Rivera F, Robles Marhuenda Á, Segarra A, Quereda C. [Diagnosis and treatment of lupus nephritis]. Rev Clin Esp 2012; 212:147.e1-30. [PMID: 22361331 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Ruiz-Irastorza
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Cruces, UPV/EHU, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, España.
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Zeher M, Doria A, Lan J, Aroca G, Jayne D, Boletis I, Hiepe F, Prestele H, Bernhardt P, Amoura Z. Efficacy and safety of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in combination with two glucocorticoid regimens for the treatment of active lupus nephritis. Lupus 2011; 20:1484-93. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203311418269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid, in combination with glucocorticoids, has been shown in a series of trials to be safe and effective for treatment of lupus nephritis. Regimens that permit glucocorticoid dose reduction without loss of efficacy would be advantageous. MyLupus was a 24-week, multicentre, open-label, study in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis treated with enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), randomized to standard-dose ( n = 42) or reduced-dose ( n = 39) glucocorticoids. Complete response at week 24, the primary endpoint, was achieved in 19.8% (16/81) of patients (19.0% standard-dose, 20.5% reduced-dose; lower limit of 97.5% CI for the difference −15.9%, p = 0.098, i.e. non-inferiority was not shown). Partial response occurred in 42.0% of patients (34/81). From baseline to week 24, the mean global British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) score decreased from 14.0 ± 5.4 to 5.0 ± 3.8 ( p < 0.001). The incidence of adverse events was 80.2% (65/81), most frequently gastrointestinal complications (31/81, 38.3%). Infections were reported in 57.1% and 35.9% of standard- and reduced-dose glucocorticoid patients, respectively ( p = 0.056), with herpes zoster in 16.7% and 0% ( p = 0.012). Three patients discontinued study medication due to adverse events. This exploratory study suggests that EC-MPS may facilitate glucocorticoid reduction without loss of efficacy in patients with active lupus nephritis, but results require confirmation in a controlled, longer-term study versus the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zeher
- Institute for Internal Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A Doria
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - J Lan
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - G Aroca
- Clínica de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - D Jayne
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - F Hiepe
- Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Z Amoura
- Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, French National Reference Centre for SLE, Paris, France
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Mitwalli AH, Hayat A, Alwakeel J, Hammad D. Effects of concomitant hepatitis C virus infection in patients with underlying lupus nephritis on long-term renal outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:627-32. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Hsu CY, Chiu WC, Yang TS, Chen CJ, Chen YC, Lai HM, Yu SF, Su YJ, Cheng TT. Age- and gender-related long-term renal outcome in patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus 2011; 20:1135-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203311404912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate age- and gender-related long-term renal outcome in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). Methods: This is a retrospective, chart review study of patients with LN at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, between January 1986 and June 2004. All had undergone a renal biopsy that showed LN. The end point of outcome was chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), which was defined as ‘doubling of baseline serum creatinine lasting for at least 6 months with a value at least 2 mg/dl.’ The patients were categorized by age tertiles and gender. A 5-year survival curve was constructed to study the effect of age and gender on the outcome. Results: In total, 121 sets of patient data were evaluated. The study group included 104 women and 17 men. Of the study patients, 26 (21%) developed CRI after 5 years of follow-up. There was no significant difference among age groups in developing CRI ( p = 0.23). In terms of gender, men had worse long-term renal outcome ( p = 0.004) than women. Conclusions: The long-term renal outcome of the LN patients did not differ among age groups, but was worse in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Hsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - W-C Chiu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - T-S Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-J Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - H-M Lai
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - S-F Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Y-J Su
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - T-T Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital – Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Anaya JM, Cañas C, Mantilla RD, Pineda-Tamayo R, Tobón GJ, Herrera-Diaz C, Rendón DM, Rojas-Villarraga A, Uribe M. Lupus Nephritis in Colombians: Contrasts and Comparisons with Other Populations. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 40:199-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the clinical presentation, histological features, treatment, and outcome of minimal change nephropathy (MCN) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS We performed a systematic review of cases of MCN in SLE patients reported in the English literature from January 1985 to May 2009 by a Medline search. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of MCN in biopsy-proven lupus nephritis is 2.3% in childhood and 1.1% in adults. There are 13 individual cases (12 women, one man) of SLE-related MCN reported in the literature. The mean age of nephritis onset was 32.7 years. In six (46%) patients, MCN was the initial manifestation of SLE. All patients presented with nephrotic syndrome and two (15%) had active urinary sediments. Renal function was impaired in eight (62%) patients and six (46%) patients had active lupus serology. All patients responded promptly to high-dose glucocorticoids but four (31%) had relapse of proteinuria during their course of SLE. None of the patients developed thromboembolic or infective complications. CONCLUSIONS MCN is an uncommon histological class of lupus nephritis. Typically, patients present with heavy proteinuria, and transient renal dysfunction is common. The prognosis of MCN in SLE appears to be good because of its rapid response to glucocorticoids. Relapses of proteinuria may be reduced by the use of maintenance immunosuppression. Alkylating agents, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab can be considered in glucocorticoid-dependent or refractory cases of SLE-related MCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital and Centre for Assessment and Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases, Pok Oi Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Borchers AT, Naguwa SM, Shoenfeld Y, Gershwin ME. The geoepidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:A277-87. [PMID: 20036343 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with manifold clinical manifestations and immunological abnormalities, affecting primarily women. Although accurate current data on its incidence and prevalence are largely lacking, there are numerous indications that SLE is far less common in Europeans and their descendants compared to all other ethnicities. The clinical manifestations of the disease show geographic or ethnic variation, generally being less severe in patients of European ancestry than in African, Asian, certain "Hispanic" or mestizo, and various indigenous populations. In particular, renal involvement is far more common in non-European patients. Genetic as well as environmental, sociodemographic and sociocultural factors are likely to contribute to the differences in the incidence and clinical expression of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Borchers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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