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Bao Y, Li X, Qi X, Wang X, Feng X, Chen Y, Hou L, Li M. Analysis of cytokinin content and associated genes at different developmental stages in pak choi ( Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis Makino). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2106888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Bao
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Xianhui Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Xueting Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Xianjun Feng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Leiping Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Meilan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
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Fang S, Gao K, Hu W, Snider JL, Wang S, Chen B, Zhou Z. Chemical priming of seed alters cotton floral bud differentiation by inducing changes in hormones, metabolites and gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:633-640. [PMID: 30130740 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fruiting branches and floral buds are forming well before squares are visible and determine cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) productivity. Pre-soaking with plant growth regulators (PGRs) affects the quantity of floral buds. However, studies illustrating the physiological mechanism of floral bud differentiation in response to PGRs are lacking. To address this, cotton seeds were primed with water (control), 5 mg L-1 gibberellic acid (GA3), 25 mg L-1 N6-benzyladenine (6-BA), and 150 mg L-1 dimethyl piperidinium chloride (DPC) respectively. Results showed that plants from seed pre-treated with GA3 and 6-BA differentiated more floral buds relative to control, while DPC application initiated less floral buds than control. GA3 and 6-BA application significantly increased the levels of zeatin riboside (ZR) by up-regulating IPT expression and gibberellic acid (GA3) but decreased the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content. Consequently, the ZR/IAA and GA3/IAA ratios were markedly increased, contributing to higher floral bud numbers. Contrasting results were observed for DPC treatment. Additionally, GA3 and 6-BA treatments up-regulated GhSOC1, GhMADS13 and GhAGL24 expression, which was associated with higher sucrose contents mainly attributed to higher endogenous ZR levels, inducing floral initiation. Whereas the GhMADS13 was down-regulated to suppress floral bud differentiation under DPC application. Surprisingly, the floral-associated genes were more sensitive to GA3 than 6-BA, which induced the differences in bud numbers at the beginning of flower bud differentiation. Thus, we conclude that seed pre-treated with PGRs affected hormone content, induced sugar accumulation in apical buds and regulated genes involved in floral induction, which impacted floral bud differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Kai Gao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA.
| | - John L Snider
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Binglin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Jayasinghege CPA, Ozga JA, Waduthanthri KD, Reinecke DM. Regulation of ethylene-related gene expression by indole-3-acetic acid and 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid in relation to pea fruit and seed development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4137-4151. [PMID: 28922757 PMCID: PMC5853793 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In pea, the auxins 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) occur naturally; however, only 4-Cl-IAA stimulates pericarp growth and gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis, and inhibits the ethylene response in deseeded ovaries (pericarps), mimicking the presence of seeds. Expression of ovary ethylene biosynthesis genes was regulated similarly in most cases by the presence of 4-Cl-IAA or seeds. PsACS1 [which encodes an enzyme that synthesizes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)] transcript abundance was high in pericarp tissue adjacent to developing seeds following pollination. ACC accumulation in 4-Cl-IAA-treated deseeded pericarps was driven by high PsASC1 expression (1800-fold). 4-Cl-IAA, but not IAA, also suppressed the pericarp transcript levels of PsACS4. 4-Cl-IAA increased PsACO1 and decreased PsACO2 and PsACO3 expression (enzymes that convert ACC to ethylene) but did not change ACO enzyme activity. Increased ethylene was countered by a 4-Cl-IAA-specific decrease in ethylene responsiveness potentially via modulation of pericarp ethylene receptor and signaling gene expression. This pattern did not occur in IAA-treated pericarps. Overall, the effect of 4-Cl-IAA and IAA on ethylene biosynthesis gene expression generally explains the ethylene evolution patterns, and their effects on GA biosynthesis and ethylene signaling gene expression explain the tissue response patterns in young pea ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charitha P A Jayasinghege
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jocelyn A Ozga
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kosala D Waduthanthri
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis M Reinecke
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Zeng XF, Zhao DG. Expression of IPT in Asakura-sanshoo ( Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. f. inerme Makino) Alters Tree Architecture, Delays Leaf Senescence, and Changes Leaf Essential Oil Composition. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER 2015; 34:649-658. [PMID: 27182107 PMCID: PMC4848336 DOI: 10.1007/s11105-015-0948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The IPT gene encodes isopentenyl pyrophosphate transferase, a key enzyme in cytokinin biosynthesis. We introduced IPT under the control of the CaMV35S promoter into Asakura-sanshoo (Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. f. inerme Makino) via stable Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Three of 3-year-old transgenic Asakura-sanshoo lines Y5, Y16, and Y17 were used to evaluate the effects of IPT expression on the morphological characteristics, leaf senescence, and essential oil composition. Introduced IPT into Asakura-sanshoo stimulated an increase in cytokinin content and a decrease in auxin level. The increase in the cytokinin/auxin ratio affected the tree architecture in 3-year-old transgenic lines. The phenotypes of transgenic lines included reduced stem elongation, decreased leaf surface area, increased branching, and delayed leaf senescence. The expression of IPT in Asakura-sanshoo also affected the leaf essential oil composition. The amount of oxygenated sesquiterpenoid compounds in Y5 and Y16 was 21.1 and 15.8 % higher, respectively, than that in wild type (WT). The amount of aromatic compounds in Y5 and Y16 was 2.9 and 24.6 % lower, respectively, than that in WT. These results show that ipt expression in Asakura-sanshoo conferred desirable traits, including a dwarf growth habit, delayed senescence, and increased concentrations of some sesquiterpenoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
| | - De-Gang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering and College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 People’s Republic of China
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Liu QL, Xu KD, Ma N, Zhao LJ, Xi L. Overexpression of a novel chrysanthemum SUPERMAN-like gene in tobacco affects lateral bud outgrowth and flower organ development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 77:1-6. [PMID: 24509006 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the SUP genes play important roles in flower development and plant growth and morphogenesis. In this study, we isolated and characterized a SUPERMAN-like gene DgSZFP from chrysanthemum. DgSZFP contains one conserved Cys2/His2-type zinc finger motifs in the N-terminal region and an EAR-box in C-terminus. Its expression was significantly higher in nodes, flower buds, disc stamens, and petals than in the other tissues. Overexpression of DgSZFP in tobacco resulted in enhanced branching, reduced plant height, increased the width of petal tubes, produced the staminoid petals and petaloid stamens in flowers, and enhanced the seed weight and size. In addition, DgSZFP-overexpression tobacco plants accumulated high concentrations of cytokinin and chlorophyll. These results suggest that DgSZFP may be the candidate gene for regulating branching and floral organ development in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lin Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China; Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 555 Northeast Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Ke-Dong Xu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China; Key Lab of Plant Genetics & Molecular Breeding of Department of Life Science, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Chuanhui District, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, PR China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Liang-Jun Zhao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Lin Xi
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Sarwat M, Naqvi AR, Ahmad P, Ashraf M, Akram NA. Phytohormones and microRNAs as sensors and regulators of leaf senescence: assigning macro roles to small molecules. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1153-71. [PMID: 23453916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ageing or senescence is an intricate and highly synchronized developmental phase in the life of plant parts including leaf. Senescence not only means death of a plant part, but during this process, different macromolecules undergo degradation and the resulting components are transported to other parts of the plant. During the period from when a leaf is young and green to the stage when it senesces, a multitude of factors such as hormones, environmental factors and senescence associated genes (SAGs) are involved. Plant hormones including salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene advance leaf senescence, whereas others like cytokinins, gibberellins, and auxins delay this process. The environmental factors which generally affect plant development and growth, can hasten senescence, the examples being nutrient dearth, water stress, pathogen attack, radiations, high temperature and light intensity, waterlogging, and air, water or soil contamination. Other important influences include carbohydrate accumulation and high carbon/nitrogen level. To date, although several genes involved in this complex process have been identified, still not much information exists in the literature on the signalling mechanism of leaf senescence. Now, the Arabidopsis mutants have paved our way and opened new vistas to elucidate the signalling mechanism of leaf senescence for which various mutants are being utilized. Recent studies demonstrating the role of microRNAs in leaf senescence have reinforced our knowledge of this intricate process. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the information gained particularly on the roles of several plant growth regulators and microRNAs in regulation of leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sarwat
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), NOIDA, India.
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Zalabák D, Pospíšilová H, Šmehilová M, Mrízová K, Frébort I, Galuszka P. Genetic engineering of cytokinin metabolism: prospective way to improve agricultural traits of crop plants. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 31:97-117. [PMID: 22198203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are ubiquitous phytohormones that participate in development, morphogenesis and many physiological processes throughout plant kingdom. In higher plants, mutants and transgenic cells and tissues with altered activity of CK metabolic enzymes or perception machinery, have highlighted their crucial involvement in different agriculturally important traits, such as productivity, increased tolerance to various stresses and overall plant morphology. Furthermore, recent precise metabolomic analyses have elucidated the specific occurrence and distinct functions of different CK types in various plant species. Thus, smooth manipulation of active CK levels in a spatial and temporal way could be a very potent tool for plant biotechnology in the future. This review summarises recent advances in cytokinin research ranging from transgenic alteration of CK biosynthetic, degradation and glucosylation activities and CK perception to detailed elucidation of molecular processes, in which CKs work as a trigger in model plants. The first attempts to improve the quality of crop plants, focused on cereals are discussed, together with proposed mechanism of action of the responses involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zalabák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Khodakovskaya M, Vanková R, Malbeck J, Li A, Li Y, McAvoy R. Enhancement of flowering and branching phenotype in chrysanthemum by expression of ipt under the control of a 0.821 kb fragment of the LEACO1 gene promoter. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:1351-62. [PMID: 19533142 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinin biosynthesis gene, isopentenyl transferase (ipt), under the control of an 821 bp fragment of the LEACO1 gene promoter (from Lycopersicon esculentum) was introduced into Dendranthema x grandiflorium 'Iridon' (chrysanthemum). LEACO1(0.821kb)-ipt transgenic lines grown in the vegetative state, exhibited a range of phenotypic changes including increased branching and reduced internode lengths. LEACO1(0.821kb)-ipt transgenic lines grown in the generative state, exhibited increased flower bud count that ranged from 3.8- to 6.7-times the number produced by wild-type plants. Dramatic increases in flower number were associated with a delay of flower bud development and a decrease in flower bud diameter. RT-PCR analysis indicated differences in ipt gene expression between individual transgenic lines that exhibited a range of phenotypes. Within an individual transgenic line, RT-PCR analysis revealed changes in ipt gene expression at different stages of generative shoot development. Expression of ipt in transgenic lines correlated well with high concentrations of the sum total to bioactive cytokinins plus the glucosides and phosphate derivatives of these species, under both vegetative and generative growth conditions. In general, transgenic lines accumulated higher concentrations of both storage-form cytokinins (O-glucosides) and deactivated-form cytokinins (N-glucosides) in generative shoots of than in vegetative shoots. Based on the range of phenotypes observed in various transgenic chrysanthemum lines, we conclude that the LEACO1 (0.821kb) -ipt gene appears to have great potential for use in ornamental crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Khodakovskaya
- Department of Applied Science, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
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